Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maïs – Fléaux – Lutte biologique contre'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 45 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Maïs – Fléaux – Lutte biologique contre.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Jabeur, Rania. "Identification et caractérisation de protéines ayant des propriétés entomotoxiques contre deux principaux ravageurs du maïs." Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG004.
Full textDue to their great adaptability to management strategies, insect pests are a constant threat to crops. Maize is the third most important staple crop in the world after wheat and rice. The western corn rootworm (WCR) Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte, 1868) and the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) are among the most serious pests of maize and are responsible for massive yield losses every year. Bt maize expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis has long been a good alternative to chemicals. However, their overuse has led to the development of resistant populations. Hence, the need to find new compounds and strategies for sustainable control of these insects. In this PhD project, we aimed to develop biotech and biocontrol solutions for both WCR and FAW. In the first part, I was particularly interested in the study of binary insecticidal proteins named GDI0005A/GDI0006A identified by screening bacterial genomes and test against WCR larvae. These proteins were identified in Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae genome. Heterologous expression of the two components was performed in E. coli system. One of the two components (GDI0006A) was a membrane lipoprotein, and resulted in low amounts successfully purified. Nonetheless, the combination of the two proteins was active against WCR including WCR resistant to the currently marketed Cry3Bb1 and Gpp34Ab1/Tpp35Ab1 proteins. These results suggest that the new binary toxin may have different binding sites and thus a distinct mode of action compared to commercial toxins. The binary proteins were then expressed successfully in plant expression systems. However, the expression at low level of GDI0006A lead to no significant activity in planta. Finally, we tested the bacteria C. arthrospharae and show that it had activity in vitro against WCR, making of it a potential BCA against WCR.The second part was devoted to studying the possible synergy between Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV) and a Bt insecticidal protein Cry2Ab2 for biocontrol applications. Both are known to infect FAW and disturb the midgut permeability. However, when tested together either with ex vivo or in vivo approaches, we have noticed an antagonism suggesting a competition for the same midgut receptors. We also checked the feasibility of using VP4, the major capsid protein of JcDV in a biotech approach to enhance the activity of other gut binding insecticidal proteins. The preliminary results have shown a good expression of VP4 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves without any sign of phytotoxicity. We demonstrated the ability of VP4 to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) in plant. When tested ex vivo, VLP-VP4 were able to penetrate the FAW intestinal cells. This proof of concept will be useful to explore the possible synergies with gut-binding insecticidal proteins to create new generations of transgenic maize resistant to FAW
Benmoussa-Haichour, Dalila. "Relations termites-nématodes entomopathogènes : applications à la lutte biologique." Paris 12, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA120039.
Full textLeroy, Valentin. "Décontamination des grains de blé et d'orge par traitements aux ultrasons." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27917.
Full textDemeule, Elizabeth. "Effet répressif de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus pumilus envers Rhizoctonia solani sur tomate et concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66758.
Full textMunsch, Patricia. "Lutte biologique contre la tache bactérienne du champignon de Paris au moyen de bactériophages : Spécificité et efficacité du bactériophage TO.1." Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU3008.
Full textBouchard-Rochette, Mathieu, and Mathieu Bouchard-Rochette. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Full textCette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche destiné à évaluer le potentiel d’utilisation en horticulture des bactéries Bacillus pumilus souche PTB180 et Bacillus subtilis souche PTB185. Elle avait pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antagoniste contre Botrytis cinerea des souches PTB180 et PTB185, (2) d’estimer leur capacité à survivre sur la phyllosphère de la tomate et du concombre et 3) d’évaluer leur effet sur le développement de la pourriture grise (B. cinerea) sur des plants de tomate et de concombre cultivés en serre. L'activité antagoniste de PTB180 et PTB185 a été évaluée en boîtes de Pétri sur géloses, sur tissus foliaires de tomate et de concombre et sur fruits de tomate. Les deux souches ont inhibé très fortement la croissance mycélienne et la germination des spores de B. cinerea sur géloses. Sur feuilles de tomate et sur disques foliaires de concombre, PTB185 et le mélange (1:1) des deux souches ont réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea comparativement aux témoins. PTB180 a réprimé significativement la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea sur les fruits de tomate. Afin d'estimer la survie de PTB180 et PTB185 sur la phyllosphère, des plants de tomate et de concombre ont été pulvérisés jusqu'à ruissellement avec une suspension (1×107 unités formatrices de colonies [UFC]/mL) de PTB180, PTB185 ou d'un mélange (1:1) des deux souches. Les populations de chaque souche ont ensuite été suivies au cours du temps sur les feuilles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les souches survivent au moins 21 jours sur les plants de tomate et de concombre avec un taux de survie variant de 43% à 100%. De plus, pratiquement aucune variation dans les proportions de chaque souche n'a été observée au fil du temps lorsque PTB180 et PTB185 étaient appliquées en mélange. Enfin, l’application foliaire de PTB180, PTB185 et du mélange (1:1) des deux souches a permis une réduction significative de l’incidence et de la sévérité de la pourriture grise chez des plants de tomate et de concombre inoculés avec B. cinerea et cultivés en serre. Les souches PTB180 et PTB185 ont montré au cours de cette étude une forte activité antagoniste envers B. cinerea, la capacité de survivre sur la phyllosphère de plants de tomate et de concombre et de réprimer le développement de la pourriture grise chez ces derniers. Ces souches pourraient éventuellement être utilisées comme agents de lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise du concombre et de la tomate de serre.
Desgranges, Catherine. "Contribution à la lutte contre la pyrale du maïs : optimisation d'un procédé de production par fermentation en milieu solide, d'un champignon entomopathogène, Beauveria bassiana." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD428.
Full textBouchard-Rochette, Mathieu. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Full textBarrera, Gaytan Juan Francisco. "Dynamique des populations du scolyte des fruits du caféier, hypothenemus hampei (Coléoptera : Scolytidae), et lutte biologique avec le parasitoi͏̈de Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae), au Chiapas, Mexique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30085.
Full textPichard, Brigitte. "Bacillus polymyxa, inhibiteur de parasites microbiens du chou-fleur." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2018.
Full textGravel, Valérie. "Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24523/24523.pdf.
Full textSt-Laurent, Marianne. "Amélioration de la lutte biologique contre le tétranyque à deux points en framboisières sous grands tunnels : essais d'un supplément nutritif, de plantes-réservoirs et de brumisation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29866.
Full textHigh tunnels show many benefits for raspberry production, including increased yield and improved fruit quality. However, this crop management approach also provides an environment that fosters outbreaks of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Although some miticides are available, pre-harvest application intervals and pesticide resistance development can be problematic. Phytoseiid predatory mites, such as Neoseiulus fallacis, are recognized for their efficacy in controlling spider mites. However, repeated introductions often must be made during a season, resulting in significant cost. To reduce these costs and thereby make biological control more attractive to growers, we tested a food supplement for predators, a banker plant and misting. The main objective of this study was to improve the effectiveness of integrated control against spider mites while decreasing the number of predator introductions in raspberry production under high tunnels. The specific objectives were to determine the effectiveness of four integrated pest management (IPM) strategies in raspberry under high tunnels and estimate their cost ($ / ha) in comparison to conventional control (mitices only) methods. The tested approaches combined different strategies: introduction of Neoseiulus fallacis predators; addition of Sorbaria sorbifolia as a banker plant; use of a pollen-based food supplement for predators, “Nutrimite", from Biobest; and misting. Tests were conducted at two raspberry farms in the greater Quebec City (Quebec, Canada) area. Data collected by monitoring populations of both spider mites and predators show that the pollen supplement has a positive effect on the predatory ability of N. fallacis and that misting tends to reduce T. urticae densities.
Allaire, Mathieu, and Mathieu Allaire. "Diversité fonctionnelle des Pseudomonas producteurs d'antibiotiques dans les rhizosphères de conifères en pépinières et en milieu naturel." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18046.
Full textLa production de millions de semis voués à la reforestation est affectée par les problèmes de pourritures racinaires. Afin de développer des agents de biocontrôle adaptés aux pépinières, nous criblons les populations de Pseudomonas spp. des rhizosphères d’épinettes provenant de pépinières et de milieu naturel, pour détecter des gènes de production d’antibiotiques. Nous avons isolé plusieurs souches portant des gènes de production de phloroglucinol, de pyrrolnitrine, de cyanure d’hydrogène et de phénazines. L’analyse de ces gènes montre que pour les producteurs de phloroglucinol, un génotype est dominant dans les pépinières, alors qu’un génotype différent est dominant chez les souches provenant de milieu naturel. Ces dernières possèdent également les gènes de synthèse de la pyrrolnitrine et leur capacité d’inhiber Cylindrocladium floridanum in vitro est supérieur. De plus, en se basant sur la séquence du gène phzC, nous avons isolé trois groupes de producteurs de phénazines, dont deux provenant de milieu naturel et un de pépinière. L’analyse du gène de la portion 16s de l’ARN ribosomal confirme que ces trois groupes appartiennent à différente espèces.
Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and phenazines show biocontrol activity against many important soil borne fungal pathogens. We isolated several strains of Pseudomonas carrying genes for DAPG and PCA synthesis from the rhizosphere of black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) in two different conifer nurseries and in one natural stand. Sequence analysis of a portion of the phlD gene revealed that one dominant genotype was present in both nurseries and that a different genotype was dominant in the natural forest. Strains from the natural forestwere also found to have the genes for pyrrolnitrin synthesis but lack pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, in vitro anitfungal assays against Cylindrocladium floridanum showed a much stronger inhibition by strains isolated from natural forest than from nursery. Analysis of phenazine genes revealed 3 groups of phenazines-producers; one from a nursery and two from natural stand.
Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and phenazines show biocontrol activity against many important soil borne fungal pathogens. We isolated several strains of Pseudomonas carrying genes for DAPG and PCA synthesis from the rhizosphere of black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) in two different conifer nurseries and in one natural stand. Sequence analysis of a portion of the phlD gene revealed that one dominant genotype was present in both nurseries and that a different genotype was dominant in the natural forest. Strains from the natural forestwere also found to have the genes for pyrrolnitrin synthesis but lack pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, in vitro anitfungal assays against Cylindrocladium floridanum showed a much stronger inhibition by strains isolated from natural forest than from nursery. Analysis of phenazine genes revealed 3 groups of phenazines-producers; one from a nursery and two from natural stand.
Gubanti, Paul. "Contribution à l'étude de l'efficacité de la coccinelle aphidiphage Coccinella septempunctata L (Col. Coccinellidae) en culture céréalière sous climat méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX3A001.
Full textAli-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Full textCayol, Jean-Pierre. "La mouche méditerranéenne des fruits Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Dipteria : Tephritidae) : comportement de régurgitation, lutte par la technique de l'insecte stérile." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30024.
Full textLemaire, Émilie. "LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE CONTRE LES TÉTRANYQUES DANS LES FRAMBOISIÈRES SOUS TUNNELS : Introduction d’acariens phytoséiides et modèle de simulation dynamique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28742/28742.pdf.
Full textThe main objective of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of releases of phytoseiid predatory mites (Neoseiulus fallacis, N. californicus and Phytoseiulus persimilis) to suppress spider mites in high tunnel raspberries. Results suggested that phytoseiid releases are a realistic way to control spider mites and to reduce the use of acaricide in this new production system without compromising the quality of the crop. However, temperature and humidity conditions must be suitable to achieve successful establishment of predators and release rates must be sufficiently high to promote acceptable pest control. The second objective was to model the evolution of mite populations to better understand the dynamics observed under tunnels. The model developed describes the spider mite outbreak and abundance over time with a good fit. It shows that higher temperature under tunnel is a critical parameter governing predation and spider mite population increase.
de, Ladurantaye Yannick. "Définition des critères d'entreposage, de transport et de distribution au champ du Perillus bioculatus, un prédateur naturel du doryphore de la pomme de terre." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25352/25352.pdf.
Full textGallet, Jean-Philippe. "Sélection et mode d'action de Trichoderma et de Basidiomycètes lignivores, antagonistes de l'Armillaire (Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn. ) Herink) en vue de leur utilisation comme agents de lutte biologique contre le pourridie du pin maritime." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28322.
Full textAmillaria exerts a powerful, pathogenic action against the maritime pine. Among control methods sudied, biological control seems to be appropriate for use in the forest massif of Gascony. This is the subject of the author's study. The antagonistic action of isolates of T. Harzianum on Amillaria were evaluated. The isolates demonstrating a certain efficaciousness in vitro and in situ provide only temporary protection of young pines in the contex of controlled inoculation in the nursery. The search for fungi of the order Basidiomycetes being wood-degrading and antogonistic was understaken on a forest-wide scale. Intensive collection allowed for obtaining diverse isolates. Among these the white not fungi which demonstrated considerable wood-degrading action were singled out. A method for quantifying antagonistic action in vitro was perfected then applied to the group of isolates previously selected. For the most efficacious among these, a study of their individual antagonistic action in semi-natural conditions was carried out. Four basidiomycetes Bjerkandera adusta, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Hygropsis aurantiaca and Hypholoma fasciculare are able to colonize wood rapidly under non sterile conditions. Additionally, they are capable of eliminating the amillaria inoculum present in the root. The various phenomena present in antagonistic and wood-degrading action were identified. The production of enzymes and of toxins was revealed when amillaria and the different basidiomycetes were paired in a liquid medium. The mycoparasitic action of certain isolates on the root not fungus was demonstrated. The study of enzymatic action inherent in the degradation of the wood was carried out. For B. Adusta ; G. Spectabilis, H. Fasciculare and H. Aurantiaca the lignolytic systems are lire efficacious than these of amillaria. The root bot fungus is characterized by a greater pectinase action than that of the other fungi
Expert, Jean-Michel. "Lutte biologique contre les attaques précoces de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum du tournesol à l'aide de Pseudomonas spp. Fluorescents et de Bacillus spp." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10221.
Full textOmarjee, Jeh-han. "Effets des peuplements de Burkholderia et de nématodes sur la croissance de la canne à sucre." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10295.
Full textSugarcane root parasitic nematodes cause severe yield loss in KwaZulu Natal and an alternative for toxic nematicides is urgently required. We investigated the possible use of Burkholderia, a common inhabitant of sugarcane roots. Burkholderia communities were characterised using molecular methods in different sites of known nematode fauna. A positive correlation was observed between B. Tropica and/or B. Unamae and a mild pathogenic nematode, Helicotylenchus dihystera. The diazotroph B. Tropica LM1-376. 8 not only reduced Meloidogyne galling but also improved plant growth under greenhouse conditions; nevertheless a field evaluation failed due to several biotic and abiotic factors. Stalk endophytic N2-fixing B. Tropica were also discovered, with a further ability to inhibit fungal and bacterial pathogens. A combination of these traits into one inoculum would provide a potential strategy to control sugarcane pests and promote plant growth
Marel, Marine. "Lutte biologique contre le tétranyque à deux points (Acari: Tetranychidae) sur le rosier : lâchers de phytoséiides et échantillonnage binominal des tétranyques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27790/27790.pdf.
Full textPhytoseiid and spider mites are poorly studied in nursery systems. The objectives of this study were 1) to test the efficacy of combined versus single releases of these two predaceous mite species, Neoseiulus fallacis Garman and N. californicus Mc Gregor, for the suppression of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on roses (Rosa rugosa); and 2) to develop a sampling method for spider mites on R. rugosa. The first objective was tested in the greenhouse. Our results showed a similar efficacy for the monospecific releases and the combined releases; and 2) equivalent proportion of occurrence at which N. californicus and N. fallacis were found on individual plants, suggesting that these two predatory species are compatible. The second objective was tested in the field. We found that the proportion of infested rose leaflets was highly correlated with spider mite densities; revealing that a binomial sampling method could be developed in the future. Keywords: acarine predators, binomial sampling, biological control, multiples natural ennemis, Neoseiulus fallacis, Neoseiulus californicus, ornamental nursery, Rosa rugosa, Tetranychus urticae, twospotted spider mites.
Legnani, Robert. "Analyse, comparaison et exploitation des résistances au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) et au tobacco etch virus (TEV) chez la tomate." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20240.
Full textAkbaraly-Vally, Nourbanou. "Étude d'une polyédrose cytoplasmique chez le foreur ponctué de la canne à sucre Chilo sacchariphagus Boj. à La Réunion." Montpellier 2, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON20003.
Full textHaddaoui, Olfa. "Étude d'un concept novateur de culture du fraisier en buttes semi-permanentes : évaluation d'un substrat adapté." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38151.
Full textJouy, Nicolas. "Etude de la résistance naturelle de deux Lycopersicon à des ravageurs de cultures maraîchères : identification des substances responsables, les (2,3,4-tri-O-acyl)-}a-D-glucopyranosyl)-(3-O-acyl)-b-D-fructofuranoside." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20278.
Full textDionne, Ariane. "Conception et mise à l'épreuve d'un prototype de pulvérisation de pupes de trichogrammes pour la lutte biologique contre la pyrale dans la culture du maïs sucré." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33828.
Full textSweet corn requires many applications of insecticides to control its main pest: the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The biological control using Trichogramma is an effective alternative to reduce excessive use of pesticides in sweet corn. However, manual introduction of trichocards is time consuming when used at a large scale and its use remains marginal in Quebec. The mechanized introduction of Trichogramma pupae using a boom sprayer is an innovative and advantageous solution for growers. The objective of this study was to design and test a boom sprayer to introduce Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) pupae under real field conditions. For this purpose, T. ostriniae pupae were sprayed at a rate of 800,000 pupae per hectare using a boom sprayer designed at the Department of Soils and Agri-Food Engineering of Université Laval. Trichocards were also introduced at a rate of 500,000 pupae per hectare. Eight releases were made during the 2016 season. Field trials results showed a reduction of 17.21% in the emergence rate of sprayed Trichogramma pupae compared to that of trichocards. Total fertility and longevity of sprayed T. ostriniae females were not negatively affected by spraying; indicating that spraying does not have any impact on their quality. The parasitism rates observed on natural and on sentinel masses were comparable for both methods. In the sprayed plots, all natural masses detected starting from the fifth release were parasitized whereas no mass detected before the fifth release was parasitized. At harvest, spray and trichocards treatments resulted in an adequate control of the European corn borer during the 2016 season. In addition, spraying was 1.7 times faster than the manual introduction of trichocards. However, the spraying cost per hectare per release was 30% higher than that of the use of trichocards due to the costs associated with the guar and the xanthan gums, the main components of the spray solution. Overall, the results indicate that spraying is a promising technique for an efficient and viable introduction of Trichogramma pupae. More research on larger plots with a strong history of European corn borer is recommended to further optimize the spraying parameters and thus make this technique more affordable. The spraying system successfully used in sweet corn could also be adapted to other crops such as pepper, beans, and potatoes to control the European corn borer.
Selmi, Hela. "Effet de l'ajout de biochar sur la symbiose tripartite Ensifer meliloti-Rhizophagus irregularis-luzerne (Medicago sativa L.), sur la production d'inocula bactériens et envers la lutte aux agents pathogènes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26598.
Full textSustainable agriculture is based on the use of less chemical inputs and promotes the use of biological products such as biochar. Many studies clearly indicate that some biochars can stimulate biological nitrogen fixation in legumes. Our project aims to study the effect of a biochar (Pines, 700ºC) on the tripartite symbiosis Ensifer meliloti-Rhizophagus irregularis-Medicago sativa L., on the production of bacterial inocula and on the fight against pathogens. A culture of alfalfa inoculated with two strains of E. meliloti A2 or S14, in the presence of Rhizophagus irregularis and in a soil amended with 0, 15 or 30% of biochar (vol:vol) was conducted. A significant stimulation of mycorrhization was observed in the presence of 15% biochar and A2 or S14. However, inoculation of alfalfa with A2 or S14 had no significant effect on yields, indicating the presence in soil of effective strains of E. meliloti. A study on survival of rhizobia and Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 at 4°C and 25°C was conducted for 120 days. It showed that biochar (15%, vol:vol) promotes significantly the survival of rhizobial cells but for Bacillus subtilis it is the Pro-mix without biochar which supports better cell survival. Thus, the biochar effect on survival of microorganisms depends on the dose of biochar used. The effect of biochar amendments on P. ultimum and FORL colonization and infection was also evaluated. The study of the effect of three doses of biochar (0, 15, 30%; vol:vol) on pathogens showed that high doses may offer a good environment for pathogens development. Our study was performed using a single type of biochar with three doses. Therefore, it is very important to test other types and doses of biochar to be able to make recommendations.
Buduca, Cécile. "Etude du comportement alimentaire de "Peregrinus Mai͏̈dis (Ashmead, 1890)" par électropénétrographie, en relation avec la résistance à la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20053.
Full textWen, Guoqi. "Étude des effets de la fertilisation azotée sur les concentrations foliaires en sucres, en acides aminés et en glycoalcaloïdes des plants de pommes de terre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66330.
Full textGoyette, Marie-Hélène. "Évaluation du silicium (Si) contre le blanc du fraisier dans un système de production commerciale au champ." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27892.
Full textHolguin, Melendez Francisco. "Contribution à la recherche d'une résistance durable du caféier (Coffea spp. ) à la rouille orangée (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. Et Br. ). Etude de la variabilité génétique du pathogène." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20199.
Full textParé, François. "Étude de la faisabilité de distribution mécanique de la punaise masquée, Perillus bioculatus, pour le contrôle biologique du doryphore de la pomme de terre, Leptinotarsa Decemlineata (SAY)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26358/26358.pdf.
Full textSimard, Louis. "Distribution, abondance et écologie saisonnière des principaux insectes ravageurs du gazon sur les terrains de golf du Québec et évaluation du potentiel de contrôle des nématodes entomopathogènes indigènes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24118/24118.pdf.
Full textVarain, Lauriane. "Transformation avec la bactérie Agrobacterium tumefaciens de deux Ascomycètes Septoria musiva et Septoria populicola, agents phytopathogènes du peuplier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29915/29915.pdf.
Full textSeporia musiva (Mycosphaerella populorum) is an Ascomycota which causes canker and leafspot on hybrid poplar. S. populicola (M. populicola) only causes leafspot. The aim of my project was to transform these two fungi with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a bacterium which causes Crown gall, and is commonly used to transform plant and fungi in laboratory. In a first experiment, transformation using plasmid pPT1 were successful for S. musiva, but not for S. populicola. However, no transformants were obtained from either S. musiva and S. populicola in subsequent experiments in which plasmid pPL1 was used and different parameters were tested. A possible explanation for the inhability to obtain transformants from S. populicola is the low number of conidia available for transformation experiments. In the case of S. musiva, low number of bacterial cells and non optimal protocols might explain negative results observed.
Lespinasse, Denis. "Cartographie génétique de l'"Hevea (Hevea spp)" et déterminisme de la résistance au champignon pathogène "Microcyclus ulei"." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20053.
Full textPrawirosukarto, Sudharto. "Etude d'un virus pathogène de "Setothosea asigna" Van Eecke (Lepidoptera : limacodidae), ravageur du palmier à huile en Indonésie : caractérisation, diagnostic et épidémiologie en plantation." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20261.
Full textNadeau-Thibodeau, Nicolas. "Le chancre causé par l'ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum : protection et rétablissement du noyer cendré." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25821.
Full textHernandez-Mendoza, José Luis. "Ecopathologie et dégâts de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep. Noctuidae) en culture de mai͏̈s au Mexique (Etat de Colima) : possibilité de lutte à l'aide de la bactérie entomopathogène Bacillus thuringiensis." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20179.
Full textVaquié, Agathe. "Diversité intra- et interspécifique dans les systèmes céréaliers et ses effets sur la régulation des ravageurs." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0008/document.
Full textIncreasing intrafield plant diversity has been shown to regulate pest populations in various agroecosystems. Polyvarietal mixtures of a crop species (intraspecific diversity) or associations of a crop and a companion plant (interspecific diversity) are both considered as promising agroecological practices for low-input or organic agriculture systems by providing several ecosystem services such as pest, disease and weed control, and nitrogen fertilization. However, combining both diversification practices has not been studied yet in perspective of winter wheat pest control.In organic field experiments over two growing seasons, we combined both practices and examined the direct impact on aphid and natural enemy populations and on wheat production. We also investigated the potential pest regulation service through the assessment of the rate of predation by using sentinel preys.Results show that combining intra- and interspecific diversity did not outperform each practice individually in reducing aphid populations, thus not clearly showing synergetic effects. Taken separately, intercropping tended to have lower aphid infestation, while it the cultivar mixtures was more infested by aphids than the least susceptible cultivar. Yearly variation in climatic conditions strongly impacted wheat and clover development, as well as the appearance of aphid peaks. Wheat yields and grain nitrogen content were reduced in intercropping by 7 to 10%, but not in cultivar mixtures. Functional biodiversity, especially natural enemies such as ground beetles, tended to be positively correlated to the presence of a clover cover in the wheat fields (interspecific diversification), but did not respond to the wheat cultivar mixture (intraspecific diversification). Results varied according to the family of arthropods concerned and their position within the vegetation layer (ground dwelling or foliage dwelling arthropods). The cover of white clover and the field context influenced the community composition of predatory ground dwelling beetles. Rates of predation on sentinel preys were not influenced by any of the diversification practices.Under laboratory conditions, we evaluated how combining wheat and legumes (clover or pea) modifies the behaviour of the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae in terms of host-plant location, and population growth. We observed that aphids’ residence time on wheat was decreased when this host-plant was intercropped with clover. At the population level, wheat-legume intercrops reduced the number of aphids on wheat plants compared to wheat sole crops but if we take into account plant biomass, only intercropping clover with wheat significantly reduced aphid densities on wheat. The species used as non-host plants and their density are important parameters that should be taken into account in studies on intercropping systems and that may explain the large variability in the results observed in the literature.Our findings suggest that intrafield diversification may regulate wheat aphids to some extent, but combining the two diversification practices did not result in an interesting trade-off between pest regulation and wheat production in real farming conditions
Reynaud, Bernard. "Transmission des virus de la striure, du stripe et de la mosai͏̈que du mai͏̈s par leurs vecteurs Cicadulina Mbila (Naude, 1924) et Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead, 1890) (Homoptera) : approches biologique, génétique et épidémiologique de la relation vecteur-virus-plante." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20223.
Full textDelplace, David. "Etudes de méthodes de détection de foyers de scolytes, Coleoptera, Curculionidae dans l'Est de la France: comparaison de techniques d'inventaires au sol, de surveillance aéroportée et de télédétection aérienne et satellitaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210541.
Full textLa présente thèse portait sur le typographe, Ips typographus, en pessière dans le massif vosgien. Elle visait à étudier et à comparer les performances en termes de précision (détection, localisation et inventaire), de coût et de rapidité de mise en œuvre de différentes méthodes de détection: la surveillance au sol, la détection aéroportée par un observateur embarqué (hélicoptère et ULM), et la télédétection (photographies aérienne infrarouge et imagerie satellitaire à haute et très haute résolution).
Dans le chapitre « techniques de détection au sol », nous avons évalué plusieurs méthodes de suivi (par transects, le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers, des courbes de niveau, à partir des foyers antérieurs, le long de parcours conditionnels liés aux foyers observés). Leurs performances ont été estimées via des simulations sous SIG (système d’information géographique) et les trajets qui ont présenté les meilleurs résultats ont ensuite fait l’objet d’une validation sur le terrain. Il en ressort que ce sont les trajets le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers ainsi que les trajets conditionnels qui présentent les meilleurs rapports efficacité/rendement dans la détection des foyers de scolytes. Le choix d’une de ces méthodes dépendra de la taille minimum des foyers que l’on veut observer.
Nous avons ensuite évalué, dans le chapitre « détection aéroportée », les performances de techniques d’observations de foyers réalisées par un observateur embarqué à bord d’un hélicoptère et d’un ULM. Une première étape a consisté à optimaliser toute une série de paramètres de vol pour les deux types d’appareils afin de permettre à l’observateur embarqué d’être dans les meilleures conditions d’observation. Ensuite, nous avons évalué la précision de détection en fonction de divers types de trajets en ULM et hélicoptère. D’après nos résultats, les observations recueillies à l’aide des deux sortes appareils n’ont pas permis de détecter de manière satisfaisante les foyers de scolytes quelque soit le type de trajet utilisé. Ces résultats sont sans-doute dus, en partie, à la faible expérience des observateurs embarqués mais également aux caractéristiques spatiales des foyers d’infestation qui ne facilitent pas leur détection par ce genre de méthode.
Enfin, dans le chapitre « télédétection », nous avons évalué les performances qu’offrent (1) des séries temporelles d’images SPOT, (2) la photographie aérienne infrarouge et (3) des images Quickbird dans la détection de foyers de scolytes. Pour tous ces types d’images, nous avons estimé la précision d’une classification automatique des foyers d’infestation, réalisée à partir de leurs caractéristiques spectrales, texturales et environnementales, par rapport aux autres éléments présents sur l’image. Ces analyses ont mis en évidence qu’il est possible d’atteindre une précision de classification relativement bonne (>80%) des foyers d’infestation sur des photographies aériennes et sur des images satellites à très haute résolution spatiale (Quickbird) grâce à des techniques de segmentation et de classification par arbre de décision. Par contre, il ne nous a pas été possible de déterminer de façon satisfaisante la précision de classification des images SPOT (haute résolution spatiale).
Les résultats détaillés de chacune de ces méthodes de détections sont développés dans les différents chapitres de cette thèse. La discussion générale met ceux-ci en relation en abordant leurs avantages et inconvénients respectifs, et aborde les perspectives découlant de nos résultats.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Koyyappurath, Sayuj. "Étude histo-pathologique et moléculaire de la résistance des vanilliers (Vanilla spp., Orchidaceae) à Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-vanillae, agent de la pourriture des racines et des tiges." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0008/document.
Full textVanilla is a high value cash crop that is continuously demanded by the agri-food and cosmetics industries for its incomparable flavor. Most of vanilla comes from the cured fruits of V. planifolia G. Jackson, a hemi-epiphytic climbing orchid cultivated in the humid tropics. In all the countries were it is cultivated, the vanilla vines suffer from a root and stem rot (RSR) caused by the soil borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum which dramatically reduces plant production and the durability of plantations. No efficient control method is currently available for this disease. Sources of genetic resistance to RSR exist in few vanilla relatives, but so far no commercial resistant variety has been produced. The purpose of this thesis was to better describe the diversity and histopathology of the causal agent of RSR and to evaluate the potential sources of genetic resistance that could be used in breeding programs. In a first step, a collection of 377 single-spored Fusarium isolates recovered from rotten roots and stems during surveys conducted in 52 vanilla plots from Reunion Island, Madagascar and French Polynesia were characterised. Representative subsets of isolates were genotyped using the Elongation Factor 1α and Intergenic Spacer gene sequences. Their pathogenicity was assayed by root dip inoculation on the susceptible V. planifolia accession pla0001. Results showed that F. oxysporum was the principal species responsible for the disease in the field, although a few F. solani isolates showing slight pathogenicity were also isolated. Fusarium oxysporum isolates were highly polyphyletic regardless of geographic origin or pathogenicity. Remarkably, their pathogenicity varied in gradient between non- pathogenic (about 42% of isolates) to highly pathogenic (14%). In a second step, 254 vanilla accessions comprising 18 species and six types of hybrids were assessed for resistance to RSR in the field (natural inoculum) and in the lab (in-vitro plants inoculated with Fo072). The strong resistance to RSR of all V. pompona accessions and hybrids of V. planifolia X V. pompona or V. phaeantha, were confirmed, and novel sources of resistance to RSR were added including, V. bahiana, V. costariciensis and V. crenulata. Most of the V. planifolia accessions, V. ×tahitensis and V. odorata were susceptible to RSR. However, three inbreeds of V. planifolia showed a high level of resistance to Forv. To our knowledge this is the first report of resistance to RSR in V. planifolia accessions. For the 26 accessions evaluated in both conditions, a strong correlation was observed between long term (9 years) evaluation in the field and ratings on in-vitro plants at 15dpi. Thirdly, we monitored by wide field and multiphoton microscopy the root infection process and the responses of one susceptible accession (V. planifolia pla0001) and two resistant accessions (V. planifolia pla0020 and V. pompona pom0018) to challenge inoculation with the severe isolate Fo072. In the compatible interaction (Fo072 – pla0001) invasion started from penetration of hyphae emitted from germinated conidia in the hairy region of root rapidly colonizing the cortex but never expanded to the vascular bundles up to the 9th dpi. It was therefore suggested to prefix the forma specialis name of the causal agent of RSR with radicis to point out its non-vascular pathogenicity in vanilla. In the two incompatible interactions, the important role played by hypodermis cells for impeding the invasion of the cortex by Fo072 was demonstrated by specific staining and spectral analysis of lignin precursors. Both constitutive and pathogen induced defense mechanism were described in pla0020 and pom0018. The mechanisms included the deposition of lignin in the hypodermal cell wall, entrapment of hyphae in specific hypodemal cells and polyphenolics secretion in intercellular spaces. Further, a de novo transcriptome analysis was experimentedon 8 pooled samples
Meurisse, Nicolas. "Chemical ecology of rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Monotomidae) and its application to the biological control of dendroctonus micans (Coleoptera: Scolytinae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210567.
Full textIn this scope, the development of an effective trapping method would be very useful to assess the bark-beetle presence at previously uninfested sites, or predator establishment after release or natural spread. We demonstrated the efficiency of oxygenated monoterpenes-baited kairomone traps to monitor R. grandis in various epidemiological conditions, including areas localized behind or at the limit of the pest’s distribution, or in areas where artificial releases were performed. Because the predator is strictly species-specific, another exciting possibility offered by the kairomone trapping is the indirect monitoring of the pest itself in areas of unknown status (e.g. areas under colonization, or considered as at risk at medium- term).
R. grandis is also considered as one of the most valuable natural enemies to strike aggressive North-American Dendroctonus species. In this respect, R. grandis has been recently applied in a neo-classical biological program against the red turpentine beetle D. valens, which invaded China from North America in the late 1990’s. In laboratory tests conducted on pine logs in the laboratory, or on living pine trees in the field, we demonstrated that R. grandis adults can successfully enter and reproduce into D. valens galleries.
In Europe, R. grandis is the only species regularly found in the brood systems of D. micans, where adults and larvae attack the gregarious larvae of their prey. In such enclosed systems, R. grandis’ functional response is therefore influenced by various interrelated components, such as the prey density, the predator density, or the prey distribution. Measuring the predator’s success in terms of larval survival and growth rates, we demonstrated the time spent by R. grandis larvae to wound and kill their prey to be the main factor limiting their development. This factor may be considerably influenced by the proportions of diseased, wounded or molting prey rise in the brood system, for instance as a result of an increase in prey density, or due to the presence of conspecific adults (which wound their prey but do not consume them entirely). Furthermore, our tests suggest that no cannibalism or noticeable intraspecific competition occurred between R. grandis larvae, whereas some lighter mode of competition probably took place.
R. grandis also exhibits a reproductive numerical response to prey density, which mainly relies on the perception of chemical stimuli and inhibitors released in the bark beetle brood system. In the current study, we developed a non-destructive approach to follow the dynamics of volatile compound production, using sequential sample collection on SPME fibers. Our tests demonstrated that the larval activity of D. micans or D. valens strongly influences the release of some oxygenated monoterpenes. However, our attempts to correlate the relative quantities of some identified chemicals to offspring production were less successful as it concerns the identification of potential oviposition stimuli and inhibitors.
The problematic rose by the progression of D. micans, as well as detailed results of each of the described above studies are discussed in the two published papers and the three manuscripts forming this thesis. Bringing all these studies together, several perspectives are also presented in the general discussion.
/
Ravageur des épicéas, Dendroctonus micans est toujours en voie d’extension en France, en Turquie, en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles. Dans la plupart de ces zones, le dendroctone est accompagné de manière naturelle par son prédateur monospécifique, Rhizophagus grandis. Depuis les années 1960, le prédateur a également fait l’objet d’une production de masse et de programmes de lâchers dans les zones d’arrivée récente du scolyte.
Dans le cadre de la lutte biologique contre D. micans, les gestionnaires forestiers doivent donc estimer au plus tôt la présence du ravageur dans des zones jusque là indemnes, mais également vérifier l’établissement du prédateur par progression naturelle ou résultant d’introductions délibérées. Dans la présente étude, nous avons démontré l’efficacité de pièges d’interception appatés à l’aide de monoterpènes oxygénés pour la capture de R. grandis. Celle-ci s’est faite dans différentes conditions épidémiologiques, incluant notamment des zones situées en arrière du front de progression du scolyte et des zones où des lâchers artificiels ont été réalisés. Comme R. grandis est strictement inféodé au dendroctone, un autre avantage de la technique est la possibilité de réaliser un dépistage indirect du ravageur dans les zones où son statut est incertain (zones en cours de colonisation, ou considérées comme à risque à moyen terme).
Par ailleurs, R. grandis est également considéré comme un des meilleurs ennemis naturels potentiels pour lutter contre d’autres espèces de Dendroctonus aggressifs. Dans cette optique, R. grandis a été récemment utilisé dans un programme de lute biologique contre D. valens, ravageur invasif arrivé en Chine dans la fin des années 1990 en provenance d’Amérique du Nord. Nous avons démontré la capacité de R. grandis à s’introduire et à se reproduire dans les galeries de D. valens lors de tests de laboratoire, mais aussi sur des arbres vivants en pinèdes.
En Europe, R. grandis est strictement inféodé aux galeries de D. micans, où larves et adultes du prédateur s’attaquent aux larves grégaires du scolyte. Dans ce système clos, la réponse fonctionelle de R. grandis est influencée par plusieurs facteurs étroitement corrélés, la densité de proies, la densité de prédateurs, et la distribution des proies. En mesurant l’efficacité de prédation de R. grandis en termes de survie des larves et de taux de croissance, nous avons démontré l’influence sur leur développement du temps passé par les larves à blesser et à tuer leurs proies. Ce facteur est par ailleurs fortement dépendant de la proportion de larves malades, blessées ou en cours de mue au sein du système ;une proportion qui peut augmenter en réponse à une augmentation de la densité de proies, ou lorsque des adultes sont présents (ceux-ci blessent les proies mais ne les consomment pas entièrement). Enfin, nos tests suggèrent qu’il n’existe que peu de cannibalisme ou de compétition intraspécifique entre larves de R. grandis, tandis que des modes de compétition moins importants prennent vraisemblablement place.
R. grandis présente également une réponse numérique reproductive à la densité de proies disponibles, principalement basée sur la perception de stimuli et d’inhibiteurs présents dans les galeries du scolyte. Par la collecte de composés volatils présents dans ces systèmes à l’aide de fibres SPME, nous avons développé une méthode non-destructive pour suivre la dynamique de production des médiateurs chimiques. Nos tests ont démontré que l’activité des larves de D. micans ou D. valens influence fortement la dynamique de production de certains monoterpènes oxygénés. En revanche, il n’a pas été été possible de corréler les différents composés identifiés au nombre de larves de R. grandis présentes dans le système.
La problématique soulevée par la progression de D. micans, de même que les résultats détaillés de chacune des études décrites ci-dessus sont discutés dans les deux papiers publiés et les trois manuscrits formant cette thèse. Les différentes perspectives apportées par ce travail sont également présentées dans la discussion générale.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Quenouille-Lederer, Julie. "Bases génétiques et fonctionnelles de la durabilité des résistances polygéniques au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez le piment (Capsicum annuum)." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0650/document.
Full textGenetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders