Relevant bibliographies by topics / Maintanence aid for studies

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Maintanence aid for studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Maintanence aid for studies"

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Djulbegovic, Benjamin, Heloisa P. Soares, and Ambuj Kumar. "Citation Impact of Breakthrough Interventions for Malignant Blood Disorders." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 3115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3115.3115.

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Abstract Background: Citation count is a widely accepted measure of how much a study has drawn attention of other scientists and clinicians. The studies that have generated new, breakthrough interventions that potentially can affect the lives of many patients are expected to be widely disseminated. In this work, we test hypothesis if the breakthrough interventions as discovered in the NCI sponsored phase III hematological malignancies trials received high citation count. NCI trials account for almost 100% of publicly sponsored phase III trials in the US. Methods: We evaluated all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have been conducted by six NCI sponsored cooperative oncology groups (COGs). We included all trials that were completed by 2002. Here, we focus on hematological malignancies trials. We arbitrarily defined as “breakthrough interventions” those interventions that were judged by the investigators highly preferred so they should become standard of care and/or had an effect size was so large that their log hazard ratio for survival or event-free survival was −1 or less. The study which received more than 1,000 citations is considered as highly-cited clinical research paper. (Ioannidis JPA, JAMA 2005) Results: We evaluated 133 hematological-malignancy trials/comparisons. Ninety-two trials studied leukemias, 38 lymphomas and 3 either multiple myeloma or myelodysplastic syndrome. 26 (20%) interventions were found to meet the criteria for the “breaktrough interventions”. None of the papers met criteria for highly-cited research. Citation counts ranged from 4–311 (median: 62). The highest-cited paper reported the use of All-trans-retinoic acid for induction and maintanence of acute promyelocytic leukemia. This paper is currently cited in NCCN guidelines and the NCI PQD® treatment website. Conclusions: The best clinical research in hematological malignancies has received relatively little scientific attention. Elucidating the factors that could explain these findings may help identify the barriers that prevent generation and dissemination of evidence of vital importance for improving outcomes of patients with malignant blood disorders.
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M.K. "Computer Aid for Local History Studies." Americas 41, no. 3 (1985): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000316150001511x.

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STINSON, STEPHEN. "Lasers aid in electrode surface studies." Chemical & Engineering News 64, no. 40 (1986): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n040.p022.

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Ihonvbere, Julius O., and Ole Elgstrom. "Foreign Aid Negotiations: The Swedish-Tanzanian Aid Dialogue." African Studies Review 37, no. 3 (1994): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524916.

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Annen, Kurt, Michael Batu, and Stephen Kosempel. "Macroeconomic effects of foreign aid and remittances: Implications for aid effectiveness studies." Journal of Policy Modeling 38, no. 6 (2016): 1136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.10.003.

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Edwards, Griffith. "Meta-analysis in aid of alcohol studies." British Journal of Addiction 86, no. 10 (1991): 1189–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01698.x.

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WILSON, ELIZABETH. "ASTRONOMY Found meteorites could aid asteroid studies." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 13 (2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n013.p011a.

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Peng, Tingjiang, Jijun Li, Zhijun Zhao, Chunhui Song, and Jun Zhang. "Biomarkers Aid Paleoenvironment Studies of Asian Aridification." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94, no. 19 (2013): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013eo190001.

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Zambonato, Ticiana, Maria Mondelli, and Regina Jacob. "Stethoscopes with hearing aid use: Case studies." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 17, no. 01 (2014): 096–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7162/s1809-97772013000100017.

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Mueller, H., Kathryn Bright, and Jerry Northern. "Studies of the Hearing Aid Occlusion Effect." Seminars in Hearing 17, no. 01 (1996): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1089925.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maintanence aid for studies"

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Alam, Nabeela. "Politics, Trade and Foreign Aid." Thesis, Brandeis University, International Business School, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3721587.

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<p> This dissertation examines the influence of donor-driven and recipient-driven interests on foreign aid allocation. </p><p> Chapter 1 examines how the donor's trade interests together with elections and the political competitiveness of electoral processes in recipient countries are associated with bilateral foreign aid flows. US gives more aid to its non-competitive larger trade partners, but cuts their aid ahead of elections. It substitutes aid with market access for non-competitive countries for which it is an important export market, but not during election years. Germany, Japan and UK give more aid to countries with competitive electoral systems, but for these countries Japan and UK substitute aid with trade. The substitution disappears for UK during election years. Japan and UK also reward countries for which they are important export markets with more aid, but only during non-election years for Japan. During election years, Germany cuts aid to non-competitive countries, but gives more aid to non-competitive countries for which it is an export destination. There is weak evidence that France substitutes aid with market access for politically competitive countries. </p><p> Chapter 2 focuses on recipient incentives. I extend the Grossman and Helpman (1996) model of elections and special interests by adding foreign aid. I show that with conditional aid when the preferred policy of the donor and that of the special interest group are not aligned, the latter has an incentive to alter election probabilities so that the opposition party wins and implements the lobby's preferred policy. Under these circumstances, the government has an incentive to substitute away from conditional foreign aid. Furthermore, if the government has a higher probability of winning under unconditional aid, the lobby succeeds in asking the government to deviate the most in its policy stance. </p><p> In Chapter 3 I examine how China's growing importance as an export destination is related to countries' UN voting alignment with the US, and whether this relationship is different if the countries export oil and mineral resources that China. I find regional differences in UN voting alignment response. Latin American countries and Sub-Saharan African countries not heavily reliant on exports of oil and minerals show decreased political alignment with increased export dependence on China. UN voting alignment for the resource exporters from Sub-Saharan Africa do not vary with export dependence on China. Instead, they have a lower level of UN alignment with the US.</p>
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Bobiash, Donald J. "South-South aid : West African case studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302945.

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Carlsson, Oscar, and Joakim Söderling. "Aid through trade." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13305.

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Degree project in Business Economics, School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University, Bachelor thesis Course 2EB00E, spring 2011 Authors: Joakim Söderling 860920, Oscar Carlsson 861021 Supervisor: Michaela Sandell Examiner: Richard Nakamura Title: Aid through trade – An ethnographical minor field study in the Gambia Background: Since Sweden’s fund giving started the overall aim has been to raise people’s living conditions in poorer countries. By having this goal Sweden’s fund giving has changed over the last 50 years during four different eras; Trickle Down, Social Satisfier, Economical Reforms and Governance. Lately, however, criticism regarding whether aid is contributing or not to a less developed country has arisen with questions such as that aid are designed by the fund givers and lack of fieldworkers. Gambia is a development country situated in the poorest area of the poorest continent. The Gambia’s general annual salary is 12,000 Dalasi (3,000 SEC) and poverty is widespread. Entrepreneurship has, however, been noticed as a key-factor for the people and the country’s development. Research question: How should aid for entrepreneurship be designed to promote development in the Gambia? Purpose: To retell the Gambian point of view regarding aid and what type of aid for entrepreneurship that is promoting domestic development in the Gambia. Delimitations: We have chosen to sort out fund organizations of social nature, such as schools and healthcare organizations. We have also delimitated out study to micro-level. Method: We have implemented a qualitative abductive micro-ethnographical field study in which we took the open role as participants as observers. The thesis’ selections are based upon snowball effect and convenience sampling. Conclusions: Aid should be given to women up-country, privately and openly, in the form of material and within a cooperation between fund giver and fund taker. We have also created a model as a recommendation made from our experiences of the Gambian people. Keywords: The Gambia, aid, funds, entrepreneurship, ethnography, development.
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Markgraf, Claire Teresa McCarville. "Governance and aid allocation in the International Development Association (IDA) : revisiting assessing aid in the twenty-first century." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90210.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-90).<br>This paper examines the relationship between governance and the foreign aid allocation of a World Bank agency, the International Development Association. In particular, the study investigates whether this major multilateral program's financial support for the development of the world's poorest countries consistently prioritizes good governance. A new dataset from the first decade of the twenty-first century, 2003-12, is used in three econometric estimation models to determine whether the quality of governance in recipient countries has had implications for aid allocation decisions. As in much of the literature in this area, the results are mixed. This finding itself raises important questions both about the relevance of a country's governance to aid allocation decisions and about the usefulness of good governance as a metric by which aid organizations are judged.<br>by Claire Teresa McCarville Markgraf.<br>M.C.P.
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Salmonsson, Martin. "Foreign aid : an elite survey." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-915.

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<p>The inability of foreign aid to generate an appropriate model for development and the complexities related to Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the “Third World” are what initiated my interest to write about foreign aid. In this study I seek to further elabo-rate on this complex issue on foreign aid; does it lead to development or dependency?</p><p>Within the debate, the controversy exists around aid dependency and economic growth and is fuelled by the fact that Sub-Saharan Africa has barely achieved any poverty reduction since the 1960´s. Mr. William Easterly an ex-World Bank employee represents the critical opinion to Foreign Aid. He argues that the international foreign aid programme is characterized by a westernized, patronizing and post-colonial approach, which yields dependency rather than development in today’s world of free-market economies. Foreign aid as we know it must therefore be abolished. Mr. Jeffrey Sachs Current World Bank employee and UN secretary advisor represents the supporters of foreign aid. He argues that foreign aid works efficiently and calls for the doubling of foreign aid and the need for donor countries to reach the one percent target of GDP.</p><p>In this case study of foreign aid, the subject under investigation (the argumentation within the public debate) is studied through a historical perspective. Secondly a comparison will be made between the public debate and the way this issue is discussed among field workers.</p><p>An interesting observation when analyzing the discussions on foreign aid efficiency in international aid programme is that the polarization witnessed in the public- or “elite” debate is not as obvious when analyzing the opinion of aid-workers. This would imply that uncertainty about aid efficiency is exaggerated in the public debate.</p><p>By resolving problems of classical development theories, rather than rethinking the purpose of aid based on its positive affects, foreign aid may be robbed of its real potential.</p>
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Mullin, Deborah Wei. "The alternative of Chinese aid in Africa : impacts of China's development strategy through Chinese aid, finance, and firms in Kenya." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46674.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-96).<br>This thesis examines the differences of Chinese and Western aid implementation and its effects in Africa though the case study of Chinese aid and finance for road development in Kenya. Today, Kenya receives tangible benefits from Chinese aid, firms, and finance in road construction. Chinese aid serves as an alternative to Western donor conditionalities in Kenya helping decrease the requirements of Western funding sources. Western aid, however, may not serve as a "substitute" for Chinese aid, therefore making Chinese aid unresponsive to Kenyan interests. The instantaneous and less bureaucratic nature of Chinese aid and China's personal interest in Kenyan infrastructure lead to an increase in road construction but eliminate Kenya's voice in Chinese aid decision. Furthermore, trainings to Kenyans illustrating a "South to South" relationship are really for building China-Kenya relations and are ineffective for Kenya's human capital development. In addition, this is the first study to outline how the combination of tying of Chinese aid to Chinese firms and China's "Go Out" policy create excessive power for Chinese companies in Kenyan road development and debt financing decisions as well as marginalize Kenya's interests. China's tying of aid and the competitive advantages of Chinese firms working in Kenya crowd out domestic industry and forfeit valuable opportunities to develop local neighboring industries. Kenya needs to treat its relationship with China not just as an aid recipient but as a player in a "mutually beneficial" relationship. In order to receive more responsive and effective aid Kenya must begin to leverage its assets desired by China in order to demand a stronger voice in aid decisions.<br>by Deborah Wei Mullin.<br>M.C.P.
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Williams, Laura. "The changing winds of aid : An exploration of of aid disbursements to Muslim countries." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323894.

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There have been many deadly terrorist attacks which have taken place in the 21st Century. At the turn of the century the world was transfixed as two planes were hijacked and flown into the ‘Twin Towers.’ Many recent attacks have been carried out by Islamic Fundamentalist groups. In 2015, Boko Haram, the Taliban, Daesh and Al-Qaeda were responsible for 74% of all terrorist attacks which took place across the globe. It is widely recognised that aid is used to promote donor interests in areas such as curbing terrorism. This thesis is focused on identifying whether terrorist attacks which have been carried out by Islamic Fundamentalist groups has increased the amount of aid to Muslim countries. The research identifies that in the earliest parts of the 21st century Iraq and Afghanistan received large proportions of aid due to the ‘War on Terror.’ From 2010 onwards this trend shifts and other countries that have large Muslim populations have increasingly received vast proportions of aid. This trend has been attributed to the changing context and concerns such as the War in Syria and the migration crisis. The research also looks at whether isolated terrorist incidents influence aid allocations. I have examined trends related to UK aid before and after the 7/7 bombings. The evidence shows that countries which are defined by the US Department of State as ‘state sponsors of terrorism’ and ‘terrorist safe havens’ have received more aid after the 9/11 hijackings and then after the 7/7 bombings.
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O'Neal, Kelsey L. "The Ties that Bind: Russian Aid to Ukraine." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/331.

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Twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has struggled to construct a new foreign policy paradigm in a world that is no longer bipolar. Instead of the Cold War era arms stockpiles, Moscow has signed multiple Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START), and instead of physically taking over neighboring territories, increasing diplomacy and economic incentives have become Moscow’s primary tool to garner and maintain influence in its near abroad. Soft power initiatives, that can all roughly fit into a foreign aid model, from the Russian Federation to the near abroad come in different forms: oil subsidies, aid in kind, and direct financial investment. The Russian Federation has used all three of these strategies in Ukraine after the fall of the Soviet Union in an attempt to keep the country in its sphere of influence. The use of foreign aid, be it oil subsides, aid in kind, or direct financial aid, all work towards the same goal of promoting Russian policies and interests in the near abroad. Ukraine, with its unique political, cultural and geographical importance, demonstrates the new struggle between Russia and the West. The struggle’s main actors are the Russian Federation against the eastern half of NATO and the EU, and the conclusion is unclear. Foreign aid and soft power are now playing a critical role in the outcome.
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Suhrke, A., and J. Buckmaster. "Aid, growth and peace: A comparative analysis." University of Bradford, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4184.

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yes<br>The paper examines patterns of post-conflict aid in a sample of 14 countries, with in-depth, qualitative analysis of seven cases (Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mozambique and Rwanda). The study takes previous work by Paul Collier and associates in this area as a starting point, but disaggregates the data by type of aid, time intervals, and historical period. The findings significantly qualify the Collier conclusion to the effect that donors respond to a CNN-effect in a dysfunctional manner by rushing in aid soon after a peace agreement is concluded and scaling back too soon. Rather, disaggregated analysis shows that post-war aid follows several patterns and can best be understood as strategic behavior designed to promote a range of economic and political objectives. This paper also questions the related policy recommendation of the Collier research on post-conflict aid, namely that post-conflict aid should be phased in so as to maximize economic growth on the grounds that this is important to sustain peace during the first post-conflict decade. Instead, this paper finds, aid strategies that demonstrate early and firm donor commitment to the new order are more likely to stabilize peace in the short run, and aid strategies that address the underlying sources of conflict are important to sustain peace in the longer run.
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Richardson, William. "Management strategy models to aid regulatory decision makers." Thesis, Coventry University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306069.

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Books on the topic "Maintanence aid for studies"

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Gadsden, Richard J. Quantitative studies: A revision aid. ICSA, 1989.

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Blau, Gerda. Food aid for development: Three studies. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1985.

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Education, aid and aid agencies. Continuum, 2012.

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Barry, A. J. Aid co-ordination and aid effectiveness: A review of country and regional experience. Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1988.

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Barry, A. J. Aid co-ordination and aid effectiveness: A review of country and regional experience. Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1988.

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Schisler, George S. Salmonid disease studies: Federal aid project F-427. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fish Research Section, 2006.

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Schisler, George S. Salmonid disease studies: Federal aid project F-427. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fish Research Section, 2006.

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Schisler, George S. Salmonid disease studies: Federal aid project F-427. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fish Research Section, 2006.

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Harrell-Bond, Barbara E. Imposing aid: Emergency assistance to refugees. Oxford University Press, 1986.

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Greer, Clark John, ed. Elements of audiology: A learning aid with case studies. Pearson Allyn and Bacon, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Maintanence aid for studies"

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Bauman, Richard W. "Legal Aid." In Critical Legal Studies. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429044793-26.

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Ilyashenko, Yulij, and Sergei Yakovenko. "First aid." In Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/gsm/086/06.

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Guha Thakurta, Barnana. "Emergency Aid." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_199-1.

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Pesaresi, Nicola, and Rodrigo Peduzzi. "State Aid Modernization." In Studies in European Economic Law and Regulation. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99226-6_2.

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Järvelä, Johanna, and Nikodemus Solitander. "The financialization and responsibilization of development aid." In Business and Development Studies. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315163338-5.

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Podszun, Lucie. "Approach to the Case Studies." In Does Development Aid Affect Conflict Ripeness? VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94079-3_4.

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Podszun, Lucie. "Evidence from the Case Studies." In Does Development Aid Affect Conflict Ripeness? VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94079-3_5.

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Griffin, Keith. "Foreign Aid after the Cold War." In Studies in Globalization and Economic Transitions. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230372139_3.

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Marquand, Judith. "European Studies at TSU, 2000–2, 2003–6 and 2007–8." In Development Aid in Russia. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230233621_11.

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Marjit, Sugata, and Vivekananda Mukherjee. "Does Foreign Aid Corrupt? A Theoretical Note." In India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2455-6_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Maintanence aid for studies"

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Hajnal, Z., and B. Nemeth. "Deep Crustal Studies: An Aid to Diamond Exploration." In 4th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.313.167.

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SANSEVERINO, ADRIANA MANZOLILLO, CARLOS FRANCISCO SIMÕES GOMES, MARA REGINA DOS SANTOS BARCELOS, IGOR PINHEIRO DE ARAÚJO COSTA, and MARCOS DOS SANTOS. "Bibliometric Studies on Prospective Scenarios and Multicriteria Decision Aid." In IJCIEOM 2020 - International Joint Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. IJCIEOM 2020 - International Joint Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14488/ijcieom2020_full_0006_37398.

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Wadiasingh, Zorawar. "The Aid of Optical Studies in Understanding Millisecond Pulsar Binaries." In SALT Science Conference 2015. Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.250.0075.

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Vergara, Marisa, Ridge Kaiser, and Lauren Maneau. "Extensive Pipeline Field Studies and Inspections Aid in Fastpaced CMAR Project." In Pipelines 2013. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413012.130.

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Braunovic, M. "Further studies of different contact aid compounds for aluminum-to-copper connections." In Electrical Contacts - 1999. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/holm.1999.795928.

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Walve, K., A. Edstrom, and L. Karlstrom. "Advanced dynamic simulations as an important aid to restoration studies and training." In Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2008.4596712.

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SUN, Chu-Yu. "A study of the agricultural design in the U.S. aid period (1951–1965)." In 10th International Conference on Design History and Design Studies. Editora Edgard Blücher, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/despro-icdhs2016-01_010.

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Opršal, Zdeněk. "Regional Geography of Aid: Subnational Approach to Foreign Aid Allocations in Research and Education." In 27th edition of the Central European Conference with subtitle (Teaching) of regional geography. Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9694-2020-13.

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Foreign aid allocations have been of interest to researchers in developing economy, development studies, and development geography. Most of the available studies address development issues at countries level rather than at subnational levels within these countries. Researchers model and test the distribution of aid across recipient countries, considering recipient countries as homogenous units. This methodological approach masks an important regional heterogeneity within developing countries; therefore sub-national analyses may significantly contribute to more nuanced understanding of foreign aid. The gap in research arises from the related fact, that there has been a chronic lack of usable project-level data from developing countries. The situation has been changing only slowly over the last few years. This contribution attempts to emphasize the importance of the regional perspective in research of foreign aid allocations and to demonstrate the challenges associated with the geocoding of the Czech Republic's foreign aid projects on the example of students' seminar assignment on Czech foreign aid in Ethiopia.
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Sharabaty, Hassan, Ihab Ahkam, and Abdellatif Baba. "FPGA-Based Multi Heart Diseases Classification System with the Aid of LabVIEW." In 2018 2nd International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ismsit.2018.8567057.

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Zaman, Khalid, Sozan Sulaiman Maghdid, Hammad Afridi, Sabih Ullah, and Muhammad Zohaib. "Enhancement of Speech Signals for Hearing Aid Devices using Digital Signal Processing." In 2020 4th International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ismsit50672.2020.9255299.

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Reports on the topic "Maintanence aid for studies"

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Zhang, Yongping, Wen Cheng, and Xudong Jia. Enhancement of Multimodal Traffic Safety in High-Quality Transit Areas. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1920.

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Numerous extant studies are dedicated to enhancing the safety of active transportation modes, but very few studies are devoted to safety analysis surrounding transit stations, which serve as an important modal interface for pedestrians and bicyclists. This study bridges the gap by developing joint models based on the multivariate conditionally autoregressive (MCAR) priors with a distance-oriented neighboring weight matrix. For this purpose, transit-station-centered data in Los Angeles County were used for model development. Feature selection relying on both random forest and correlation analyses was employed, which leads to different covariate inputs to each of the two jointed models, resulting in increased model flexibility. Utilizing an Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) algorithm and various evaluation criteria, the results demonstrate that models with a correlation effect between pedestrians and bicyclists perform much better than the models without such an effect. The joint models also aid in identifying significant covariates contributing to the safety of each of the two active transportation modes. The research results can furnish transportation professionals with additional insights to create safer access to transit and thus promote active transportation.
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Treadwell, Jonathan R., James T. Reston, Benjamin Rouse, Joann Fontanarosa, Neha Patel, and Nikhil K. Mull. Automated-Entry Patient-Generated Health Data for Chronic Conditions: The Evidence on Health Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb38.

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Abstract:
Background. Automated-entry consumer devices that collect and transmit patient-generated health data (PGHD) are being evaluated as potential tools to aid in the management of chronic diseases. The need exists to evaluate the evidence regarding consumer PGHD technologies, particularly for devices that have not gone through Food and Drug Administration evaluation. Purpose. To summarize the research related to automated-entry consumer health technologies that provide PGHD for the prevention or management of 11 chronic diseases. Methods. The project scope was determined through discussions with Key Informants. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (via EMBASE.com), In-Process MEDLINE and PubMed unique content (via PubMed.gov), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews or controlled trials. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing studies. We assessed risk of bias and extracted data on health outcomes, surrogate outcomes, usability, sustainability, cost-effectiveness outcomes (quantifying the tradeoffs between health effects and cost), process outcomes, and other characteristics related to PGHD technologies. For isolated effects on health outcomes, we classified the results in one of four categories: (1) likely no effect, (2) unclear, (3) possible positive effect, or (4) likely positive effect. When we categorized the data as “unclear” based solely on health outcomes, we then examined and classified surrogate outcomes for that particular clinical condition. Findings. We identified 114 unique studies that met inclusion criteria. The largest number of studies addressed patients with hypertension (51 studies) and obesity (43 studies). Eighty-four trials used a single PGHD device, 23 used 2 PGHD devices, and the other 7 used 3 or more PGHD devices. Pedometers, blood pressure (BP) monitors, and scales were commonly used in the same studies. Overall, we found a “possible positive effect” of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and asthma. For obesity, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (body mass index/weight) as likely no effect. For hypertension, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (systolic BP/diastolic BP) as possible positive effect. For cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities we rated the health outcomes as unclear and the surrogate outcome (time to arrhythmia detection) as likely positive effect. The findings were “unclear” regarding PGHD interventions for diabetes prevention, sleep apnea, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most studies did not report harms related to PGHD interventions; the relatively few harms reported were minor and transient, with event rates usually comparable to harms in the control groups. Few studies reported cost-effectiveness analyses, and only for PGHD interventions for hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the findings were variable across different chronic conditions and devices. Patient adherence to PGHD interventions was highly variable across studies, but patient acceptance/satisfaction and usability was generally fair to good. However, device engineers independently evaluated consumer wearable and handheld BP monitors and considered the user experience to be poor, while their assessment of smartphone-based electrocardiogram monitors found the user experience to be good. Student volunteers involved in device usability testing of the Weight Watchers Online app found it well-designed and relatively easy to use. Implications. Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated some PGHD technologies (e.g., pedometers, scales, BP monitors), particularly for obesity and hypertension, but health outcomes were generally underreported. We found evidence suggesting a possible positive effect of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for four chronic conditions. Lack of reporting of health outcomes and insufficient statistical power to assess these outcomes were the main reasons for “unclear” ratings. The majority of studies on PGHD technologies still focus on non-health-related outcomes. Future RCTs should focus on measurement of health outcomes. Furthermore, future RCTs should be designed to isolate the effect of the PGHD intervention from other components in a multicomponent intervention.
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Areal studies aid protection of ground-water quality in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. US Geological Survey, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri984143.

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