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Journal articles on the topic 'Maize as food – Zambia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Chomba, Doreen, Msiska K. K., Abass M. S., Mudenda M., and Mukuwa P.S.C. "Status of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease in Zambia." African Phytosanitary Journal 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/kiad5607.

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Maize is a staple food in Zambia and contributes immensely to food security for smallholder farmers. Disease outbreaks such as Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) can be a key constraint to maize production. This disease is caused by synergistic co-infection with Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) and any virus from the family Potyviridae, particularly, Sugarcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV), Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV) or Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV). In 2011, an outbreak of MLND affecting almost all of the currently grown commercial varieties posed a challenge to maize production in Kenya and it has since been reported in DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda causing yield losses of up to 100%. Despite MLND having been reported in some neighboring countries, there is no information on the status of the disease in Zambia. Additionally, there is a lot of grain and seed trade between Zambia and other countries among which MLND has been reported. The aim of this study was to establish: (a) the status of MCMV; (b) agricultural practices used by farmers and (c) insect vectors associated with MLND. A survey was conducted in nine (9) provinces of Zambia during 2014/2015 and 2015/ 2016 cropping seasons. Farmers’ maize fields were sampled at every five to ten-kilometer interval and tested using rapid diagnostic kits capable of detecting MCMV. Four hundred and nineteen samples collected all tested negative for MCMV. Zambian Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI), with all stakeholders in the maize value chain should continue implementing measures aimed at preventing the introduction of MLND in Zambia. Key words: Survey, MLND, Losses, food security

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2

Kumar, Shubh K. "Adoption of Hybrid Maize in Zambia: Effects on Gender Roles, Food Consumption, and Nutrition." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 3 (September 1995): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600314.

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This report examines the role of hybrid maize adoption in Eastern Province, Zambia, in improving the welfare of the population. Improving agricultural productivity of farmers in Zambia is important for the success of the country's new economic growth strategy. Past investment in hybrid maize research has developed a potential for increased productivity that needs to be fully utilized.

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3

Phiri, Joseph, Karel Malec, Socrates Kraido Majune, Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi, Zdeňka Gebeltová, Sylvie Kobzev Kotásková, Mansoor Maitah, Kamil Maitah, and Patricia Naluwooza. "Durability of Zambia’s Agricultural Exports." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010073.

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This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambia with specific attention to maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco between 1996 and 2019. We find that approximately 39% of Zambia’s agricultural products were exported beyond the first year of trading and less than 10% lasted up to 6 years of trading. The mean and median duration of exporting agricultural products in Zambia was 1.7 years and 1 year, respectively. Among the products, maize had the highest export duration after the first year of trading, followed by sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Results of the discrete-time logit and probit models with random effects revealed that the duration of total agricultural products was significantly impacted by common colony, contiguity, partner’s gross domestic product (GDP), Zambia’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports. Of these factors, colonial history and Zambia’s GDP reduced export duration, while contiguity, partner’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports increased the durability of exports in Zambia. The effect of Zambia’s GDP was uniform across all individual agricultural products. Total exports also significantly impacted all other agriculture products in a similar manner except for maize. Export durability for cotton was significantly impacted by the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), while the export durability of tobacco was significantly impacted by distance, contiguity, and partner’s GDP. To increase the duration of agriculture exports, we propose the exporting of finished agriculture products (and not just raw materials), which have a higher market value and duration probability. Farmers also need support with export subsidies, increased foreign market access (especially to economies with higher buying power), and negotiated favorable trade terms in the region and around the globe.

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Alamu, Emmanuel Oladeji, Therese Gondwe, Toluwalope Emmanuel Eyinla, and Busie Maziya-Dixon. "Assessment of Dietary Diversity of Mothers and Children of 6–24 Months from Eastern and Southern Provinces of Zambia." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (July 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1049820.

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In-depth information on dietary diversity and food consumption patterns in Zambian households is still scarce. This study, therefore, probed dietary intakes of mothers and their children living in households of two Zambian districts, Chipata and Monze, located in the eastern and southern provinces of Zambia, respectively. After assessing their diet, Dietary Diversity Scores (DDSs) were calculated and classified into low and high categories, while correlations were used to test determinants of DDS. The assessment revealed that the consumption of cereal-based products ranked highest in frequency. Specifically, the consumption of maize-based foods was highest in Chipata (55.43%) and then in Monze (43.56%) households. There was an observed low preference for mixed dishes that were not either maize or groundnut porridges. We also found positive and negative correlations of DDS with the educational level of household heads and age of mothers, respectively. We, therefore, suggest that increased nutrition education may improve dietary preferences, so also further investigation into other factors hindering low choices for mixed recipes will be useful in increasing overall diet quality.

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5

Simunji, Simunji, Kalaluka L. Munyinda, Obed I. Lungu, Alice M. Mweetwa, and Elijah Phiri. "Optimizing Soil Moisture and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Some Maize (Zea mays) Varieties under Conservation Farming System." Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, no. 4 (August 9, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n4p42.

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In Zambia, small holder farmers depend on producing maize (Zea mays), which is a major staple food for many Zambians. Maize productivity among the smallholder farmers is quite low, giving only 2.3 tons per hectare. The low yields are attributed to insufficient and erratic rain fall, low soil fertility, and poor farming practices. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of maize genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency and soil moisture utilisation under conservation farming system. The trials were carried out at two sites with different soil types. Three maize varieties i.e. ZMS 606, GV 640 and GV 635 were evaluated in maize – cowpea rotation. Four cowpea varieties used for rotation with maize, i.e. Bubebe Lutembwe, BB 14-16-2-2 and LT 11-3-3-12. BB 14-16-2-2 and LT 11-3-3-12 are mutation-derived lines of Bubebe and Lutembwe cowpea parent varieties respectively. The experimental design used was split plot with three replications. The NUE was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in CF and accounted for 27 % and 15% more than conventional farming system which valued 17% and 3% at Chisamba and Batoka, respectively. while soil moisture content was higher at Batoka than Chisamba in CF system. ZMS 606 and GV 640 varieties were superior over GV 635 for NUE. Cowpea variety BB 14-16-2-2 significantly increased NUE of maize varieties. Therefore, smallholder farmers in Zambia can increase maize productivity in maize - cowpea rotation system due to the increased NUE. Recommendations are made for farmers to select improved nitrogen efficient maize varieties to optimize productivity of maize in conservation farming system.

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6

Sitko, Nicholas. "Maize, food insecurity, and the field of performance in southern Zambia." Agriculture and Human Values 25, no. 1 (June 19, 2007): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-007-9075-z.

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7

Kaliwile, Chisela, Sara A. Arscott, Bryan M. Gannon, Cassim Masi, and Sherry A. Tanumihardjo. "Community mobilization during biofortified orange maize feeding trials in Zambia." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 90, no. 3-4 (June 2020): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000541.

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Abstract. In some societies, studies involving blood draws, oral vaccinations, or supplementation are surrounded by myths and disbeliefs. If not clarified, they may affect study implementation and negatively impact the outcome of well-intended studies from inadequate participation. Through participatory action research, this paper suggests how future trials could be enhanced with reference to community mobilization, drawing from the experience of two interventions in Zambian children with nutritionally enhanced, biofortified orange maize conducted by the National Food and Nutrition Commission and Tropical Diseases Research Center (Zambia), and University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA). The preparatory phase included site visits, signing of a Memorandum of Understanding, equipment inventory, hiring staff, and community meetings. Prior results were shared before the second intervention. After Institutional Review Boards’ approval of procedures, written informed consent was obtained from caregivers. There was overwhelming community participation attributed to the demystification that the project was run by satanists prior to and during the study. Participation led to excellent compliance with 92.8 and 96.4% of subjects completing the final blood draw in 2010 and 2012, respectively. The results of the trials were successfully shared with the district officials and communities from where the study participants were drawn. The positive response by partners and communities, including information sharing, suggests that community mobilization, with the use of varied methods, is effective for full participation of the target groups in feeding trials and would be the case in similar trials if effectively carried out. Community participation in research studies may result in long-term adoption of biofortified foods.

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8

Caswell, Bess L., Sameera A. Talegawkar, Ward Siamusantu, Keith P. West, and Amanda C. Palmer. "Usual nutrient intake adequacy among young, rural Zambian children." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 1 (January 14, 2018): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451700335x.

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AbstractInadequate nutrient intakes put children at risk for impaired growth and development. We described diet, usual intakes of energy and macro- and micronutrients and prevalence of nutrient intake adequacies among 4–8-year-old Zambian children. Children not yet in school and living in Mkushi District, Central Province, Zambia were enrolled into an efficacy trial of pro-vitamin A biofortified maize. Children in the non-intervened arm were included in this analysis (n 202). Dietary intake data were collected by tablet-based 24-h recall on a monthly basis over the 6-month trial. Observed nutrient intakes were derived from reported food quantities, standard recipes and food composition tables. Usual nutrient intake distributions were modelled based on observed intakes. Prevalence of inadequacy was estimated by comparing the usual nutrient intake distribution to the nutrient requirement distribution. Frequency and quantity of consumption of commonly reported foods were described and key sources of energy and nutrients were identified. Median usual energy intake was 6422 kJ/d (1535 kcal/d). Most childrens’ macronutrient intakes fell within recommended ranges (74–98 %). Estimated prevalences of inadequate intakes of Fe, folate, vitamin B12 and Ca were 25, 57, 76 and >99 %, respectively. Estimated prevalences of inadequacy for other micronutrients were low (0·1–2·2 %). Commonly consumed foods included maize, vegetable oil, tomatoes, rape leaves and small fish (>0·6 servings/d), whereas meat, eggs or dairy were rarely eaten (<0·2 servings/d). These findings suggest that the heavily plant-based diet of rural Zambian children provides inadequate Ca, folate, vitamin B12 and Fe to meet recommended nutrient intakes.

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9

Mupangwa, W., M. Mutenje, C. Thierfelder, M. Mwila, H. Malumo, A. Mujeyi, and P. Setimela. "Productivity and profitability of manual and mechanized conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Eastern Zambia." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000606.

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AbstractClimate variability and declining soil fertility pose a major threat to sustainable agronomic and economic growth in Zambia. The objective of this study was to assess crop yield, land and labor productivity of conservation agriculture (CA) technologies in Eastern Zambia. On-farm trials were run from 2012–2015 and farmers were replicates of a randomized complete block design. The trials compared three CA systems against a conventional practice. Yield and net return ha−1 were determined for maize and legume yield (kg ha−1) produced by ridge and furrow tillage, CA dibble stick planting, CA animal traction ripping and direct seeding. The dibble stick, ripline and direct seeding CA systems had 6–18, 12–28 and 8–9% greater maize yield relative to the conventional tillage system, respectively. Rotation of maize with cowpea and soybean significantly increased maize yields in all CA systems. Intercropping maize with cowpea increased land productivity (e.g., the land equivalent ratio for four seasons was 2.01) compared with full rotations under CA. Maize/cowpea intercropping in dibble stick CA produced the greatest net returns (US$312-767 ha−1) compared with dibble stick maize-cowpea rotation (US$204-657), dibble stick maize monoculture (US$108-584) and the conventional practice (US$64-516). The net-return for the animal traction CA systems showed that maize-soybean rotations using the ripper were more profitable than the direct seeder or conventional ridge and furrow systems. Agronomic and economic benefits of CA-based cropping systems highlight the good potential for improved food security and agricultural productivity for smallholder farmers.

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10

Mason, Nicole M., and Robert J. Myers. "The effects of the Food Reserve Agency on maize market prices in Zambia." Agricultural Economics 44, no. 2 (January 8, 2013): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12004.

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11

Mubanga, Kabwe Harnadih, Bridget Bwalya Umar, Jane Muchabi, and Chishimba Mubanga. "What drives smallholder farmers’ crop production choices in Central Zambia? Lessons from the 2012/2013 agricultural season." Journal of Agricultural Studies 3, no. 2 (March 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v3i2.7125.

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The study, conducted in central Zambia was aimed at determining the major drivers of crop production choices among smallholder farmers. It utilized recent national crop production and utilization data; 200 semi-structured interview schedules, and key informant interviews conducted with smallholder farmers and experts from the agricultural sector in Zambia respectively. Results showed that despite being confronted by late on-set of rains and post germination crop attacks by army worms which made maize (Zea mays) production extremely precarious, 61.5% of the affected smallholder farmers replanted their cultivated land with maize. The farmers had a choice of whether to replant maize which had a ready market from the state agency, the Food Reserve Agency, or to plant a drought tolerant crop such as sorghum or millet which would have guaranteed them with household food security from own production. They mainly chose the former option. They increased production of other crops such as soya beans (Glycine max), sun flower(Helianthus annuus) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) when contract farming with private business entities became available. Markets determined smallholder farmers’ crop production choices more than household food security from own production or availability of climate information forecasting poor rainfall distribution. The study concludes that (i) prior knowledge of climate information does not necessarily result in a change of smallholder farmers’ crop production choices in response to a predicted climate anomaly, (ii) markets are a major determinant of crops cultivated by smallholder farmers, and hence adaptation measures involving crop diversification should be designed with market availability in mind.

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12

Masuda, Kazuya, and Maureen Chitundu. "Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation Using Spirulina platensis during the First 1000 Days is Positively Associated with Development in Children under Five Years: A Follow up of A Randomized Trial in Zambia." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040730.

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Early childhood development relies on various micronutrients. We recently reported that home fortification of complementary foods using spirulina reduced the time to attain motor milestones in Zambian infants. The objective of this study is to estimate the long-term associations between spirulina supplementation during the first 1000 days and child gross motor development, fine motor development, language, and personal–social skills at preschool age. We used longitudinal data from a randomized trial conducted in Zambia. In 2015, 501 infants (age, 6–18 months) were provided daily supplements of maize-soy-based porridge with spirulina (SP) and without spirulina (CON). Supplementation period lasted for 16 months. In January 2018, children who participated in the initial trial were resurveyed (CON: 182 children; SP: 188 children; now aged 36–48 months). We assessed the infants’ gross motor development, fine motor development, language, and personal–social skills using a modified version of Malawi Development Assessment Tool. The initial clinical trial registration number was NCT03523182. Children in the SP group had higher scores in gross and fine motor development, language, and social skills than those in the CON group. Home fortification of complementary foods using spirulina during the first 1000 days improved development among Zambian children at preschool age.

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13

Alamu, Emmanuel Oladeji, Bukola Olaniyan, and Busie Maziya-Dixon. "Diversifying the Utilization of Maize at Household Level in Zambia: Quality and Consumer Preferences of Maize-Based Snacks." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040750.

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This study evaluated the nutritional, antinutritional properties, and consumer preferences of five maize-based snacks at the household level. The physical, nutritional, and antinutritional properties were analyzed with standard laboratory methods, while a structured questionnaire was used for the data collection on consumer preferences of the maize products. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in the proximate parameters of the maize snack samples. Antinutritional properties among maize snacks all fell within the permissible range. Respondents from all districts showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences in maize chin-chin variants’ and maize finger variants’ except for Serenje and Mkushi districts where maize chin-chin and maize finger showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in their sensory ratings. However, across districts, the most rated maize finger variant was the spiced 100% maize finger. In conclusion, maize-based snacks enriched with soybean flour have proven nutritious with a reasonable acceptability level.

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14

Mwalupaso, Gershom Endelani, Xu Tian, and Xianhui Geng. "Rethinking Food Production: Nexus of Mobile Phones and Production Cost Minimization." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 2457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072457.

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Information and communication technologies are a ready tool for all strata of society and are indeed redefining the way almost everything is done. Mobile phone technology, in particular, plays a vital role in expediting improvement in the efficiency of the household resource through access to information on various available technologies. Can mobile phones improve the cost efficiency of agricultural production? Comprehension of such effect is critical, especially in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. We addressed this topic using cross-sectional data from smallholder maize producers in Zambia. The Stochastic Frontier Analysis was applied to estimate cost efficiency. The results indicate that mobile phone use improves the cost efficiency of maize production significantly and as such, adopters have made a rational decision to adopt mobile phone use for information access. Precisely, we found a 10.2% efficiency gap in favor of users. Nevertheless, if non-users were to adopt mobile phones for agricultural information access, maize production per hectare would increase by 21.38%. Eventually, food production would be increased in an environmentally friendly manner and the price of maize would be set at a competitive price within the region because agricultural inputs would be allocated cost efficiently. Therefore, in an attempt to minimize production cost in food production, this study strongly endorses the use of mobile phones for agricultural information access.

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15

Burke, William J., Emmanuel Frossard, Stephen Kabwe, and Thom S. Jayne. "Understanding fertilizer adoption and effectiveness on maize in Zambia." Food Policy 86 (July 2019): 101721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.05.004.

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16

Smale, Melinda, Eliab Simpungwe, Ekin Birol, Girma Tesfahun Kassie, Hugo de Groote, and Raphael Mutale. "The Changing Structure of the Maize Seed Industry in Zambia: Prospects for Orange Maize." Agribusiness 31, no. 1 (April 10, 2014): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/agr.21384.

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17

BRYAN, FRANK L., MARCO JERMINI, RUDOLF SCHMITT, ESNART N. CHILUFYA, MWANZA MICHAEL, ABEL MATOBA, ESAU MFUME, and H. CHIBIYA. "Hazards Associated with Holding and Reheating Foods at Vending Sites in a Small Town in Zambia." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.4.391.

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Hazard analyses were done at 11 cooked-food-vending sites and related food-vending operations in a small-town market along a highway in Zambia. The analyses consisted of observations and time-temperature measurements at the vending sites and interpretations of results of laboratory tests of samples of foods (including leftovers) collected after holding and reheating. Salmonellae were isolated from dried ants, a cooked meatball on display, and pumped river water used by the vendors. Ants for sale at the market contained 107 Bacillus cereus cells per g. Nshima (boiled maize meal) was held at high temperatures in pans over glowing charcoal in which steam was generated throughout the entire holding period during the day, preventing bacterial growth. Large populations of B. cereus, however, were isolated from a sample left overnight at ambient room temperature. Cooked foods other than nshima were held at room or outdoor ambient temperatures throughout the day and overnight. High aerobic mesophilic colony, thermotolerant coliform and, in a few foods, Escherichia coli counts were found in foods after several hours of holding during the day of preparation and of foods held overnight. Temperatures attained during reheating were variable and sometimes would have resulted in survival of foodborne pathogens that multiplied during holding.

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18

Manda, Julius, Cornelis Gardebroek, Elias Kuntashula, and Arega D. Alene. "Impact of improved maize varieties on food security in Eastern Zambia: A doubly robust analysis." Review of Development Economics 22, no. 4 (July 22, 2018): 1709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12516.

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19

Tambo, Justice A., Mathews Matimelo, Mathias Ndhlovu, Fredrick Mbugua, and Noah Phiri. "Gender-differentiated impacts of plant clinics on maize productivity and food security: Evidence from Zambia." World Development 145 (September 2021): 105519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105519.

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20

Waldman, Kurt B., Noemi Vergopolan, Shahzeen Z. Attari, Justin Sheffield, Lyndon D. Estes, Kelly K. Caylor, and Tom P. Evans. "Cognitive Biases about Climate Variability in Smallholder Farming Systems in Zambia." Weather, Climate, and Society 11, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-18-0050.1.

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Abstract Given the varying manifestations of climate change over time and the influence of climate perceptions on adaptation, it is important to understand whether farmer perceptions match patterns of environmental change from observational data. We use a combination of social and environmental data to understand farmer perceptions related to rainy season onset. Household surveys were conducted with 1171 farmers across Zambia at the end of the 2015/16 growing season eliciting their perceptions of historic changes in rainy season onset and their heuristics about when rain onset occurs. We compare farmers’ perceptions with satellite-gauge-derived rainfall data from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station dataset and hyper-resolution soil moisture estimates from the HydroBlocks land surface model. We find evidence of a cognitive bias, where farmers perceive the rains to be arriving later, although the physical data do not wholly support this. We also find that farmers’ heuristics about rainy season onset influence maize planting dates, a key determinant of maize yield and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings suggest that policy makers should focus more on current climate variability than future climate change.

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21

Steinmaier, N. "POTENTIAL OF PASTURE LEGUMES IN LOW-EXTERNAL-INPUT AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (LEISA). 2. FARMER ADAPTATION OF STARTER TECHNOLOGY BY FARMER RESEARCH GROUPS IN LUAPULA PROVINCE, ZAMBIA." Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 3 (July 2001): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479701003039.

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The participatory approach of Farmer Research Groups (FRGs) was used in Farmer Adaptation of Starter Technology (FAST) with small-scale farmers in Luapula Province, Zambia. The introduction of a starter technology proved to be a suitable method to induce self-help initiatives with farmers. Their first move in FAST related to the improvement of food security and income generation by the cultivation and marketing of new maize (Zea mays) varieties in wetlands during the dry and early rainy seasons. By informal on-farm seed multiplication the expenditure on external agricultural inputs was reduced. The technical aspects of the starter technology began with the integration of pasture legumes as a pioneer crop for green manuring purposes in maize production. In this respect, FRGs developed individual risk-aversion strategies to ensure early planting of the maize with the onset of the rains. The groups made adaptations such as biomass transfer, intercropping and crop rotations in order to integrate pasture legumes into current cropping systems for green manuring purposes.

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Sitko, Nicholas. "The Social Life of Maize: Neo-liberalism, Food Security, and Non-market Exchanges in Southern Zambia." African Geographical Review 25, no. 1 (January 2006): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2006.9756191.

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23

Kachapulula, Paul W., Juliet Akello, Ranajit Bandyopadhyay, and Peter J. Cotty. "Aspergillus section Flavi community structure in Zambia influences aflatoxin contamination of maize and groundnut." International Journal of Food Microbiology 261 (November 2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.014.

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24

Tembo, Batiseba. "A Review of Rain-Fed Wheat Production Constraints in Zambia." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 59 (September 10, 2019): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.59.158.161.

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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop in Zambia. It is the second most widely grown cereal crop after maize. However, its production and productivity during summer rain season is limited by socio-economic, abiotic and biotic constraints. The socio-economic factors limiting high wheat yield are high cost of inputs, lack of improved rain-fed wheat seed, lack of affordable loans, lack of access to market information and poor mechanization. The abiotic constraints on the other hand include drought, high temperature and aluminium toxicity. Biotic constraints affecting rain-fed wheat production include various weeds, pests (aphids, grass hoppers, pink stalk borers and termites) and diseases (powderly mildew, loose smut, leaf rust, fusarium head blight and spot blotch). Termites being the most serious and destructive pest of rain-fed wheat. Spot blotch is the most devastating and widely distributed among the diseases causing high yield losses of between 7-100% followed by fusarium head blight. This review paper, looks at the factors that limit the production and productivity of rain-fed wheat among small holder farmers in Zambia.

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Gilson, Chipabika, Gonzalez Francisco, Georgina V. Bingham, and Mathews Matimelo. "Efficacy of a Pheromone Trap with Insecticide-treated Long-lasting Screen Against Fall Armyworm (faw), Spodoptera Frugiperda (lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Outlooks on Pest Management 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v29_oct_08.

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Food Security is an issue that will impact everyone by 2050 and it is projected there will be a global crisis unless action is taken. Currently the fall army worm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a new pest to the Sub-Saharan region and the outbreaks over the past two years have been devastating. A promising novel technology is the combination of a pheromone lure from ChemTica Internacional S.A. and yellow long-lasting insecticide treated ZeroFly Screen from Vestergaard SA. To test this technology, we compared the attraction and mortality of traps made of old soda bottles in five different sites of Zambia with maize and wheat crops. Besides the attraction of the pheromone-baited traps we also compared the effect of the colour of the insecticidal net, between black and yellow screens. Our results showed that in all sites there were significant differences in trap catches between lure baited and non-baited traps. A total of 1129 FAW adults were trapped, of which 51.20% were from baited traps with the yellow long-lasting insecticide treated screen, 41.45% from traps baited and the black long-lasting insecticide treated screen and 7.35% from trap without lure or the insecticide treated screen. The trap with yellow insecticide treated screen was able to trap 110 more FAW than the black treated screen and the control. Significant differences were also observed in number of moths caught from each location and district. The highest catches were recorded from wheat crops at Zambia National Service (ZNS) Farm in Chongwe and Chaloshi farm in Chisamba districts, respectively, whilst the lowest catch was recorded in a maize field at Tugama farm in Chilanga district. It was also noticed that the pheromone used is specific to FAW as no other insects were recorded in all the sites. Therefore, the pheromone lure from ChemTica and the yellow long lasting insecticide treated screen from Vestergaard SA can be used in the integrated pest management of FAW in Zambia in both, maize and wheat, these complimentary methods include but are not limited to; the use of Biopesticides – fungal, viral or bacteria based products such as Metarhizium anisopliae or bacteria-based Bacillus thuringiensis that have proven effective against fall armyworm and have been used to control it in the US and Brazil.

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Siame, Bupe A., and Cheryl E. A. Lovelace. "Natural occurrence of zearalenone and trichothecene toxins in maize-based animal feeds in zambia." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 49, no. 1 (1989): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740490104.

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Kankolongo, Muimba A., Kerstin Hell, and Irene N. Nawa. "Assessment for fungal, mycotoxin and insect spoilage in maize stored for human consumption in Zambia." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89, no. 8 (April 15, 2009): 1366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3596.

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Vergopolan, Noemi, Sitian Xiong, Lyndon Estes, Niko Wanders, Nathaniel W. Chaney, Eric F. Wood, Megan Konar, et al. "Field-scale soil moisture bridges the spatial-scale gap between drought monitoring and agricultural yields." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 1827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1827-2021.

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Abstract. Soil moisture is highly variable in space and time, and deficits (i.e., droughts) play an important role in modulating crop yields. Limited hydroclimate and yield data, however, hamper drought impact monitoring and assessment at the farm field scale. This study demonstrates the potential of using field-scale soil moisture simulations to support high-resolution agricultural yield prediction and drought monitoring at the smallholder farm field scale. We present a multiscale modeling approach that combines HydroBlocks – a physically based hyper-resolution land surface model (LSM) – with machine learning. We used HydroBlocks to simulate root zone soil moisture and soil temperature in Zambia at 3 h 30 m resolution. These simulations, along with remotely sensed vegetation indices, meteorological data, and descriptors of the physical landscape (related to topography, land cover, and soils) were combined with district-level maize data to train a random forest (RF) model to predict maize yields at district and field scales (250 m). Our model predicted yields with an average testing coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.57 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 310 kg ha−1 using year-based cross-validation. Our predicted maize losses due to the 2015–2016 El Niño drought agreed well with losses reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Our results reveal that soil moisture is the strongest and most reliable predictor of maize yield, driving its spatial and temporal variability. Soil moisture was also a more effective indicator of drought impacts on crops than precipitation, soil and air temperatures, and remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)-based drought indices. This study demonstrates how field-scale modeling can help bridge the spatial-scale gap between drought monitoring and agricultural impacts.

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Meenakshi, J. V., A. Banerji, Victor Manyong, Keith Tomlins, Nitya Mittal, and Priscilla Hamukwala. "Using a discrete choice experiment to elicit the demand for a nutritious food: Willingness-to-pay for orange maize in rural Zambia." Journal of Health Economics 31, no. 1 (January 2012): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.01.002.

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Gruber-Dorninger, C., T. Jenkins, and G. Schatzmayr. "Multi-mycotoxin screening of feed and feed raw materials from Africa." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 3 (September 18, 2018): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2292.

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As animal feed is prone to infestation with mycotoxin-producing fungi, mycotoxin contamination of feed should be monitored. Here, we report a multi-mycotoxin survey of feed samples from Africa. We determined the concentrations of aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in 1,045 samples of finished feed and feed raw materials (maize, maize silage, other cereals, etc.) from South Africa and 318 samples from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana, Namibia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Madagascar. We compared the measured mycotoxin concentrations to regulatory limits or guidance values that are in effect in the European Union and analysed the co-occurrence of these mycotoxins. To determine the occurrence of other fungal secondary metabolites, a subset of the samples was analysed using a multi-analyte liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based method for the simultaneous detection of over 700 fungal metabolites. We found that 33.3% of maize samples and 54.4% of finished feed samples from Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria, Ghana, Namibia, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania exceeded the European regulatory limit of 20 ng/g aflatoxins. The Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol were prevalent in all commodities from all countries, but concentrations were in most cases below European guidance values. Concentrations of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were correlated. Several other Fusarium metabolites occurred frequently (e.g. moniliformin, beauvericin, aurofusarin) or in high concentrations (e.g. aurofusarin, fusaproliferin). Furthermore, high levels of diplodiatoxin were occasionally detected in samples from South Africa and the Alternaria metabolite tenuazonic acid was prevalent and reached high concentrations. In conclusion, aflatoxins frequently occurred in African feed samples in potentially unsafe concentrations. While Fusarium mycotoxins mostly occurred in concentrations below European guidance values, a correlation between deoxynivalenol and zearalenone concentrations suggests that toxicological interactions of these compounds deserve attention. Several less investigated fungal secondary metabolites occurred frequently or reached high concentrations.

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Yoshimura, M., and M. Yamashita. "UNDERSTANDING REGIONAL EFFECTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROARCH FOR COPING STRATEGIES - CASE STUDY AT RURAL VILLAGE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 2135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-2135-2018.

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This paper describes on understanding the regional effects on global climate change and subsistence farmers’ coping strategies through our field investigation and multidimensional data analysis from the resilience point of view. The major research question of this study is to understand what actions villagers took as the coping strategy against the heavy rainfall shock caused by climate change. Our research interest is how geospatial information technique can contribute to this research question. The study area is located in Sinazongwe district, Southern province of Zambia. As for the field investigation, we set the study sites A, B and C where are located in the lower terrace, middle escarpment and upper terrace, respectively. In the rainy season of 2007/2008, our study site had a heavy rainfall and many crop fields were damaged. In this crop year, the annual rainfalls in site A and C were 1442&thinsp;mm/year and 1332&thinsp;mm/year respectively. This is about two times different with the long term average of rainfall 694.9&thinsp;mm/year in Sinazongwe district. It is confirmed that approximately 20&thinsp;% of crop fields were damaged by heavy rainfall through our field investigation. It was so severe negative consequences for all of villages because about 80 % of whole damaged crop fields were maize fields. Maize is staple food in this region. Here, we have analysed and discussed how villagers cope from the serious damage of crops. The maize harvest varies every year depending on rainfall and topographic position. If a farmer possesses maize fields at various topographic positions, they can avoid severe negative consequences of climate variability such as drought or heavy rainfall. However, not all farmers have access to fields at various topographic positions. It is important to know where each household’s characteristics when we consider their strategy of livelihood for climate variabilities. Through this study, we confirmed the way to strengthen resilience of subsistence farmers as follows: it is necessary to prepare variable crops and emergency food stock with not only diverse but also composite social institution. The resilient society seems to be the society with insurance such as adaptation ability against environmental shock caused by climate change. From the agricultural production point of view, both diversity and yield ability are also important.

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Mwanaumo, Anthony, Paul V. Preckel, and Paul L. Farris. "Motivation for Marketing System Reform for the Zambian Maize Market." Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing 6, no. 3 (December 6, 1994): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j047v06n03_03.

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Zvavahera, Promise, and Farai Chigora. "Food and Nutrition Promotion: Feasibility of the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation." Business and Management Horizons 3, no. 1 (June 11, 2015): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v3i1.7800.

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Zimbabwe has faced persistent droughts from around year 1990 to date posing a structural food security challenge to the populace. Recently, the government of Zimbabwe introduced a blue print to spearhead and map sustainable balance in tapping value from the available natural and man-made resources in the country. This is known as the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-economic Transformation Programme (Zim Asset). Amongst its prospects, agriculture and nutrition has been reckoned as a sustainable cluster for economic development. This study was undertaken one and half years after the implementation of Zim Asset as an evaluation mechanism on the successes and challenges faced in transforming the Zimbabwean economy with specific reference to the Food and Nutrition Cluster. The study employed both post positivism and interpretivism philosophies applying quantitative and qualitative approaches in gathering research data. The research instruments included documentary evidence, face to face in-depth interviews and focus groups. The in-depth interviews explored issues to do with resources allocation in line with the Zim Asset agriculture sustenance objectives. Focus was therefore, on the four Ministries supporting the Food and Nutrition Cluster. Eighty percent of the respondents reported that the economic blue print has not made any significant strides in improving the country’s agricultural performance and food security since the inception of Zim Asset in October 2013. It was noted that the country continued to import maize from Zambia and other countries in the region. The major reason for its lack of success was due to the unavailability of resources to support the programme and the fact that land was allocated to unproductive and cell phone farmers. There was consensus that land audit and recapitalisation of the agriculture sector were critical in achieving the desired outcomes. The study recommends that the programme be adequately funded, so that the country can become self-sufficient.

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Nuss, Emily T., Sara A. Arscott, Kara Bresnahan, Kevin V. Pixley, Torbert Rocheford, Christine Hotz, Ward Siamusantu, Justin Chileshe, and Sherry A. Tanumihardjo. "Comparative Intake of White- versus Orange-Colored Maize by Zambian Children in the Context of Promotion of Biofortified Maize." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 33, no. 1 (March 2012): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482651203300106.

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Caswell, Bess L., Sameera A. Talegawkar, Ward Siamusantu, Keith P. West, and Amanda C. Palmer. "Within-person, between-person and seasonal variance in nutrient intakes among 4- to 8-year-old rural Zambian children." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 12 (February 26, 2020): 1426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520000732.

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AbstractEstimates of the components of nutrient intake variation are needed for modelling distributions of usual intake or predicting the usual intake of individuals. Season is a potential source of variation in nutrient intakes in addition to within- and between-person variation, particularly in low- or middle-income countries. We aimed to describe seasonal variation in nutrient intakes and estimate within-person, between-person and other major components of intake variance among Zambian children. Children from rural villages and peri-urban towns in Mkushi District, Zambia aged 4–8 years were enrolled in the non-intervened arm of a randomised controlled trial of pro-vitamin A carotenoid biofortified maize (n 200). Up to seven 24-h dietary recalls per child were obtained at monthly intervals over a 6-month period covering the late post-harvest (August–October), early lean (November–January) and late lean (February–April) seasons (2012–2013). Nutrient intakes varied significantly by season. For energy and most nutrients, intakes were highest in the early lean season and lower in the late post-harvest and late lean seasons. Season and recall on a market day had the strongest effects on nutrient intakes among covariates examined. Unadjusted within- to between-person variance ratios ranged from 4·5 to 31·3. In components of variance models, season accounted for 3–20 % of nutrient intake variance. Particularly in rural settings in low- and middle-income countries, where availability of locally grown, nutrient-rich foods may vary seasonally, studies should include replicates across seasons to more precisely estimate long-term usual intakes.

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Gitau, R., M. Makasa, L. Kasonka, M. Sinkala, C. Chintu, A. Tomkins, and S. Filteau. "Maternal micronutrient status and decreased growth of Zambian infants born during and after the maize price increases resulting from the southern African drought of 2001–2002." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7 (October 2005): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005746.

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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects on maternal micronutrient status and infant growth of the increased maize prices that resulted from the southern African drought of 2001–2002.DesignLongitudinal cohort study.SettingA maternal and child health clinic in Lusaka, Zambia.SubjectsMaternal and infant health and nutrition data and maternal plasma were being collected for a study of breast-feeding and postpartum health. Samples and data were analysed according to whether they were collected before (June to December 2001), during (January 2002 to April 2003) or after (May 2003 to January 2004) the period of increased maize price. Season and maternal HIV status were controlled for in analyses.ResultsMaize price increases were associated with decreased maternal plasma vitamin A during pregnancy (P = 0.028) and vitamin E postpartum (P = 0.042), with the lowest values among samples collected after May 2003 (vitamin A: 0.96 μmol l−1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84–1.09, n = 38; vitamin E: 30.8 μmol mmol−1 triglycerides, 95% CI 27.2–34.8, n = 64) compared with before January 2002 (vitamin A: 1.03 μmol l−1, 95% CI 0.93–1.12, n = 104; vitamin E: 38.9 μmol mmol−1 triglycerides, 95% CI 34.5–43.8, n = 47). There were no significant effects of sampling date on maternal weight, haemoglobin or acute-phase proteins and only marginal effects on infant weight. Infant length at 6 and 16 weeks of age decreased progressively throughout the study (P-values for time of data collection were 0.51 at birth, 0.051 at 6 weeks and 0.026 at 16 weeks).ConclusionsThe results show modest effects of the maize price increases on maternal micronutrient status. The most serious consequence of the price increases is likely to be the increased stunting among infants whose mothers experienced high maize prices while pregnant. During periods of food shortages it might be advisable to provide micronutrient supplements even to those who are less food-insecure.

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Mwale, Pascal Newbourne. "Societal deliberation on genetically modified maize in southern Africa: the debateness and publicness of the Zambian national consultation on genetically modified maize food aid in 2002." Public Understanding of Science 15, no. 1 (January 2006): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662506058386.

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Mataa, M., B. Makungu, and I. Siziya. "Shading effects of intercropping roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) genotypes on plant development, assimilate partitioning and leaf nutrient content." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 8, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v8i1.38223.

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An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of shade on plant development, macronutrient and secondary metabolites in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Three roselle accessions (ZM 5729, ZM 5738 and ZM ZM5748) acquired from the Zambia National Plant Genetic Resource Centre were used and shade was imposed by intercropping roselle with maize (Zea mays). A Split plot design with shade as main plot and genotype as split- plot was used. Nutritional and development parameters were monitored. At 14 weeks shaded plants had about a three-fold decrease in branches numbers compared to unshaded ones. Plant height was higher in unshaded treatments (120 cm) compared to shaded (83 cm). Plant height of ZM 5738 was significantly higher than the other two accessions. Shading reduced dry matter accumulation by almost 75 % across genotypes with about 20 g per plant in shaded treatments and 73 g in unshaded treatments. Nutrient reductions were highest in fat (60.6 %), fibre (48.4 %), protein (37.8 %), and lowest in ash (27.3 %). In terms of strength of partitioning the pattern was: branches ˃ leaves ˃ roots ˃ squares ˃ flowers. The carbohydrate content increased with shading (10.6 %). Vitamin C content was higher in unshaded treatments in comparison with shaded conditions. ZM 5738 had the highest content followed by ZM 5748 and ZM 5729 had the least content. Oxalates which are an anti- nutrition factor increased with shade. The findings showed that there is significant variation among genotypes and in future selections can be made to choose the most productive genotypes.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (1): 7-13, June, 2018

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Irena, Abel H., Paluku Bahwere, Victor O. Owino, ElHadji I. Diop, Max O. Bachmann, Clara Mbwili-Muleya, Filippo Dibari, Kate Sadler, and Steve Collins. "Comparison of the effectiveness of a milk-free soy-maize-sorghum-based ready-to-use therapeutic food to standard ready-to-use therapeutic food with 25% milk in nutrition management of severely acutely malnourished Zambian children: an equivalence non-blin." Maternal & Child Nutrition 11 (December 2015): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12054.

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Sheftel, Jesse, Bryan M. Gannon, Christopher R. Davis, and Sherry A. Tanumihardjo. "Provitamin A-biofortified maize consumption increases serum xanthophylls and 13C-natural abundance of retinol in Zambian children." Experimental Biology and Medicine 242, no. 15 (August 24, 2017): 1508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370217728500.

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Plants that undergo C4 photosynthesis, such as maize, are enriched in the stable isotope of carbon (13C) compared with other dietary plants and foods. Consumption of maize that has been biofortified to contain elevated levels of provitamin A carotenoids (orange maize) increased the abundance of 13C in serum retinol of Mongolian gerbils. We evaluated this method in humans to determine if it has potential for further use in intervention effectiveness studies. A random subset of samples from a two-month randomized controlled feeding trial of rural three- to five-year old Zambian children were used to determine the impact of orange maize intake on serum carotenoid concentrations ( n = 88) and 13C-natural abundance in serum retinol ( n = 77). Concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin (a xanthophyll provitamin A carotenoid) and the dihydroxy xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin, which do not have vitamin A activity, were elevated in children consuming orange maize compared with those consuming a white maize control ( P < 0.001), while β-carotene was not different ( P > 0.3). Furthermore, 13C natural abundance was higher after two months’ intervention in the orange maize group compared with the white maize group ( P = 0.049). Predictions made from equations developed in the aforementioned gerbil study estimated that maize provided 11% (2–21%, 95% confidence interval) of the recent dietary vitamin A to these children. These results demonstrate that orange maize is efficacious at providing retinol to the vitamin A pool in children through provitamin A carotenoids, as monitored by the change in 13C enrichment, which was not reflected in serum β-carotene concentrations. Further effectiveness studies in countries who have adopted orange maize should consider determining differences in retinol 13C-enrichment among target groups in addition to profiling serum xanthophyll carotenoids with specific emphasis on zeaxanthin. Impact statement Maize biofortified with provitamin A carotenoids (orange) has been released in some African markets. Responsive and sensitive methods to evaluate dissemination effectiveness are needed. This study investigated methods to evaluate effectiveness of orange maize consumption using serum from Zambian children fed orange maize for two months. Many varieties of orange maize contain higher amounts of the xanthophyll carotenoids in addition to β-carotene compared with typical varieties. This study uniquely showed higher concentrations of the maize xanthophylls lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin in children who consumed orange maize compared with white. Furthermore, maize is a C4 plant and is therefore naturally enriched with 13C. Higher 13C was detected in the serum retinol of the orange maize consumers with no change in serum β-carotene concentration suggesting preferential bioconversion to retinol. The combined analyses of serum zeaxanthin specifically and 13C-natural abundance of retinol could prove useful in effectiveness studies between orange maize adopters and non-adopters.

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Kalinda, Thomson, Gelson Tembo, Elias Kuntashula, Augustine Langyintuo, Wilfred Mwangi, and Roberto La Rovere. "Characterization of Maize Producing Households in Southern Zambia." Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/crjss.6.5563.

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Foster, Kenneth A., and Anthony Mwanaumo. "Estimation of dynamic maize supply response in Zambia." Agricultural Economics 12, no. 1 (April 1995): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1995.tb00354.x.

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Foster, K. "Estimation of dynamic maize supply response in Zambia." Agricultural Economics 12, no. 1 (April 1995): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5150(94)00033-x.

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Freese, Riitta, Liisa Korkalo, Bengt Vessby, Siv Tengblad, Elina M. Vaara, Helena Hauta-alus, Kerry Selvester, and Marja Mutanen. "Essential fatty acid intake and serum fatty acid composition among adolescent girls in central Mozambique." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 7 (March 16, 2015): 1086–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000306.

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Many African diets are low in fat but are currently changing because of nutrition transition. We studied fat and fatty acid (FA) intake and the essential fatty acid (EFA) status of adolescent girls (aged 14–19 years, n 262) in Zambezia Province, central Mozambique. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a city as well as in the towns and rural villages of a coastal and an inland district. Dietary intake and FA sources were studied in a 24 h dietary recall. FA compositions of cholesteryl esters and phospholipids of non-fasting serum samples were analysed by GLC. Fat intake was low (13–18 % of energy) in all areas. Coconut and palm oil were the main sources of fat, and soyabean oil and maize were the main sources of PUFA. Compared to Food and Agriculture Organization/WHO 2010 recommendations, intake of linoleic acid (LA, 18 : 2n-6) was inadequate in the coastal district, and intakes of n-3 PUFA were inadequate in all areas. FA compositions of serum lipids differed between areas. The proportions of LA tended to be highest in the city and lowest in the rural areas. The phospholipid mead (20 : 3n-9):arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) ratio did not indicate EFA insufficiency. LA proportions in phospholipids were low, but those of long-chain n-6 and n-3 PUFA were high in comparison with Western adolescents. To conclude, fat sources, FA intake and EFA status differed between adolescent girls living in different types of communities. Fat intake was low, but EFA insufficiency was not indicated.

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Mathias, Tembo, Mwansa Kabamba, Kambukwe Kayombo, Ndeke Victoria, Ngâ€™uni Dickson, Chibwe Lubasi, Magorokosho Cosmos, and Mahabaleswara Suresh Lingadahali. "Screening of maize germplasm for resistance to maize lethal necrosis disease in Zambia." African Journal of Biotechnology 20, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2020.17255.

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Kalinda, Thomson, Gelson Tembo, and Elias Kuntashula. "Adoption of Improved Maize Seed Varieties in Southern Zambia." Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/ajas.6.4851.

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Simpungwe, Eliab. "Orange maize in Zambia: Crop development and delivery experience." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 17, no. 02 (April 20, 2017): 11973–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.78.harvestplus08.

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FOSTER, SUSAN. "Maize production, drought and AIDS in Monze District Zambia." Health Policy and Planning 8, no. 3 (1993): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/8.3.247.

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Rusike, Joseph, and Philip A. Donovan. "The evolution of the maize seed industry in Zambia." Development Southern Africa 13, no. 1 (February 1996): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359608439878.

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Blekking, Jordan, Kurt B. Waldman, and Tom Evans. "Hybrid-maize seed certification and smallholder adoption in Zambia." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 64, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1764342.

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