Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maintien de la paix – Afrique occidentale'
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Koffi, Kouamé. "La Stabilisation et le maintien de la paix en afrique de l'ouest." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL12017.
Full textWest africa which unites 16 states, independent since the 1960's, does not escape - like all the other thirld world countries by the way - from the risks of conflicts and destabilization, likewise, the problem of bein under developed. These west african states are therefore confronted by a certain number of weak points, either internal or external. In the first case, they are both political and economic; political due to our colonial past with it's major inconvenience being the balkanisation of our states and also due to the difficulties our leaders have always had in creating an inter african political regrouping that would be able to channel all the energy available. These political factors are worsened by the economic vulnerability (the lack of capital, the climatic condition, the weatiness in means of communication. . . ) Which inhibits the industrialisation of west africa. As for the sources of external instability, they come on from the position of our region as the 3 rd zone in the struggle for supremacy between the major powers, but also from the proximity of sensitive areas such as the conflicts in the sahara and in tchad, with as a background, a certain expansion of integral islam. There is therefore an obvious need for global stability (political, military, cultural, and especially economics). (. . . )
Kpodar, Adama. "Réflexion sur la régionalisation du maintien de la paix et de la sécurité collectives : l'exemple de l'Afrique de l'Ouest." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT3028.
Full textBagayoko-Penone, Niagalé. "Les politiques de sécurité française et américaine en Afrique de l'Ouest : approche comparée des stratégies de la France et des Etats-Unis." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002IEPP0046.
Full textAli, Gazibo Kadidiatou. "La régionalisation de la paix et de la sécurité internationales post-guerre froide dans le cadre de la CEDEAO : la construction d’un ordre sécuritaire régional, entre autonomie et interdépendance." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010297/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at analyzing the nature and scope of attempts at institutionalizing a regional security regime within the framework of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The end of the Cold War and globalization led to changes in the nature of conflicts and modified the parameters for the UN and the Great Powers in the area of peacekeeping. The multiplication of internal and regional conflicts led to the emergence of new security actors who put an end to the monopolization of peacekeeping and security operations by the traditional actors like the UN. From 1990 on, a progressive "securization" of non-military stakes (political, social, economic and environmental issues) took place in West Africa under the auspices of CEDEAO, with the goal of creating a security community. Based on empirical evidence of CEDEAO interventions in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea-Bissau among others, we analyze why and how the regionalization of peace operations produced transformations, notably the crafting of an integration policy and the reformulation of security stakes in the region. Such reflection leads us to comprehend CEDEAO not only as a region, but also as a security actor in the field of International Relations. Drawing upon diverse approaches (functionalist, constructivist, and realist) we not only explore the regional security regime construction process in an empirical and institutional perspective, but also analyze difficulties, lessons learned and actor strategies in the field of peace operations. Since peacekeeping is traditionally an open field with many competing actors, we also investigate into the coordination of their interventions
Maiga, Abdoulaye. "La crédibilité de la Commaunauté Economique des Etats d'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEDEAO) dans sa quête de la paix et de la sécurité." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30057.
Full textThe Economic Community of West Africa is an international organization that was involved very early in the peacekeeping and security. It undertook military intervention in some West African states, like Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea Bissau. In 1999, ECOWAS has made a strategic shift in security. This was manifested by the adoption of a new security mechanism to place the human at the heart of security concerns. The new objective of ECOWAS is to achieve human security for the citizens of West Africa. It turns out that the realization of human security requires economic and financial means, or the West African states are among the poorest in the world. Also, since the adoption of the new security mechanism, ECOWAS meeting more and more difficult to achieve the noble principles and recommendations contained in its legal system, in a context of increased of contemporary military and non military threats. After over 30 years of experience in the integration process, is there not now clear that the success of the organization in peacekeeping and security is closely linked to progress in the economic integration? The weak economic outlook states of ECOWAS calls does not change the strategy of integration of ECOWAS? The adoptions of federalism across West Africa cannot it be a way of salvation for ECOWAS?
Cissé, Losseni. "La problématique de l'Etat de droit en Afrique de l'ouest : analyse comparée de la situation de la Côte d'Ivoire, de la Mauritanie, du Libéria et de la Sierra Léone." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST2001/document.
Full textThe question of the Rule of law arises more and more with much acuity in Africa in general and in West Africa in particular. The observable deficit of Rule of law in certain countries of this region is one of the root causes of belligerence and crisis with dramatic consequences: violation of Human rights, desinstitutionalization, refusal of democratic alternation, impunity, poverty, insecurity, etc…Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritania, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are not immune to this. These countries are characterized by particular situations in the light of the crisis they encounter and have encountered, as well as common issues in the long and difficult quest for the establishment of the Rule of Law. This process, with major obstacles, gives rise to a real normative production with the combined intervention of the regional, pan African and international communities. And provided, the “conflict of norms” are not to be excluded. Hence the need to consider prospects for resolving crises, to establish the Rule of law in West Africa
Kaboré, Daouda. "Organisations internationales, démilitarisation de la vie politique et construction de la démocratie en Afrique de l’ouest (Côte d’Ivoire, Libéria, Sierra Léone) : 1990-2011." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100001/document.
Full textSince 1990, the West African states face insecurity and the struggle for armed conflict resolution. They are mostly destabilized by military coup. International community support Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia and Sierra Leone in the research of conflict solutions and the building of democratic institutions in the African states. Instead of the interference of the international organization in the African’s internal affairs and the strategies adopted, the insecurity continues to be a real problem for the stability of the sub-region. The states continue to be fragile. According to the assistance of UNO specialized agencies, an international Non-Government Organization (INGO) network is built around the assistance activities, to support the consequences of the armed conflicts. The INGO make the most of the opportunities to reinforce their position in the state and to create others activities to improve their business. Despite all positions of ECOWAS, African unity organization, and African Union to prevent conflicts and to find mechanisms of the management and peaceful solution, the states are not able to build a long term peace. The member states make the most opportunity of the insecurity of the sub region. Theirs strategies are to protect their own interests instead of finding solutions for peace. This behavior and the incoherence in theirs peace-actions continue to be subjects of discussion. This makes think another approach of conflict resolution in Africa. My research is to analyze the strategies of the international organizations, their strength and their weakness in peacekeeping and the capacity-building of African democratic institutions
Sall, Abdoul Aziz. "Les opérations de maintien de la paix : : exemple africain." Perpignan, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PERP1168.
Full textMgbeoji, Ikechi. "Collective insecurity : the Liberian crisis, unilateralism, and global order /." Vancouver (B.C.) : UBC Press, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39236864g.
Full textOuld, Cheikh El Houssein. "Les Nations Unies et le maintien de la paix en Afrique." Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMD002.
Full textAfter fifty years of implementation. Assessing the operations of peacekeeping is mixed. The war remains a common way of State policy. It still rampant in much of the planet with its share of massacres, displacement disintegration of states and institutions. It must be noted that the maintenance of international peace and security in Africa is first a matter of great powers. An operation of peacekeeping was first implemented in the service of great power, that right must wonder if these cases are not intended to consolidate their spheres of influence. The intervention under the guise of the UN, Britain and France in Sierra Leone and Côte d'ivoire door testimony. Given the real function of these interventions what is the role of the United Nations and International Law in the meeting of conditions of peace and security in Afhca? Underpinned by power relations, the United Nations law there still activity necessary to effectively serve the purpose of permanent peace solidarity and development?
Koffi, Kouamé. "La Stabilisation et le maintien de la paix en Afrique de l'Ouest." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614760b.
Full textAmvane, Gabriel. "Le maintien de la paix en Afrique par l'O.N.U. et l'Union africaine." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0313.
Full textMaintaining international peace and security is the primary purpose of the Charterof the United Nations after the Second World War. By Article 2 § 4, the Charter states "theprinciple of non-threat and non-use of force" and thus aims to put a definitive end to armedconflicts. However, the African continent seems not to max out and illustrates not only by avery large number of armed conflicts but also by the ongoing efforts of the United Nations tokeep the peace. These efforts are supported regionally by the African Union, a regionalorganization established by African States in 2002 to replace the Organization of AfricanUnity. The persistence of armed conflicts on the continent, however, leads to question theeffectiveness of peacekeeping in Africa by the United Nations and the African Union, as wellas the mechanisms established by both organizations to achieve with such effectiveness.Consideration of this issue is discussed considering the two major characteristics ofpeacekeeping, namely the institutional aspect and the material aspect of peacekeeping,considered one and the other in terms of their effectiveness.For the institutional aspect, the study focuses on the organs actually created by the UN andthe African Union for peacekeeping in Africa, the cooperation between these organs, as wellas the support provided by the UN for the capacity-building of the African Union.For the material aspect, it is the specific terms of implementations of peacekeeping that areraised here. This requires a review of the effectiveness of the peacekeeping operations
Liboko, Anselme Didace. "Les opérations de maintien de la paix en Afrique subsaharienne : les spécificités." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN0088.
Full textThe subject on Peacekeeping operations(PKO) in sub-Saharan Africa, specificities has been discussed in two parts, the first part devoted to the intervention process and implementation project prior to the process of completion of PKO in the second part. The PKO enterprises in sub-Saharan Africa have adapted to intra-state conflicts leading to the creation of new rules and general trends in the first two generations. The third generation formed a specific category whose backbone is made up by a regional security system and the emergence of the sub-regional organisation in collaboration with the UN agencies and partners. They are bestowed with extensive powers including the most specific, which is the right to intervene in conflicts at the expense of the exclusive competence of the states. If the most widespread form is that of hybrid operations, focusing on sub-regional approach, they remain dependent on the outside world. This results in the substitution of the United Nations to defaulting states, a post-conflict reconstruction, depending on the model state by the UN conversion criteria of good governance, democratic values and the implementation of development programs, as a mode of durable conflicts resolution and prevention
Akemakou, Njinga Nessan. "L’existence d’une « paix autoritaire » en Afrique ? : une réflexion antithétique à la théorie de la paix démocratique." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10022.
Full textThe theory of democratic peace derived from Kantianism posits that democratic states maintain peaceful relationships amongst them. However, one cannot fail to observe nolens volens that since 1945 there has been no direct military confrontation between two regimes considered as democratic. Notwithstanding the arguments that have been put forward to explain this state of peace—the peaceful nature of democracies, the values of economic and political liberalism, etc.—are questionable, especially when some virtues of peacefulness are attributed to democracies and warmongering vices to autocracies. This study attempts to put to the test the premises of this theoretical liberal model while introducing the hypothesis of an “authoritarian peace”. It transpires that the nature of a regime does not affect the way it handles its external affairs. The authoritarian regimes like their democratic counterparts generally exist peacefully side by side. Yet, this hypothesis is not without its own limitations. While authoritarianism does not represent an aggravating factor of conflictuality internationally, it can have an adverse effect domestically. It is for instance a cause and a catalyst of the dynamics of internal warfare in African states. It weakens the social body and causes the autolysis of its cells, ie. the citizens. Other factors such as the monopolization of political power, neo-property management, lack of effective governance, ethnicity, etc. can explain the high prevalence of civil wars in Africa. The identity factor is not as important as the current literature suggests. In fact, despite the plurality of their causes, these conflicts generally occur due to the lack of equitable sharing of political power and economic resources. There is also the fact that the power-holders often fail to pay proper regard to some ethnic communities. Ethnicity is therefore simply the by-product of these main causes, stoked up by some political entrepreneurs in pursuit of their political ends. These causes of conflictuality should not be divorced from the failure of the post-colonial African state, structurally inadequate and therefore incapable of bringing to a halt the fratricidal spiral of warfare which has transformed Africa into a large sepulchre. In view of this fact, there is a need to find a theory for a model of state and governance that could guarantee a lasting peace; that would be suitable for the African countries; and that would take into account their endogenous realities and their own cultural and sociological characteristics
Moundounga, Séraphin. "L'Union européenne et la paix en Afrique subsaharienne." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871641.
Full textBidouzo, Thierry Sèdjro. "Les organisations internationales et la résolution des conflits post-bipolaires en Afrique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1022.
Full textInternational law, in its role of "watchdog" or "vigil" of international security, is sometimes felt by the delicate equation of the challenge of peace in Africa. Since that this continent has become "actress of her own history" - with the new international backdrop caused by the end of the bipolar period - paradoxically, it has also become a breeding ground for conflicts. Despite mutations or "dynamic of international law", carried out by international organizations in the practice of peacekeeping, the evolutionary dynamics of conflict and their irregular nature pose many difficulties. And that is the crux of the ambiguous relationship between international organizations and conflict in Africa should try to undo in apprehending turn, their involvement and their contribution to the resolution of such conflicts.This double apprehension emerges the need, in conflict resolution strategies, taking into account both the visible violence of invisible violence; it implies real knowledge of true conflicting determinants. Hence the need for an African regional law peacekeeping because the objective peace must be accompanied by the subjective peace
Cathelin, Mélanie. "Le rôle international d'un État : construction, institutionnalisation et changement : le cas de la politique canadienne de maintien de la paix en Afrique." Bordeaux 4, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354853.
Full textThe end of the "Cold Wae" paved the way for a radical shift in Canada's peacekeeping policy. Drawing both on social constructivism in International Relations and on neo-instititionalist analysis of public policy, the thesis aims at identifying the possibilities of role change in the foreign policy of states. Peacekeeping is historically constitutive of Canada's political identity, which was translated into the institutionalization of a certain role for Cnada on the international stage. Canadian peacekeeping pratice has been deeply affected by the experiences of the Canadian diplomats and militaries in Africa, especially in the African Great Lakes (1993-2003). These experiments have nurtured a learning process, resulting in a redefinition of Canada's role on international scene, while opening new spaces of opportunity for Canadian policy-makers. During the 2000s, Canadas's peackeeping policy envolved towards selectivity and specialization. This evolution gives us an insight on the way state actors redefine and reconfigure their roles on international stage. The concept of row allows us to show the close relationship between the institutional structures of the social space constituted by the insternational system and the agents' strategies within that space
Zoleko, Tsane Patrice. "Le nouveau système continental de maintien de la paix en Afrique subsaharienne au début du XXIe siècle." Toulon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUL0056.
Full textThe new African peacekeeping system is rooted in the transformations in international society since the early 1990s. It is simultaneously a response to the limitations of African previous mechanisms for conflicts resolution and a regional response to the evolution of the UN strategy to sharing responsibility with regional organizations. It opened in any case a new page of peacekeeping in Africa and African IGOs raise the rank of major players in the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts on the continent. African IGOs Activism in the peace progress in Ivory Coast, Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, Central African Republic and in many other conflict situations in sub-saharian Africa testifies to he main role now occupied by the African peacekeeping strategy. These peace initiatives taken in less than a decade do not conclude to the existenceof an African peacekeeping strategy. But they establish at least the beginnings of a control of any African State on the new security system. It arises from the functions and powers of the new structures of collective security that the African State is at the heart of continental security system because it is the primary or sole subject and object. However, new African conflicts involve a multitude of actors other than States, where one of a major inconsistencies of the system. Furthermore, configuration of various bodies and the articulation of their respective powers and skills, raise significant doubts about hte ability of the new system to ensure the prevention, management and resolution of the new African conflicts. Thus the main limitations of the new continental security system are essentially inherent in its origin. It would thus need less foreign States and IGOSs support, that an internal reinforcement consisting mainly of restoring the authority of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the AU, which seems to be more a state representative structure than central body for prevention, mangement and resolution of conflicts
Zafrane, Farid. "Les avatars de la présence militaire française en Afrique : de la tutelle postcoloniale aux missions internationales du maintien de la paix." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL20018/document.
Full textThe French political authorities after decolonization 60s, wanted to set up a system of cooperation, thought by General de Gaulle. Indeed more than five decades after independence granted by France as part of a multifaceted bilateral operation, both on a political, cultural, economic, financial and military. France still maintains close ties with its former colonies. Although the generally accepted hypothesis is that a continuity of the relationship between Paris and Africa. We note however since the end of the Cold War but subtle signs of real changes in several areas. Many indicators highlight the end of an era and a change of strategy inevitably occurs with a throw in total due to the traditional policy of France vis-à-vis Africa. These changes include the institutional and political reform cooperation, progressive economic and financial disengagement of France.The French African policy is entering a period of transition or signs of changes interfere with continuity. In fact, it is not a new Africa policy, but only the adoption of a number of new measures resulting from the geopolitical world today.This attitude reflects the determination of France to adapt to the changing world and particularly in Africa. France therefore goes from a political presence to a screening strategy. This change means less human presence on the ground and setting up air relays to project military forces from bases in France. Paris remained in Africa after decolonization by setting up an appropriate legal framework. Fifty years after decolonization, it is still accused of being behind the problems that plague the African continent with the desire to look inthe colonial history the cause of present evils faced by Africa. This double talk from the French authorities shows that France has had many political or military reasons to engage in Africa and its presence in this region. Because even if at times the policy of the former colonial power is questionable and has seen some excesses in recent years, particularly with the Rwandan case, Africa is unquestionably requesting a certain French military presence its territory as today shows the various operations in Mali and Central African Republic
Bengobeyi, Benjamin Jean-Jacques. "La politique africaine de l'Afrique du Sud : analyse des médiations en République démocratique du Congo, au Burundi et en Côte d'Ivoire." Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMD006.
Full textSince it joined the international community in 1994, after many years in Apartheid, South Africa has been acting as a mediator, practising a policy of good offices, and offering to mediate in a certain number of conflicts in Africa. Therefore, it is worth it for us to draw up a provisory assessment of its African policy up to its regional mediation attempts in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Ivory Coast, among others. This study also shows the highlights of South Africa's power and the incapacity of the rainbow nation to define the rule of the game so as to establish a peace order. It is patently obvious that, even if South Africa's commitment in the international scene can be conclusive, it paradoxically constitutes a limit in its Foreign Policy. We can thus fear that the improbable results of its diplomatic interventions should make it lose its credibility as a major actor for the establishment of Peace and stability in the African continent
Dieng, Moda. "Médiations africaines dans les conflits : le dynamisme diplomatique de l'Afrique du Sud et du Sénégal." Toulouse 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU10082.
Full textThe relevance of this study on African mediation lies in this paradox : the rarity of documents relevant to the subject and the many actions of this type that are implemented throughout the continent. Affected by a growing number of civil conflicts, coups d'état and political crises, Africa attempts to find the right solutions somehow or other. Post-apartheid South Africa and Senegal are deeply committed to the prospect of africanization. Because they are not facing serious domestic security threats, and propelled by the impetus of their democratic progress, they enjoy a better image that States controlled by authoritarian regimes or torn apart by war. Armed with these advantages, these two countries have found themselves on the front lines in a large number of peace mediation initiatives. While Pretoria's importance can be partly justified by its status as an African power in the classic sens of the term, the same is not true of Dakar. The Senegalese posture is all the more remarkable in that the country, with its limited financial and natural resources in addition to a difficult sub-regional context, has experiences years of tension in Casamance. In addition to possessing disproportionate economic and military levels, South Africa and Senegal evolve in different sub-regional and linguistic spheres. The usefulness of material means emerges when the task ahead consists of supporting the costs of negotiation cycles, providing ex-protagonists with security guarantees, directing peacekeeping operations, etc. As far as the linguistic and/or geographic differences are concerned, these may be a structural factor in the perception of the intervening parties to the extent of imposing obstacles to the mediation process. But despite these difficulties, decisive progress supported by the international and African communities is happening here and there, and stands as a testimony to Africans' determination to stabilize their continent
Kayembe, Mayaya Nick. "Les opérations de maintien de la paix en Afrique et les organisations de la société civile : les cas de l’ONUMOZ (Mozambique) et de la MONUSCO (Congo)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36722.
Full textDjambi, Honorat. "Les aspects juridiques de la restauration de l' Etat par l' Organisation des Nations Unies en Afrique." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE0006.
Full textCathelin, Mélanie. "Le rôle international d'un Etat : construction, institutionnalisation et changement. Le cas de la politique canadienne de maintien de la paix en Afrique." Phd thesis, Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354853.
Full textTekebeng, Lele Télesphore. "Le système africain de sécurité et les opérations de maintien de la paix des Nations Unies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA014.
Full textThe demand and/or suggestion of an Africanization of peacekeeping in Africa should lead to the reform of the African security system. This is a normative and institutional reform aimed at giving a new orientation to the operational framework in order to enhancing the continent's contribution to the maintenance of international peace and security. This work has been carried out both at the regional level and at the regional economic community (REC) level, which are an integral part of the African peace and security architecture as built within and around the African Union. The most emblematic is for the AU to have a right of intervention where certain RECs, like ECOWAS, have already taken initiatives to respond to the most diverse crises including the genocide. On the whole, this is a significant step forward in the system thus put in place. However, it is difficult to see a typical African model of peacekeeping operations, as it is true that the two segments, operational organization and deployment, reveal a heteronormativity and a multi-institutional deployment. This is probably due to the fragility of certain state actors, which hampers any effort to build a strong Community security system, which in addition requires measures to (re) build the state, supported by international institutions, Starting with the first - the United Nations
Atché, Bessou Raymond Benchikh Madjid. "Les conflits armés internes en Afrique et le droit international." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/08CERG0385.pdf.
Full textLoisel, Sébastien. "L'Union européenne et le soutien aux capacités africaines de maintien de la paix: Espaces sectoriels et processus d'institutionnalisation au sein de la politique étrangère européenne." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209136.
Full textL’émergence et l’institutionnalisation de ces pratiques au niveau européen ne peuvent être réduites à une logique fonctionnelle ni au produit de rapports de force interétatiques, institutionnels ou bureaucratiques. Leur compréhension nécessite de prendre en compte la différenciation des espaces sociaux (ou secteurs) qui structurent les jeux d’acteurs au sein de la politique étrangère européenne autour d’enjeux, de règles et de luttes spécifiques (Buchet de Neuilly, 2005a ;Mérand, 2008a). Le soutien de l’UE aux capacités africaines de maintien de la paix apparaît dans cette perspective comme le produit de luttes récurrentes au sein et à l’intersection des secteurs du développement et de la sécurité qui en ont partiellement reconfiguré les représentations dominantes et les règles établies. Ces luttes ont mobilisé des acteurs distincts en réaction à des chocs externes différents ou interprétés différemment selon les secteurs considérés. Elles ont également suscité des résistances spécifiques et abouti à des pratiques sectoriellement différenciées.
Au-delà de leur enjeu manifeste, celui du maintien de la paix en Afrique, l’émergence et l’institutionnalisation de ces pratiques révèlent ainsi certains des jeux sectoriels et intersectoriels qui se déploient au sein de la politique étrangère européenne autour de la définition des modalités légitimes d’usage et de contrôle de ses ressources. Au sein du secteur du développement, ces luttes se sont concentrées sur la légitimité d’utiliser des fonds dédiés à la coopération pour financer des activités de nature militaire. Au sein du secteur de lasécurité, elles ont porté sur l’agrégation au niveau européen de ressources diplomatiques et militaires nationales au détriment de modes d’action bilatéraux et d’arènes de coordination non spécifiquement européennes comme l’OTAN ou l’ONU. A l’intersection de ces deux secteurs enfin, elles se sont cristallisées autour du degré de contrôle des diplomates sur les ressources propres à l’aide au développement ou, en d’autres termes, autour du degré d’autonomie dont bénéficient les acteurs de développement européens vis-à-vis de la PESC/PSDC.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Atché, Bessou Raymond. "Les conflits armés internes en Afrique et le droit international." Cergy-Pontoise, 2008. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/08CERG0385.pdf.
Full textThe african continent development is heavily ampered by ceaseless indoors murderous conflits, if not by civil wars. Everywhere the threat remains indeciduous. National armies up yesterday just after independence years, confirmed unability to spread protection and so, experiment daily enormous troubles as for keeping control upon respective national territories and borders. But in front of said conflicts, here above given as phenomenons powered to mishandle the sensibler sovereign rope, a certain number of questions go up growing: in any way, how can the international law intervene to regulate conflictual cases that belong to daily African states quite private area ? Hard questions. Indoors armed conflicts give rise to troubles but for regulation, what strategical means can be considered to contain them? Henceforth, we will divide the whole topic into two parts : upon the first part, let us speak essentially about substancial and normative aspects of conflicts; further in the second part, we will try to lead searches upon how the international law might bring answers able to solve armed conflicts. Some European countries, and particulary France, thought that spreading reinforcement of African Means to Keep Peace “RECAMP” upon war zones will be sufficient to any peace later. The United States thought the same with African Crisis Response Initiative “ACRI”. Therefore for us none of enumareted steps, even if any of them might be valuable as proposition, can lead to peace. It belongs to Subsaharan African Head of States here to join means and to create immediately what we will not hesitate to call “Common Forces For Peace in Africa” (CFPA). Anyone will not build a such (and obvious) more adapted working stool for them
Sène, Mamadou. "La juridictionnalisation des élections nationales en Afrique noire francophone : les exemples du Bénin, de la Côte d'Ivoire et du Sénégal : analyse politico-juridique." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10011/document.
Full textIn French-speaking black Africa, elections are the primary factor causing conflicts.Jurisdictionalisation of presidential and legislative elections is part of the strategies with the ambition to pacify the process of devolution of supreme political powers. The rules of organization and functioning of this jurisdictionalisation, embodied by the Constitutional Courts and Councils and varying from one country to another, aim to guarantee regularity and sincerity of the presidential and legislative elections. However, this jurisdictionalisation is hypothecated by its politicization marked by the presidentialistic character of the appointment of the judge. In Benin and Senegal, the constitutional judge plays a variable role in pacifying and stabilizing the process of devolution of power realized through democratic alternations. In the other hand, in Ivory Coast the flagrant politicization of the constitutional judge will cause an alternation of armed forces instead of endorsing the democratic alternation driven forward by the electors. Hence the necessity to carry out reforms of the jurisdictionalisation in order to guarantee the independence and place of the judge, needed to respond to the challenges of the consolidation of electoral democracy in French-speaking black Africa
Anouilh, Pierre. "Sant'Egidio et les métamorphoses de la fabrique de la paix : une étude comparée Mozambique-Burundi." Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40011.
Full textUnexpected mediator during the Mozambican civil war, well-known and legitimate peace broker during its mediation in Burundi, the Roman Catholic community of Sant'Egidio appears as a peculiar agent of contemporary conflict resolution. But its diplomantic activity, usually considered as "natural", has never been really investigated in relation with the conflicts in which the community got involved. By focusing on a political sociology of transnational dynamics of alternative pacification, our comparative study, grounded on several fieldworks in Africa and Italia, aim at avoiding the heuristic deadlocks in which the leading paradigms of conflict resolution and international relations theory stay embedded. The first two parts share the same objective : highlighting the contengency and questioning the obviouness and the necessity of Sant'Egidio' s practice of "parallel diplomacy" in the Mozambican conflict and in the Burundian violent crises. What were the connexions, the conflict dynamics, the strategies and configurations of power that allowed Sant'Egidio to become a preferred negociator in the first place ? Following the critical (re)reading of the egidian peace in Africa, the mediation undertaken by this Christian community will be linked, in a third part, with the actual transformations of peacemaking and conflict resolution. In conclusion, the peace mediations of sant'Egidio will be investigated through a short archaeology of its recognition and legitimacy as an efficient global peace broker. What do reveal Sant'Egidio 's peacemaking activities regarding the post Cold war government of the "new civil wars" ?
Ondias, Okouma Ghislain. "L' Europe communautaire face à la problématique du regroupement des Etats en Afrique Centrale." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON10055.
Full textN'Djali, Luswanga Willy. "La France dans les opérations de paix en Afrique noire depuis la chute du mur de Berlin : acteurs et prises de décision." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0217.
Full textFrance has always played a role in peace operations in Black Africa, especially since the fallof the Berlin Wall with the emergence of new intrastate conflicts that require not only thetraditional players but also new actors with new skills to restore peace and security in societiesmarked by conflict. However, its involvement in peacekeeping operations is often subjectto various unclear critics as interference in internal affairs, excess burrs, illegality back neocolonialism,due to the absence of a coherent policy of collaboration with other actors who performon the field. Therefore, the research focuses on French peace operations, the actors ofFrench international relations participating in peacekeeping operations, and finally, on understandingthe interactions decision at each operation. This is to highlight the specific politicalpractices, different strategies of the actors, power relations and issues of power that underliedecision making in France as part of peacekeeping operations
Sall, Mouhamadou idy. "La Certification des élections, un nouvel outil dans la gestion des processus électoraux en Afrique à travers une opération de maintien de la paix : le cas de la Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMD004.
Full textThe resolution of the Ivorian crisis requires the holding of an inclusive presidential election. On the basis of the Pretoria Agreement and in accordance with Security Council Resolution 1765 (2005) establishing the certification mandate, the United Nations throughout the Special Representative of the Secretary-General were involved in the electoral process.The certification of the Ivorian electoral process constitutes an unprecedented electoral activity at the heart of national sovereignty. Indeed, the management of the electoral process by national bodies and an international body built on a hybrid legal framework, including national law and international law, to safe-guard the results of the presidential election. The acceptance of the certification’s mechanism by the national authorities in this stately process modifies substantially the traditional hierarchy of the norms which assigns to the Constitution and the Constitutional Council a privileged place in the internal and external reports.Thus, the implementation of the Special Representative’s mandate deprives all binding force from the Constitutional Council’s decision, which is supposed to have the authority of res judicata. The United Nations certification’ statement grants international legitimacy and credibility to the candidate proclaimed by the Independent Electoral Commission to the detriment of the candidate proclaimed victor by the Constitutional Council. This situation urges the Ivorian Constitutional Council to recant, and recognizes the superiority of certification on its decision
Ndiaye, Papa Samba. "Entre contraintes et bonnes intentions: Les difficultés des organisations internationales africaines dans le domaine du maintien de la paix. L’exemple de la communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) en Côte d’Ivoire et ailleurs (Libéria, Sierra Leone, Guinée Bissau) de 1990 à 2003." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20190.
Full textNtwari, Guy-Fleury. "L'Union africaine et la promotion de la paix, de la sécurité et de la stabilité en Afrique." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30082.
Full textThe Promotion of Peace, security and stability is a fundamental objective of the African Union, the Pan African continental organization. This aim is a now a core legal function for which has been established an appropriate scheme within the Organization: the Architecture of Peace and Security in Africa (APSA). Within an updated legal articulation, at the heart of which is the Peace and Security Council, this function is placed in legal conditions that must allow the African Union to act effectively in the cases of breach of peace, security and stability. More than a decade after the establishment of the new organization, the fundamental nature of this function, pushes therefore to question its proper place, in light of the capacity of the Organization to ensure it, at the facts test. This question illuminates emergence conditions of this function but identifies also an ambivalent dynamic in its implementation, marked at once by the extensive nature of the competences of the Organization in this area but its limited scope when facing increasing conflicts
Abass, Abou. "Les actions autoritaires du Conseil de sécurité en Afrique depuis la fin de la guerre froide : sanctions, activités à caractère militaire et action pénale." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32032.
Full textAs the UN organ in charge of the primary responsibility for the maintenance of the international peace and security, the Security Council has important powers. It is competent to conduct two main types of actions : cooperative or consensual actions consisting in activities of the maintenance of international peace and security which the Council takes on a purely cooperative and consensual basis, from one hand, and authority actions whose main features reside in the facts that they are conducted in application of the coercive powers of the Council, on discretional and unilateral backgrounds, and that their validity does not depend on any recent consent of subjects external to the Council. As a result of the blockages the Council has experimented during the Cold War, recourse to the authority actions has been rather scarce in the its practice during this period. Since its reactivation at the beginning the 1990s, the Council has taken a big number of authority actions in different regions of the Word, especially in Africa which has become a privileged ground of action of the UN. Through this dissertation, we have tried to see whether the socio-political realities of the African regional order confer to the relevant UN actions some specificity, and thus verify if the application of the secondary law represented by the relevant resolutions of the Security Council related to Africa has some specificities directly resulting from the said realties. To answer these questions, we have first onceptualised the notion of authority actions, before identifying the African regional order and its particularities, showing the actuality of the subject and, particularly by making a detailed study of the relevant authority actions : sanctions, military activities and prosecution of international crimes. The final conclusion is that, if the authority actions of the Council are not totally deprived of originalities, these do not go as far as constitutingsubstantial legal specificities. Rather, they are only limited to some incidental specificities dictated by the necessity of adapting the UN operational actions to some socio-political realities of the African regional order : multiplicity of conflicts, complexity and increasing regionalisation of African conflicts; existence of an important demand for UN interventions; and the place occupied by Africa in the priorities of the Security Council. Hence, the specificities of the Security Council’s authority actions in Africa are rather marginal. They are incidental and not juridical. Last, the halftone balance of the relevant actions reflects the same tendencies as in the equivalent actions related to other regions of the globe, all of this contributing to make these actions relatively unspecific
Bitié, Abdoul Kader. "L'approche contemporaine de la prévention des conflits en Afrique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0061/document.
Full textLe continent africain est particulièrement marqué depuis la fin de la guerre froide par unerésurgence des conflits armés internes. L’incapacité de l’organisation de l’Unité Africaine, principaleorganisation continentale depuis sa création en 1963, à prévenir de tels conflits, a contraint ses Etatsmembres à restructurer l’ensemble du dispositif institutionnel, normatif et opérationnel du systèmerégional de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité. La création de l’Union Africaine et le développementde son architecture de paix et de sécurité au début des années 2000, a auguré d’une évolution du cadreinstitutionnel continental de la prévention des conflits armés. En instituant la démocratie et la paixcomme des préalables à son objectif principal de développement, l’Union Africaine, dans unearticulation délicate mais ambitieuse avec les communautés économiques régionales, s’est approprié laprévention régionale des conflits armés, par une approche contemporaine qui repose surl’identification des diverses causes de ces conflits, afin de développer des moyens spécifiques pour lesprévenir
Oyono, Jean Bosco. "La gestion et la résolution des conflits en Afrique centrale : sortir des crises et reconstruire la paix : le cas de la République démocratique du Congo." Lyon 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO31079.
Full textOur work falls into two parts. The first part introduces the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); it essentially shows the different crises and wars undergone by this country since its independence in 1960. According to a report sent by a group of UNO experts to UN Security Council on December 8,2008, the country is rich with innumerable natural resources such as diamond, cobalt, copper, oil , etc ); moreover, it contains more than 15% of the world hydraulic potential, i. E. , 50% of the hydraulic potential of the whole African continent. Unfortunately, the Congolese have never had any control over these riches which have never served the financial interests of the Natives because of the dictatorial Regimes that have governed the country since its independence. The case of the Democratic Republic of Congo is an illustration of the contrast between a potentially rich country and a poor people. The second part suggests solutions to help put an end to crises and the circle of violence. So, we have defined three main models of political Regimes: the federal type, the Presidential and Parliamentary types which should be sustained by a democratic system equivalent to the model of Western. Naturally, we have underlined both the advantages and disadvantages of each system as far as The Democratic Republic of Congo is concerned. We have also examined the hypothesis of a possible partition of the DRC on the model of pre-colonial African Monarchies, and this in accordance with the geomorphologic aspect of the later armed conflict. Finally, we have suggested an endogenous Democracy of African type
Moukoko, Habib. "L'ONU et la promotion des droits de l'homme en Afrique : Le cas de l'Αfrique subsaharienne francοphοne." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC003/document.
Full textThe present reflection on the framework of intervention of UNO in the field as of human rights, in French-speaking sub-Saharan, pursues two principal goals. The primary goal aims at showing that the United Nations Organization is very committed on the ground of the human rights, in the countries of French-speaking space. This commitment is not new. Since 1960, year of the deployment of the first Operation of peacekeeping in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, the Operation of UNO in Congo (ONUC), the United Nations did not cease considering political stability, economic and social of Africa, like priority and the principal condition of the peacekeeping and the securty international. This stability passes by the creation of the effective conditions of promotion and protection of the basic rights of the African citizens. We tried, within the framework of this work to appreciate the assessment of UNO in the field as of the human rights. However, after 56 years of presence in sub-Saharan French-speaking Africa, this asssessment apears mainly negative. The second objective of this work is to analyze more precisely this failure and to understand the causes of them. Indeed, the programmes of promotion of the humlan rights, aiming inculcating a culture of respect of the human rights within the various social and economic categories and at reinforcing the capacities of the States in the field of the human rights are often unsuited to sociocultural réalities of Africa, insofar as they do not take into account, the fundamental causes of the African civil wars, that constitutite the intercommunity conflicts
Sonko, Aminata. "La résolution des conflits en Afrique subsaharienne : enjeux et perpectives." Lyon 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO31082.
Full textThe problems with regard to the resolution (or to the regulation) of the conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa may seem complex in the light of the importance of the issues. This thesis is a research work to understand the basic causes of these conflicts. Those are at the origin of the destructuring African societies but also of the political instability, economic and social. Furthermore, the disastrous consequences (trafficking in arms, constitution of armed groups, conscription of child soldiers etc. ) that these phenomena of conflicts have engendered in several areas of the sub-region are increasing the need to achieve a lasting peace. Thus, the United Nations has decided to install this issue at the center of its concerns. The continent is also included in a regional and sub-regional approach. Sub-regional organizations were progressively created, and working in the aim of strengthening the inter-African cooperation. In addition, the International Organization of French speaking, the Commonwealth and the Arab League that sustain a cultural and historical connection with the continent display their willingness to work in settlement of these crises and conflicts. Africa put some time to build a coherent common policy. After the OAU, it is today the African Union, which must give a new impetus to the continent. Take their fate in hands, through regional integration and propose a new form of cooperation and governance, are the main perspectives proposed by the African heads of State. Then, the constitution of the United States of Africa would envisage as a solution to the African “rebirth”
Sibide, Doudou. "La résolution des conflits en Afrique : le cas de la République démocratique du Congo de 1944 à nos jours." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_sidibe_d.pdf.
Full textOnce considered by realists as a confrontation between States, the notion of War has shifted with the proliferation of internai conflicts linked to the CoId War or other factors. Their immense toll on human life, as well as their societal origins has made these conflicts very difficult to resolve. The conflict in the Democratie Republic of the Congo, which falls into this category, also involves State-actors. In addition to its internal and inter-state dimensions, one must mention the failure of the State, the disintegration of the army, ethnic manipulation, conflict over property, as weil as the illegal exploitation of mining resources. Faced with such a complex situation, the international community, under the auspices of the United Nations, has tried to enginee political solutions based on the theory of liberal peace with the introduction of democracy, and economic ones with the market economy. This study will therefore examine first of all the extent to which such solutions are adapted to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or whether or not they lead to fragile democracies. Secondly, we will seek to demonstrate that solutions may lie in the consolidation of institutions created through elections, the refounding of the army, the end of the criminalisation of the economy, cooperation with neighbouring countries, and the social transformation of the conflict. These solutions are thought to defend the idea of a sustainable peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Agbobly-Atayi, Amevi. "L’organisation internationale de la francophonie en matière de prévention, de gestion et de règlement des crises et conflits en Afrique subsaharienne francophone : cas de la république démocratique du Congo, du Tchad, de la Côte d'Ivoire et du Togo." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30059.
Full textIn francophone Sub-Saharan Africa conflicts and crises have increased in number and intensity over the two last decades and remained a major issue demanding a global response. They are often mainly caused by the breach of human rights and the coming of democratic process leading chaotic transitions, such as in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Ivory Coast and Togo.The international organisation of “ francophonie” – whose role consists in promoting culture and whose new tools and mechanisms aim at preventing and solving crises – play a major part among the UN and other international and regional organisations as a cultural institution for democracy and security. Apart from its prevailing part played in terms of contribution to the democratic process, the actions of the organisation complement those of other organisations involved in preventing, managing, and solving conflicts.At this time of security challenge among countries and despite limited means, working out – within this geo cultural area that has a political dimension – a secure strategic identity, turns out to be necessary in order to curb major threats and risks and fully play the role of influential power
Türke, András István. "La politique étrangère, de sécurité et de défense de l’Union Européenne des fondements à l’évolution récente : Quel rôle dans le processus de stabilisation à la péripherie de l’Union et dans l’évolution des relations nord-sud en liaison avec l’ONU?" Paris 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA030172.
Full textThis thesis examines recent developments in foreign and defence policy of the European Union in its complexity: Theaters considers the most important areas the Balkans (Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYROM) and Africa (DRC, Sudan). Regarding the theatre of war of the Balkans, WEU has carried out several operations after the crisis in 1991. One can examine the similarities, elements that developed, and lessons learned from these actions vis-à-vis to those of the ESDP. The Balkans is considered as a region bordering on the European Union, a zone of influence of Europe, but other powers are also present. What are the objectives of creating zones of influence? Is the Union seeks another methods to follow in regard to military operations, police missions, and diplomatic management of crises in Africa, of the distant theatres of war? The thesis examines whether the experience and practice of certain regions can be applied "anywhere in the World". In Africa the colonial legacy of some European countries, the rich local natural resources, the system of financial support for underdeveloped areas by European resources are the elements of the complexity in the African theatres of war. How political games are played in this region and what are the conclusions of diplomacy and European missions? The main question, to which the thesis attempts to answer, is to what extent the EU can become an international player in the process of stabilization at its periphery, and in the development of North-South relations in cooperation with the UN. How can the EU turn its economic power to a political power in the international system of the twenty-first century by building good relations with key actors and international bodies, including the USA and the UN? What kind of role can it play in the prevention and crisis management? How do we conceive of cooperation between the institutions of the European Union and those of NATO?
Bouzanda, Diassonama Kiesse. "Dimension militaire de la présence chinoise en Afrique noire : contribution à l’étude de l’outil militaire dans la politique étrangère des Etats." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30015.
Full textThe reinforcement of China presence in Africa particularly constitutes a remarkable event during the first decade of the twenty-first century. As the matter of fact, China has become an important partner in various domains of cooperation such as trade, military, culture…This is hereby the reason why this study is essentially based on the military dimension of China presence. This aspect is barely analyzed in comparison with those of the USA, France, and the USSR in the past. The study deals with the Chinese strategic Policy and the theories of international relations. It intends to decipher what is at stake, the ins and outs of the Chinese military Policy in a context where upheavals and strategic conflicts are pregnant (1960-2010). Moreover, the study will analyze different strategic choices that have been taken so far. This effort of analysis will not only concern China, but Africa will be fully taken into account as well. The reflection will stretch onto the analysis of decisions inherent to the foreign Policy, notably thanks to an approach that can be qualified as a ‘hybrid approach’, that is, a combination of a rational pattern and the bureaucratic approach of decision. Then, in the Chinese and African cases, the decision in foreign policy is not only the prerogative of the president, although he allegedly seems to be a pre-eminent actor. A lot of actors partake in the foreign Policy elaboration; these ones have real capacities to curb it either way
Ahui, Brou Manio Ange Hervé. "La Côte d'Ivoire et les modes de règlement des conflits africains : la prééminence du dialogue." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL20002.
Full textAccording to an established assessment by the General Secretary of the UN in 1998, Africa is the most affected continent by conflicts. International organisations as well as States play a great part in alleviating conflict situations, either by the peaceful way or the recourse to the armed force. The former Ivorian president has made dialogue his priority, as far as, both internal and international conflicts ‘resolutions are concerned. Several mediations were led by Ivorian authorities at the time of crises with which some African countries were confronted. Côte d’Ivoire set out to find, through dialogue, solutions. But it also took part in peacekeeping operations. The Ivorian crisis outbreak reversed the roles. Côte d’Ivoire has been object of mediations. Some international armed forces have been deployed as part of peacekeeping mission. The dialogue used at the time of other African conflicts took time over finding an effective application. At all events, it is through dialogue that the Ivorian political actors were able to find solutions to the problems of Côte d’Ivoire
Houenou, Seminakpon Arnaud. "Les nouveaux accords de défense franco-africains et la politique de sécurité de la France." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30060.
Full textEstablished in the 1960s with the independence of territories of the former French empire, the defense cooperation allowed the old French, colonial power to continue to maintain its influence in Africa, while at the same time establishing autonomous national African armies. Unfortunately some of the political and military choices made by France and the instrumentalization risks of a strictly bilateral involvement, have revealed the archaism of French – African relations, and have generated a crisis in cooperation. Having become inadequate due to changes in the international political arena that occurred in the 1990s characterized by the end of bipolarity, the French defense cooperation African has suffered from international competition from the commitment of African States to the effective exercise of their sovereignty as well as their full involvement in globalization and in new areas of solidarity and international cooperation, and from terrorist threats.In subscribing to the realist security approach, and considering the political-sociological constructivist theory of national interest defended by Alexander Wendt on the one hand, and on the other hand the regional security complex concept by Barry Buzan, this study proposes to show how France has put in place a new security policy based on new defense agreements in Africa, the continent closest to Europe in a context of proven strategic breakdown and security threats. Defined in a global regional context, this study demonstrates the strategy of France for security in Africa in a partnership that should be both transparent and efficient
Frasson-Quenoz, Florent. "La construction de la communauté de sécurité africaine : une perspective africaine." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30015.
Full textThe difficulties met to insure the preservation of the peace and the international security on the African continent constitute a real obstacle to the economic development, a danger for the populations and a serious threat for the survival of States.The classic theoretical tools of the international security having proved insufficient to provide an answer to this issue, our objective is to determine, on the basis of the constructivist approach, whether African States show a real willingness and\or a capacity to build a Security Community (SC) that would be able to overcome these difficulties.In order to do so we question whether a link exists between the production of “speech acts” on the one hand and the promotion and the adoption of pacific regulation norms for conflicts on the other, and we examine the way African States apprehend their relations with other members of the supposed SC.The additional use of the concept of “region” and the adoption of an African perspective allow us to divide the object of study "Africa" into several subsets more propitious to the achievement of a scientific study, and to evaluate the relevance and the meaning of the SC concept when applied to the African field of study
Désilets, Louis-Philippe. "La gestion des conflits armés en Afrique depuis la Somalie (1993-2003) jusqu'à l'opération Artémis : étude comparative des politiques canadiennes et françaises de renforcement des capacités africaines de maintien de la paix." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1844/1/M9284.pdf.
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