Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maïs (Zea mays subsp. mays)'
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Almeida, Cícero Carlos de Souza. "Análise citogenética e molecular em milho (Zea mays subsp. mays), teosinto (Zea mays susp. mexicana) e em seus híbridos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/4419.
Full textTerra, Tatiana de Freitas. "Variabilidade genética em populações de teosinto (Zea mays subsp. mexicana) visando a contribuição para o melhoramento genético do milho (Zea mays subsp. mays)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/32373.
Full textMaize (Zea mays subsp. mays) was domesticated about 8000 years ago, from teosinte. Genetic variability of domesticated maize populations may have been reduced due to genetic drift and early farmer’s selection. There is scientific indication that the cultivated maize genome presents a loss of variability when compared with its wild ancestral. The variability present in teosinte germplasm, which was not selected during domestication, can be used to identify alleles for important agronomic traits for maize, such as related with biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Although teosinte is closely related to maize, there are few works on characterization of this subspecies. The objectives of this study were to analyze the genetic variability of two populations of teosinte (Zea mays subsp. mexicana), through phenotypic, biochemic and molecular analysis, and to evaluate the compatibility of oriented crosses between maize and teosinte from segregant populations and of pollen grains viability. The genotypes were analyzed through eight phenotypic traits, 12 isozymes bands and 25 microsatellites loci. The phenotypic data indicated high genetic variability (0.84) between the teosinte populations, agreeing with the average similarity (0.24) of esterases data. Amongst 25 analyzed SSR loci, 88 % presented polymorphism, with an average of 2.5 alleles/locus, and reduced genetic distance between the populations (0.14). The genetic structure of the populations was considered to be moderately high, presenting a coefficient of endogamy of 0.44. Also was observed moderate genetic differentiation (0.15) and reduced gene flow between the populations. It was observed a high frequency of viable pollen grains (above of 90%), suggesting absence of cytological barriers between maize and teosinte. The crossings had indicated incompatibility between the two subspecies and presence of genetic barriers. This work represents a contribution for the characterization of the genetic variability in teosinte and indicates the potential of this wild germplasm as genetic resource for maize breeding.
Longchamp, Mélanie. "Etude biogéochimique du transfert du sélénium dans un système eau-plante-atmosphère : conséquences sur la physiologie du Zea mays subsp. mays (L.)." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066418.
Full textSelenium is an antioxidant and an oligo-element for animals and humans. However, the concentration range between deficiency and toxicity is particularly narrow. This metalloid allotropic is introduced indirectly in the food chain via its accumulation in food plants. The literature on this subject is still restricted and incompleted, and traditionally realised on model plants and in presence of selenium in high concentrations. This thesis is about selenium transfer in a plant crop, Zea mays, and consequences of this accumulation on physiological plant through essential cations accumulation study (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper). For this, experiments in a controlled atmosphere chamber (hydroponic conditions) were performed to obtain samples then analyzed by appropriate analytical and sensitive techniques (HPLC, CRC-ICP-MS, ICP-OES or AAS-GF). Various factors influencing selenium transfer in plants have been studied: concentration and form of selenium source and stage of plant development. The results of this study showed that root absorption, concentration within the plants and their tissues, degree of selenium metabolization and volatilization, and therefore selenium intake in animals and humans, are strongly influenced by those three factors. Furthermore, this study showed that accumulation and distribution of cations within the plants depend on selenium -mainly at high concentrations. These effects may be associated with the system imbalance of reactive oxygen species detoxification in plant cells, consistent with the ambivalent nature of selenium mentioned in the literature: antioxidant or prooxidant depending on its concentration
Blancon, Justin. "Identification des déterminants génétiques de la tolérance à la sècheresse chez le maïs par l'étude de l'évolution de l'indice foliaire vert au cours du cycle de la plante et le développement d'une méthode de phénotypage innovant." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC026.
Full textBy the end of the century, climate forecasts predict a decrease in the quantity and regularity of rainfall with an increasing risk of drought in Europe and in many regions of the world. Breeding for more tolerant varieties will be an essential lever to face these future constraints. The main objective of this work is to characterize the genetic determinisms of drought tolerance in maize. To this aim, it is proposed to dissect this complex trait into underlying physiological traits whose genetic determinism is supposed to be simpler. Green Leaf Area Index (GLAI) dynamics throughout the plant cycle, through its major role in light interception, transpiration and CO2 exchange, is a promising secondary trait to identify and better understand the genetic basis of drought tolerance. During this thesis, we developed a high-throughput method for phenotyping maize GLAI dynamics in the field. This method combines UAV multispectral imagery and a simple GLAI model. It makes possible the estimation of the dynamics of GLAI continuously throughout the whole plant cycle with good accuracy, while reducing the phenotyping time twentyfold. This method was used in two well-watered and two water-deficient trials to characterize the GLAI dynamics of 324 lines from a MAGIC population (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross). The estimated dynamics have a high heritability and explain a significant part of grain yield under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. To characterize the genetic basis of GLAI dynamics, three longitudinal GWAS (Genome Wide Association Study) approaches were compared: a univariate two-step approach, a multivariate two-step approach and a random regression one-step approach. These three approaches, combined with the high density of available genotyping data (nearly 8 million markers), have revealed many QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci), some of which were co-localized with yield QTL. Finally, we demonstrated that the GLAI QTL identified in this study could explain nearly 20 % of the grain yield variability observed in a large network of water-stressed experiments. This work provides methods that will enable a better characterization and understanding of the genetic determinisms of GLAI dynamics, a trait that was out of reach in large populations until now. This trait presents all the characteristics required to improve the effectiveness of selection programs under water stress conditions
Longchamp, Melanie. "Etude biogéochimique du transfert du sélénium dans un système eau-plante-atmosphère : conséquences sur la physiologie du Zea mays subsp. mays (L.)." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833227.
Full textSobottka, Renata Pinheiro. "Moduladores naturais na proteção genética de trigo (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) contra Fusarium spp. por técnica molecular e LC-MS. Aplicação de tecnologia NIR na predição de composição química de milho (Zea mays L.)." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, 2014. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000189591.
Full textWheat (Triticum sp.) and maize (Zea mays L.), belonging to the Poaceae family, are important cereals on the global socio-economy, being widely used for human and animal consumption. The study evaluated the fungal growth and trichothecene production (deoxynivalenol, DON) in wheat cultivars on the genetic protection context (Chapter 1). In parallel, it was evaluated the application of NIR technology for prediction of water activity, protein, moisture and ash contents in maize, seeking the application of this rapid method being capable for subsidizing the classical technique (Chapter 2). Chapter 1 was executed in France and evaluated four wheat cultivars with different sensitivity to Fusarium infection, with and without inoculum of Fusarium culmorum, followed by analysis of grains in two stages of development (five days after inoculation and at maturity stage). The analysis of wheat grains was the determination of DON, phenolic acids composition (soluble and bound to the cell wall) by LC/MS and the Tri5 gene determination by real-time PCR. The resistant wheat cultivar significantly limited the development of Fusarium culmorum and DON contamination (p <0.05). Glumes of resistant wheat cultivar showed high content on chlorogenic acid and flavones, suggesting involvement on resistance against Fusarium sp. and DON production. Study on natural modulators with potential inhibitor on the biosynthesis of trichothecenes should be pursued in order to ensure food safety, also focused on reduction of pesticide application. Chapter 2 evaluated the application of NIR technology for prediction of water activity (aw), protein, moisture and ash contents in maize from four different plant density (60, 75, 90 and 105 thousand plants ha-1) with five doses of nitrogen (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1). Maize samples from the same plant density had their protein content increased with levels of fertilization (doses of nitrogen, p <0.05). However, no significant difference was observed among maize treated with the same dose of nitrogen, but with different plant density (p <0.05). The maize samples were scanned in the visible / NIR range of 400 - 2500 nm. The best coefficient of prediction was obtained for protein (R2cv=0.90), which revealed a strong relationship between spectral information and protein content. The models for three parameters (protein, moisture and aw) showed the ratio of standard error of calibration and standard deviation (RPD) between 2.4 and 4.2. Except for ash, the models obtained showed satisfactory for screening purposes of constituents - protein, aw and moisture - in maize, under the context of rapid monitoring of industrial processing plant.
La, Hovary Christophe. "Le désherbage mécanique complet dans le maïs, Zea mays L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ49031.pdf.
Full textMoulia, Bruno. "Etude mécanique du port foliaire du maïs (Zea mays L. )." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10576.
Full textLauga, Béatrice. "Etude génétique et moléculaire de déficiences polliniques chez Zea mays L." Pau, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PAUU3040.
Full textLejeune, Pierre. "Etude physiologique de l'initiation de l'inflorescence femelle chez le maïs (Zea mays L. )." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10286.
Full textCharbonnel-Campaa, Laurence. "Le développement floral chez Zea mays L. , caractérisation de gènes spécifiques de la microsporogenèse." Pau, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PAUU3015.
Full textAchour, Zeineb. "Réponse du méthylome suite à l'exposition au froid chez une espèce à génome complexe : le maïs (Zea mays ssp. mays)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS102/document.
Full textMolecular characterization of plant response to environnemental constraints allows to both better understand plant adaptation and help crop improvement. The epigenome is composed of chromatin marks and participates to the regulation of genome expression, notably through development. It is also involved in genome stability, essentially by preventing the transposition of transposable elements (TE). The epigenome can be modified by environmental cues and better understanding this variation could give new insights on the interaction between the plant and its environnement. However, the extent of this modification, targeted sequences and underlying mecanisms remain to be elucidated. In this context, I analyzed the impact of cold on the methylome of maize, a plant with a complex genome with high proportion of TEs. In a first part, I analyzed the methylome of a cold-sensitive genotype, B73, using whole genome bisulfite sequecing (BS-seq). This comparative analysis between “stressed” and “unstressed” plants was carried out (i) at the chromosome scale, without a priori definition of a DNA methylation difference and (ii) at a localized scale (Differentially Methylated regions, « DMRs ») using high minimum methylation difference rate (10%). These two types of analysis revealed that cold triggers hypermethylation at the genome scale, as well as. hyper-and-hypo-methylation at the local scale. These variations were observed in the 3 contexts of cytosine and occur in different genomic regions associated with genes and TEs. This suggests the parallel activation of different regulatory pathways in response to cold. In a second part, I focused on following-up methylation changes through development and in the progeny in conjunction with the genomic sequences and the cytosine context involved. In a third part, I studied the relationship between methylome variations and cold sensitivity by comparing the methylomes of three maize genotypes (B73, F2 and F331) with a contrasted phenotypic response to cold
Marmen, Julie. "Efficacité de différentes stratégies de désherbage dans le maïs-grain, Zea mays L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57876.pdf.
Full textFustier, Margaux-Alison. "Adaptation locale des téosintes Zea mays ssp. parviglumis et Zea mays ssp. mexicana le long de gradients altitudinaux." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS147/document.
Full textTeosintes Zea mays ssp parviglumis (parviglumis) and Zea mays ssp mexicana (mexicana) are the closest wild relatives of cultivated maize. They occupy distinct ecological niches in Mexico, well separated by altitude. Zea mays ssp. parviglumis encountered below 1800m grows in wet and warm conditions, while mexicana grows in drier and colder climates (above 1800m). In order to investigate the genetic bases of local adaptation to altitude, we sampled 37 populations along two altitudinal gradients. We sequenced the two most extreme populations of each gradient as well as two intermediate populations - one from each subspecies along gradient 1. We searched for polymorphisms with contrasted allele frequencies between the extremes while accounting for subspecies differentiation. Using both inter- and intra- population methods we identified several candidate loci. Based on a literature review, we confronted them with regions previously described as involved in phenotypic variation of adaptive traits. Our results highlight the role of plant-soil interactions and leaves hairiness in the adaptation to altitude. To validate further a subset of 270 polymorphisms chosen among our best candidates, we genotyped them on the 37 populations with the aim of performing clinal analyzes of allele frequencies. In parallel, we undertook phenotypic evaluation trials (2 locations x 2 years) to test the association of these polymorphisms with 18 traits measured in the field. We discuss the methodological contributions of our study both from the standpoint of high throughput technologies and detection of selective footprints. Our setting will be fully exploited to validate our candidates. Perspectives include the discovery and assessment of the contribution of other types of polymorphisms and the temporal follow-up of populations
Wey, Joseph. "Étude de la variabilité du rendement du maïs (Zea mays) dans l'ouest du Burkina Faso." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL075N.
Full textDurand, Eléonore. "Etude des bases (épi) génétiques de l'adaptation dans une expérience de sélection divergente pour la précocité de floraison chez le maïs." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112078/document.
Full textQuantitative variation results from the combined action of multiple genes and their environment. Two approaches are currently employed to gain insights into the link between genotype and phenotype and to dissect the genetic architecture of complex traits. On one hand, experimental evolution allows quantifying the number of mutations and their effect on the evolution of a phenotype subject to artificial selection. On the other hand, QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) and association mapping are used to identify loci responsible for phenotypic variation. In this work, we have combined all 3 approaches in order to (1) evaluate the role of new mutations and standing genetic variation to the response to selection ; (2) to identify the genetic determinants underlying this response ; (3) to dissect at one candidate locus the genetic mechanisms of its contribution to phenotypic variation. We have used the material produced by a divergent selection experiment for flowering time conducted for over 10 years in the field. This experiment was conducted in parallel from two commercial maize inbred line, F252 and MBS847. From each initial seed lot, two populations, an early population and a late population, were created by selecting and selfing the earliest/latest individuals at each generation. We characterized the response to selection after 7 generations. The response was fast, asymmetric between populations and significant in 3 out of 4 populations. It was linear through time indicating that new mutations have generated new additive genetic variance at each generation. We identified a major locus contributing to 35% of the variation for flowering time in the late F252 population. At this locus, two alleles were present as residual heterozygocity in the initial seed lot. The two alleles exhibited haplotypes extending on a region around the eIF-4A (Eukaryotic Initiation Translation Factor 4A) that diverged drastically both at the nucleotide (5.7%) and structural level. We were able to confirm the association of the candidate locus to flowering time variation and other traits such as height and leaf number, first using an association panel containing 317 maize lines, second through the developmental characterization of early and late genotypes. In addition, to its pleiotropic effect, we have shown by developing a specific statistical framework that this locus exhibit pervasive epistatic interactions with other loci segregating in the population. Hence, its effect largely depended on the genetic background. We have finally applied methyl-sensitive AFLP (Amplified Frgament length Polymorphisms) to screen all genotypes in order to identify the polymorphisms potentially involved in the response to selection during the first 7 generations Our preliminary results indicate both a genetic and epigenetic differentiation between early and late populations. This differentiation seems however to be mainly driven by standing genetic variation
Chaboud, Annie. "Etude des sécrétions racinaires de Zea mays : caractérisation in situ, isolement et analyse biochimique en conditions contrôlées." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10005.
Full textSosso, Davide. "Functional study of two PPR genes involved in kernel development of maize (Zea Mays)." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0610.
Full textThe maize kernel is at the heart of research efforts geared to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing its development and the accumulation of oil and starch in its two major compartments, embryo and endosperm. Here, we present the molecular and phenotypic characterisation of two maize kernel mutants, the embryo-specific PPR8522 and the miniature PPR2263 mutant. Despite dissimilar phenotypes both mutations concerned genes coding for pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins predicted to act in organellar RNA processing. The gene responsible for the embryo-lethal phenotype of PPR8522 was identified by transposon tagging and confirmed by fine mapping. PPR8522 contains 10 PPR motifs, is targeted to plastids and required for the transcription of nearly all plastid-encoded genes. Mutant embryos deviate as early as the 3-cell stage from normal development but can be rescued in vitro in certain genetic backgrounds. Rescued mutant plantlets have an albino lethal phenotype due to a substantial cellular desorganisation of their plastids including a total lack of thylakoid stacks. The mutation responsible for the miniature kernel phenotype of PPR2263 was identified by a novel cDNA transposon display technique. The cloning was confirmed by transgenic complementation via Agrobacterium-mediated maize transformation. PPR2263 contains 10 PPR motifs, a mitochondrial-targeting sequence and a DYW domain, suggesting a role in organellar RNA editing. Mutant plants hardly ever reach sexual maturity and are characterised by slow growth
I cereali sono una risorsa importante per l'industria alimentare, l’industria chimica e la produzione di energia alternativa. Tra i cereali, il mais ha il più alto rendimento e a fronte di una domanda sempre crescente, la comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari di sviluppo del seme ha un duplice valore scientifico ed economico. In questo manoscritto sono presentate la caratterizzazione fenotipica e molecolare di due mutanti del seme di mais: il mutante PPR8522 (embrione anormale, mutazione letale) e il mutante PPR2263 (grano in miniatura). I due geni responsabili sono stati clonati e codificano entrambe per proteine con motivi PPR (PentatricoPeptide Repeat). Questa classe di proteine, é nota per essere coinvolta nel processamento dell’RNA degli organelli. Il gene PPR8522 è stato identificato con la tecnica di « transposon tagging » e confermato grazie al mappaggio fine. La proteina PPR8522 è destinata ai cloroplasti e appare necessaria per la trascrizione di una vasta maggioranza di geni plastidiali. Le plantule mutanti ottenute tramite « embryo rescue », hanno un fenotipo albino associato alla mancanza di cloroplasti funzionali. La mutazione PPR2263, responsabile del fenotipo grano in minatura, è stata identificata ugualmente tramite « transposon tagging » e confermata dalla complementazione via transgenesi del mutante. La proteina PPR2263 é indirizzata ai mitocondri e presenta un dominio DYW, che suggerisce un ruolo nell’editing dell’RNA. Le piante mutanti sono caratterizzate da una crescita lenta e da una dimensione ridotta
Moreno-Ortega, Beatriz. "Instabilité développementale chez les racines latérales du maïs : une analyse multi-échelle." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0022/document.
Full textIn the perspective of a second Green Revolution, aiming, unlike the first one, to enhance yields of crops in a low fertility context, the strategies used by plants for an optimal uptake of soil nutrients are at the core of the problem. To solve it and identify ideal breeds among the genetic diversity of crops, plant root systems, their development and their architecture, are called upon to play the leading role. The variability among secondary roots appears as a crucial feature for the optimality of soil exploration and acquisition of mobile and immobile resources, but this phenomenon remains poorly understood. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the lateral roots of maize (Zea mays L.) and attempts to unravel the processes at the origin of intrinsic variations in lateral root development. It relies notably on the phenotyping of individual lateral roots at an unprecedented scale, tracking the daily growth of thousands of them at a high spatial resolution, in order to characterize precisely the spatio-temporal variations existing both between and within root individuals. Individual growth rate profiles were analyzed with a statistical model that identified three main temporal trends in growth rates leading to the definition of three lateral root classes with contrasted growth rates and growth duration. Differences in lateral root diameter at root emergence (originating at the primordium stage) were likely to condition the followed growth trend but did not seem enough to entirely determine lateral root fate. Lastly, these lateral root classes were randomly distributed along the primary root, suggesting that there is no local inhibition or stimulation between neighbouring lateral roots. In order to explain the origin of the observed differences in growth behaviour, we complemented our study with a multi-scale characterization of groups of lateral roots with contrasted growth at a cellular, anatomical and molecular level. A particular focus is set on the analysis of cell length profiles in lateral root apices for which we introduced a segmentation model to identify developmental zones. Using this method, we evidenced strong modulations in the length of the division and elongation zones that could be closely related to variations in lateral root growth. The regulatory role of auxin on the balance between cellular proliferation and elongation processes is demonstrated through the analysis of mutant lines. Ultimately, variations in lateral root growth are traced back to the allocation of carbon assimilates and the transport capacity of the root, suggesting that a feedback control loop mechanism could play a determinant role in the setting out of contrasted lateral root growth trends
Fuentes, Cilia L. "Mécanisme de sélectivité et hérédité de la tolérance au rimsulfuron chez le maïs (Zea mays L.)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25236.pdf.
Full textVerreault, Catherine. "Effet de la mycorhization sur des systèmes enzymatiques de défense chez le maïs (Zea mays L.)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0001/MQ46618.pdf.
Full textZec, Mile. "Effets de l'application foliaire de phosphore, de magnesium et de zinc sur maïs (Zea mays L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212034.
Full textMahimba, Bitijula. "Valorisation agronomique de la matière organique d'ordures ménagères en culture de maïs fourragé (Zea mays L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213153.
Full textBaud, Sylvie. "Recherche de corrélations entre marqueurs moléculaires de type RFLP et caractères agronomiques chez Zea mays." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10119.
Full textDoll, Nicolas. "Insights into the embryo/endosperm interface in Zea Mays and Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN015.
Full textAngiosperm seeds comprise two zygotic compartments generated by double fertilization: theembryo, which will give the future plant, and the endosperm which surrounds and nourishesthe embryo. Harmonious seed development requires the coordination and cooperation of thesetwo compartments, implicating an intricate and sustained communication at their interface. Theaim of this thesis was to characterize some of the important characteristics of this interface inthe two model species Arabidopsis thaliana and maize (Zea Mays). The embryo/endosperminterface is formed by the external cell layers of the embryo and by the endosperm cellsimmediately adjacent to the embryo. These cell populations contribute to specific apoplasticstructures such as the embryonic cuticle and the embryo sheath in Arabidopsis. However, littleis known about this interface in maize. In a first part of this thesis, transcriptomic analysis ofembryo/endosperm interface in maize coupled with in situ hybridization has led to theidentification of a new endosperm domain composed of endosperm cell layers in immediatecontact with the expanding embryo, and potentially involved in nutrient movement between thetwo tissues. A reverse genetics approach has been developed based on CRISPR/Cas9technology to target candidate genes potentially involved in embryo/endospermcommunication. In the second part of the thesis, the function and characteristics of the embryosheath, produced by the endosperm and deposited on embryo surface, have been investigatedin Arabidopsis. The maintenance of the sheath on seedlings post germination has beendemonstrated, contradicting the classical view that the cuticle forms the most external structureon the seedling at germination. Atomic force microscopy and phenotypic characterization ofmutants demonstrate the strong anti-adhesive properties of the sheath, which facilitatecotyledon escape during germination. In a last part of the thesis, the apoplastic signallingpathway controlling cuticle integrity in Arabidopsis has been completed by the identificationof a peptide, produced by the embryo, and cleaved by an endosperm-specific protease, whichbinds to receptors at the embryo surface, leading to the closure of gaps in the cuticle and thegeneration of a continuous and functional structure
Jacqua, Guy. "Contribution à l'étude biologique et écologique des principaux Helminthosporium (H. Maydis, H. Turcicum) affectant le mai͏̈s (Zea mays L. ) en Guadeloupe." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20105.
Full textGagliardi, Dominique. "Expression et régulation des gènes HSP au cours du développement du pollen de maïs (Zea mays L. )." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10220.
Full textCorcel, Mathias. "Imagerie multispectrale en macrofluorescence en vue de la prédiction de l'origine tissulaire de particules de tiges de maïs." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ONIR095F/document.
Full textThe objective of the thesis was to develop a method for predicting the tissue origin of particles in powders of lignocellulosic plants using the autofluorescence properties of cell walls. The internode under the ear of maize stems was used as a model. Fluorescence macroscopy has been validated for acquiring large multispectral images with representative fields of view about 1 cm². A chemometric approach by multispectral image analysis was applied to build the predictive model of tissues based on their autofluorescence properties observed in stem sections. The calibration set consisted of 40 transverse and longitudinal sections taken at different positions from 10 stems of the same variety. Variability of fluorescence in tissues was found preponderant compared to inter and intra-stems variability by supervised analysis. In order to take into account all the fluorescence variability of the tissues in maize stem without any a priori, the prediction model was built from an unsupervised clustering of all the pixels from the 40 images. The large number of pixels led to the development of a multi-scale clustering method based on K-means method using image pyramids. The model made it possible to identify the main tissues of the stem: lignified and non-lignified parenchyma, sclerenchyma sheaths in vascular bundles in the pith and in the rind, epidermis, fibers of xylem. The next step will be to test the prediction model on powders
Bentolila, Stéphane. "Utilisation du polymorphisme de longueur des fragments de restriction dans l'analyse génétique du maïs (Zea mays L. ) : ses applications en sélection." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1T176.
Full textVanasse, Anne. "Étude malherbologique et environnementale des systèmes de production sur billons et conventionnel du maïs-grain, Zea mays L." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq36334.pdf.
Full textTubeileh, Ashraf. "Photosynthèse, répartition des assimilats et rhizodéposition chez le maïs (Zea Mays L. ) soumis à la compaction du sol." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2000_TUBEILEH_A.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work was to investigate the effects of soil compaction on carbon assimilation, photosynthate partitioning, and morphology of corn plants during vegetative growth period up to tassel initiation. We were particularly interested in carbon input into the soil and soil microbial biomass. Corn plants were grown in culture pots containing compacted soil (bulk density of 1. 45 g cm-3 ) or loose soil (bulk density of 1. 30 g cm-3). Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber and lasted for 21 to 42 days. Carbon partitioning in the plant-soil system was evaluated using 14C pulse-labeling techniques. The increase in soil bulk density decreased carbon assimilation rate and total carbon fixation. Furthermore, soil compaction delayed leaf appearance rate decreasing therefore plant height, shoot dry weight, and leaf area. In addition, root biomass and root elongation were also inferior when plants were grown in compacted soil and root length appeared to be the most sensible parameter to high soil mechanical resistance. Simultaneously, a great increase in carbon input into the soil occurred to the detriment of root carbon. Soil microbial biomass increased considerably in compacted soil thanks to this increase in carbon substrates and to physical protection provided for soil microflora as a result of the reduced porosity in compacted soil. Three hypotheses were formulated to explain these results: 1- a decrease in soil or root water potential or a sink limitation induces a down-regulation of photosynthetic activity, 2- the increase in root diameter decreases soil mechanical resistance, and 3- the increase in carbon rhizodeposition alleviates the effects of mechanical constraint. The effects of soil compaction persisted with plant age although the difference between the two treatments decreased in terms of percentage
Nadeem, Muhammad. "Remobilization of seed phosphorus reserves and exogenous phosphorus uptake during germination and early growth stages of maize (Zea mays L.)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14439/document.
Full textPhosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth. Many studies have shown a very early seedling response to the limitation on the availability of P. During germination and early growth, the seedling P demand may be satisfied by the remobilization of seed P reserves and exogenous P uptake by developing roots. The objective of the thesis was to study the relative contribution of remobilization of seed P reserves, the exogenous P uptake by seedling roots and the interaction between these two processes. Various experiments were conducted to i) study the kinetics of the remobilization of seed P reserves, ii) identify precisely the beginning of exogenous P uptake by seedling roots, iii) quantify the relative contribution P fluxes in developing seedlings and iv) the interaction between these two P fluxes. Seeds with low and high P reserves were cultivated at different levels of exogenous P availability for the growth period of four weeks. The exogenous P was labelled with radioactive P (32P) to identify and quantify the P flux in young seedlings coming from exogenous P uptake and seed P reserves remobilization. Initially, 86% of P in the form of phytate and 13% C of seed reserves is localised in scutellum regardless of P initial seed P reserves. Four days after germination, 98% of seed phytate reserves are hydrolyzed. The kinetics of seed phytate hydrolysis was independent of seed P reserves and exogenous P availability. The hydrolyzed forms of phytate were temporarily stored in the seed before being translocated towards newly growing seedling compartments. The exogenous P uptake started soon after the radicle emergence (4th day) and depend mainly on the availability of exogenous P in the growth medium. The beginning of exogenous P uptake and its intensity was not influenced by the seed P reserves remobilization. The proportion of distribution of remobilized seed P reserves and the exogenous P uptake was similar among seedling shoot and roots. The whole seed and seedling P budget showed the significant P losses from germinating seeds by P efflux with the beginning of phytate hydrolysis in seeds. We proposed a model for the seed P remobilization and exogenous P uptake during germination and early growth. Assuming no interaction between seed P reserves remobilization and exogenous P uptake, the simulations were found to be in close agreement with experimental data. Our results showed the importance of exogenous P availability in growth medium during early growth stages regardless of seed P reserves
Faure, Jean-Emmanuel. "Fécondation in vitro chez les plantes à fleurs : mise au point expérimentale et étude cytologique chez le maïs (Zea mays L.)." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10027.
Full textRuyet, Florent. "La période critique de désherbage et l'effet des adventices sur la morphologie du maïs-grain (Zea mays L.) au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24018/24018.pdf.
Full textEhlert, Christina. "Importance de la conductivité hydraulique racinaire pour le contrôle de la croissance foliaire chez le maïs (Zea mays L. )." Montpellier SupAgro, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NSAM0007.
Full textIn maize, leaf growth reduction by increased evaporative demand appeared to depend on either plant water status (Hsiao et al. , 1998) and/or soil-to-root hydraulic conductivity (Bouchabke et al. , 2006). Difficulties in controlling soil-to-root characteristics has hindered to evaluate their role in plant responses to evaporative demand. The discovery of aquaporins and the recent insights into their gating properties offered the possibility to assess the role of root water uptake characteristics, in particular hydraulic conductivity of the roots (Lpr) for leaf growth rate and water flow in intact plants. In this thesis, Lpr reductions were induced by a range of treatments which affected Lpr by aquaporin down-regulation such as acid root loading, anoxia and hydrogen peroxide. These treatments were combined with a range of evaporative demands, and short term responses of leaf elongation rate, water flow and water potentials were followed. It was concluded that, firstly, aquaporins controlled an important part of the water transport across maize roots with primary impacts on water potential gradient rather than on water flow. Secondly, the Lpr controlled the responsiveness of leaf elongation rate to fluctuating evaporative demand. Thirdly, turgor pressure of growing cells responded like leaf elongation rate to combined changes in root hydraulic conductivity and plant transpiration rate, and could therefore explain the interactive effects of water availability and evaporative demand on leaf growth. A modelling approach was developed to further support this conclusion. Lastly, on a short term time scale, anoxia inhibited maize leaf growth following the same hydraulic signalling cascade as induced by pharmacological treatments targeting root aquaporin inactivation. We conclude that environmental conditions affecting Lpr, such as anoxia, class this variable as a putative strong determinant for whole plant adaptation to environmental stresses
Ahmad, Rafiq. "Effet de l'ozone troposphérique sur la physiologie des feuilles de maïs (Zea mays L.) : étude de gènes impliqués dans le catabolisme cellulaire." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1018.
Full textMaize is a major crop cultivated all over the world. Its yield and growth is affected by numerous environmental stresses. In the present work, the impact of the gaseous phytotoxic pollutant, ozone, on maize leaves was studied, using a molecular and biochemical approach. Concentrations of ozone in the troposphere have increased dramatically in the recent past and it now negatively affects crops growth and yield. In this work, a recently developed fumigation system was used to expose maize plants in the field. Seventy-one days after sowing, the plants were submitted to ozone fumigation at an average concentration of 98 ppb.h-1. The 10th and 12th leaves were harvested after 20, 35 and 50 days of treatment. Expression of three genes coding caspase-like cysteine proteases “metacaspases” (denoted as ZmMCII-1, ZmMCII-2 and ZmMCII-3) and their global activity was studied in senescent and ozone-exposed maize leaves. For the first time, we observed that mRNA accumulation of the three caspase-like cysteine proteases increased significantly in response to ozone exposure. Moreover, the global activity of metacaspases also increased significantly in both senescencing and ozone-exposed plants. The metacaspases activity and mRNA up-regulation could represent control points for leaf tissues to determine the degree and timing of protein catabolism during senescence and ozone treatment. Protein catabolism was indeed stimulated in response to ozone since increases in the expression of a gene coding an ozone-induced papain-like cysteine protease (Mor-CP) and in global papain-like cysteine proteases activities in leaf tissues were observed. In addition, we identified new cysteine protease inhibitor CC11 “cystatin” in maize leaves. After the recombinant CC11 protein was purified from a bacterial heterologous system (E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) plyS with a pET 30 (EK/LIC) vector), it was shown to be active in vitro against commercial papain (100% inhibition) and against total maize leaf cysteine protease extract (57-80% inhibition). Therefore its involvement in the regulation of cysteine protease activity in response to ozone exposure could be supposed. Production of the recombinant proteins corresponding to the active regions of ZmMCII-2 and Mor-CP was achieved. The corresponding polyclonal antibodies were obtained to study post-transcriptional events in maize leaves, in the future. In conclusion, we have identified the new enzymes, metacaspases and cysteine proteases involved in proteolysis which could be used as novel parameters for screening different maize varieties for improved tolerance to ozone pollution
Jeanneau, Matthieu. "Surexpression de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxylase chez le mai͏̈s : impacts sur le fonctionnement photosynthétique et la qualité du grain." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112293.
Full textThe aim of this work was the production of transformed plants to evaluate the physiological consequences of a PEPC overexpression targeted to the whole plant, seeds or leaves. In seeds, the PEPC activity increased up to 10 times and the foreign C4 isoform has been biochemically and immunologically identified. Lipid and protein contents were slightly modified. We suggest that the physiological impact of an overexpression of a C4 PEPC gene under the control of the HMWG promoter is weak. By using immunodetection, and immunolocalization experiments we showed that the sorghum enzyme is present in the leaf mesophyll of transformed maize. We measured a doubling of the PEPC specific activity well correlated with the accumulation of mRNAm and proteins. It is shown that under moderate light, a compensation mechanism lowers phosphorylation of the PEPC pool. Under non limiting conditions, transgenic plants showed an increase in net photosynthesis (+7%). .
Mvondo, Awono Jean Pierre. "Fertilisation azotée du maïs-grain, Zea mays L., en rotation avec une luzerne non dormante, Medicago sativa L. var. Nitro." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25253.pdf.
Full textBily, Antoine. "Rôle et importance des déhydrodimères d'acide férulique et autres phénylpropanoi͏̈des dans les mécanismes de résistance de Zea mays L. à Fusarium graminéarum Schwabe." Pau, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU3003.
Full textFusarium graminearum is responsible for a major maize disease. The objective of this thesis was to understand the mechanisms of varietal resistance, implicating some maize phytochemicals, the phenylpropanoids. LC/MS assays were developed for the analysis the phenylpropanoids and mycotoxins content of large numbers of samples. Trichothecene production is significantly affected by grain fractions and their phenolic content. Dehydrodimers of ferulic acid (DFA) play a role in varietal resistance: a dimerisation process of the cell wall bound feruloyl residues occurs in pericarp and aleurone infected tissues of the resistant line. At harvesting time, DFA contents are correlated with resistance. QTL mapping of cell wall phenylpropanoids and resistance to F. Graminearum indicates the genetic basis of the involvement of DFA in resistance
Satchivi, Norbert M. "Toxicité de deux herbicides, l'imazaquine et le metsulfuron méthyle sur la croissance de plantules de mai͏̈s (zea mays) influence de l'antidote lab 145 138 h." Perpignan, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PERP0223.
Full textLapie, Clémentine. "Caractérisation de la rhizodéposition du maïs (Zea mays L.) en réponse à la présence d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et d’éléments traces métalliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0237.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the functioning of the rhizosphere in the context of revegetation of contaminated soils. We evaluated the impact of model contaminants (phenanthrene and cadmium) on maize (Zea mays L.) rhizodeposition to better understand the role of rhizodeposition in the plant's tolerance to this type of abiotic stress. To this end, a system of plant cultivation and rhizodeposit collection was set up to assess the response of maize to pollutant exposure. Our methodological development aimed at placing the plants in conditions as close as possible as those of soil cultivation, while allowing the collection of the two main families of rhizodeposits: root exudates and mucilage. Tools for characterizing the collected rhizodeposits were developed (colorimetric analyses, LC-MS, GC-MS) in order to determine the main families of compounds emitted by roots such as carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins and organic acids. Finally, the role of the molecules highlighted in our experiments on pollutant dynamics was discussed. This study revealed changes in the metabolic profile of rhizodeposition in presence of pollutants and those differences may vary considering the nature of the pollutant (organic or metallic). Cd caused a decrease of almost all compound emissions by maize roots (total carbon, carbohydrates, amino acids). Only proteins did not appear to be affected by the presence of the metal, while the exudation of organic acids increased with Cd exposure. Phenanthrene, on the other hand, increased the quantity of exuded carbon while it decreased the carbon secreted in the mucilage. In addition, it induced an increase in the emission of simple and polymerized carbohydrates, fatty acids and proteins while diffused organic acids decreased. In addition to the presence of pollutants, the development of maize was studied by analysing its rhizodeposition at the 4, 6 and 8-leaf stages. The effect of Cd on exudation seemed to increase from the 6-leaf stage, while that of phenanthrene tended to decrease. On the other hand, the influence of pollutants on mucilage seemed less marked and more constant over time. Finally, many rhizodeposited molecules have been identified as playing a role in the pollutants’ dynamics in the soil and therefore in their tolerance by the plant, in particular through complexation or solubilisation mechanisms
Bockstaller, Christian. "Taille et forme des semences de maïs (Zea mays l. ) : variabilité et effets sur la croissance, le développement et le rendement." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_BOCKSTALLER_C.pdf.
Full textVuillaume, Élisabeth. "Recherche de mais (Zea mays L. ) males stériles cytoplasmiques Texas résistants à Helminthosporium maydis, race T, par traitement mutagène : criblage et étude des mutants." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112014.
Full textRaveton, Muriel. "Biodisponibilité de l'atrazine chez le maïs." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10049.
Full textRakmani, Ahmed. "Impact sur les paramètres agronomiques et physiologiques de l’ozone troposphérique sur le maïs en Ile-de-France." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1157/document.
Full textFor the past 150 years, background tropospheric ozone concentrations have been increasing constantely to the point where they now affect grain yield in major cereals, such as maize. In 2000, it has been estimated that yield loss was between 2.2% and 5% in this crop. Such estimates have been established from a very low number of experiments, all carried out in open top ozone fumigation chambers. To verify the accuracy of these estimations, we cultivated maize plants and exposed them to various ozone concentrations in the field. During plant development, series of cob-leaf samples have been collected in order to analyze the impact of ozone-induced oxidative stress on various biochemical processes. Thus, we studied changes in leaf endoproteolytic activities (a parameter previously used as a dehydration stress indicator), using a fluorescence-based method newly adapted to plant tissues. Concurrently, changes in protein oxidation levels (carbonyl groups) were analyzed, along with lipid peroxidation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).Our results indicate that ozone induced increases in the global level of protein oxidation, endoproteolytic processes and lipid peroxidation, most likely as a result of an over-accumulation of ROS in the leaf tissues. Furthermore, the impact of ozone is enhanced by aging. To some extent, these conclusions agree with those obtained from impact modeling that also show that maize is midly sensitive to ozone. However, because yield was not affected whatsoever in our experiment (1000 grain weight, biomass, starch accumulation), it is our opinion that the general consensus about the sensitivity of maize to ozone should be revised
Darracq, Aude. "Évolution des génomes mitochondriaux de plantes : approche de génomique comparative chez Zea mays et Beta vulgaris." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833144.
Full textFolcher, Laurent. "Efficacité comparée de méthodes de contrôle des bio-agresseurs du maïs (Zea mays L. ) : Recherche de descripteurs en vue d’une modélisation prévisionnelle pour gérer le risque mycotoxine." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3022.
Full textFusariotoxins, natural substance synthesized by various Fusarium spp. Are involved in several sanitary and commercial issues. This thesis summarizes the biology of two major lepidopteran corn pests, Ostrinia nubilalis Hüb. And Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. It reviews the main fungal micro-organisms producing mycotoxins, mainly diverse Fusarium spp. And the diverse mycotoxins produced. An international bibliographical review helps to describe the relations between lepidopteran borers, grain contaminations by Fusarium spp. And mycotoxin levels. Experimental work was conducted on two field trial networks. Results show various possibilities to reduce mycotoxins in harvest content : chemical treatments or genetic control with maize genetically modified for insect resistance. At harvest time, the efficacies of these two methods are compared and discussed according to the contamination by Fusarium spp. The main species involved were Fusarium verticillioides, F. Proliferatum, producing fumonisins and F. Graminearum synthetizing trichothecens B and zearalenone. The genetic method was more efficient than pesticide use to control F. Proliferatum contamination and limit fumonisin B1/B2 levels at the harvest. This efficiency is correlated with full efficacy of genetic control on lepidopteran borers in the field. However, the effect of genetic control operated by GM Bt maize on trichothecen B and zearalenone are less clear. A competition phenomenon between F. Proliferatum and F. Graminearum is discussed. A research for relevant descriptors is carried out by a modelization approach. A forecast model of mycotoxins risk is proposed in the final part
Martineau, Elsa. "Rôle joué par le potassium dans la réponse au déficit hydrique du maïs (Zea mays L.) : des mécanismes physiologiques au fonctionnement intégré du peuplement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0286/document.
Full textPotassium (K) is a major nutrient known to help plants resist drought. In the context of climate change,quantifying the role of K on maize physiological acclimation to reduced precipitations is essential to betterpredict future productivity. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under controlled or field conditions weresubmitted to different K and water levels. Plant growth (shoot and root biomass, grain yield) as well as plantwater status (transpiration, stomatal conductance, water potential) and ecophysiological mechanisms of Carbonmetabolism (photosynthesis, sugar transport) were studied. Regardless of the water regime and experimentalconditions, K nutrition increased growth and whole-plant development and improved grain yield. The effect ofwater stress on stomatal regulation was not straightforward and depended on the level of K fertilization. Theeffects of water or K deficit tend to decrease photosynthesis. Drought or K nutrition affected more leafphotosynthesis in old than in young leaves, and sugar transport did not seem to be a growth limiting factor. Ourresults demonstrated a strong effect of K on biomass production and a higher water use efficiency with less of animpact on leaf-level physiology. This better water use was mainly the consequence of the positive effect of leafarea on yield, and not due to a reduce water use
Piché, Dumontier Catherine. "Évaluation de la tolérance du ray-grass italien (Lolium multiflorum) en culture intercalaire à divers herbicides résiduels dans le maïs (Zea mays)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27714.
Full textThe use of glyphosate for interseeding with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in corn (Zea mays) is a common practice to control weeds before planting ryegrass. It is currently the only safe herbicide for ryegrass interseeding, but harmed good management practices herbicides. Fields studies were conducted in 2014 and 2015 to determine the tolerance of Italian ryegrass at different residual herbicides in corn. According to the results, residual herbicides that are comparable to a glyphosate treatment and a hand weeding are mostly post-emergent treatments. Treatment dicamba + glyphosate is the best residual herbicides for two consecutive years. The least promising treatments are residual herbicides with s-metolachlor or pyroxasulfone as active ingredient. After an analysis of each treatment for their spectrum of control, mode of action and absorption, treatments against broadleaf weeds seem to be the most compatible with interseeding ryegrass in corn.
Ben, Harrath Beya. "Contribution à l'étude du désherbage et de la nutrition minérale foliaire du maïs fourrager (Zea mays L.) dans les sols calcaires tunisiens." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210616.
Full textC’est pourquoi nous voulons mettre au point une nouvelle technologie capable de contourner ces contraintes. En effet la fertilisation par voie foliaire associé à un désherbage de pré émergence serait l’approche la plus logique, capable d’apporter les éléments en fonction des besoins de la plante et de constituer par conséquent une alternative à des apports traditionnels au sol qui présentent un faible coefficient d’efficacité.
Pour cela nous voulons :
- étudier l’effet de la dose, de la dilution de l’engrais et de son association à un herbicide de post émergence sur la biomasse et l’absorption des éléments nutritifs de la plante et comparer ces effets à ceux d’une application traditionnelle au sol.
- Déterminer l’équilibre NPK permettant d’obtenir une croissance optimale de la plante et ceci par le biais d’une expérimentation de type factoriel.
- Enfin transposer ce mode de fertilisation en conditions réelles au champ, en intégrant également un désherbage de post émergence.
Enfin rechercher et doser, les deux molécules présentes dans l’herbicide, dans deux substrats (le sol et la plante) et étudier leur rétention à court terme :caractérisation des mécanismes d’adsorption et de désorption des deux molécules dans les deux types de sol utilisés.
Les résultats obtenus en conditions contrôlées ont mis en évidence le fait que la biomasse de la plante ainsi que la quantité d’éléments exportés par celle-ci sont gouvernées par un effet variétal et un effet dose. De plus certaines associations herbicide-engrais favorisent mieux que d’autres la croissance de la plante ainsi que l’absorption des éléments appliqués.
Les résultats de l’expérience de type factoriel ont montré qu’à doses égales, l’effet positif d’un apport foliaire est supérieur à celui de l’engrais apporté au sol. Ces effets positifs sont observés sur les différents paramètres étudiés (biomasse, absorption d’éléments, nutritifs, quantités exportés et coefficients apparents d’utilisation des 3 éléments appliqués).
L’utilisation du logiciel SPSS montre que la relation de la biomasse (poids sec) et la quantité d’éléments apportée est de type polynomial. L’équation ainsi obtenue nous a permis de calculer la production de matière sèche et de représenter les différentes surfaces de réponse.
Les résultats obtenus en conditions réelles, au champ ont montré également que l’engrais apporté sur le feuillage est le mode de fertilisation le plus efficient. Ces résultats ont montré également que pour tous les traitements, la quantité d’azote exporté par la plante, suit une courbe unimodale avec un maximum situé au prélèvement III, effectué 34 jours après le semis. Par contre les quantités de P et les quantités de K exportés augmentent de façon continue, depuis le prélèvement I (26 jours après le semis) jusqu’à la récolte finale (97 jours après le semis). C’est (l’épi +tige) qui exporte la plus grande quantité (pratiquement le double). Un effet pompe dû au traitement foliaire a été également observé. Cet effet stimule l’absorption des éléments nutritifs par les racines et permet une meilleure valorisation des réserves du sol.
En plus le désherbage de post émergence associé à l’engrais a montré une plus grande efficacité à l’égard de la flore adventice présente, en comparaison à l’application de l’herbicide seul ou associé à l’engrais appliqué au sol.
Le dosage des deux molécules herbicides en HPLC a montré que les teneurs des 2 molécules dans la plante et dans le sol sont inférieures à la limite de détermination.
(les limites de détection et de détermination ont été estimées respectivement à de valeurs de 0,02 et de 0,05 mg/kg de sol). Les coefficients de corrélation des droites d’étalonnage obtenues, sont supérieurs à 0,99 et le pourcentage de recouvrement se situe entre 84 et 104% (intervalle de confiance est de plus ou moins 18%).
Les isothermes d’adsorption obtenues dans le cas du 2,4-D sont respectivement de type L avec Kf = 0,9 et n inférieur (sol A) et de type C, avec Kf = 0,8 et n voisin de 1 (sol B). Ces résultas montrent qu’en présence d’un pH (alcalin), la molécule entant qu’acide faible est dissociée. Cette forme est peu retenue par les colloïdes du sol ce qui favorise son transfert ainsi que sa dégradation.
La normalisation, du coefficient de distribution Kd, à la teneur en matière organique et à la teneur en carbone organique montre que pour des horizons de 0-30, 30 – 60 et 60 -120 cm, les valeurs de KOM et KOC dans le sol A, restent pratiquement identiques dans les 3 horizons. Par contre dans le sol B ces coefficients sont plus faibles dans l’horizon supérieur (0-30 cm).
Par contre les isothermes d’adsorption de la carfentrazone ont mis en évidence l’absence de celle-ci et par conséquent la conversion de molécule en ses métabolites.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished