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1
Kalinda, Henrietta Kasonde Chilumbu. "The uniform pricing policy : a critical evaluation with special reference to the maize subsector in Zambia, 1975-90." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295135.
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Ngoma, Justine. "Effect on Climate Change on Maize Production in Zambia." Thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-16058.
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Maize is one of the crops that is grown by most farmers in Zambia being the staple food for the majority of Zambians. However, despite the crop being so important, its production is dependent on climatic conditions. This means that any change in climate can affect the production either negatively or positively. This research therefore, focused on determining how the change in temperature and rainfall affect maize production on the Copper belt, Eastern, Lusaka and Southern provinces of Zambia and investigate the main adaptation measures implemented by both the government and non-governmental sectors. Also, assess through the review of National Agricultural Policy and action plans, how the government has documented issues of climate change. In order to obtain the needed data, interviews were conducted with different officials from both the government and non-governmental sectors. However, from the estimate of the impact of temperature and rainfall on maize production, the results did not show with any significance that either temperature or rainfall has effect on maize production. In fact, it was found that quantifying the effects of climate change on maize production is not easy due to difficulties in quantifying other factors that may also have large impact on maize production. It was therefore, not possible to conclude whether or to what extent climate change has effects on maize production. However from the interviews conducted, it was found that both the government and non-governmental sectors have introduced different activities in their programmes to ensure that farmers are food secure, though the ministry of agriculture has no policy document on how to handle the problem of climate change to address different issues of the sector. In fact, most offices in the ministry do not have much documented information on climate change which could also be seen from the review of National Agricultural Policy and action plans where climate change issue has not been emphasized. Though both the Government and non-governmental sectors have implemented some adaptation measures, it cannot easily be concluded whether the implemented measures are adequate or not due to the fact that we are not sure of the expected effects in different parts of the country. Nevertheless, to enhance food security with or without adverse effects of climate change on maize production, it was recommended that members of staff at all levels under MACO should be trained in the area of climate change for them to have a wider understanding of the issue and work responsively and that much research should be done to open up the mind of the people and help policy makers make effective plans.
3
Siame, John Andrew. "Nitrogen response of maize and maize-bean intercropping systems on acidic Oxisols in northern Zambia." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296908.
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Muyatwa, Virginia Pumulomo. "The liberalization and integration of regional maize markets in Zambia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0025/NQ51660.pdf.
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Makeche, Sombo. "Analysing trader behaviour in the maize marketing system in Zambia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60829.
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traders are perceived to extract monopoly rents from farmers by offering very low prices. However, little attempt has been made to understand the behaviour of private traders and the factors that influence their behaviour. This study, therefore, examines the behaviour of private traders and determines the factors influencing their behaviour by means of the Chi-squared test. It further identifies the characteristics of smallholder farmers and private traders transacting with each other and examines the pricing, grading and weighting systems used by private traders, as well as the relationship that exists between farmers and private traders. Understanding private trader behaviour, factors influencing this behaviour, and the relationship between farmers and these private traders are important questions and have great implications for policy.
Primary data was used in this study which involved interviews and direct observations with both private traders and smallholder farmers. The sample sizes for private traders and smallholder farmers were 50 and 200, respectively. The data was collected in the Kalomo District of Zambia between June and August, 2015. Only those farmers that transact with private traders or use assembly traders as the marketing channel were included in this study. The data collected was analysed using gross marketing margin, the Chi-squared test and descriptive statistics. The measure of the extent of opportunistic behaviour was also used to achieve the study objectives.
The findings show that the mean price paid by private traders was ZMW 0.989 (USD 0.13) per kg and private traders were the ones who determine the prices and grades of maize. The private traders also weigh the maize and the smallholder farmers have little control on the final weight of the maize, as they do not participate in the weighing. This indicates that the private traders have power in the determination of the weight of maize. The majority of the private traders were found to behave opportunistically, accounting for 58 % of the surveyed traders. Experience and education level of the private traders were found to influence their behaviour. Given the importance of the above factors in influencing private trader behaviour, particularly experience and education, the results suggest that monitoring of the maize trading could potentially significantly reduce opportunistic behaviour among these less-experienced and less-educated traders. Lastly, the study reveals that 68.5 % of the smallholder farmers did not trust the private traders, whereas 46 % of the private traders did trust the farmers. The findings of this study indicate great potential for public sector investments in organisations that ensure standard weights (such as the Zambia Weights and Measures Agency 'ZWMA') and grades for maize. The ZWMA is the Zambian organisation responsible for enforcing weight institutions. An agency enforcing grading institutions for the smallholder maize farmers, however, does not exist in Zambia. Investment in such organisations would increase the levels of trust between farmers and traders, as neither would be suspicious of the weight or grade obtained, and possible opportunistic behaviour would be reduced.
The suggestions and recommendations given by this study should help reduce the possibilities for opportunistic behaviour and exploitation of smallholder farmers. Because this study is in line with Zambia's poverty reduction plan to reduce poverty levels through increased agricultural production and improved maize trading among smallholder farmers, the recommendations given will help improve maize trading and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. This is because they will be able to sell their maize at higher prices owing to reduced opportunistic behaviour of private traders, thus realising profits. The development of a grading system will lead to a better trading environment for both smallholder farmers and private traders, as both parties will be certain of the maize quality. In conclusion, a trading environment where organisations and institutions are in place, monitored and enforced to ensure reliable grading and weighing systems will help improve maize trading by smallholder farmers and private traders in Zambia. The improved maize trading will be the result of reduced opportunistic behaviour. This will ultimately increase the welfare of smallholder farmers and improve their livelihoods, which will contribute towards the reduction of the poverty levels in Zambia.Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
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Magorokosho, Cosmos. "Genetic diversity and performance of maize varieties from Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4669.
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Large scale and planned introduction of maize (Zea mays) in southern Africa was
accomplished during the last 100 years. Since then, smallholder farmers and breeders
have been selecting varieties best adapted to their specific growing conditions. Six
studies were conducted to generate information on the current levels of genetic diversity
and agronomic performance of both farmer-developed and commercially-bred maize
varieties in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi to help in the identification of sources of new
alleles for improving yield, especially under the main abiotic stresses that prevail in the
region. In the first study, 267 maize landraces were collected from smallholder farmers in
different agro-ecological zones of the three countries for conservation and further studies.
Passport data and information on why smallholder farmers continue to grow landraces
despite the advent of modern varieties were also collected along with the landraces. The
second study revealed considerable variation for phenological, morphological and
agronomic characters, and inter-relationships among the landraces and their commercial
counterparts. A core sample representing most of the diversity in the whole collection of
landraces was selected for further detailed analyses. The third study revealed high levels
of molecular diversity between landraces originating from different growing
environments and between landraces and commercially-bred varieties. The Simple
Sequence Repeat (SSR) data also showed that the genetic diversity introduced from the
original gene pool from the USA about 100 years ago is still found in both the descendant
landraces and commercially-bred varieties. The fourth study showed that in general,
commercially-bred varieties outyielded landraces under both abiotic stress and nonstress
conditions with some notable exceptions. Landraces were more stable across
environments than improved varieties. The most promising landraces for pre-breeding
and further investigation were also identified. The clustering patterns formed based on agronomic data were different from SSR markers, but in general the genotype groupings
were consistent across the two methods of measuring diversity. In the fifth study, the
more recently-bred maize varieties in Zimbabwe showed consistent improvement over
older cultivars in grain yield. The apparent yearly rate of yield increase due to genetic
improvement was positive under optimum growing conditions, low soil nitrogen levels
and drought stress. The sixth study revealed that in general, genetic diversity in
Zimbabwean maize has neither significantly decreased nor increased over time, and that
the temporal changes observed in this study were more qualitative than quantitative.
The results from the six studies confirm the origin of maize in southern Africa and
reveals that considerable genetic variation exists in the region which could be used to
broaden the sources of diversity for maize improvement under the current agro-ecological
conditions in southern Africa.
7
Johnson, Hazel Eileen. "Reproduction, exchange relations and food insecurity : maize production and maize markets in Honduras." Thesis, Open University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295260.
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Obinna-Echem, Patience Chisa. "Development of a Nigerian fermented maize food 'Akamu' as a functional food." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2983.
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Akamu is a lactic acid bacteria fermented cereal-based food that complements infant diets in most African countries. Uncontrolled fermentation increases the variability in quality and safety of akamu. This study was aimed at the controlled fermentation of akamu with selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB), investigation of the probiotic potential of the LAB and the effect of variation in production method on the product quality and sensory properties. PCR-DGGE analysis of traditional akamu samples revealed LAB community dominated by Lactobacillus fermentum, L. plantarum, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and L. helveticus. Isolated yeasts were Candida tropicalis, C. albicans, Clavispora lusitaniae and Saccharomyces paradoxus. The isolated Lactobacillus plantarum strains (NGL5 and NGL7) fermented irradiated ground maize slurries and produced significant levels of lactic acid (>73 mmol L-1) and low pH ≤3.63 displaying inhibitory activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis NCTC 5188, Escherichia coli 1077 (NCTC 11560), Bacillus cereus NCIMB 11925, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 3750 and Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 7973 in MRS agar and E. coli 1077 in maize slurry fermentation. Viability of both strains of L. plantarum at pH 2 after 3 h was reduced from ≥8.26±0.05 to ≤4.94±0.49 Log10 CFU mL-1 while incubation in 0.3% bile allowed growth to 5.73±0.13 and 7.93±0.12 Log10 CFU mL-1 after 6 h for NGL5 and NGL7 respectively. Auto-aggregation of the L. plantarum strains at 37oC (≥25 after 5 h) correlated with adhesion to hydrocarbons (<15, 26, 33 and 64% for Hexane, Hexadecane, Ethyl acetate and Chloroform respectively). The strains failed to exhibit gelatinase or haemolytic activity but adhered to porcine mucin (OD403 nm ≥0.63 with viability ≥6.52 Log10 CFU mL-1) and Caco-2 cells (≥5.13 Log10 CFU mL-1). The ash, mineral (Ca, K, Mg, Na, S and Zn), IDF, SDFP and TDF content of the L. plantarum fermented ground maize slurries were significantly (p≤0.05) higher than that of the traditional akamu but the peak and final viscosities (139.5 and 68.5 cP respectively) were significantly (p≤0.05) the least. The aroma, appearance, colour, flavour and texture of the resultant porridges were liked moderately by 75% of the assessors. This study demonstrated that fermentation with the L. plantarum strains would contribute towards product safety and the L. plantarum strains possessed some probiotic potential that could be beneficial to the consumers particularly in those developing countries were the main staple foods are fermented cereals.
9
Leal, Diaz Ana Maria. "Food quality and properties of quality protein maize." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/171.
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Quality protein maize (QPM), high protein corn (HPC) and food grade maize (FGM) were processed into tortillas and direct expanded extruded snacks. QPM had similar test weight, density and kernel size with 45% more lysine and 38% more tryptophan compared to FGM. HPC had the largest kernel with density and test weight similar to FGM. During alkaline cooking, HPC absorbed water faster than QPM and FGM. White QPM required shorter cooking time and had less dry matter losses compared to FGM. All corn varieties had excellent pericarp removal at the optimum cooking time. Tortillas from QPM had better pliability and rollability after storage compared to FGM and HPC. HPC tortillas had lower rupture force after storage. The use of QPM for tortilla production may reduce energy and sewage cost, and could produce a tortilla with longer shelf stability with improved nutritional value. Decorticated and non-decorticated QPM, FGM and HPC grain were processed into corn meal and direct expanded snacks. A modified short scale dry milling system was used to produce the corn meal. QPM produced more coarse meal with greater fat content compared to FGM. Decortication decreased fiber content and coarse meal yield. Non-decorticated meal had greater protein, fiber and fat content compared to decorticated meal. The modified short flow milling system provides reduced lost fractions for extrusion into nutritionally improved products. Extrusion was performed in a low cost friction extruder. QPM extruded faster than FGM and HPC. FGM required greater specific mechanical energy than QPM. Extrudates from FGM were the most expanded followed by QPM and HPC. Extrudates from the three corn varieties were acceptable to the panelists and decortication did not affect acceptability. The improved nutritional value of QPM, was retained during dry milling and extrusion. Current QPM varieties can be processed into tortillas with longer shelf stability and meal for extrusion into a wide variety of snacks and other foods. These may have application in specialty health foods and in developing countries where maize is a staple food.
10
Meenune, Mutita. "Retention and release of flavour glycosides in extruded maize." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311766.
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Van, der Merwe Belinda. "Maize porridge starch digestibility." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23282.
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Chibuye, Miniva. "The impact of rising food prices on household welfare in Zambia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/56908/.
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Given the global food price spike experienced in 2007/8, the core question of this research is, ‘what was the impact of the rising food prices on household welfare in Zambia'? Taking an empirical approach and using micro-economic methods, four welfare outcomes are assessed: consumption, equality of income distribution, poverty and nutrition. The 2006 and 2010 cross-section household surveys - Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys (LCMS) - are primarily used to answer the question. The thesis first assesses the changes in consumption patterns across time, geographical locations and quintiles. The short-term distribution of income from the rise in prices is then analysed using non-parametric methods to show the likely winners and losers from the price spike and the subsequent impact on poverty. These results are supplemented by a supply response as an attempt to understand longer-term poverty effects. The final empirical exercise focuses on nutrition outcomes. The thesis confirms the hypothesis that on average, urban households may suffer a welfare loss but rural households may gain. In the case of maize grain, the results suggest that the highest gain may accrue to rural households clustered around the poverty line. Furthermore, the findings suggest that, while overall poverty may increase in the short-run, the long-run impacts of rising food prices (once supply response are accounted for) may lead to a marginal decline in poverty. Finally, we observe that the slight increase in income, from selling maize, among some rural households may not necessarily lead to an improvement in nutrition outcomes. In particular, while rural households exhibit a small net rise in income from an increase in maize prices, the impact on stunting levels among children below five years appears to be regressive in both urban and rural areas. The overall results of this research strengthen the case for contextual impact analysis of covariate shocks and also highlight the policy challenges arising from such conflicting results.
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Mulenga, Peter Chikombo. "Effects of applied micronutrients and liming on grain yield and plant composition on three ferralsols on North-Western Zambia." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301213.
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Review of the literature suggested possible deficiencies of micronutrients in soils of North Western Zambia. Soil analysis, pot and field experiments were employed to investigate possible deficiencies. The pot experiments investigated how raising soil pH through liming influenced extractable micronutrients and their uptake by plants. Plant Mo and Ca were positively correlated with soil pH, while Mn and Zn were inversely correlated, aggravating the zinc inadequacy on all soils and that for Mn on arenosols. Effects of liming on plant uptakes of micronutrients generally followed the same trends as those on soil extraction. Incubating the soil under grass house conditions was found to influence amounts of extractable micronutrients, increasing most times above their levels before the soil was incubated. Field experiments generally showed that applying micronutrients were beneficial to crop yield only at some sites. Grain yield variables responded variously and were most significantly correlated with overall grain yield. Soil analysis usefully predicted deficiencies of Zn for both maize and soybean. However, predictions for B and Mo were ideal for soybean than maize. Cu also seemed to have been wrongly predicted for soybean. However, plant nutrient concentration was better at predicting nutrient status in relation to grain yield, but the lower limits of the suggested optimal concentration ranges may need to be worked out again. Soybean was found to have more micronutrient latent deficiencies at majority of the sites than maize. One of the characteristics of applied micronutrients was their beneficial residual effects of crop yield. The residual benefit was also noticed on maize when the fertilisers were directly applied to soybeans a season before, suggesting a possibility of crop rotation, thus spreading the costs. Results would suggest changing the current fertiliser recommendations in the region.
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Njobvu, Idah. "Impacts of Maize Policy Changes on Small Scale Farmers' Vulnerability to Exploitation in Nyimba District, Zambia." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Geografisk institutt, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-17030.
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Taking cognisance of the fact that SSFs the major producers of maize in Zambia were most affected by the 1991 agricultural policy reforms, from 2005 onward, the state became very active in the maize market and production systems in order to mitigate their problems. The main objective of this study is to investigate to what extent the maize policy changes have contributed to the SSFs’ vulnerability to exploitation. This information will be of use in the policy formulation process to ensure that the formulation of policies take a holistic approach to mitigation of the SSFs’ vulnerabilities. The study draws from political economy, peasant rationality and risk aversion theories to explain the phenomenon under study. Qualitative research methodology was used to collect and analyse both the secondary and the primary data. The study indicates that the prevailing dual system where the state marketing system exists side by side with the private sector has resulted in forms of exploitation which can broadly be classified as petty and structural forms of exploitation. Several factors could be said to exacerbate SSFs’ vulnerability to exploitation such as FRA’s delay in opening its marketing season; delays in paying the SSFs’ for their maize by government/FRA; lack of monitoring of the FRA buying agents’ activities; SSFs’ passivity, and incomplete information.
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Börjeson, Natasja. "Coffee is money, maize is food : Discussing agricultural specialization in Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1080.
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This paper deals with the economic development of Tanzania and especially with the development of the smallholders. My aim is to study whether the Structural Adjustment Programmes have helped to facilitate growth in the agricultural and export-sector and if the reforms implemented through the programmes have made agricultural specialization easier and improved the economic situation for the smallholders.
In this paper, I will discuss that there might be significant limitations in the favours received due to SAP and that the Structural Adjustment Programmes because of this may not be the model for agricultural development as it is claimed by the initiators; the World Bank and the IMF. On the contrary, I present the idea that SAP can be said to have failed in its undertaking and that the reforms might not be suitable for the smallholder sector. I will in the paper argue that SAP has not facilitated an agricultural specialization and that this has much to do with the increase of production costs that the smallholders have been faced with after the reforms. And because of this it could be argued that the Structural Adjustment Programmes might not be an appropriate development strategy for Tanzania, if the country is to achieve growth through specialization. Consequently, there might be reason to believe that the reforms not are overall suitable for the Tanzanian development, considering that a growth within the agricultural smallholder sector is crucial for Tanzania to achieve a long term economic growth.
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Zurbrügg, Corinne. "Degradation patterns of transgenetic Bt maize in soil and food webs /." Bern : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Abubakar, Hafiz. "Gelatinization behaviour of Nigerian sorghum starch : a comparative study with wheat and maize starches." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317318.
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Das, Biswanath. "Epidemiology and management of cercospora zeae-maydis, casual pathogen of gray leaf spot of maize, in Zambia." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498197.
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Mukuni, Fidelia. "Risk Cultures, Beef Traceability, and Food Safety in the United States and Zambia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103885.
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Understanding ways of improving the safety of food is an important area of research. In this project, I explore the history of the food safety systems in the United States and the Republic of Zambia. Focusing on the traceability of meat (as a form of risk management), I reveal the factors shaping each of these systems, with an eye towards their similarities and differences. I argue that food safety systems come to look different due to how these regulatory systems differently define risk, some of which traceability has brought to light. In both countries, what influences risk cultures is trust in institutions, political leaders and in science and technology. For the Zambian public, trust is in local political leaders, in individuals and in brands. For the US public, trust is in information and knowledge of producers, which is found on labels. While the Zambian public generally trusts institutions, the US public, due to its history of institutional failures, does not.Master of Science
Tracing where food comes from can be an important aspect of our food system. In this project, I show why food safety systems in the United States and Zambia look the way they that they do today. I do this by specifically focusing on how the two nations trace beef throughout the food supply chain. I show the different factors that have led to the food systems to look the way they do. My argument is that in the US and Zambia, there are non-scientific reasons why these food systems to look the way that they do today and why these countries address risk differently.
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Rugube, Lovemore M. "Logistics for food security in Zimbabwe, an economic analysis for maize availability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23657.pdf.
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Carvalho, Carlos W. Piler. "Effect of sugar on the extrusion of maize and wheat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391651.
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O'Kennedy, Kim. "Characterisation of zein from South African maize of varying endosperm texture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6784.
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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Maize is an important crop for both human and animal consumption. Maize kernel texture (kernel hardness) is an important quality trait for many sectors in the South African maize industry, where a harder texture is desired. Both total protein content and the main storage proteins, zein, have been associated with kernel texture. The zein profiles of South African white maize hybrids, from a breeding program, grown at three localities together with their respective inbred parent lines were evaluated to determine the difference in zein expression. For only the hybrids, total protein content, zein content and degree of hardness (kernel texture) was determined to establish possible relationships. Zein consists of four main classes, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-zein, which can further be divided into sub-classes. Zein was characterised using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-offlight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) after optimisation of the zein extraction and matrix preparation procedures. Two matrices [2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) and α- cyano-4-hydroxy-cinammic acid (CHCA)] and three pH levels (<1.5, 1.7 and 2.9) for matrix solutions were investigated. Two solvent concentrations (50% and 70% acetonitrile (ACN) were also investigated. Parallel to this investigation, a zein extraction procedure was optimised. Zein was extracted from non-defatted (NDF) and defatted (DF) maize meal at ambient temperature and 60°C and meal with different particle size distributions. Particle size of maize meal did not influence the quality of spectra. Regardless of matrix conditions used, zein extracted at 60°C from NDF meal produced spectra with a low signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. When only HABA was included (pH<1.5), not all γ-zein sub-classes were observed. This was also true for zein extracted at ambient temperature from NDF and DF meal. Good S/N ratios for all zein classes were obtained when zein was extracted from NDF meal at ambient temperature using a matrix solution containing both matrices in 70% ACN at pH 2.9. MALDI-TOF MS provided accurate detection and good profile resolution for zein characterisation. Spectral profiles of hybrids were a combination of their respective inbred parent lines. Zein proteins were quantified using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Total protein content was determined and kernel texture assessed using a particle size (PSI) method. Significant (P<0.01) differences were observed for total protein content and degree of hardness between certain hybrids as well as average values for localities. Correlations and principal component analysis indicated that hybrids with a higher protein and total zein content had a harder kernel texture. The β- and γ-zein contents also correlated positively with kernel hardness. However, when expressed as percentage of total zein the opposite was observed. Collectively the α-zeins and most individual α-zeins correlated positively with hardness. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed differences between the floury endosperm of harder and softer maize kernels; illustrating starch types (amylose and amylopectin) should also be analysed in future hardness studies. The correlations obtained were not strong (r<0.6) and the variation explained by first two principal components was low. Other maize constituents, more hardness measurements should be considered in future studies to improve this.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Mielies is a belangrike gewas vir beide mens- en dierlike inname. Mieliepittekstuur (pithardheid) is ‘n belangrike kwaliteitseienskap vir baie sektore in die Suid Afrikaanse mielieindustrie, waar ‘n harder tekstuur verlang word. Beide totale proteïeninhoud en die hoof opbergingsproteïen, zein, is al geassosieer met pittekstuur. Die zein profiele van Suid- Afrikaanse witmielie basters, van ‘n teel program, wat by drie lokaliteite verbou is sowel as hul onderskeie ingeteelde ouerlyne is geevalueer om verskille in zein uitdrukking te bepaal. Die totale proteïeninhoud, zeininhoud en graad van hardheid is bepaal om verhoudings vas te stel. Zein bestaan uit vier hoof klasse, α-, β-, γ-, en δ-zein, wat verder onderverdeel word in subklasse. Zein is gekarakteriseer met matriks-ondersteunende laser desorpsie ionisasie tyd-vanvlug massa spektrometrie (MBLDI-TVV MS) na die zein ekstraksie en matriks voorbereidingprosedures geoptimaliseer is. Twee matrikse [2-(4-hydroksiephenylazo)benzoë suur (HABA) en α-cyano-4-hydroksie-kaneelsuur (CHCA)] en drie pH vlakke (<1.5, 1.7 and 2.9) vir matriksoplossings was ondersoek. Twee oplossingkonsentrasies [50% and 70% asetonitriel (ACN)] is ook ondersoek. Zein ekstraksie kondisies is ook geoptimiseer. Zein is geëkstraheer van nie-ontvette (NOV) en ontvette (OV) mieliemeel by omgewings temperatuur en 60°C. Die partikelgrootte van die mieliemeel het nie die kwaliteit van spektra beïnvloed nie. Ongeag watter matrikskondisies gebruik is het zein wat van NGV meel by 60°C ge-ekstraheer is, spektra met ‘n lae sein-tot-geraas (S/G) verhouding geproduseer. As die HABA alleenlik gebruik (by pH<1.5) is, is nie alle γ-zein klasse waargeneem nie. Dit was ook waar vir zein wat by omgewings temperatuur van NGV en OV mieliemeel ge-ekstraheer is. Goeie S/G verhoudings is waargeneem met zein, ge-ekstraheer van NGV mieliemeel by omringende temperatuur, met die bebruik van beide matrikse in 70% ACN by pH 2.9. (MBLDI-TVV MS) het akkurate en goeie resolusie van profiele vir zein karateriseering verksaf. Spektrale profiele van basters was ’n kombinasie van hul onderskeie ouer lyne. Zeinproteïene is met omgekeerde-fase hoë prestasie vloeistofchromatografie gekwantifiseer. Totale proteïeninhoud is bepaal en die hardheidsgraad was bepaal met ‘n partikelgroote indeks (PGI) metode. Beduidende verskille tussen proteïeninhoud en hardheidsgraad is waargeneem tussen sekere basters sowel as gemiddelde waardes by die verskeie lokalieteite. Korrelasies en hoofkomponent analise het aangedui dat basters met ‘n hoër proteïeninhoud en totale zein ‘n harder tekstuur gehad het. Die β- en γ-zeininhoud het ook positief gekorreleer met hardheid. Alhoewel, wanneer die proteïene as persentasie van totale zein uitgedruk is, is die teenoorgestelde waargeneem. Gesamentelik het α-zein asook die meeste indivduele α-zeins positief gekorreleer met hardheid. Skandeer elektron mikroskopie mikrograwe het verskille tussen die meelerige endosperm van harder en sagter pitte aangedui; meer proteïenliggame was aanwesig in die harder pitte en die stysel was digter gepak. Dus moet stysel tipes ook in ag geneem word in toekomstige hardheidsstudies. Korrelasies wat verkry is, was nie hoog (r<0.6) nie en die variasie verduidelik deur die eerste twee hoofkomponente was laag. Ander miielie samestellende dele as ook meer hardheidsmetings moet in toekomstige studies in ag geneem word om dit te verbeter.
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Kalinda, Thomson Haamutete. "Access to resources and food production among small-scale farm households in southern Zambia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24411.pdf.
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Phiri, Donald Mwelwa. "The effect of leguminous browse supplementation on maize husk utilization by goats indigenous to the eastern province of Zambia /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60531.
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Small maize livestock farmers in the Eastern Province of Zambia badly need forage high in protein to supplement the protein deficient pasture grass. Nutrient intake, especially for the small ruminants with small gastro-intestinal capacity compared to metabolizable energy requirement, will be near or below maintenance if these poor quality feeds are not supplemented. High quality supplements however, are beyond the reach of the small scale farmers. The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena as a mixture or separately on voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40 day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. In a separate experiment the effect of browse supplementation on maize husk utilization by goats was studied. The treatments were; maize husk plus urea; maize husk plus Leucaena leucocephala (3:2); maize husk plus Calliandra calothyrsus (3:2); and maize husk plus leucaena plus calliandra (3:1:1). The results of the study indicate that leucaena and calliandra are both potentially valuable feed components.
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Siri, Troili. "Local Implications of Higher Global Food Prices : A Study of Poverty and Possibilities in Zambia." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-13508.
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The purpose of this study is to examine how the global food price crisis 2007-2008 affected poor people in Zambia. The study is supposed to find out how the high world market prices of food were transmitted to Zambia and what impacts the high prices had on the poor people in rural and urban parts of Zambia. The theories that are used in the paper are Amartya Sen’s theory of food entitlement, Henry Bernstein’s writings of poverty and farming and a microeconomic theory of supply and demand. The method that is used is a literature study. The result of the study indicated that poverty increased and poor people suffered welfare losses in Zambia due to the high prices 2007-2008. This very much as a result of that a majority of the poor people are net consumers of food, although ca 70 % of the poor people works in the agricultural sector. Higher prices did not turn out to be an incitement and a possibility for the poor farmers to raise the production. The study shows that small-scale farmers first of all need help to handle other supply-side constraints such as lack of land, information, inputs and credits, before they can increase production according to economic laws.
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Chileshe, Mutale. "Economic shocks, poverty and household food insecurity in urban Zambia: an ethnographic account of Chingola." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13215.
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Includes bibliographical references.Research on poverty and food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa has tended to focus on rural households and urban areas known to have concentrations of low-income households. However, consequences and effects of the recent global economic crisis such as retrenchment coupled with increasing food and fuel prices have played a major role in generating many newly poor households. The economic crisis came at a time when most developing countries were still struggling with impoverishment mainly caused by Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP). SAPs laid bare the acute vulnerability of the urban dwellers to the slightest addition al shock such as economic shocks or high food prices. In view of these effects, this study was conducted in Chingola in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia to examine the impact of economic shocks on the food security of middle class households in urban areas. Focusing on one aspect of the economic shock (retrenchments), the thesis shows how once middle class households in Chingola perceived, experienced and grappled with retrenchment in the context of increasing urban poverty and high food prices. The central thesis is that due to the rising pattern of urban risk, it is not only the rural or structural urban poor that are vulnerable to food insecurity but middle class urban households too. The study employed a mixed-method approach, which took place in two main sequential data collection phases - the quantitative component served as a basis for the sampling of cases for the qualitative component. The findings revealed that food security of the retrenched households was compromised by the economic crisis with approximately 7.4 % food secure, 4.2% mildly food insecure, 19 .1 % moderately food insecure and 69 .3 % severely food insecure. A compounding factor was that there were insufficient social protection services by government and NGOs to assist households to increase resilience to food insecurity. To survive, households employed close to thirty different strategies and tactics such as letting their houses, limiting their consumption and engaging in lucrative but unlawful activities - illegal mining, prostitution and theft. In light of these findings, the study makes a contribution to urban development and specifically to the emerging field of urban food security as it departs from the more traditional focus on the ‘old poor’ by giving specific attention to previously middle income households’ food security in the context of widespread economic shocks within the formal economy. Furthermore, it contributes to the debate on retrenchment literature by providing new information, for example, on how urban dwellers deal with shocks and the mechanisms used to help them survive in a globalised environment. Lastly, the study contributes to literature on the livelihoods of Copperbelt residents as very few scholars have explored the lives of the residents since the implementation of SAPs and the subsequent economic decline in the area.
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Nyotu, Herman G. (Herman Gitau). "Effect of soybean supplementation on the nutritive value of a maize-based Kenyan food." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65340.
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Abrahams, Caryn N. "Zambia's food system : multiple sites of power and intersecting governances." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5656.
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This thesis contributes to research on agrifood systems in Africa. The research agenda is especially relevant in the context of revived developmental interest in agrifood sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa. Existing scholarship has tended to focus on economic restructuring and the way supermarkets and agribusiness firms increasingly transform African food economies. This thesis is an empirically grounded research endeavour that presents insights about key dynamics in the domestic food system in urban Sub-Saharan Africa, as seen through the case of Lusaka, Zambia. It also challenges existing scholarship by looking at transformations in domestic political economy contexts in Africa that promote the development of agrifood systems. The thesis is concerned with (1) what shapes Lusaka’s urban food system or what the key influencing factors are; (2) the institutions that are critical to the functioning of the urban food system; and (3) whether agribusiness firms and retailers govern economic interaction in Zambia or whether these firms and their economic interaction are governed by other institutions, and/or determined by the domestic political economy context. The thesis considers the changes in Zambia’s food system which point to growth paths that are intentionally pursued to strengthen the domestic economy so that it meets domestic priorities. Unexpectedly, this is not the concern of the state alone, but also of agribusiness firms. Other fascinating contradictions also became apparent in the course of the fieldwork, which looked at large agribusiness in the poultry sector, the Zambian National Farmers’ Union (ZNFU), the South African supermarket, Shoprite, urban markets, market traders and small-scale farmers, between January and November 2007. For instance, contractual arrangements between small-scale farmers and agribusiness firms are common, but the supply chain almost always incorporates intermediary traders; urban markets are formalising at management levels; and the supermarket faces growing pressure by the state to source locally. The methods consisted of in-depth interviews with the ZNFU, firms, farmers, traders, managers of urban markets and supermarkets, and the Ministry of Trade and Commerce. In sum, the thesis argues that urban food systems in Africa can be seen as situated or located in a domestic political economy, influenced by domestic and regional processes, and that they are the result of intersecting forms of governance by different firms and non-firm institutions. In offering a detailed case study of localised food systems in Africa, these findings lend to a robust research agenda on food studies and economic growth in Africa, and are well-placed to contribute to work on food security.
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Miquitaio, Dizimalta. "Agronomic, Physiological, and Proteomic Characterization of Three Improved Varieties of Maize (Zea mays L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/101969.
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"Maize is the most important food crop in Mozambique. However, maize production is low and is cyclically impaired due to abiotic stresses such as recurrent droughts (particularly in the arid and semi-arid areas), soil infertility, floods, and cyclones events. Biotic stresses, such as pests and diseases, also affect food production. Altogether, these constraints lead to food insecurity and the need for humanitarian food aid from local and international communities. (...)"N/A
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Chabatama, Chewe Mebbiens. "Peasant farming, the state, and food security in the north-western province of Zambia, 1902--1964." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0005/NQ41122.pdf.
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Chileshe, Mutale. "Tuberculosis, HIV, food insecurity, and poverty in rural Zambia : an ethnographic account of the Southern province." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10192.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-184).The thesis is based on fieldwork conducted in Pemba/Batoka in the Southern part of Zambia between September 2006 and July 2007. The core approach of fieldwork was case studies of nine people (four women and five men) who were suffering from TB, and their households; and a comparative sample of seven households that did not have a TB patient. The participatory methods included time lines, seasonal calendars, observation and semi-structured interviews. The main aim of all methods was to find out how the nine TB patients experienced life in a wider social context, the problems they faced within their households in terms of food security and accessing both TB and HIV treatment.
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Zheng, Jinsen. "NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE-BASED SYSTEMS OF THE TANZANIAN HIGHLANDS: BALANCING FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/236626.
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付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラムKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21465号
農博第2308号
新制||農||1064(附属図書館)
学位論文||H31||N5160(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 間藤 徹, 教授 縄田 栄治
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Samuels, RC. "Application of hazard analysis (HACCP) in starch production by the wet milling of maize." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/819.
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Thesis (Masters Diploma (Food Technology))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1993This study is based on the Hazard Analysis in the Wet Milling of maize for the production of starch at the Bellville plant of African Products. Wet milling of maize is a highly specific and completely integrated system developed to separate the major components of the kernel as completely as possible. Many microbiological problems existed in the process at this plant which could not be solved over the years. Microbial analyses were done throughout the plant and high microbial counts were obtained at various sampling points. In applying HACCP, the following major hazards were identified: The presence of Faecal Streptococci, Sraphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Faecal coliforms, Fusarium, Dip/odia, Aspergillus, Penicillium and various Yeast strains. The follOWing Critical Control Points (CCP's) were identified in the wet milling process: Maize trucks, in-process water, steeping, storage tanks, Reineveld, wet mlxmg boxes, Laidlaw, drying and bagging off point. The follOWing were done as part of the HACCP plan: i) modifications of the plant were suggested, ii) different sanitation programmes were evaluated, iii) monitoring of cep's, and iv) training of personnel. In general, a regular sanitation programme need to be exercised in the wet-milling plant to prevent a build up of microbial populations at various sampling points. High S02 levels can be maintained throughout the plant to achieve this. The final starch will then be used for Industrial starch. Criteria to monitor the CCP's were suggested. Hazard Analysis is an effective method to improve the quality of the final product.
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Williams, Paul James. "Near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging for evaluation of whole maize kernels: chemometrics for exploration and classification." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1696.
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Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.The use of near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging and hyperspectral image analysis for distinguishing between whole maize kernels of varying degrees of hardness and fungal infected and non-infected kernels have been investigated. Near infrared hyperspectral images of whole maize kernels of varying degrees of hardness were acquired using a Spectral Dimensions MatrixNIR camera with a spectral range of 960-1662 nm as well as a sisuChema SWIR (short wave infrared) hyperspectral pushbroom imaging system with a spectral range of 1000-2498 nm. Exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) on absorbance images was used to remove background, bad pixels and shading. On the cleaned images, PCA could be used effectively to find histological classes including glassy (hard) and floury (soft) endosperm. PCA illustrated a distinct difference between floury and glassy endosperm along principal component (PC) three. Interpreting the PC loading line plots important absorbance peaks responsible for the variation were 1215, 1395 and 1450 nm, associated with starch and moisture for both MatrixNIR images (12 and 24 kernels). The loading line plots for the sisuChema (24 kernels) illustrated peaks of importance at the aforementioned wavelengths as well as 1695, 1900 and 1940 nm, also associated with starch and moisture. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied as a means to predict whether the different endosperm types observed, were glassy or floury. For the MatrixNIR image (12 kernels), the PLS-DA model exhibited a classification rate of up to 99% for the discrimination of both floury and glassy endosperm. The PLS-DA model for the second MatrixNIR image (24 kernels) yielded a classification rate of 82% for the discrimination of glassy and 73% for floury endosperm. The sisuChema image (24 kernels) yielded a classification rate of 95% for the discrimination of floury and 92% for glassy endosperm. The fungal infected and sound whole maize kernels were imaged using the same instruments. Background, bad pixels and shading were removed by applying PCA on absorbance images. On the cleaned images, PCA could be used effectively to find the infected regions, pedicle as well as non-infected regions. A distinct difference between infected and sound kernels was illustrated along PC1. Interpreting the PC loading line plots showed important absorbance peaks responsible for the variation and predominantly associated with starch and moisture: 1215, 1450, 1480, 1690, 1940 and 2136 nm for both MatrixNIR images (15 and 21 kernels). The MatrixNIR image (15 kernels) exhibited a PLS-DA classification rate of up to 96.1% for the discrimination of infected kernels and the sisuChema had a classification rate of 99% for the same region of interest. The The iv sisuChema image (21-kernels) had a classification rate for infected kernels of 97.6% without pre-processing, 97.7% with multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and 97.4% with standard normal variate (SNV). Near infrared hyperspectral imaging is a promising technique, capable of distinguishing between maize kernels of varying hardness and between fungal infected and sound kernels. While there are still limitations with hardware and software, these results provide the platform which would greatly assist with the determination of maize kernel hardness in breeding programmes without having to destroy the kernel. Further, NIR hyperspectral imaging could serve as an objective, rapid tool for identification of fungal infected kernels.
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Grewal, Navneet Kaur. "Structural changes induced in waxy maize starch and normal wheat starch by maltogenic amylases." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18145.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Yong Cheng Shi
Maltogenic amylases are widely being used as an antistaling agent in baking industry. However, their action on starch in granular, swelled and dispersed forms, important components formed during bread baking, is largely unknown. Actions of two maltogenic amylases- A and -B on waxy maize starch (WMS) (100% amylopectin) and normal wheat starch (NWS) (~25% amylose) were studied and compared. For any given starch type, starch form, and hydrolysis time, maltogenic amylase-B hydrolyzed both starches more than maltogenic amylase-A as seen through sugar profile analysis indicating its higher degree of multiple attack action (DMA). Their action on non reducing ends blocked compound, p nitrophenol maltoheptaoside, confirmed their endo action. Maltogenic amylase-B showed a higher endo to total enzyme activity ratio than maltogenic amylase-A at any given enzyme weight. Greater MW reduction of dispersed starches by maltogenic amylase-B indicates its higher level of inner chain attack (LICA). Interestingly, MW distributions profiles of swelled starch hydrolysates did not show significant differences irrespective of swelling temperatures. Both enzymes showed differences in oligosaccharides compositions in dispersed and swelled starches’ reaction mixtures with sugars of degree of polymerization (DP) > 2 being degraded to glucose and maltose during later stages. For granular starches, enzymes followed a random pattern of formation and degradation of sugars with DP >2. MW distributions of hydrolyzed granular starches did not show significant shift until at the end of 24h when a low MW peak was observed. Morphological study of granular starches showed that maltogenic amylase-A mainly caused pinholes on WMS while maltogenic amylase-B caused surface corrosion with fewer pinholes. For NWS, both enzymes degraded A granules with deep cavities formation during later stages. A decrease in crystallinity of granular starches means that enzymes were able to hydrolyze both amorphous and crystalline regions. These results indicate that maltogenic amylase-B with a high LICA and high DMA possesses a better starch binding domain which can decrease the starch MW without affecting bread resilience. Strucuture of maltogenic amylase-A modified amylopectin (AP) in relation to its retrogradation was also studied. AP retrogradation was completely inhibited at % DH ≥ 20. MW and chain length distributions of debranched residual AP indicated with increase in % DH, a high proportion of unit chains with DP ≤ 9 and low proportion of unit chains with DP ≥ 17 were formed. Higher proportion of short outer AP chains which cannot participate in double helices formation supports the decrease and eventually complete inhibition of retrogradation. Thus, maltogenic amylase-A can play a very powerful role in inhibiting starch retrogradation even at limited DH (%).
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Kalaba, Felix Kanungwe. "The role of indigenous fruit trees in rural livehoods : a case of the Mwekera area, Copperbeld province, Zambia /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/649.
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Swart, Jacobus Johannes. "The impact of the logistical process on food safety and quality for maize export in South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1235.
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To be submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGIAE:
In
Quality
In the Faculty of Engineering
AT THE CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012Over the last decades, due to the lack of safety concern and inadequate quality management in logistical process, it caused unsafe and poor quality of maize products. Thus, this study looks into the key factors that affect maize exports from South Africa in order to improve the logistical processes and reduce the risks involved in the process. The main risks associated with poor traceability and logistical chain management of maize export, as well as issues pertaining to non-conformance to the different food safety standards were explored. Data were collected a group of food business operators (FBO) (n1=127) and food business inspectors (n2=20) through a number of interviews and a self-administered questionnaire. Data were then analysed by using the SPSS-V19 programme to generate descriptive statistical results to determine the specific needs and gaps within the current system as well as providing recommendations on the specific food safety changes pertaining to the maize export industry. The results showed that there is a lack of understanding among role-players regarding FBO legislation. In the comparison of many large companies, there is only a few small role-players adhere to the legislation pertaining to food safety and traceability. This has impacted on the quality of maize products negatively. This strongly suggested that all role-players that handle maize for export must be registered for FBO codes with Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The study also recommended that the Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) should inspect and confirm the legitimacy of the FBO codes that appears on the maize export documentation. Keywords: Quality, food safety, food business operator, maize export, logistical processes, and traceability.
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Mwangana, Namulula. "Evaluating trade-offs between agricultural productivity and long-term ecosystem services provision among maize farmers practising conventional and conservation agriculture in Kafue Zambia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60844.
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Maize is a staple crop and underpins food security for Zambia. Maize productivity in Zambia is almost half the potential due to low uptake of conservation agricultural practices. This study tests the hypothesis of the trade-offs between agriculture productivity and long-term ecosystem services (ES) provision among maize farmers practising conventional agriculture on the one hand, and those practising conservation agriculture on the other hand, in Kafue district, Zambia. In addition, challenges which affect conservation agriculture uptake are assessed. Besides these challenges, the study notes that adoption of a new technology is also influenced by its efficiency, and therefore technical efficiency scores were estimated using the Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) to compare efficiency levels of the two agricultural systems. Kafue was purposefully selected as it is among the first districts where conservation agriculture was introduced. Through purposive and random sampling, the households surveyed were split into two distinct groups namely conservation agriculture (CA) farmers (treatment group) and conventional agriculture (CV) farmers (control group).
The analysis significantly shows that farmers practicing CA have more knowledge than CV farmers about the capacity of conservation agriculture to reduce soil erosion, increase soil fertility, retain nutrients, mitigate pests and weeds and increase crop yield. However, both farming groups knew that CA helps conserve soils and that soil maintenance is important for food production. On the other hand, significantly, CV farmers knew more than CA farmers that CV reduces crop yield and increases soil erosion. On the other hand, CV farmers expressed a higher level of willingness to adopt CA practices than CA farmers who are unwilling to expand their area under CA. The study further shows that at least 55% of farmers practicing CA find inadequate labour to be the main challenge faced in CA. It appears that a policy that improves the farmers' knowledge on CA would help improve the uptake of CA.
CA farmers were significantly more knowledgeable than CV farmers about the detrimental effects of CV, such as increasing air and water pollution, thus raising the need for training among CV farmers with emphasis on the effects of their farming system on the environment which affect the supply of ecosystem services.
Efficiency is also a means of improving productivity hence the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) was employed to estimate technical efficiency levels in maize production. Using SFA, the study found that the technical efficiency of maize among CV farmers is 71.3% on average while that of CA farmers is 57.9% on average. Moreover, the study found that there was a significant difference (t=3.9854, P=0.0002) in the technical efficiency scores of the both CV and CA farmers. Nevertheless, the study also found that 77% of output variation among CA farmers can be explained by variation in technical efficiency. However, 33.4 % of total maize output can be explained by variation in technical efficiency among CV farmers. This means that CA farmers have a higher potential to increase their current output than CV farmers.
Finally there was no significant difference in fertiliser usage between CA and CV farmers (t=1.3825, P=0.1700). Further, from SFA fertiliser responsiveness to maize output showed that a 1% increase in the use of synthetic fertiliser leads to 0.678% and 0% increase in maize output per hectare for CA and CV respectively at both 1% and 10% level of significance at the expense of water and air quality. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a higher trade-off between maize production and water and air quality under conventional than under conservation agriculture.Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
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Bloom, Rachel. "Feasibility of using zein in gluten-free baking." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19005.
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Master of ScienceFood Science Institute
Karen Schmidt
Flour is essential to bread production as it provides structure, texture, and flavor. The most common, wheat flour, is unique compared to other cereal flours as it forms gluten that is capable of forming viscoelastic dough, which retains gas produced during fermentation and helps create cohesive dough, all of which are critical to bread development. However, a certain percentage of the population has a rare autoimmune disorder, celiac disease, which is triggered by gluten. A gluten-free diet is the only remedy for celiac disease. Traditionally, in gluten-free breads, hydrocolloids, or gums have been used to mimic the behavior of gluten. However, the lack of a protein structure in breads made with hydrocolloids leads to an almost batter-like viscosity. Therefore, research has focused on gluten-free alternatives, particularly non-wheat cereal proteins that can be altered to mimic gluten’s dough forming properties. For example, zein has an average molecular weight and larger peptides than gluten, which contribute to its hydrophobic behavior. In fact, zein from maize flour is an ideal alternative as it can be manipulated to behave like gluten under certain conditions. The main difference between gluten and zein is that zein does not exhibit a large disulfide-linked polymer. Zein is also more hydrophobic than gluten. However, zein has been found to exhibit viscoelastic properties similar to gluten’s at temperatures higher than its glass transition. Other research has found the secondary structure of zein, in particular the β-sheet structure, increases at temperatures above its glass transition. This suggests that temperature and shear are not the only factors necessary to form and maintain the viscoelastic properties of zein; apparently, the β-sheet structures also affect viscoelasticity. Finally, differences such as maize variety and particle size also affect the properties of zein in bakery applications.
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Huchzermeyer, Carl Friedrich. "Fish and fisheries of Bangweulu wetlands, Zambia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003927.
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Bangweulu Wetlands is a 6000 km² public-private-partnership conservation area in northeastern Zambia, lying on the south-eastern margins of the Bangweulu Swamps, Congo River system. The area is important for wildlife conservation, tourism and as a fishing ground for the local inhabitants. This study provides a baseline of the fish and fisheries of this area. The conservation area is situated on the transition zone between woodland, floodplain and swamp. A total of 42 fish species representing 12 taxonomic families were collected. The fish fauna of the area was characterised by a diversity of small cyprinids (14 species), cichlids (9 species), clariid catfishes (4 species) and mormyrids (4 species). Species such as Clarias gariepinus, C. ngamensis, Marcusenius macrolepidotus, Tilapia rendali, T. sparrmanii and several small Barbus species were shared with adjacent floodplain systems such as the upper Zambezi and Kafue rivers. Fishing was undertaken by fishing groups consisting of a fisherman and his family, or a group of men fishing together. Access to the fishing grounds was controlled by traditional fishing leaders, who collected tribute from fishermen. Fishing groups utilised fixed, distinct fishing areas determined by ancestry. The most important time for fishing was during the drawdown phase of the floodplains, from March until June. During the dry season fewer groups were engaged in fishing, with many having returned to farming activities. The main fishing methods of the floodplain fishery were basket traps and mosquito-mesh funnel nets set into earth fish barriers (fish weirs) constructed on the plains, various mesh sizes of gillnets, hook longlines and seine nets. The use of fish spears, drag baskets and piscicides was of lesser importance. Most fishing gears were constructed of a variety of natural and modern, manufactured materials. The fishery was multi-species and 23 fish species were recorded from in catch. The three most important species in the catches were C. gariepinus, T. rendalli and M. macrolepidotus. Together these contributed 67% by weight to the catch. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) for the different gears was 0.4 ± 0.3 kg.trap.night⁻¹ for basket traps, 2.7 ± 4.6 kg.net.night⁻¹ for funnel nets, 0.3 ± 0.5 kg.50 m net.night⁻¹ for gill nets, 3.5 ± 6.3 kg.100 hooks.night⁻¹ for longlines, 1.79 ± 1.11 kg.haul⁻¹ for mosquito-mesh seine nets and 6.87 ± 6.27 kg.haul⁻¹ for larger-mesh seine nets. The weight of average daily landings of fishing groups, using a variety of gears was 7.8 ± 7.4 kg. Fishermen were able to maintain the same catch rate between dry and wet seasons, with no significant differences (p < 0.05) in daily landings between seasons. Yield per fisherman for a seven month season, which required 2-3 relocations due to falling water level, was 1.64 t based on catch assessment, and 1.9 t from a socio-economic survey. A tentative yield per area estimate for the area was 2I7 kg.ha⁻¹ over the three month shallow-floodplain fishing season. Most fish landed in the fishery were processed into sundried or smoke-dried products. These were used for 1) home consumption, 2) trade with village farmers (from up to 70 km inland of the fishing grounds) in exchange for staple starch meal, and 3) sold to urban fish traders, reaching markets as distant as Lubumbashi in Democratic Republic of Congo. Fish traders toured fishing camps to buy fish, supporting auxiliary industries such as transport and accommodation services. The price for dried fish at source was 3.14 ± 1.34 USDlkg and the market price reported for the Zambian Copperbelt was 6.14 ± 2.54 USD/kg. Typical returns on investment in fish trading were estimated as 68-77%. The fishery was considered to be biologically and socially sustainable. By harvesting a seasonally transient assemblage of species with high productivity and biological turnover rates and with life histories adapted to high mortality, fishermen were able to maintain a stable and viable livelihood. Management recommendations for the area were that a fisheries management plan be developed that would seek to strengthen the traditional system of rights-allocation, address problems between fishing and tourism activities, and enhance communication between fisheries and conservation stakeholders. To do this it was recommended that: 1) conservation authorities recognise the importance of the fishery, 2) no changes to current effort levels and fishing methods were necessary, 3) points 1 and 2 above be used to improve communication and trust between conservation authorities and fishermen, 4) customary resource-access mechanisms be understood and strengthened so that local inhabitants' rights to the resource are protected, 5) fishermen help formulate and accept conservation and tourism rules, 6) tourists and guides be made aware of the function of the fishery, 7) a fisheries management forum of key community, government and conservation stakeholders be formed to shape and implement the fisheries management plan, 8) locally-adapted bylaws be created to legitimise crucial floodplain gears currently considered illegal (e.g. mosquito-net gears, fish weirs), 9) no intervention to formalise fish trading be made, and 10) a trained person with a fisheries background be hired oversee the implementation of the recommendations.
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Díaz, Gómez Joana. "High-carotenoid maize as feed and food component: mycotoxin contamination, thermal processing, bioavailability and poultry meat production." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405891.
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El panís HC (de l'anglès high-carotenoid) va ser modificat genèticament per acumular alts nivells de carotenoides, utilitzant com a base un panís blanc sud-africà (M37W). Durant tres collites consecutives (2013, 2014 i 2015), es van cultivar el panís HC i la seva línia isogènica (M37W) en un camp experimental a Lleida (Catalunya, nord-est d'Espanya). Fusarium spp. va infectar la majoria de grans de panís d'ambdós tipus, el que va originar que es donés contaminació per fumonisines en les dues varietats de panís en tots els anys d'estudi, tot i que la proporció de grans contaminats va ser substancialment més gran en el panís M37W. El panís collit cada any també va servir com a matèria primera per elaborar pinsos a base de panís i productes derivats del panís. Els pollastres alimentats amb la dieta HC van tenir paràmetres de productivitat i salut similars als pollastres alimentats amb les dietes M37W i comercial (amb pigments), i també van desenvolupar una pigmentació similar als pollastres alimentats amb la dieta comercial (amb pigments). Els carotenoides provitamina A del panís HC van ser biodisponibles, almenys en la mateixa mesura que en els additius sintètics i naturals, i van contribuir als nivells de retinol hepàtic en pollastres. La carn obtinguda a partir de pollastres alimentats amb la dieta HC va tenir una bona qualitat i vida útil sensorial, així com una pigmentació groga-ataronjada de llarga durada. Finalment, els purés elaborats amb panís HC han demostrat no només conservar el contingut inicial de carotenoides, sinó també augmentar-lo a causa de l'extracció de carotenoides de la matriu alimentària.El maíz HC (del inglés high-carotenoid) fue modificado genéticamente para acumular altos niveles de carotenoides, utilizando como base un maíz blanco sudafricano (M37W). Durante tres cosechas consecutivas (2013, 2014 y 2015), se cultivó el maíz HC y su línea isogénica (M37W) en un campo experimental en Lleida (Cataluña, noreste de España). Fusarium spp. infectó la mayoría de granos de maíz de ambos tipos, lo que originó que se diera contaminación por fumonisinas en ambas variedades de maíz en todos los años de estudio, aunque la proporción de granos contaminados fue sustancialmente mayor en el maíz M37W. El maíz cosechado cada año también sirvió como materia prima para elaborar piensos a base de maíz y productos derivados del maíz. Los pollos alimentados con la dieta HC tuvieron parámetros de productividad y salud similares a los pollos alimentados con las dietas M37W y comercial (con pigmentos), y también desarrollaron una pigmentación similar a los pollos alimentados con la dieta comercial (con pigmentos). Los carotenoides provitamina A del maíz HC fueron biodisponibles, al menos en la misma medida que en los aditivos sintéticos y naturales, y contribuyeron a los niveles de retinol hepático en pollos. La carne obtenida de pollos alimentados con la dieta HC tuvo una buena calidad y vida útil sensorial, así como una pigmentación amarilla-anaranjada de larga duración. Por último, los purés elaborados con maíz HC han demostrado no sólo conservar el contenido inicial de carotenoides, sino también aumentarlo debido a la extracción de carotenoides de la matriz alimenticia.
High-carotenoid (HC) maize was genetically engineered to accumulate high levels of carotenoids, using as a basis a South African white maize (M37W). During three consecutive harvest seasons (2013, 2014 and 2015), HC maize and its near isogenic line (M37W) were cultivated in an experimental field in Lleida (Catalonia, Northeastern Spain). Fusarium spp. infected most maize kernels, subsequently, fumonisin contamination was found in both maize varieties in all the years of study, but the proportion of contaminated grains was substantially higher in the M37W maize. Maize grains harvested each year also served as raw material to elaborate maize-based feed and maize-derived products. Chickens fed on the HC diet had similar productivity and health parameters to those fed on the M37W and commercial (plus color additives) diets, and they also developed similar pigmentation to those fed on the commercial (plus color additives) diet. Provitamin A carotenoids from HC maize were bioavailable, at least to the same extent than in synthetic and natural additives, and contributed to liver retinol levels in chickens. Meat obtained from chickens fed on the HC diet had a good quality and sensory shelf life as well as a long-lasting golden pigmentation. Finally, HC maize-based porridges showed not only to preserve the initial carotenoid content, but also to enhance it due to the carotenoid extractability from the food matrix.
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Fakude, Moelo Patience. "Eradication of storage insect pests in maize using microwave energy and the effects of the latter on grain quality." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01292009-131525.
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White, Zelda. "Bioavailability of iron from fortified maize using stable isotope techniques / Z. White." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/22.
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Funke, Thomas Bernhard. "From farm to retail : costs and margins of selected food industries in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27973.
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This dissertation highlights the need for a formal methodology to be developed in order to unpack complicated supply chains and to publish information that explains how the farm value or farm to retail price spread of certain products can be calculated and how these results are to be analysed. It is for this reason that the study reviews and applies the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm values. It applies the methodology to five food supply chains of maize, fresh milk, beef, poultry and sugar. The analysis of farm values and spread has already been developed in an international context but it has not of yet been applied in the South African context. It is therefore the aim of this dissertation to illustrate how this methodology can be applied here and how this can be done on a continuous basis. The main objectives of the study are: - To review and apply the methodology used for the calculation of price spreads and farm value, as well as to analyse trends of five agricultural commodities in the food sector.
- To understand not so much on what is behind the previous rise in food prices, but rather on why; when the farm or producer prices fall, do retail prices on certain goods not fall by the same margin? The question that needs to be asked is who or what is responsible for this? A detailed analysis of the supply chain of various products could prove invaluable in the process of understanding price movements.
- To investigate the degree of transparency of information in the South African food sector is investigated by looking at the market share that the various supermarket chains hold. Since competition and concentration of role players within this sector of the economy plays such a vital role in the determination of the market’s fairness, it is important that the size and the percentage of market share that the retailers hold in the market is researched and understood. A special section focuses on the market share that some retailers hold as a percentage share of the entire supermarket retail sector.
- To discuss the estimation of the specific cost incurred, at various levels,within the maize-to-maize meal and beef-to-beef products supply chains, in detail. This involves designing a framework for the continuous analysis of food prices and costs contained within these two supply chains and understanding the costs incurred by the different role players.
Dissertation (MCom(Agric Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted
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Cole, Steven Michael. "Exploring Models of Economic Inequality and the Impact on Mental and Physical Health Outcomes in Rural Eastern Province, Zambia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/241976.
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Structural adjustment measures adopted during the early 1990s considerably altered the rural landscape throughout Zambia. Households responded and continue to respond in a variety of ways, although many do so under highly inequitable terms. Poverty rates, food insecurity, and income inequality all remain unacceptably high in Zambia, particularly in rural areas. Using a biocultural and livelihoods approach, this alternate "publication in scholarly journals" format dissertation examines some of the complexities that condition livelihoods and differentially shape biologies in rural Zambia today. Three main problems are explored: 1) the relationship between food insecurity and adult mental health; 2) piecework (casual labor) as a coping strategy and indicator of household vulnerability to food insecurity; and 3) the association between relative deprivation and adult physical health. Research for the dissertation took place in a rural area in Eastern Province, Zambia in 2009. The research employed a mixed methodology, collecting qualitative and household-level survey data during the rainy and dry seasons. Various statistical analyses were utilized in the three papers appended to the dissertation. The results were further explored using the findings from the qualitative data. In paper one, a positive relationship between food insecurity and poor mental health was found. Food insecurity during the dry season had a greater effect on mental health than in the rainy season. In paper two, the results demonstrate the importance of piecework labor as a coping strategy and the need to adopt a multi-period lens to robustly assess whether participation in piecework reflects a household's vulnerability to food insecurity. In the third paper, a negative association was established between relative deprivation and adult nutritional status. Together, the results from the dissertation provide clear evidence that both the material and relative circumstances of people play important roles in patterning variation in mental and physical health outcomes in rural Zambia.
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Engelbrecht, Mandy L. "Assessment of variance in measurement of hectolitre mass of wheat and maize, using equipment from different grain producing and exporting countries." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/832.
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Ratemo, Assa Isoka. "Maize market liberalisation and food security in Kenya : policy analysis and evaluation using a quadratic programming and simulation approach." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360738.
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Gurmu, Mesay Yami. "Price transmission in the era of global food market turmoil : the case of maize and wheat commodities in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65893.
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This study pursued the following three objectives: (1) to test the presence of Asymmetric Price Transmission (APT) among integrated wholesale maize markets during the post-agricultural market liberalisation period from July 2004 to March 2016; (2) to understand the influence of government interventions on the performance of maize and wheat grain markets; and (3) to examine the effect of domestic supply and demand dynamics on the maize market using a partial equilibrium modelling framework. In pursuit of the first objective, this study estimated an Asymmetric Vector Error Correction Model (AVECM). Findings from the inter-regional maize market integration analysis indicated that all maize market pairs considered in this study were cointegrated with the central Addis Ababa wholesale maize market. Spatial maize market integration has not only improved, but there has been an improved complete pass-through of price signals, with no evidence of positive APT in the regional wholesale maize markets in Ethiopia. Despite the widely held belief by consumers and government that traders’ inappropriate price adjustment contributes to the persistence of soaring food prices in Ethiopia, we found no evidence to support this argument. Instead, wholesale maize traders tend to adjust homogenously to increases and decreases in maize price deviations from the central Addis Ababa maize market. Hence, the widely held perception that considers traders as constituting a main contributor to the recent soaring food price situation in Ethiopia is just a misconception. In this study, it is argued that the recent surge in grain prices in Ethiopia has little to do with APT in maize markets. The second objective employed a regime-dependent Vector Error Correction (VECM) model to examine the extent of the integration of Ethiopian wheat and maize markets with the world market and the effect of policy interventions on the spatial integration of food markets. Findings of the cointegration analysis indicate that domestic wheat and maize markets are strongly integrated with the world market during a period in which the government intervenes, as opposed to periods of low intervention. Despite the presence of a long-run relationship and absence of APT, domestic wheat prices are distorted by the government’s secretive and unplanned interventions. Domestic wheat prices have surpassed the ceiling price during periods of heavy government interventions (i.e. since 2008). We argue that the increasing price gap between domestic and world wheat markets since 2008 is due to trade flow restrictions caused by foreign exchange rationing and subsidised wheat distribution. A single commodity partial equilibrium approach was used to investigate the maize price formation and a likely impact of a bumper harvest and drought shocks on the maize market. Findings from the behavioural equations reveal that farmers respond very little to price in planning their maize acreage. Rather, the analysis demonstrated that rainfall and technological progress were relatively more important for higher maize acreage growth. Regarding the supply side shocks (a bumper harvest and drought) on maize prices, we found that a 20 per cent increase in maize yield could reduce nominal maize price by 81 per cent. This implies a decrease in maize price level of 238 per cent (110 USD/t) below the export parity price. This makes maize exports profitable, and shifts the trade regime from autarky to an export parity regime. On the other hand, the effect of drought could increase maize prices by 61 per cent in the short run (within the year). The effect could result in the domestic wholesale maize price moving over the upper threshold import parity price by 46 per cent (126 USD/t). As a result, maize imports would become profitable.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
PhD
Unrestricted
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Zulu, William. "A creative tension between spirituality and physical needs : a theological Eccesiological evaluation of a food security programme for the council of churches in Zambia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71881.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the main stay for Zambia‟s economic growth and for enhancing household food security. But small holder farmers living in rural areas of Zambia are not able to command food resources because of their low per capita productivity to grow and store food to provide for their families throughout the year. The two three months prior to harvest (January, February and March) are the period of sufficient national deprivation for many rural households in Zambia. This scenario has created a serious food insecurity problem among most households living in rural Zambia as they cannot afford descent meals a day. Maposa community is one of the communities that is food insecure due to a range of factors which include poor agriculture practice, lack of farm inputs and civic awareness on matters that affect their livelihood. The Reformed church in Zambia (RCZ) has been implementing a food security project in Maposa community on the Copperbelt of Zambia from 2007 to 2010 whose main objective of this project is to empower household farmers with agriculture skills so that they can be able to produce food on a more sustainable way to feed their families. This study therefore, offers an ecclesiological evaluation of the Maposa Food Security Project implemented. Ecclesiological evaluation in this case implies using the Biblical theological perspective to assess the tools RCZ used in this food security. In addition, it is important to note that Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) belongs to an ecumenical body called the Council of Churches in Zambia (CCZ). The Council of Churches in Zambia (CCZ) is an organ that unites all Christian Churches in Zambia and advocates on behalf of member churches all matters related to church registration and also provides guidelines to member churches how to implement community development programmes in line with the governments development plans on national building such as (5th National Development plan and vision 2030). Furthermore, Reformed church in Zambia (RCZ) and other CCZ member churches feed into the annual report of the Council of Churches in Zambia which meets once every year. Though this evaluation is focussed on the Maposa food security project implemented by Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ), the Council of Churches in Zambia cannot be isolated since it is the mother body of all Christian Churches in operating in Zambia. The results of this research will be shared with both Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) and the Council of Churches in Zambia (CCZ). The researcher believes that the outcome of this research will help in improving the performance of both the Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) and the Council of Churches in Zambia (CCZ) as they participate in transformational development. This study therefore, investigated the following four areas of transformational development in the food security project: Participation: to assess whether the farmer beneficiaries in the project have been involved in the planning of the food security project, have identified their own priorities for the project or have used their own resources to exercise control over their own economic, social and cultural development. Capacity building: to assess how the food security project implemented by RCZ has strengthened the capacity of the local people. This includes the transfer of skills through training for purposes of equipping people to engage in their own development. Local resource mobilization: to assess the community‟s participation in the mobilization of their own resources in the project implementation. Sustainability: to assess the long term viability of this food security project beyond the support of the RCZ. This study is answering the research question, „How can the church and its context participate in a practical way in transforming communities where there is poverty and food deficit?‟ This research argues that if the church can effectively participate in transformational development through the promotion of sustainable agriculture and food production, the majority of the people living in the rural areas of Zambia can be economically empowered and become food secure all year round. Poverty in this rural area is as a result of inability of households to meet basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Landbou is die steunpilaar van Zambië se ekonomiese groei en die versterking van huishoudelike voedselsekerheid. Weens hul kleiner per kapita produktiwiteit is kleiner huur-boere in landelike gebiede egter nie in staat om voedselbronne in stand te hou nie, dit wil sê om genoeg kos vir ʼn jaar vir hul gesinne te produseer en stoor nie. Die twee of drie maande voor oestyd (Januarie, Februarie en Maart) is ʼn tydperk van tekort in baie landelike huishoudings in Zambië. Hierdie scenario het ʼn ernstige voeselsekerheidprobleem geskep vir die meeste gesinne in landelike Zambië, wat nie drie etes ʼn dag kan bekostig nie. Die Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) het daarom van 2007 tot 2010 ʼn voedselsekerheidprojek gevestig in Maposa-gemeenskap in die Koperbelt in Zambië met die doel om huishoudings met voedsekerheid te bemagtig deur die bevordering van goeie landbou-praktyke. Hierdie studie bied dus ʼn evaluering van Maposa Food Security Project wat deur die RCZ geïmplementeer is. Die RCZ is ʼn lid van die ekumeniese liggaam die Council of Churches in Zambia (CCZ). Die CCZ is ʼn liggaam wat alle Christelike kerk in Zambië verenig en namens kerklike lede kwessies oor kerk-registrasie verdedig en ook riglyne verskaf oor hoe kerklike lede gemeenskapsontwikkelingsprogramme moet implementeer wat belyn is met die regering se ontwikkelingsplanne vir nasionale bou (5th National Development Plan, Vision 2030). Die RCZ en ander CCZ lede het dus ook inspraak in die jaarverslag van die CCZ. Die doel van die studie is ʼn evaluering van die bydrae wat die RCZ gemaak het tot die aanspreek van die voedselsekerheidprobleem in landelike gemeenskappe as agent en katalisator van transformerende gemeenskapsontwikkeling. Die doel van die Maposa-projek is om huishoudelike voedselsekerheid te versterk by lede van die gemeenskap as ʼn maatreël tot ekonomiese bemagtiging. Die studie het die volgende areas van transformerende ontwikkeling in die voedselsekerheidprojek ondersoek. Deelname: om te assesseer of die boere-begunstigdes in die projek betrokke was by die beplanning van die voedselsekerheidprojek, hul eie prioriteite vir die projek geïdentifiseer het of hul eie bronne benut het om beheer uit te oefen oor hul eie ekonomiese, sosiale en kulturele ontwikkeling. Kapasiteitbou: om te assesseer hoe die voedselsekerheidprojek wat deur die RCZ geïmplementeer is, die kapasiteit van plaaslike mense versterk het. Dit sluit in die oordra van vaardighede deur opleiding met die doel om mense toe te rus om hulself te ontwikkel. Plaaslike bron-mobilisasie: om die gemeenskap se deelname in die mobilisasie van hul eie bronne in die projek se implementering te assesseer. Volhoubaarheid: om die langtermyn-volhoubaarheid van hierdie voedselsekerheid buiten die steun van die RCZ te assesseer. Die studie beantwoord die navorsingsvraag: „Hoe kan die kerk en die kerk se konteks prakties deelneem aan transformasie waar daar armoede en voedseltekort is?‟ Die navorsing betoog dat as die kerk effektief kan deelneem aan transformerende ontwikkeling deur die bevordering van volhoubare landbou en voedselproduksie, kan die meerderheid mense in die landelike gebiede in Zambië ekonomies bemagtig word en heeljaar voedselsekerheid geniet. Armoede in dié landelike gebied is die gevolg van ʼn onvermoë van huishoudings om te voorsien in basiese behoeftes soos kos, behuising en klerasie. Die navorsing-struktuur is: Hoofstuk 1 dien as ʼn inleiding tot die navorsingsproses. Dit bied ʼn padkaart waarvolgens die hele studie sistematies aangebied word. Dit is ʼn raamwerk vir transformerende gemeenskapsontwikkeling en noem maniere waarop teologie prakties aangewend kan word. Hoofstuk 2 gee ʼn oorsig van ʼn regverdige en volhoubare voedselsisteem. Daar word betoog dat, indien arm landelike gemeenskappe voedselsekerheid wil behaal, sal regerings en ander rolspelers betrokke moet raak by ontwikkelingsbeleide en programme om ʼn regverdige voedselstelsel te bevorder waar voedsel geredelik beskikbaar en vir almal toeganklik is. Verder word maniere bespreek om landbou te verbeter om voedselsekerheid te bereik in arm landelike gemeenskappe. ʼn Oorsig van die voedselsekerheidstelsel in Zambië word ook in dié hoofstuk gebied. Hoofstuk 3 bespreek landbou en voedselproduksie in Zambië. Die doel van die hoofstuk is om ʼn oorsig te gee van landbou in verhouding tot huishoudelike voedselsekerheid veral in die landelike gemeenskappe in Zambië, wat hoë vlakke van voedselonsekerheid ervaar. Hoofstuk 4 kyk na die Bybelse en teologiese perspektief van landbou en voedselproduksie. Dit bied ʼn oorsig van Bybelse lering oor landbou en voedselproduksie deur te kyk na landbou en voedselproduksie vanuit beide Ou Testamentiese en Nuwe Testamentiese perspektiewe. Die doel is om te ontdek hoe boerdery vanuit ʼn teologiese oogpunt op die huidige landboustelsel toegepas kan word om voedselproduksie te verhoog. Hoofstuk 5 bied ʼn teologiese ekklesiologiese raamwerk van voedselsekerheid soos gevind in Hoofstuk 4 om vir die RCZ en die CCZ riglyne te bied vir hul poging om betrokke te raak by transformerende gemeenskapsontwikkeling deur die voedselsekerheidprojek in Maposa-gemeenskap en elders. Hoofstuk 6 bied riglyne vir die bemagtiging van huishoudings deur voedselsekerheid: Lesse van Maposa-gemeenskap. Dié riglyne vorm die basis vir die implementering van ʼn ekklesiologie van voedselsekerheid deur die RCZ, die CCZ en Zambië in geheel. Hoofstuk 7 is ʼn opsomming van die navorsingswerk soos bespreek in Hoofstuk 2 tot 6.
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