Academic literature on the topic 'Main electrical networks'

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Journal articles on the topic "Main electrical networks"

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Belitsyn, I. V., S. O. Khomutov, and A. I. Belitsyn. "Methods for reducing electricity losses in main electrical networks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1100, no. 1 (2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1100/1/012015.

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Kovalenko, Viktor, Serhii Levchenko, Mykola Tryputen, et al. "CHARACTERISTIC LAYOUTS OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS WITH THE ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE DEVIATIONS AND EXPEDIENCY OF ITS CONTROL." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES, no. 3(17) (2019): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2019-3(17)-209-218.

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Urgency of the research. It is well-known that electric energy characteristics are the levels of electromagnetic compatibility of electric grid providing adequate performance of any electrical means connected to the grid if the electric energy characteristics do not exceed permitted values. In the context of general idea of electromagnetic compatibility of consumers within power supply grids, power quality is the topical problem of modern electric-power supply industry. Target setting. The issue of assessing the possibility of ensuring the quality of electricity in terms of voltage deviation by consumers is very important. The problem of voltage fluctuations is relevant, so that voltage deviation have a negative impact on functioning electrical equipment Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Papers [2-11] are devouted the effective management methods of electrical energy consumption. The articles [6-8] shows that under present conditions only system approach ensures accurate identification and prediction of electric power losses in distribution networks that are characterized by considerable ambiguity. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Generalized diagram of the voltage modes characterizes the state for the entire distribution network connected to the main substation; it consists of the branched 10 kV network, all the distribution transformers, and all the 0.4 kV networks connected to those transformers. Along with the generalized diagram, values of the available voltage losses have been obtained; those values occur within 10 kV and 0.4 kV networks in terms of the favourable conditions of voltage control and the initial values of the admissible voltage deviations of electrical receivers. Moreover, that is the basis to determine operating position of control tappings of distribution transformers. The research objective. Since one of the important characteristics of electrical energy is the deviation of the voltage in the network, it is advisable to carry out its analysis in the urban distribution networks in terms of Levanevska substation, town of Zaporizhzhia. To simplify practical representation of possible voltage modes on the main substation buses and within the whole distribution networks, it is expedient to use graphic representation – so-called generalized diagram of voltage modes. That diagram helps make the analysis of voltage modes more demonstrative than analytical calculation; besides, the diagram gives great possibilities for further study. The statement of basic materials. While analyzing voltage mode in the distribution networks and determining the required law of voltage control in the main substation (MS), one should take into consideration great amount of factors effecting and complicating that study. Those factors include the following: changes in the operating mode of the network, differences in the points of connections of electrical receivers (ER) to the distribution network, differences in possible operating positions of the control tappings in the distribution transformers (DT), differences in the points of DT connections to 10 kV network, available dead zones of automatic voltage controller etc. Owing to that fact, it is required to perform generalized analysis of the voltage mode and conditions of its control within 10 kV and 0.4 kV distribution networks and on main substation buses. To do that, one should apply probabilistic calculation methods. At the same time, it is expedient to use graphic depiction (so-called generalized diagram (GD) of the voltage modes) to simplify representation of possible voltage modes on MS buses and within the whole distribution network. That diagram will help make the analysis of the voltage modes more clearly arranged than analytic calculations; moreover, it gives great opportunities for further study. Conclusions. Voltage deviation in the distribution networks has been performed and expediency of the voltage deviation control for electrically closest and farthest consumers have been analyzed in terms of Levanevska substation, town of Zaporizhzhia. Expediency of practical application of generalized diagrams for that purpose has been demonstrated. It has been defined that in the modes of maximum and minimum loads, voltage exceeds the admissible deviation norms of ± 5 %. Conclusion has been made on the expediency of more careful voltage control. Generalized diagram for 0-1 and 9-10 hours with the maximum voltage deviations has been constructed. Graph of dependences has been developed; formula of voltage deviations in the main substation, due to the voltage passing along that line, has been defined. According to the voltage data before and after the implementation of control, graphs of voltage deviations on the distribution transformer and in terms of the farthest consumer have been constructed.
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Masaev, S. Kh, U. Kh Makaev, and M. V. Debiev. "The basic stages of improving the power grid complex functioning of the Chechen Republic." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 4 (2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-4-43-53.

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The article considers the state of the electric power industry functioning of the Chechen Republic. Comparative data on the reception in the network and useful electricity supply of the Chechen Republic in recent years are presented. The total transformer capacity structure of all substations, as well as the power lines total length of Chechenenergo JSC, is considered. The main electric power industry problems of the Chechen power system, which are the lack of own generating capacities, the transformer capacities shortage of substations 110 and 35 kV and the main production assets high level wear of the electric grid economy, are studied. The tasks to reduce the Chechen energy system electric energy losses are considered. The values and causes of the electric energy losses in different district electric networks (RES) of JSC "Chechenenergo" are determined. A comparative analysis of the electrical energy losses in recent years has been performed. Issues related to reactive power in electrical networks are considered. An analysis was carried out to determine the reactive power values in different district electric networks of Chechenenergo JSC. Measures are proposed that contribute to the reactive power normalization and the improvement of technical and economic indicators in electric networks. The networks electrical circuits improvement analysis was carried out to ensure the power supply stability and reliability to consumers in the republic. The production process control system and diagnostics is proposed, which will allow to regulate and coordinate the activities to manage the technical condition, as well as the power system reliability.
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Naumov, Igor V., Elena V. Karpova, and Dmitriy N. Karamov. "Reliability level research in distribution electrical networks of Irkutsk." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911403005.

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Forecasting of level of reliability of power supply of consumers is one of the major tasks at implementation of actions for improvement of operational characteristics of distribution electrical networks. On the one hand, assessment of damageability allows to develop a number of actions for increase in reliability of electric equipment and elements of electrical networks, with another, to create a stock of that equipment which is subject to risk of premature failure. The purpose of the present article is implementation of statistical assessment of damageability of basic elements of distribution electrical networks of 10 kV on the basis of the predicted information on possible refusals in these networks. The main objectives for achievement of the specified purpose are: 1. Implementation of preventive assessment of refusals in electrical networks on the basis of data of dispatching magazines of observations; 2. Statistical assessment of casual events of failures of electric equipment and detection of their laws of distribution.
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Naumov, I. V. "Analysis of operation of Oblkommunergo electric networks of Irkutsk Region." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 14, no. 3 (2021): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2021-14-3-100-110.

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Analysis has been performed of the operation of electric distribution networks of ten branches of Oblkommunenergo (OKE) of Irkutsk Region [1]. Based on the data on the operation of these networks published in public media, algorithms and computer programs for the Matlab graphic editor are compiled, which are used for plotting time diagrams that characterize the operation of the electrical networks under consideration. The balance changes are shown in the transmission of electric energy into the OKE networks and from the OKE networks directly to consumers (high, medium and low voltage networks). The number of failures, the power supply interruption time and the amount of electricity undersupplied in each month of the year for each of the branches are considered. The months of the year are determined, in which the greatest and least damage occurs to the electrical networks of the OKE branches. Data are presented on the dynamics of annual wear of electric networks, planned activities and their annual implementation. The level of reliability is considered according to the established indicators of the average duration of interruptions in the transmission of electric energy in each calculated regulation period. It is shown that the combination of the main causes of failures largely depends on the natural-climatic and terrain specifics of the regions through which the routes of electric networks pass. As an example, data on the causes of failure in the electrical networks of one of the OKE branches are considered. The most and least damaged electrical networks of the considered OKE branches have been established. In conclusion, findings are formulated and recommendations are presented on minimizing outages based on the main types of failure causes for the purpose of increasing the operational reliability of the electrical networks under consideration.
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Schasny, V. P., and A. I. Zhukouski. "Electromagnetic Compatibility of Compensating Devices and Converters of an Adjustable Electric Drive in Electrical Networks of Industrial Enterprises." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 65, no. 1 (2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2022-65-1-37-51.

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The problems of reactive power compensation and improving the quality of electrical energy in the power supply systems of industrial enterprises are inseparable. Their relevance is due to the widespread use of electric receivers that consume reactive power and distort the quality of electrical energy in the network, as well as the implementation of new technologies, systems and equipment into production that make increased demands on the quality of electrical energy consumed. An important characteristic of the quality of electrical energy rationed by GOST 32144–2013 is the non-sinusoidal voltage. The main reason for the non-sinusoidal voltage in the electrical networks of industrial enterprises is the use of electrical equipment with a nonlinear voltage characteristic, which is a source of conductive electromagnetic interference, in particular: adjustable DC and AC electric drives, uninterruptible power supplies of electric receivers, electric welding equipment, electric arc furnaces, induction heating installations, gas-discharge radiation sources. Due to the nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristics, the above devices consume a non-sinusoidal current from the network, which causes harmonic distortion of the supply voltage, including the fundamental harmonic component and higher harmonic components that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Non-sinusoidal voltage, in turn, causes additional losses of power and energy in the elements of the electrical network, causes overheating and accelerated aging of the insulation of electrical equipment, reducing its operational reliability and reducing service life, worsens the accuracy of electrical measurements, causes malfunctions in automation systems, telemechanics, relay protection, electronic systems and communications. Non-sinusoidal voltage significantly complicates the compensation of reactive power in the electrical network. Compensating devices are made on the basis of capacitors, whose electrical parameters (resistance, power, current) depend on both the magnitude of the supply voltage and its harmonic composition. The present article identifies problems and proposes solutions in terms of reactive power compensation and improving the quality of electrical energy in electrical networks containing thyristor voltage converters and frequency converters used in adjustable electric drive installations of industrial enterprises.
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Perepecheny, V. "Increasing the parameters of electrical distribution networks of town districts with low load density." Lighting engineering and power engineering 1, no. 57 (2020): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2079-424x-2020-1-57-28-32.

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This article presents the results of research on the parameters of electrical networks with a voltage of 6 (10) and 0.38 kV in relation to capital investments. The analysis of existing methods of estimation of parameters before designing for power supply networks in a small town with low load density is carried out. In modern conditions, in the distribution of electrical networks is of paramount importance the introduction of energy-saving schemes and parameters of power supply systems. One of the main ways to implement them is to increase the efficiency of 6-10 / 0.38 kV networks. In the actual design of electrical networks, economic proportionality can not always be maintained for various reasons: the impact of technical constraints, the discreteness of the rated power of transformers and cable crossing scales, a significant deviation of individual capacities of consumers from the average value. In that case there is an increase in the reduced costs. A methodology for determining the optimal power of transformer substations and optimal sections of 0.38 kV power transmission lines is proposed, taking into account the probable nature of the applied load. When assembling the power supply circuit for the optimal form of parameters, voltage, principles of voltage regulation and reactive power compensation. Decisions of this kind are substantiated by technical and economic comparisons of a series of technically acceptable variants of power supply networks. An important measure that facilitates the selection of the most economical option is the assessment of the proposed project, which relates to the selection of the optimal capacity of transformer substation (TS) networks using calculation formulas. The aim of the research was to improve the existing methods on the basis of separate accounting of the reliability coefficient of 0.38 kV and 6-10 kV network. Key words - electric power supply network, network parameters, transformer substation, load density, line wire section, specific load, unit costs, optimum parameter, distribution networks, electric energy.
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Kuchanskyi, Vladyslav V. "The events for prevention of resonant overvoltages in main power electrical networks." Electronics and Communications 21, no. 4 (2016): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2016.21.4.81923.

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Kuchanskyi, V. V. "ABNORMAL RESONANCE OVERVOLTAGES IN MAIN POWER ELECTRICAL NETWORKS WITH SOURCES OF DISTORTIONS." Praci Institutu elektrodinamiki Nacionalanoi akademii nauk Ukraini 2018, no. 50 (2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/publishing2018.50.027.

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Lutsenko, Ivan, Sergey Fedoriachenko, Andrey Malienko, et al. "Estimation of the potential of energy efficiency increase in SMARTGRID systems with prosum-ers based on electric vehicles." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 95 (December 16, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.95.0.241.

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The modes of operation of power transformer substations 6 (20)/0.4 kV are analyzed. Scientific and technical solutions for the use of electric vehicles as prosumers of electric energy are substantiated. The potential influence of electric cars on electricity losses in "smart" electric networks is determined. Feasibility study of expediency of using electric mobiles as prosumers from the standpoint of loss reduction and efficiency of network equipment use is given. Quantitative indicators of the potential of equalization of the daily schedule of electric loads of the typical area of consumers of city electric networks are determined. The main indicator is the reduction of electricity losses in transformers by 7-10% compared with the existing ones when regulating the mode from the side of 0.4 kV with help of electric vehicles. Additionally, the possibility of increasing the capacity of electrical networks up to 45% identified.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Main electrical networks"

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Iindombo, Julia Dimbulukweni. "Efficiency plan for large interconnected urban ring main network under contingency conditions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1185.

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Thesis (MTech(Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011<br>In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in South Africa, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilising network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. The ideal situation would thus be to minimise network loss and in so doing decrease the amount of power needed and possibly avoid load shedding. Thus, there is a need to study efficiency, network loss reduction under contingency conditions and this is the focus of the research. Most large urban distribution networks are operated as ring main networks. Ring networks are considered to have less power loss. However, a major component in a ring network can cause the loss to substantially increase; resulting in power shortage in the network. There is an urgency to eliminate high network loss. An efficiency plan was developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced.
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Lee, Hyungkeun. "Efficient techniques for multimedia transmission over packet-switched cellular networks." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Heo, Nojeong Varshney Pramod K. "Distributed deployment algorithms for mobile wireless sensor networks." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Mantar, Haci Ali Chapin Stephen J. Hwang Junseok. "A scalable resource management framework for QoS-enabled multidomain networks." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Ten, Chui Fen. "Loss of mains detection and amelioration on electrical distribution networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/loss-of-mains-detection-and-amelioration-on-electrical-distribution-networks(b7680a62-7caa-4fd3-89d4-d45e649f8ef9).html.

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Power system islanding is gaining increasing interest as a way to maintain power supply continuity. However, before this operation become viable, the technical challenges associated with its operation must first be addressed. A possible solution to one of these challenges, out-of synchronism reclosure, is by running the islanded system in synchronism with the mains whilst not being electrically connected. This concept, known as 'synchronous islanded operation' avoids the danger of out-of-synchronism reclosure of the islanded system onto the mains. The research in this thesis was based on the concepts presented in [1-3] and specifically applied to multiple-DG island scenarios. The additional control challenges associated with this scenario are identified and an appropriate control scheme, more suited for the operation of multiple-DG synchronous islands, is proposed. The results suggest that multiple-DG synchronous islanded operation is feasible, but a supervisory controller is necessary to facilitate the information exchange within the islanded system and enable stable operation.For maximum flexibility, the synchronous island must be capable of operating with a diversity of generation. The difficulties become further complicated when some or all of the generation consists of intermittent sources. The performance of the proposed control scheme in the presence of a significant contribution of renewable sources within the island is investigated. Two types of wind technologies were developed in PSCAD/EMTDC for this purpose, they are a fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) based wind farm and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farm. The results show that although synchronous islanded operation is still achievable, the intermittent output has an adverse effect on the control performance, and in particular limits the magnitude of disturbances that can happen in the island without going beyond the relaxed synchronisation limits of ±60o.Energy storage is proposed as a way to reduce the wind farm power variation and improve phase controller response. A supplementary control is also proposed such that DFIG contributes to the inertial response. The potential of the proposed scheme (energy storage + supplementary control) is evaluated using case studies. The results show massive improvement to the load acceptance limits, even beyond the case where no wind farm is connected. The benefit of the proposed scheme is even more apparent as the share of wind generated energy in the island grows.
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Sazli, Murat Husnu Işık Can. "Neural network applications to turbo decoding." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Kang, Sanggil. "Identification of neural network input types and input ranking via sensitivity analysis." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Rajagopalan, Ramesh. "A multi-objective optimization approach for sensor network design." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Yao, James Chung-Yo. "Leaders for Manufacturing Program electronic mail network." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61055.

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Duenas-Osorio, Leonardo Augusto. "Interdependent Response of Networked Systems to Natural Hazards and Intentional Disruptions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7546.

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Critical infrastructure systems are essential for the continuous functionality of modern global societies. Some examples of these systems include electric energy, potable water, oil and gas, telecommunications, and the internet. Different topologies underline the structure of these networked systems. Each topology (i.e., physical layout) conditions the way in which networks transmit and distribute their flow. Also, their ability to absorb unforeseen natural or intentional disruptions depends on complex relations between network topology and optimal flow patterns. Most of the current research on large networks is focused on understanding their properties using statistical physics, or on developing advanced models to capture network dynamics. Despite these important research efforts, almost all studies concentrate on specific networks. This network-specific approach rules out a fundamental phenomenon that may jeopardize the performance predictions of current sophisticated models: network response is in general interdependent, and its performance is conditioned on the performance of additional interacting networks. Although there are recent conceptual advances in network interdependencies, current studies address the problem from a high-level point of view. For instance, they discuss the problem at the macro-level of interacting industries, or utilize economic input-output models to capture entire infrastructure interactions. This study approaches the problem of network interdependence from a more fundamental level. It focuses on network topology, flow patterns within the networks, and optimal interdependent system performance. This approach also allows for probabilistic response characterization of interdependent networked systems when subjected to disturbances of internal nature (e.g., aging, malfunctioning) or disruptions of external nature (e.g., coordinated attacks, seismic hazards). The methods proposed in this study can identify the role that each network element has in maintaining interdependent network connectivity and optimal flow. This information is used in the selection of effective pre-disaster mitigation and post-disaster recovery actions. Results of this research also provide guides for growth of interacting infrastructure networks and reveal new areas for research on interdependent dynamics. Finally, the algorithmic structure of the proposed methods suggests straightforward implementation of interdependent analysis in advanced computer software applications for multi-hazard loss estimation.
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Books on the topic "Main electrical networks"

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Lyubarskiy, Yuriy, and Aleksandr Hrennikov. Intelligent electrical networks: computer support for dispatching solutions. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1134516.

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For" smart " electric networks, intelligent software tools that perform new functions and increase the level of computer support for dispatching solutions are considered. Given that one of the goals of building "smart" networks is to ensure recovery after accidents, the main focus of the textbook is on the problems of diagnosing emergency situations, intelligent monitoring of the state of electrical networks, and planning for the post-accident restoration of power supply. A new type of software simulator for dispatchers of electrical networks — a simulator for analyzing emergency situations-is considered in detail. The theoretical material is accompanied by many examples in the form of protocols for the operation of real intelligent systems. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of electric power specialties, managers and specialists of operational services of enterprises of power systems, electric and distribution networks and power stations, branches of PJSC ROSSETI, PJSC FGC UES, as well as students of advanced training courses.
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Zuev, Sergey, Ruslan Maleev, and Aleksandr Chernov. Energy efficiency of electrical equipment systems of autonomous objects. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1740252.

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When considering the main trends in the development of modern autonomous objects (aircraft, combat vehicles, motor vehicles, floating vehicles, agricultural machines, etc.) in recent decades, two key areas can be identified. The first direction is associated with the improvement of traditional designs of autonomous objects (AO) with an internal combustion engine (ICE) or a gas turbine engine (GTD). The second direction is connected with the creation of new types of joint-stock companies, namely electric joint-stock companies( EAO), joint-stock companies with combined power plants (AOKEU).&#x0D; The energy efficiency is largely determined by the power of the generator set and the battery, which is given to the electrical network in various driving modes.&#x0D; Most of the existing methods for calculating power supply systems use the average values of disturbing factors (generator speed, current of electric energy consumers, voltage in the on-board network) when choosing the characteristics of the generator set and the battery. At the same time, it is obvious that when operating a motor vehicle, these parameters change depending on the driving mode. Modern methods of selecting the main parameters and characteristics of the power supply system do not provide for modeling its interaction with the power unit start-up system of a motor vehicle in operation due to the lack of a systematic approach.&#x0D; The choice of a generator set and a battery, as well as the concept of the synthesis of the power supply system is a problem studied in the monograph.&#x0D; For all those interested in electrical engineering and electronics.
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Book chapters on the topic "Main electrical networks"

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Lan, Lina. "Lightweight Main Memory DB for Telecom Network Performance Management System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2169-2_4.

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Dawei, Xu, and Wang Wei. "Innovation Education Network Platform Mail Collaborative System Development." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-26001-8_24.

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Chen, Kesen, Maoru Qian, Benxing Zhu, and Maosen Chen. "Study on the Method for Evaluating Ecological Health of the Main River Network in the Yellow River’s Estuary Area." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4600-1_81.

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Walrand, Jean. "Multiplexing: A." In Probability in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49995-2_3.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the fluctuations of random variables away from their mean value. You flip a fair coin 100 times. How likely is it that you get 60 heads? Conversely, if you get 60 heads, how likely is it that the coin is fair? Such questions are fundamental in extracting information from data.In Sect. 3.1, we start by exploring the rate available to a user when a random number of them share a link, as illustrated in Sect. 3.1. Such calculations are central to network provisioning. The main analytical tool is the Central Limit Theorem explained in Sect. 3.2 where Gaussian random variables are also introduced and confidence intervals are defined. To share a common link, devices may be attached to a switch. For instance, the desktop computers in a building are typically connected to a switch that then sends the data to a common high-speed link. We explore the delays that packets face through the buffer of a switch in Sect. 3.3. The analysis uses a Markov chain model of the buffer. To share a wireless radio channel, devices use a multiple access protocol that regulates the transmissions. We study such schemes in Sect. 3.4. We use probabilistic models of the protocols.
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"Main Faults Occurring in Networks and Machines." In Protection of Electrical Networks. ISTE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470612224.ch3.

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Lopes, Yona, Natalia Castro Fernandes, Tiago Bornia de Castro, et al. "Vulnerabilities and Threats in Smart Grid Communication Networks." In Research Anthology on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Security. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7705-9.ch077.

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Advances in smart grids and in communication networks allow the development of an interconnected system where information arising from different sources helps building a more reliable electrical network. Nevertheless, this interconnected system also brings new security threats. In the past, communication networks for electrical systems were restrained to closed and secure areas, which guaranteed network physical security. Due to the integration with smart meters, clouds, and other information sources, physical security to network access is no longer available, which may compromise the electrical system. Besides smart grids bring a huge growth in data volume, which must be managed. In order to achieve a successful smart grid deployment, robust network communication to provide automation among devices is necessary. Therefore, outages caused by passive or active attacks become a real threat. This chapter describes the main architecture flaws that make the system vulnerable to attacks for creating energy disruptions, stealing energy, and breaking privacy.
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Lopes, Yona, Natalia Castro Fernandes, Tiago Bornia de Castro, et al. "Vulnerabilities and Threats in Smart Grid Communication Networks." In Research Anthology on Blockchain Technology in Business, Healthcare, Education, and Government. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5351-0.ch083.

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Advances in smart grids and in communication networks allow the development of an interconnected system where information arising from different sources helps building a more reliable electrical network. Nevertheless, this interconnected system also brings new security threats. In the past, communication networks for electrical systems were restrained to closed and secure areas, which guaranteed network physical security. Due to the integration with smart meters, clouds, and other information sources, physical security to network access is no longer available, which may compromise the electrical system. Besides smart grids bring a huge growth in data volume, which must be managed. In order to achieve a successful smart grid deployment, robust network communication to provide automation among devices is necessary. Therefore, outages caused by passive or active attacks become a real threat. This chapter describes the main architecture flaws that make the system vulnerable to attacks for creating energy disruptions, stealing energy, and breaking privacy.
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Lopes, Yona, Natalia Castro Fernandes, Tiago Bornia de Castro, et al. "Vulnerabilities and Threats in Smart Grid Communication Networks." In Research Anthology on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Security. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7705-9.ch077.

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Advances in smart grids and in communication networks allow the development of an interconnected system where information arising from different sources helps building a more reliable electrical network. Nevertheless, this interconnected system also brings new security threats. In the past, communication networks for electrical systems were restrained to closed and secure areas, which guaranteed network physical security. Due to the integration with smart meters, clouds, and other information sources, physical security to network access is no longer available, which may compromise the electrical system. Besides smart grids bring a huge growth in data volume, which must be managed. In order to achieve a successful smart grid deployment, robust network communication to provide automation among devices is necessary. Therefore, outages caused by passive or active attacks become a real threat. This chapter describes the main architecture flaws that make the system vulnerable to attacks for creating energy disruptions, stealing energy, and breaking privacy.
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Odarchenko, Roman. "Software-Defined Networking in Aviation." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7588-7.ch005.

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Aviation telecommunications is one of the main means of providing guidance to civil aviation and air traffic control. Proper organization of communication is one of the main conditions for ensuring the safety and regularity of aircraft operations as well as the production activities of enterprises and civil aviation organizations. The new networks will focus on significantly improving the quality of service. The basis for their construction will form SDN networks. Therefore, the chapter analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of two SDN implementing methods. It was developed the mathematical method to assess their complex effectiveness, which considers QoS requirements of implementing service through special weights for scalability, performance, and packet delay. There were simulations of overlay networks by using soft switches to verify the adequacy of the proposed method. The results showed that the use of SDN networks more efficiently by using IP networks for large volumes of traffic and with a large amount of network equipment.
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El Alami, Hassan, and Abdellah Najid. "Optimization of Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks and Internet of Things." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1626-3.ch005.

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Energy consumption is a constraint in the design architecture of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and internet of things (IoT). In order to overcome this constraint, many techniques have been proposed to enhance energy efficiency in WSNs. In existing works, several innovative techniques for the physical, the link, and the network layer of OSI model are implemented. Energy consumption in the WSNs is to find the best compromise of energy consumption between the various tasks performed by the objects, the detection, the processing, and the data communication tasks. It is this last task that consumes more energy. As a result, the main objective for the WSNs and the IoT is to minimize the energy consumed during this task. One of the most used solutions is to propose efficient routing techniques in terms of energy consumption. In this chapter, the authors present a review of related works on energy efficiency in WSNs and IoT. The network layer routing protocols are the main concerns in this chapter. The interest is focused on the issue of designing data routing techniques in WSNs and IoT.
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Conference papers on the topic "Main electrical networks"

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Tutiv'en, Christian, Carlos Benalcazar-Parra, Angel Encalada-D'avila Escuela, Yolanda Vidal, Bryan Puruncaias, and Marcelo Fajardo. "Wind Turbine Main Bearing Condition Monitoring via Convolutional Autoencoder Neural Networks." In 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceccme52200.2021.9590937.

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Nakisa, Babak, Seyyed Mostafa Nosratabadi, Amin Rajabi, Majid Dehghani, and Mojtaba Molla-Ahmadi. "Synchronization of a microgrid with main network through static switch based on neural network controller." In 2014 19th Conference on Electrical Power Distribution Networks (EPDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epdc.2014.6867505.

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Fan, Youping, Xiwei Zai, Hai Qian, Xiaoguang Yang, Lu Liu, and Yingchen Zhu. "Transient Stability Analysis of Power System Based on Bayesian Networks and Main Electrical Wiring." In 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2009.4918944.

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Blaunstein, N., and Y. Ben Shimol. "Main problems in LTE concept and the way of advanced LTE/MIMO networks performance." In 2012 IEEE 27th Convention of Electrical & Electronics Engineers in Israel (IEEEI 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeei.2012.6376974.

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Creasy, M. Austin, and Donald J. Leo. "Modeling Bilayer Systems as Electrical Networks." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3791.

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Bilayers are synthetically made cell membranes that are used to study cell membrane properties or make functional devices that use the properties of the cell membrane components. Lipids and proteins are two of the main components of a cell membrane. Lipids are amphiphilic molecules that can self assemble into organized structures in the presences of water and this self assembly property can be used to form bilayers. Because of the amphiphilic nature of the lipids, a bilayer is impermeable to ion flow. Proteins are the active structures of a cell membrane that opens pores through the membrane for ions and other molecules to pass. Proteins are made from amino acids and have varying properties that depend on its configuration. Some proteins are activated by reactions (chemical, thermal, etc) or gradients induced across the bilayer. One way of testing bilayers to find bilayer properties is to induce a potential gradient across a membrane that induces ion flow and this flow can be measured as an electrical current. But, these pores may be voltage gated or activated by some other stimuli and therefore cannot be modeled as a linear conductor. Usually the conductance of the protein is a nonlinear function of the input that activates the protein. A small system that consists of a single bilayer and protein with few changing components can be easily modeled, but as systems become larger with multiple bilayers, multiple variables, and multiple proteins, the models will become more complex. This paper looks at how to model a system of multiple bilayers and the peptide alamethicin. An analytical expression for this peptide is used to match experimental data and a short study on the sensitivity of the variables is performed.
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Barrot, Christine, and Stéphane Colin. "Design of Tree-Shaped Microchannel Networks Submitted to Simultaneous Pressure Driven and Electro-Osmotic Flows." In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2012-73104.

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Microchannel networks can be efficiently used for several applications. For example, they can be the main elements of micro chemical reactors or micro heat exchangers for cooling electronic chips. In such networks, the flow of liquid can be generated either by a pressure difference, by electro-osmosis or by both of them. The design of the network can be optimized in order to deliver a maximum flowrate. In this paper, an analytical study of a pressure driven and electro-osmotic flow in tree-shaped microchannel network is developed. The network is built with a series of rectangular microchannels with high aspect ratio. Each bifurcation connects a parent microchannel to a couple of twin child microchannels. The objective of this work is to determine the geometrical configuration which offers the highest flowrate. The efficiency of the tree-shaped network is compared to the efficiency of a series of parallel microchannels, for the same inlet and outlet values of electric potential and pressure and for the same network volume. Focusing on one bifurcation, the influence of the thickness of the electrical double layer is discussed. The optimal geometric dimensions, such as the ratio of the child over parent microchannel widths and the ratio of the parent over total microchannel lengths, are calculated. The influence of the number of bifurcations is also analyzed and optimal design rules are proposed.
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Ancona, M. A., M. Bianchi, L. Branchini, et al. "Complex Energy Networks Optimization: Part II — Software Application to a Case Study." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14206.

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Abstract In order to increase the exploitation of the renewable energy sources, the diffusion of the distributed generation systems is grown, leading to an increase in the complexity of the electrical, thermal, cooling and fuel energy distribution networks. With the main purpose of improving the overall energy conversion efficiency and reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated to fossil fuel based production systems, the design and the management of these complex energy grids play a key role. In this context, an in-house developed software, called COMBO, presented and validated in the Part I of this study, has been applied to a case study in order to define the optimal scheduling of each generation system connected to a complex energy network. The software is based on a non-heuristic technique which considers all the possible combination of solutions, elaborating the optimal scheduling for each energy system by minimizing an objective function based on the evaluation of the total energy production cost and energy systems environmental impact. In particular, the software COMBO is applied to a case study represented by an existing small-scale complex energy network, with the main objective of optimizing the energy production mix and the complex energy networks yearly operation depending on the energy demand of the users. The electrical, thermal and cooling needs of the users are satisfied with a centralized energy production, by means of internal combustion engines, natural gas boilers, heat pumps, compression and absorption chillers. The optimal energy systems operation evaluated by the software COMBO will be compared to a Reference Case, representative of the current energy systems set-up, in order to highlight the environmental and economic benefits achievable with the proposed strategy.
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Aguiar, Everton Luiz, André Eugênio Lazzaretti, and Daniel Rodrigues Pipa. "Performance of Scattering Transform Feature Extraction for Electrical Load Classification." In Congresso Brasileiro de Inteligência Computacional. SBIC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21528/cbic2021-43.

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The Scattering transform (ST) presents itself as an alternative approach to the classic methods that involve neural networks and deep learning techniques for the feature extraction and classification of signals and images. Among its main advantages, one can emphasize that the coefficients of the ST are determined analytically and do not need to be learned, as typically performed in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Additionally, ST has time-shifting and small time-warping invariance, which reduces the need for precise temporal localization (detection) for subsequent classification. This paper originally proposes the application of ST to extract features and classify Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) high-frequency signals. We validate the extraction strategy performance varying several parameters for ST calculation, such as signal length, number of examples, and sampling frequency. The results outperform other state-of-the-art feature extraction techniques, reaching up to 99.98% of accuracy and 99.51% of FScore for a publicly available dataset, demonstrating the feasibility and promising aspects of the ST for NILM problems.
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R. Faria, Wandry, Jonas V. Souza, Rodrigo B. Otto, and Benvindo R. Pereira Jr. "Modeling and Validation of a Directional Overcurrent Relay as an Island Interconnection Device." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2210.

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The growing number of decentralized generators in the distribution systems and the consequent increase in the penetration level in the networks have prompted the inclusion of this scenario in researches involving the planning of electrical power systems. The planning of protection systems for distribution networks considering distributed generators requires adaptations in the approach due to modifications in characteristics of the network, such as passivity and unidirectional power flow. Furthermore, the insertion of generators in distribution networks allows the implementation of new operation methods, such as the possibility of disconnecting some loads from the main feeder and supplying them through distributed generators. The island operation can improve the service continuity indexes, as well as reduce the costs of non-supplied energy. Although the island operation is widely proposed in the literature as a means to improve the system's reliability, the simulation of a protective device to intentionally island a region and the verification of its limitations is not. In this paper, we present the modeling of a directional overcurrent relay through ATP-EMTP, and its employment as a device for island interconnection, analyzing its zone of non-operation. CIGRE 14-bus test system is used to conduct short-circuit tests with the variation of resistance and type of fault applied. Theresults show the effectiveness of the device, which is able to identify all faults with real impact on the network, placing the region in island operation in less than 20 ms.
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Ancona, M. A., M. Bianchi, L. Branchini, et al. "Complex Energy Networks Optimization: Part I — Development and Validation of a Software for Optimal Load Allocation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14187.

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Abstract The growing diffusion of the distributed generation systems, due to the European and national legislations which impose the fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions reduction and the renewable sources exploitation, have led to an increase in the complexity of the existing energy networks. The main issue of the complex energy grids is their management, which consists in the resolution and optimization of the load allocation problem by minimizing the primary energy consumption and, thus, improving the overall efficiency. In this context, the aim of this paper is to develop and validate a non-linear algorithm suitable for the resolution of the load allocation problem. In detail, the software COMBO, which has been developed by the University of Bologna, is based on a non-heuristic algorithm and allows to optimize a complex energy network — characterized by electrical, thermal, cooling and fuel fluxes — by evaluating all the possible combinations of solutions. The objective function of the software consists in the minimization of the total cost of energy production, including not only the variable costs, but also the costs related to the environmental impact of the energy systems. In this paper the mathematical model of the algorithm at the basis of the software COMBO is presented and described in detail. Furthermore, the software has been validated by its application to a case study and comparing the results with the ones obtained with a previously developed software based on a genetic algorithm (heuristic non-linear method).
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Reports on the topic "Main electrical networks"

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Tarasenko, Rostyslav O., Svitlana M. Amelina, and Albert A. Azaryan. Integrated testing system of information competence components of future translators. [б. в.], 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3879.

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The article deals with the diagnosis of the formation of the information competence components of translators through testing. The use of testing to determine the level of formation of the information-thematic component of the information competence of translators is demonstrated. It has been established that one of the ways to form the information-thematic component of information competence in the aspect of studying terminology can be the use of thematic networks. The development of a thematic network is shown on the example of the thematic network “Electrical equipment”. The stages of test control, which are consistent with the logic of the organization of the educational process and the process of forming the information competence of the future translator according to the scheme of the developed thematic network, have been determined. These stages are the current, thematic, modular, final testing. The main types of test tasks are defined, the combination of which allows diagnosing the level of formation of the information-thematic component of students’ information competence. Criteria and principles for the selection of test tasks for each of the testing stages are proposed. The ratio of test tasks of different types and complexity at the determined testing stages has been developed. The results of an experimental study on the diagnosis of the formation of the information-thematic component of the information competence of future translators by applying the developed integrative testing system using the Moodle platform are presented.
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Russo, Margherita, Fabrizio Alboni, Jorge Carreto Sanginés, et al. The Changing Shape of the World Automobile Industry: A Multilayer Network Analysis of International Trade in Components and Parts. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp173.

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In 2018, after 25 years of the North America Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the United States requested new rules which, among other requirements, increased the regional con-tent in the production of automotive components and parts traded between the three part-ner countries, United States, Canada and Mexico. Signed by all three countries, the new trade agreement, USMCA, is to go into force in 2022. Nonetheless, after the 2020 Presi-dential election, the new treaty's future is under discussion, and its impact on the automo-tive industry is not entirely defined. Another significant shift in this industry – the acceler-ated rise of electric vehicles – also occurred in 2020: while the COVID-19 pandemic largely halted most plants in the automotive value chain all over the world, at the reopen-ing, the tide is now running against internal combustion engine vehicles, at least in the an-nouncements and in some large investments planned in Europe, Asia and the US. The definition of the pre-pandemic situation is a very helpful starting point for the analysis of the possible repercussions of the technological and geo-political transition, which has been accelerated by the epidemic, on geographical clusters and sectorial special-isations of the main regions and countries. This paper analyses the trade networks emerg-ing in the past 25 years in a new analytical framework. In the economic literature on inter-national trade, the study of the automotive global value chains has been addressed by us-ing network analysis, focusing on the centrality of geographical regions and countries while largely overlooking the contribution of countries' bilateral trading in components and parts as structuring forces of the subnetwork of countries and their specific position in the overall trade network. The paper focuses on such subnetworks as meso-level structures emerging in trade network over the last 25 years. Using the Infomap multilayer clustering algorithm, we are able to identify clusters of countries and their specific trades in the automotive internation-al trade network and to highlight the relative importance of each cluster, the interconnec-tions between them, and the contribution of countries and of components and parts in the clusters. We draw the data from the UN Comtrade database of directed export and import flows of 30 automotive components and parts among 42 countries (accounting for 98% of world trade flows of those items). The paper highlights the changes that occurred over 25 years in the geography of the trade relations, with particular with regard to denser and more hierarchical network gener-ated by Germany’s trade relations within EU countries and by the US preferential trade agreements with Canada and Mexico, and the upsurge of China. With a similar overall va-riety of traded components and parts within the main clusters (dominated respectively by Germany, US and Japan-China), the Infomap multilayer analysis singles out which com-ponents and parts determined the relative positions of countries in the various clusters and the changes over time in the relative positions of countries and their specialisations in mul-tilateral trades. Connections between clusters increase over time, while the relative im-portance of the main clusters and of some individual countries change significantly. The focus on US and Mexico and on Germany and Central Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia) will drive the comparative analysis.
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Hsueh, Gary, David Czerwinski, Cristian Poliziani, et al. Using BEAM Software to Simulate the Introduction of On-Demand, Automated, and Electric Shuttles for Last Mile Connectivity in Santa Clara County. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1822.

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Despite growing interest in low-speed automated shuttles, pilot deployments have only just begun in a few places in the U.S., and there is a lack of studies that estimate the impacts of a widespread deployment of automated shuttles designed to supplement existing transit networks. This project estimated the potential impacts of automated shuttles based on a deployment scenario generated for a sample geographic area: Santa Clara County, California. The project identified sample deployment markets within Santa Clara County using a GIS screening exercise; tested the mode share changes of an automated shuttle deployment scenario using BEAM, an open-source beta software developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to run traffic simulations with MATSim; elaborated the model outputs within the R environment; and then estimated the related impacts. The main findings have been that the BEAM software, despite still being in its beta version, was able to model a scenario with the automated shuttle service: this report illustrates the potential of the software and the lessons learned. Regarding transportation aspects, the model estimated automated shuttle use throughout the county, with a higher rate of use in the downtown San José area. The shuttles would be preferred mainly by people who had been using gasoline-powered ride hail vehicles for A-to-B trips or going to the bus stop, as well as walking trips and a few car trips directed to public transport stops. As a result, the shuttles contributed to a small decrease in emissions of air pollutants, provided a competitive solution for short trips, and increased the overall use of the public transport system. The shuttles also presented a solution for short night trips—mainly between midnight and 2 am—when there are not many options for moving between points A and B. The conclusion is that the automated shuttle service is a good solution in certain contexts and can increase public transit ridership overall.
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