Relevant bibliographies by topics / Main group elements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Main group elements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Main group elements"

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Wiberg, Nils. "Sterically overloaded supersilylated main group elements and main group element clusters." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 163 (July 1997): 217–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(97)00012-x.

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WIBERG, N. "ChemInform Abstract: Sterically Overloaded Supersilylated Main Group Elements and Main Group Element Clusters." ChemInform 29, no. 5 (June 24, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199805268.

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Müller, Carsten, Joshua Warken, Volker Huch, Bernd Morgenstern, Inga‐Alexandra Bischoff, Michael Zimmer, and André Schäfer. "Diphosphanylmetallocenes of Main‐Group Elements." Chemistry – A European Journal 27, no. 21 (March 8, 2021): 6500–6510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202005198.

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Coste, Scott C., Bess Vlaisavljevich, and Danna E. Freedman. "Magnetic Anisotropy from Main-Group Elements: Halides versus Group 14 Elements." Inorganic Chemistry 56, no. 14 (June 29, 2017): 8195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00923.

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Wieghardt, K. "Main group & early transition elements." Polyhedron 7, no. 21 (January 1988): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81817-3.

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Power, Philip P. "Main-group elements as transition metals." Nature 463, no. 7278 (January 2010): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08634.

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Smith, J. D. "Inorganic chemistry of main group elements." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 508, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(96)90037-6.

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Jutzi, Peter, and Guido Reumann. "Cp* Chemistry of main-group elements †." Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 14 (2000): 2237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b001365j.

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Scheer, Manfred, Gábor Balázs, and Andreas Seitz. "P4Activation by Main Group Elements and Compounds." Chemical Reviews 110, no. 7 (July 14, 2010): 4236–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100010e.

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Dehnicke, K. "Phosphorane iminato complexes of main group elements." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 158, no. 1 (February 1997): 103–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8545(96)01257-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Main group elements"

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Mackey, Olivia Nicola Denise. "Cyclopentadienyl derivatives of Main Group Elements." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334507.

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Mansell, Stephen Michael. "Low cooordination in the main group elements." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500415.

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Cunnington, Malcolm John. "Alkoxy and related derivatives of main group elements." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5681/.

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A series of derivatives of the brominated alcohol 3-bromo-2,2- bis(bromomethy 1)-1 -propanol were prepared with a view to eventual use of such derivatives as flame retardants. The derivatives took the form of alkoxide compounds of main group elements, except for a few compounds of non-main group elements, which were added for their known application in the flame retardant field. Many of these derivatives were liquids at room temperature, so were of limited use for flame retarding polymers etc., but were of interest due to the trends shown in their spectra. Of the solid derivatives, the fully substituted monomeric boron and silicon compounds were tested by high temperature DSC & TGA techniques. The silicon derivative showed potential for application in ABS-type polymers, and would be worthy of further study. The simple orthoborate did not perform as well. The other solid species produced were tested by DSC to 400 C and the results reviewed. Derivatives of the brominated diol 2,2-bis(bromomethyI)-l,3- propanediol were also prepared, with the same aim. Some reactions of tetrahydroborate with 1,2-dihydroxybenzene or sulphur were studied. The spirocyclic bisdiol borate anion was successfully prepared via this route, although the target of the monodioldihydro species was not formed. The reactions with sulphur were aimed at producing an active borane-type species, but were also of interest for the structural problems they raised. No definite conclusions were reached regarding the product of these reactions, however. Some work was also performed on a novel route to carboranes by reacting a carbene with a borane anion. The preliminary reactions did not indicate the presence of any carborane species.
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Aldridge, Simon. "Studies of some volatile compounds of main group elements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:832a8ba8-4b6f-45f3-8a23-403efa9cd6e1.

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Methylzinc tetrahydroborate, [MeZnBH4], has been prepared by two routes and the structure of the solid determined by X-ray crystallography to reveal helical polymers in which MeZn and BH4 units alternate. The latter functions as a bidentate ligand with respect to each of the adjacent metal atoms. Investigation by mass spectrometry and matrix isolation shows that the vapour consists of an equilibrium mixture of monomeric and dimeric species. The pattern of infrared bands for the monomer is characteristic of a bidentate BH4 group, a finding consistent with the results of DFT calculations. Disproportionation into [Me2Zn] and [Zn(BH4)2] is a common feature of the chemistry of methylzinc tetrahydroborate, although it has been possible to isolate and characterize the adduct [MeZnBH4.SMe2]. The reaction between [B4H10 and [Me2Zn] in the gas phase affords colourless acicular crystals of [(MeZn)2B3H7] in yields of ca. 10%. This compound has been characterized by chemical analysis and by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. X-ray crystallography reveals that the product is a dimer, [(MeZn)2B3H7]2, featuring two distinct zinc environments. Two B3H7ZnNe ligands, formally derived from B3H8 by replacement of a µ2-H by a µ2-ZnMe unit, each function in a bis(bidentate) manner linking together two other MeZn centres through pairs of Zn-H-B bridges. The structures of several aluminium tetrahydroborates in the solid phase have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The structure of dimethylaluminum tetrahydroborate has been shown to consist of helical polymeric chains in which Me2-Al and BH4 units alternate. Here, too, the BH4 groups exhibit bidentate ligation with respect to each of the adjacent metal atoms, although the degree of interaction between the metal centre and the BH4 group is somewhat less than in [MeZnBH4 ]. Solid aluminium tris(tetrahydroborate) exhibits two phases with a transition temperature in the range 180-195 K. Each phase is made up of discrete Al(BH 4 )3 units, the principal differences relating to the packing of the individual molecules. In the a phase the Al(BH 4 )3 molecules display an angle of 78.2° between the AlB3 and Al(µ-H)2 planes and are disposed about a 21 crystallographic screw axis; in the ß phase the molecular units conform to D3h symmetry. Dimethylindium octahydrotriborate, [Me2 lnB3 H8 ], has been synthesized by the reaction between trimethylindium and tetraborane(10) and characterized by chemical analysis and by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction of a single crystal reveals that the solid consists of [Me2 lnB3 H8] units, although there is evidence of charge separation in the sense [Me2ln]+[B3 H8 ]- and of secondary interaction between terminal hydrogen atoms and adjacent indium centres. The infrared spectrum of the matrix-isolated vapour is consistent with a monomeric structure similar to that of [Me2 AlB3 H8].
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Goodwin, Helen. "New and unusual co-ordination of main group elements." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6190/.

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There is considerable current interest in the chemistry of low coordinate main group elements the extensive development of which was highlighted at last year's Euchem Conference Psiblocs in Paris-Palaiseau (August 1988). This area has been stimulated by the isolation of low coordination compounds stabilised by the use of bulky groups, for example, Supermes, mes (see Chapters 3 and 4). Following the synthesis of 1,3,5 tris-trifluoromethyl benzene (ArB) by R.D. Chambers et al. (Chapter 1), and the facilities available to synthesise this material it seemed very worthwhile to study the influence of this substituent on low coordinate main group species. As a result, this group has been incorporated into phosphines, diphosphenes, phosphaalkenes, antimony and boron derivatives. Its involvement in other systems, for example borinium and phosphoranide species, and its incorporation into the cation associated with halo and pseudohalo borate anions, have also been examined. In particular, the low coordination chemistry of phosphorus has involved the synthesis, isolation and full characterisation of the new diphosphene (19) fprepared independently by Edelmann et al.]t and the unsymmetrical diphosphene (20) (Figure C1). The 2,6-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl) substituenthas been employed by Escudie et al.+
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Dixon, Casey Michelle. "Phosphine-borane-stabilised carbanion complexes of main group elements." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3369.

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An array of phosphorus-stabilised-carbanion complexes of group 1, 2 and 14 elements and their behaviour in the solid state is reviewed, along with a brief overview of the chemistry of phosphine-boranes, stannyl-stannylenes, heteroleptic stannylenes and oxidative addition. The synthesis and characterisation of a range of novel phosphine-borane precursors is described: [Me2P(BH3)CH2SiMe2CH2]2 (1), [Ph2P(BH3)CH2Si(Me2)CH2]2 (2), 1,2- C6H4{CH2PiPr2(BH3)}2 (3), 1,2-C6H4{CH2PPh2(BH3)}2 (4), 1,2-C6H4{CH2PCy2(BH3)}2 (5), C6H5CH2PiPr2(BH3) (6), C6H5CH2PPh2(BH3) (7), C6H5CH2PCy2(BH3) (8), C6H5{CH2SiMe3PCy2(BH3) (9), {CH2CH2PCy2(BH3)}2 (10). Treatment of 1 and 2 with two equivalents of nBuLi and tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda) in THF yields the corresponding complexes [Li(tmeda)]2[Me2P(BH3)CHSi(Me2)CH2]2 (1a) and [Li(THF)2]2[Ph2P(BH3)CHSi(Me2)CH2]2 (2a), respectively, as monomeric units where the metal centre is bound to the carbanion along with agostic-type B-H···Li interactions. Similarly, the reaction between 2 and two equivalents of BnK (PhCH2K) in the presence of the pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (pmdeta), followed by recrystallisation from hot toluene yields the potassium complex [K(pmdeta)]2[CH2SiMe2CHP(BH3)Ph2]2 (2b), which has an unusual cyclic structure. The o-phenylene-bridged bis(phosphine-boranes) 3-5 undergo α-metalation with two equivalents of nBuLi and tmeda to yield the corresponding phosphine-borane-stabilised carbanions [1,2-C6H4{CHP(BH3)R2}2][Li(tmeda)]2·nL (R = iPr, n = 0 (3a); R = Ph, nL = THF (4a); R = Cy, nL = 2PhCH3 (5a)) after recrystallisation. Compounds 3a-5a adopt similar structures where each Li is positioned on the opposite sides of an essentially planar C6H4(CP)2 fragment and has interactions with the carbanion and BH3 unit. Treatment of 3-5 with two equivalents of PhCH2K and pmdeta yields the corresponding phosphine-borane-stabilised carbanions [K(pmdeta)]2[1,2-C6H4{CHPR2(BH3)}2] (R = iPr (3b), Ph (4b) and (5b)). Compound 5b crystallises as a discrete monomer, in which each potassium is bound to the carbanion, the pmdeta co-ligand, an η1 contact to the BH3 unit and has additional short contacts with an ipso carbon atom in the o-phenylene linker. The benzyl-substituted phosphine-boranes 6, 7 and 8 undergo α-metalation with one equivalent of nBuLi and tmeda to yield the corresponding phosphine-borane-stabilised carbanions [C6H5CHP(BH3)R2][Li(tmeda)] (R = iPr (6a), Ph (7a) and Cy (8a)). Compound 8a ii crystallises as a discrete molecular species with coordination between the Li and the carbanion centre, BH3 hydrogens in an η2-fashion, the hydrogen atom associated with the carbanion centre and with the coordination sphere completed by two contacts to the two nitrogen atoms in one molecule of tmeda. Treatment of compound 8 with an excess of BnK in THF results in the phosphine-borane-stabilised carbanion complex K[C6H5CHPCy2(BH3)] (8b); which crystallises as a sheet polymer, The synthesis of group 2 complexes of 6 and 8 was investigated using three different methods in which included the use of nBuLi followed by the group 2 halide, BnK followed by the group 2 halide and the use of previously prepared Bn2M (M = Ca, Sr, Ba). Treatment of in situ-generated 5a with one equivalent of Cp2Sn in toluene yields pale yellow crystals of the unusual agostically-stabilised stannyl-stannylene [[1,2- C6H4{CHP(BH3)Cy2}2]Sn]2·1½PhMe (11). Compound 11 crystallises as a discrete molecular species containing two different Sn centres with formal oxidation states of I and III, joined by a formal Sn-Sn σ-bond. Treatment of one equivalent of SnCl2 with two equivalents of in situ-generated [Li(tmeda)][C6H5CHPR2(BH3)] (R = iPr (6a) and Cy (8a)) in diethyl ether yields Sn[C6H5CHPR2(BH3)]2 (R = iPr (rac-6c) and Cy (rac-8c)). Both rac-6c and rac-8c have interactions between the Sn centre and one H atom from each of two separate BH3 units in an η1-fashion. Treatment of one equivalent of SnCl2 with one equivalent of in situ-generated Li[C6H5CHPR2(BH3)] (R = iPr (6a), Cy (8a)) in diethyl ether yields SnCl[C6H5CHPR2(BH3)] (R = iPr (6d), Cy (8d)). Treatment of a diethyl ether solution of 6c with one equivalent of methyl iodide or benzyl bromide yields the corresponding oxidative addition products [C6H5CHPiPr2(BH3)]2Sn(Me)I (12) and [C6H5CHPiPr2(BH3)]2Sn(Bn)Br (13), respectively. Compound 12 crystallises as a discrete monomer where the tin has contacts with two phosphine-borane fragments via the carbanion centre, a bond to the methyl carbon atom and a contact with an iodide in a distorted tetrahedral geometry; this compound has no agostic-type interactions between the borane hydrogens and the tin. The solution state structure of 12 was determined using multi-element and multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy.
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Higashino, Tomohiro. "Chemistry of Novel Expanded Porphyrins with Main Group Elements." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/189635.

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Thorne, A. J. "Bivalent amides, alkyls, and aryloxides of the main group 4 elements." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373918.

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Shirasaka, Toshiaki. "Photophysical properties control of π-electron systems containing main-group elements." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148863.

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Manikas, Mary. "The stabilisation of high oxidation states in transition and main group elements /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm278.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Main group elements"

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King, R. B. Inorganic chemistryof main group elements. New York: VCH, 1995.

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Inorganic chemistry of main group elements. New York: VCH, 1995.

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Das, V. G. Kumar, ed. Main Group Elements and their Compounds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52478-3.

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Haas, Alois, Michael R. Chr Gerstenberger, and Dieter Koschel. F Perfluorohalogenoorgano Compounds of Main Group Elements. Edited by Dieter Koschel. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06321-7.

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Haas, Alois, Dieter Koschel, and Ulrich Niemann. F Perfluorohalogenoorgano Compounds of Main Group Elements. Edited by Dieter Koschel. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07759-7.

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Wijn, H. P. J., ed. Compounds of Rare Earth Elements with Main Group Elements. Part 1. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b31113.

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Wijn, H. P. J., ed. Compounds of Rare Earth Elements with Main Group Elements. Part 2. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b36650.

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Wijn, H. P. J., ed. Alloys and Compounds of d-Elements with Main Group Elements. Part 1. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b33340.

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Wijn, H. P. J., ed. Alloys and Compounds of d-Elements with Main Group Elements. Part 2. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b33550.

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Wijn, H. P. J., ed. Alloys and Compounds of d-Elements with Main Group Elements. Part 1. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b52852.

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Book chapters on the topic "Main group elements"

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Kaupp, Martin. "Chemical Bonding of Main-Group Elements." In The Chemical Bond, 1–24. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527664658.ch1.

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Hosmane, Narayan S. "Frontiers of Main Group Metallacarborane Chemistry." In Main Group Elements and their Compounds, 299–327. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52478-3_28.

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Frenking, Gernot, and Ralf Tonner. "Donor-Acceptor Complexes of Main-Group Elements." In The Chemical Bond, 71–112. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527664658.ch4.

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Mague, J. T. "In Chemical Reactions Involving Main-Group Elements." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 65–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145159.ch31.

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Pope, M. T. "From Oxides of the Main Group Elements." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 10–11. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145203.ch11.

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González-Moraga, Guillermo. "Cluster Compounds of the Main Group Elements." In Cluster Chemistry, 202–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85926-7_4.

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Wijn, H. P. J. "Alloys and compounds of 3d elements with main group elements." In Magnetic Properties of Metals, 95–158. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58218-9_5.

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Magee, Robert J. "Selenium : the Element with Two Faces." In Main Group Elements and their Compounds, 387–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52478-3_33.

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Laine, Richard M., Florence Babonneau, David Treadwell, Pallavi Kansal, Cathy Scotto, and Sarah Jouppi. "Silica as a Source of Chemicals and Polymers." In Main Group Elements and their Compounds, 1–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52478-3_1.

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Swamy, C. S., S. Kannan, and S. Velu. "Hydrotalcite like Materials: Their possible Role in Environmental Control." In Main Group Elements and their Compounds, 112–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-52478-3_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Main group elements"

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Georges, Thomas, Vladimir Brailovski, Emeric Morellon, Daniel Coutu, and Patrick Terriault. "Wind-Tunnel Testing of Shape Memory Alloys Actuators as Morphing Wing Driving Systems." In ASME 2009 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2009-1231.

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A morphing wing, composed of flexible extrados, rigid intrados and a Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) actuator group located inside the wing box, is used to adapt an airfoil profile to variable flight conditions. The SMA actuator group developed for the morphing wing prototype consists of three main subsystems: the SMA active element, the transmission system, and the passive bias element. The functional requirements for the actuator group were determined using a coupled fluid-structure model of the flexible extrados. An original design approach was applied to determine the geometry and assembly conditions of the SMA active elements. For validation purposes, the morphing wing powered by SMA actuators was tested in a wind tunnel under subsonic flight conditions (Mach = 0.2 to 0.3 and α = −1 to 2°). The ability of the actuator group to move the flexible extrados up to 8 mm of vertical displacement and to bring it back to the initial profile has been successfully proven for all of the wind tunnel testing conditions. During the repetitive actuation, the force, displacement and temperature of the SMA active elements were measured and the results obtained in the force-displacement-temperature space were used to validate the SMA performances predicted during the design phase.
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Баймаханов, А. Б. "Analysis of the main Resources of the Moodle System for Organizing an Intermediate Control of Knowledge of Higher Education Students." In Современное образование: векторы развития. Роль социально-гуманитарного знания в подготовке педагога: материалы V международной конференции (г. Москва, МПГУ, 27 апреля – 25 мая 2020 г.). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37492/etno.2020.69.72.004.

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статья посвящена сравнению и раскрытию основных ресурсов и условий обеспечения организации промежуточного контроля знаний студентов первого уровня высшего образования в электронной системе обучения Moodle, которые позволяют объективно и эффективно оценить уровень знаний, умений и навыков обучающихся при усвоении определенных элементов учебного материала в ходе индивидуальной и групповой работы при изучении как общеобразовательных, так и узкоспециализированных дисциплин. В частности, проводится сравнительный анализ преимуществ системы Moodle с другими электронными системами управления обучением и раскрываются все возможности модуля «Тест», который позволяет наиболее эффективно оценивать и контролировать знания студентов. the article is devoted to a detailed study, comparison and disclosure of the main resources and conditions for ensuring the organization of intermediate control of knowledge of first-level students in the e-learning system Moodle, which allow objectively and effectively assess the level of knowledge and skills of students in mastering certain elements of educational material in the course of an individual and group work in the study of both general education and highly specialized disciplines. In particular, a comparative analysis of the benefits of the Moodle system with other electronic learning management systems is carried out, and all the capabilities of the Test module are revealed, which allows for the most effective assessment and control of students' knowledge.
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Karim, Hawraman, and Murad Mzori. "Nation-Building in Kurdistan." In REFORM AND POLITICAL CHANGE. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdiconfrpc.pp286-294.

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We define nation-building as a process which leads to the formation of countries in which the citizens feel a sufficient amount of commonality of interests, goals and preferences so that they do not wish to separate from each other. It can also be said that nation-building is a process in which the government, the state or a group of elites act with the aim of creating national unity and reducing divisions in society. In this regard, groups and ethnicities come together to form a national identity. Nation and nation-building are two modern phenomena and the elements of the nation-building process, which are patriotic unity, citizenship, collective identity, equal opportunities for all citizens and a common language, are the foundations of the formation of a modern state. In this research and theoretically, the concept of nation-building and its constituent elements and the importance of this process for the Kurdistan region are discussed. The main question in this research is the question of the national existence of the Kurd. Is there a nation in the Kurdistan region? If so, how? If not, why not? Should nation-building or state-building be a priority for the Kurds in the Kurdistan region?
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Marciniak, Lubomir, Michał Banaś, and Jarosław Stryczek. "The Design and Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Plastic Hydraulic Valves." In 9th FPNI Ph.D. Symposium on Fluid Power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpni2016-1511.

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The overall popularity of plastics has not reached the industrial hydraulics yet. They are already widely used as a material for seals and minor parts, such as handles, covers, caps, etc., but still the dominant material for the making of the key elements is steel. The main project carried out by the Fluid Power Research Group of Wroclaw University of Technology is a fluid power system with the major elements made of plastics. The primary goal is to make a set of prototype plastic elements that within a low pressure range will perform comparably well to the elements which are traditionally made of steel and are available on the market. That set includes two basic hydraulic valves: the pressure relief valve and the on/off valve. The authors present the research that has been done on them so far, as well as evaluate the possible advantages and problems associated with the application of plastics for the making of the system.1 The analysis of the traditional, metal valves’ designs was done as the theoretical base for the plastic valves’ design. All the main parts were studied, especially the main operating elements (poppet and its seat or a piston). In the paper, the references have been provided where possible. All the analyzed features are discussed in terms of using plastics as the main material. In the summary, it is pointed out which of them could easily be transferred, which need to be tested and which are clearly non-transferable and need to be redesigned. Based on guidelines resulting from the analysis of the traditional metal valves, the first plastic prototypes of the pressure relief valve and the on/off valve were designed, constructed and tested by the FPRG. Details of the design are discussed, focusing on its versatility achieved by the usage of interchangeable parts. The early design problems are also shown, as well as the way how they were dealt with. The steady state characteristics are presented and compared to industrial metal valves of the similar size available on the market. A part of the improvement process was an analysis of the flow inside the valve conducted by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The results and conclusions of the flow analysis are presented. The main differences between the plastics and steel are the mechanical properties, especially the lower rigidity. Much larger deformations of the loaded elements can possibly cause problems. Using the CFD results as loads, a structural analysis by means of the Finite Element Method was also carried out. The results and the discussion on whether the deformations are substantial or not and what kind of problems they may cause are presented in the paper. In the summary, the authors draw conclusions from the conducted design process and tests on the first generation prototypes, as well as discuss the reachability of the research objectives defined at its beginning, which regarded the plastic valves. The design of the second generation prototypes is also briefly discussed and the future research plans outlined.
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Popovic, Ales, Mojca Indihar Stemberger, and Jurij Jaklic. "Using Process Maps for Simulation Modelling in Business Process Change Projects." In InSITE 2006: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3034.

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There are several techniques and tools that attempt to effectively represent different modelling perspectives according to business process modelling purpose and goals. One of widely used techniques for process modelling is process maps. The technique is based on flowcharts and one of its most important advantages, that is extremely important in early phases of business process change projects, is that models are easily understandable to all members of a project group. It is believed that this technique can provide only basic facilities in representing processes and is inappropriate for simulation. The main objective of this paper is to show that process maps have all elements required for simulation and that they have some other benefits, very important for business process renovation, that are discussed in the paper.
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Harron, Lorna, and Sue Capper. "CSA EXP248: Pipeline Human Factors." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64166.

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Human Factors play an important role in the reduction of pipeline incidents. There has been little guidance specific to the Pipeline Industry related to Human Factors management, with the exception of Control Room Management, in the recent past. The Human Factors Working Group, formed during the 2013 Banff Pipeline Workshop, partnered with CSA Group to fill an identified gap in the industry related to Pipeline Human Factors. The result was the creation of an Express Document, CSA EXP248 Pipeline Human Factors. CSA EXP248 (EXP248) considers Human Factors through the life cycle of a pipeline asset. The main goal of this document is to improve pipeline safety performance through management of risks associated with Human Factors. It provides guidance to pipeline operators on the need and means to integrate Human Factors in all aspects of the Pipeline Life Cycle and Management System, with philosophy considerations for integration of Human Factors into a “fit for service” pipeline system. A review of EXP248 will illustrate how this document provides information that is scalable to organizations based on size and complexity. This paper reviews the new CSA Group Express Document process and its application for the Pipeline Industry. This paper will discuss kkey aspects of EXP248 that operators could apply and practical tips on the application of this guidance to the pipeline operating community. Areas highlighted during this review include elements of a Human Factors program, consideration of physical, organizational and cognitive demands of a job or task, and integration of Human Factors into Management Systems. Finally, the paper will describe next steps to create a CSA Group consensus standard for Pipeline Human Factors, where EXP248 will serve as a seed document. Lessons learned during the use of the new Express Document will be highlighted and the use of this new process for other applications explored.
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Secron, Marcelo Bernardes, Shanty Navarro Hurtado, Daniella dos Santos Medeiros, and Wilson Jose´ de Oliveira. "Preliminary Environmental Assessment for the Site Selection for the UTGCA (Gas Treatment Unit for Caraguatatuba - SP)." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64244.

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The Preliminary Environmental Assessment (PEA) at Petrobras consists, in general terms, of an internal technical process, prior to environmental permitting, to verify the environmental feasibility of a project and identify the main environmental issues. It will also add to the future Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA). The technical guidelines for the PEA are prepared by the multidisciplinary team at the Petrobras Environmental Assessment Engineering Group (EAMB) of ENGENHARIA/IETEG/ETEG and are based on the characteristics of the project. The PEA is one of the elements of the environmental impact assessment, providing an initial assessment of the environmental aspects of the project (Screening). It also supports the assessment and determination of route and location alternatives of pipelines and industrial plants. The UTGCA (Caraguatatuba Gas Treatment Unit) will process gas and condensate from the Mexilha˜o Field, on Santos Basin – SP. This paper presents the procedures and conclusions of the PEA prepared for the UTGCA project by PETROBRAS/ENGENHARIA/IETEG/ETEG/EAMB.
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Kan, Xuanen, Zili Xu, Yu Zhao, Baitong Dou, and Wenbin Zhao. "Transient Response of Control Stage Blade Disk due to Partial Admission by a Reduced Method." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43194.

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Partial admission can improve the thermal efficiency of steam turbines at low loads, but a non-uniform flow in circumference will be caused inevitably at the same time. That makes control stage blade subject to complex load, leading to the high cycle fatigue. Therefore, it is important to calculate and accurately analyze transient response of control stage blade disk due to partial admission. However, the large number of degrees of freedom of the practical control stage blade disk will lead to an extremely high computational cost when the finite element method is used. A strategy for reducing the number of degrees of freedom based on the component modal synthesis (CMS) method is presented. CMS method is used to generate a super-element of one group of 4 blades. The cyclic symmetric property is used to generate super-elements for other groups of blades through circumferential rotation and coordinate transformation. The total number of degrees of freedom is reduced to 1.21% of the original DOF. When the rotating blades enter and leave the arc of admission under partial admission conditions, they are subject to the effect of shock loading. The length of the effect of shock loading depends on the rotating blade pitch and the peak of effect of shock loading depends on stage pressure ratio. The displacement response of control stage blade disk under different shock coefficients (1.6, 2.5, 4) is calculated. This paper analyses the vibrations of blade disk under high frequency force caused by nozzles under partial admission conditions. The results show that compared to the shock coefficient of 1.6 the maximum displacement response increased by 27.3% and 72.6% for shock coefficients 2.5 and 4. In addition, a beat phenomenon is found in displacement response of blade disk under high frequency force. The FFT of the response and excitation and the ZZENF of blade disk indicate that the composite vibration of 6050Hz, 6000Hz and 4900Hz these 3 kinds of harmonic vibrations is the main reason of the beat phenomenon.
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Haşıloğlu, Selçuk Burak. "Determination of Country of Origin Image with Fuzzy Set Theory." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00471.

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As foreign trade has become more spread, the country of production and even the origin of the raw material used in the production has become an important factor. Mentioning the country of origin on the label of the product dates back to World War-I when “Good product sells itself” understanding is dominant. In this study, the image of country of origin was evaluated with fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy sets theory lays foundation for the methods used in the solution of relative and uncertain problems. As image evaluation is a relative issue, these methods were used in our study. The first phase in the study model is data collection. Data collected was used to determine image factors, calculate factor loads (weights) and order alternatives. In the determination of image factors Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) method was employed. To calculate factor and alternative weights Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used. In the phase of ordering of alternatives which are called product group elements both Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method were employed. TOPSIS is based on the main principle of similarity to ideal solution and is employed to solve problem and make decision. In our study FCM, Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS methods were used in stages, analyses were performed and solutions were developed. In the final part, there are evaluations with regard to which product group will be more effective when which image is minimized.
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Carrera, Giovanni, and Enrico Rizzuto. "Simulation of Mechanical and Thermodynamic Performances of a Ship Propulsion Plant in Transient Conditions." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-086.

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The paper presents a numerical procedure for the simulation of a marine propulsion plant in transient conditions: the model describes in detail the various elements of the propulsion system and the interactions existing between each of them. The thermodynamic behaviour of the main engine as well as of the turbocharger group is modelled, in order to predict not only the mechanical stress of the plant due to the transient conditions, but also the thermal stresses and working point of the compressor and of the turbine (pressure and temperature at inlet/outlet). As a first application of the model, the case is considered of a twin screw vessel powered by two four stroke medium speed diesel engines with controllable pitch propellers. The simulations presented in the paper regard two transient manoeuvres of the ship: slam-start (from zero speed to full ahead) and crash stop (from full ahead to zero speed with a “full astern” command). The results of the simulations are compared with the available experimental data, regarding the time histories of the vessel speed, space run before a complete stop, propeller r.p.m. and shaft power, showing a good accordance. The procedure can be utilised to check the behaviour of the turbocharger group during a transient manoeuvre and to identity possible improvements in the ship control system or in the pitch-r.p.m. combination law to optimise the performances, in term of e.g. stopping space of the vessel or thermal and mechanical stresses of the plant.
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Reports on the topic "Main group elements"

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Schubert, David M., Mark J. Manning, and M. F. Hawthorne. The Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Carborane Derivatives Containing Main Group and F-Block Elements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada239151.

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Mather, J. D., and Robert E. Tapscott. Tropodegradable Halocarbons and Main Group Element Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada379707.

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David A. Dixon and III Anthony J. Arduengo. Final Report: Main Group Element Chemistry in Service of Hydrogen Storage and Activation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/989180.

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Diel, B. N. Design and Construction of Main Group Element-Containing Molecules and Molecule-Derived Materials With Unusual Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Properties. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/830008.

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Schwann, P. L., R. F. J. Scoates, and D. H. Watkinson. The Fox River Sill: Some Aspects of Its Petrography, Geochemistry and Platinum - Group Element Distribution in Part of the Main Layered Series. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/127285.

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Han, Fei, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, Mehdi Marashi, Timothy Wells, and Mir Zaheer. Verification of Bridge Foundation Design Assumptions and Calculations. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317084.

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The Sagamore Parkway Bridge consists of twin parallel bridges over the Wabash River in Lafayette, IN. The old steel-truss eastbound bridge was demolished in November 2016 and replaced by a new seven-span concrete bridge. The new bridge consists of two end-bents (bent 1 and bent 8) and six interior piers (pier 2 to pier 7) that are founded on closed-ended and open-ended driven pipe piles, respectively. During bridge construction, one of the bridge piers (pier 7) and its foundation elements were selected for instrumentation for monitoring the long-term response of the bridge to dead and live loads. The main goals of the project were (1) to compare the design bridge loads (dead and live loads) with the actual measured loads and (2) to study the transfer of the superstructure loads to the foundation and the load distribution among the piles in the group. This report presents in detail the site investigation data, the instrumentation schemes used for load and settlement measurements, and the response of the bridge pier and its foundation to dead and live loads at different stages during and after bridge construction. The measurement results include the load-settlement curves of the bridge pier and the piles supporting it, the load transferred from the bridge pier to its foundation, the bearing capacity of the pile cap, the load eccentricity, and the distribution of loads within the pier’s cross section and among the individual piles in the group. The measured dead and live loads are compared with those estimated in bridge design.
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Groeneveld, Caspar, Elia Kibga, and Tom Kaye. Deploying an e-Learning Environment in Zanzibar: Feasibility Assessment. EdTech Hub, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0028.

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The Zanzibar Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MoEVT) and the World Bank (the Bank) approached the EdTech Hub (the Hub) in April 2020 to explore the feasibility of implementing a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). The Hub was requested to focus primarily on the deployment of a VLE in lower secondary education, and this report consequently focuses primarily on this group. The report is structured in four sections: An introduction to provide the background and guiding principles for the engagement with a short overview of the methodology applied. An analysis of the Zanzibar education system with a particular focus on elements relevant to deploying a VLE. This includes the status of ICT infrastructure, and a summary of the stakeholders who will play a role in using or implementing a VLE. A third section that discusses types of VLEs and content organisation, and their applicability to the Zanzibar ecosystem. A conclusion with recommendations for Zanzibar, including short- and long-term steps. In this collaboration with Zanzibar’s MoEVT, the Hub team sought to understand the purpose of the proposed VLE. Based on discussions and user scenarios, we identified two main education challenges a VLE may help to resolve. In the short term, students cannot go to school during the COVID-19 crisis, but need access to educational content. There is content, but no flexible and versatile platform to disseminate content to all students. In the long term, a mechanism to provide students with access to quality, curriculum-aligned content in school, or remotely, is required.
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Fullan, Michael, and Joanne Quinn. How Do Disruptive Innovators Prepare Today's Students to Be Tomorrow's Workforce?: Deep Learning: Transforming Systems to Prepare Tomorrow’s Citizens. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002959.

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Disruptive innovators take advantage of unique opportunities. Prior to COVID-19 progress in Latin America and the Caribbean for integrating technology, learning, and system change has been exceedingly slow. In this paper we first offer a general framework for transforming education. The framework focuses on the provision of technology, innovative ideas in learning and well-being, and what we call systemness which are favorable change factors at the local, middle/regional, and policy levels. We then take up the matter of system reform in Latin America and the Caribbean noting problems and potential. Then, we turn to a specific model in system change that we have developed called New Pedagogies for Deep Learning, a model developed in partnerships with groups of schools in ten countries since 2014. The model consists of three main components: 6 Global Competences (character, citizenship, collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking), 4 learning elements (pedagogy, learning partnerships, learning environments, leveraging digital), and three system conditions (school culture, district/regional culture, and system policy). We offer a case study of relative success based on Uruguay with whom we have been working since 2014. Finally, we identify steps and recommendations for next steps in Latin America for taking action on system reform in the next perioda time that we consider critical for taking advantage of the current pandemic disruption. The next few years will be crucial for either attaining positive breakthroughs or slipping backwards into a reinforced status quo.
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McWhorter, Sean William. Exploration of R2XM2 (R=Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, rare earth; X=main group element; M=transition metal, Si, Ge): Structural Motifs, the novel Compound Gd2AlGe2 and Analysis of the U3Si2 and Zr3Al2 Structure Types. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/888949.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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