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Journal articles on the topic 'Maize cultivation – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Mufungizi, A. A., W. Musakwa, and T. Gumbo. "A LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE VHEMBE DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA, THE CASE OF MAIZE AND SORGHUM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1023-2020.

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Abstract. Sustainable development goals (SDGs) 1 and 2 stand for “No poverty” and “Zero hunger” respectively. Achieving these goals cannot be separated from promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring livelihoods, especially for rural communities. This study sought to determine the suitability of land for the cultivation of maize and sorghum crops in Vhembe District, South Africa. The study applied the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC), multi-criteria decision-making techniques, for criteria weights calculations and suitability maps calculations respectively within a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Six criteria were used; Soil pH, Soil Structure, Rainfall, Maximum Temperature, Minimum Temperature and Elevation. A consistency ratio (CR) of 0.035 was obtained for maize criteria weights and 0.036 for sorghum criteria weights. The results revealed that only limited portions of the whole district are highly suitable for the cultivation of Maize with 15.01% and Sorghum with 19.39 of the land arable for farming. This suggests lower maize and sorghum crops yields in the district and the paper recommends more cultivation of other drought resistant crops other than maize and sorghum.

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2

van Antwerpen, T., S. A. McFarlane, G. F. Buchanan, D. N. Shepherd, D. P. Martin, E. P. Rybicki, and A. Varsani. "First Report of Maize streak virus Field Infection of Sugarcane in South Africa." Plant Disease 92, no. 6 (June 2008): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0982a.

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Prior to the introduction of highly resistant sugarcane varieties, Sugarcane streak virus (SSV) caused serious sugar yield losses in southern Africa. Recently, sugarcane plants with streak symptoms have been identified across South Africa. Unlike the characteristic fine stippling and streaking of SSV, the symptoms resembled the broader, elongated chlorotic lesions commonly observed in wild grasses infected with the related Maize streak virus (MSV). Importantly, these symptoms have been reported on a newly released South African sugarcane cultivar, N44 (resistant to SSV). Following a first report from southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in February 2006, a survey in May 2007 identified numerous plants with identical symptoms in fields of cvs. N44, N27, and N36 across the entire South African sugarcane-growing region. Between 0.04 and 1.6% of the plants in infected fields had streak symptoms. Wild grass species with similar streaking symptoms were observed adjacent to one of these fields. Potted stalks collected from infected N44 plants germinated in a glasshouse exhibited streak symptoms within 10 days. Virus genomes were isolated and sequenced from a symptomatic N44 and Urochloa plantaginea plants collected from one of the surveyed fields (1). Phylogenetic analysis determined that while viruses from both plants closely resembled the South African maize-adapted MSV strain, MSV-A4 (>98.5% genome-wide sequence identity), they were only very distantly related to SSV (~65% identity; MSV-Sasri_S: EU152254; MSV-Sasri_G: EU152255). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of maize-adapted MSV variants in sugarcane. In the 1980s, “MSV strains” were serologically identified in sugarcane plants exhibiting streak symptoms in Reunion and Mauritius, but these were not genetically characterized (2,3). There have been no subsequent reports on the impact of such MSV infections on sugarcane cultivation on these islands. Also, at least five MSV strains have now been described, only one of which, MSV-A, causes significant disease in maize and it is unknown which strain was responsible for sugarcane diseases on these islands in the 1980s (2,3). MSV-A infections could have serious implications for the South African sugar industry. Besides yield losses in infected plants due to stunting and reduced photosynthesis, the virus could be considerably more difficult to control than it is in maize because sugarcane is vegetatively propagated and individual plants remain within fields for years rather than months. Moreover, there is a large MSV-A reservoir in maize and other grasses everywhere sugarcane is grown in southern Africa. References: (1) B. E. Owor et al. J Virol. Methods 140:100, 2007. (2) M. S. Pinner and P. G. Markham. J. Gen. Virol. 71:1635, 1990. (3) M. S. Pinner et al. Plant Pathol. 37:74, 1998.

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3

Widgren, Mats, Tim Maggs, Anna Plikk, Jan Risberg, Maria H. Schoeman, and Lars-Ove Westerberg. "Precolonial Agricultural Terracing in Bokoni, South Africa: Typology and an Exploratory Excavation." Journal of African Archaeology 14, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10281.

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Earlier work on the terraced settlements of the Bokoni area (16th to 19th century, Mpumalanga province, South Africa) focussed on the homesteads, their contents, layout and chronology. This paper suggests a terminology and typology of agrarian structures in Bokoni in order to improve comparative approaches in Africa and beyond. The typology and an excavation of the terracing permit possible preliminary conclusions relevant for the further analysis of the terracing and stone-walling in Bokoni. The terracing developed incrementally, whereby cultivation, stone-clearing and terracing were intermixed processes. This is supported both by the organic content in a section of a terrace and by a phytolith analysis. The phytolith analysis furthermore indicated that maize was cultivated on the terraces, but this should be seen as a pilot study only, and presence of maize in Bokoni must be tested with other archaeobotanical methods.

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4

Acevedo-Siaca, Liana, and Peter D. Goldsmith. "Soy-Maize Crop Rotations in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (August 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8833872.

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Empirical evidence shows complementarity between maize and soybean as a sustained agricultural system across North and South America as well as Eastern Europe. The potential application to sub-Saharan Africa motivates this literature review. Maize is one of the most important crops on the African subcontinent, accounting for over half of daily caloric intake in some regions. However, continuous cropping of maize has led to extensive degradation of soil and decrease in crop productivity and endangers household food and nutritional security. The cultivation of soybean holds great promise in improving agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Introducing soy into rotation with maize is a method to diversify diets, better nutritional status, reduce abiotic and biotic stresses, and improve soil fertility, while enhancing crop productivity and generating more income for farmers. However, limited access to extension services and other sources of technical support constrains adoption of the more complex rotation cropping system involving a new crop, soybean. Rotating soybean with maize too challenges farmers as there is not a specific prescription that can guide farmers operating across Africa’s diverse agroecological environments. Finally, soybean is an input-intensive crop requiring significant investment at planting, which may not allow small holders with limited resources and no access to credit.

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5

Oluwaseun Samuel, Oduniyi, Antwi Micheal Akwasi, and Tekana Sibongile Sylvia. "Prioritization on cultivation and climate change adaptation techniques: a potential option in strengthening climate resilience in South Africa." Agronomía Colombiana 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v37n1.77545.

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Numerous challenges currently experienced in the world today stemmed from global scientific collaborations that rely mainly on the ecosystem. Impact of climate variability threatens food security and production especially among the rural farming households. The study was conducted in North West Province of South Africa, to identify climate change adaptation techniques and to analyze prioritization of farmers on cultivation, both in the past and present. A total number of 497 rural household maize farmers were selected through a stratified sampling method from two district municipalities. Descriptive statistics were used to compute the mean, frequency and percentages, while Wilcoxon sign rank test established farmers’ prioritization on cultivation. The results show different adaptation strategies used. On the other hand, Wilcoxon sign rank test showed a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between the farmers prioritization on cultivation both in the past and present. The study recommends incorporation of conservation agricultural practices to the existing strategies.

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6

Akanwe Asiwe, Joseph Nwafor. "Yield and Economic Assessments of Five Cowpea Varieties in Cowpea-Maize Strip Intercropping in Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1634.

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Farmers‟ traditional cropping practice in Limpopo Province is to mix and broadcast crops at planting without definite row arrangement. Although this practice is very easy and cost-saving, it leads to low plant density, hinders farm input application, and results in low crop yields and poor return on investment. Strip intercropping, where crops are planted with definite row arrangement, reduces inter-species competition, optimises plant population, and increases crop yield. Five cowpea varieties i.e. „TVu 13464‟, „IT86D-1010‟, „Glenda‟, „IT82E-16‟ and „IT87K-499-35‟ and maize was grown under strip intercropping, monocropping, and mixed intercropping as a control during two seasons. During both years, significant interactions were obtained between the cowpea varieties and the cropping systems in most of the variables measured. Cowpea sown in the strip intercropping performed better compared those sown in mixed intercropping. Cowpea varieties „IT86D-1010‟, „IT82E-16‟ and „IT87K-499-35‟ harvested more grain yield under monocropping and strip intercropping than under mixed intercropping. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of strip intercropping during the two seasons ranged between 1.25 and 2.29 and was higher compared to mixed intercropping, which ranged between 0.50 and 1.32. In conclusion, cowpea varieties „IT86D-1010‟, „IT82E-16‟ and „IT87K-499-35‟ sown with maize as strip intercropping resulted more profits under intercropping systems and were recommended for cultivation by farmers in the Limpopo region with low rainfall. Moreover, grain yield, LER, and net profit achieved by strip intercropping was three-fold more than mixed intercropping. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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7

Skenjana, NL, and AJ Afolayan. "A documentation of plants used by rural small-scale farmers to control maize pests in the eastern cape province of South Africa." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 02 (March 24, 2021): 17643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.97.18520.

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Maize(Zea mays L.)small-scale farmers in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa are generally under-resourced, and as a result, their crops are vulnerable to pest attacks. The farmers often cannot afford farming implements and inputs, and tend to improvise with what is freely available in their surroundings. Regarding pests, farmers tend not to follow the conventional use of chemical insecticides and rather use alternative methods of control such as plant-based methods. Plant-based methods that are founded on formulations and plant combinations have been found to be eroding due to lack of documentation. This study sought to document the names of plants used in combinations and formulations and their preparation methods so that they can be further used to set a research agenda specific to affordable pest control methods for the Province. Surveys using the convenience and stratified purposive sampling techniques were conducted in selected rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province in order to investigate the plants, their combinations and formulations used by these farmers to control insect pests of maize. A total of 217 farmers were interviewed. Study protocols adhered to ethical standards set by the EasternCape Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, whereas percentages were calculated using Microsoft Excel (2010). Findings revealed that most of the plants used were from familiesSolanaceaeandAsteraceae. The most preferred plant was Chenopodiumambrosioides, a perennial herb from the family Chenopodiceae. Although, several arthropods were mentioned by farmers as pests of maize in their cultivation areas, the predominant targets of formulations and combinations were maize stalk borers. These insects were also cited as most troublesome. The common plant part used in combinations and formulations was the leaves. Thefindingsraisedtheneed for continuous scientific validation and documentation of indigenous pest control methods to bridge the generational gap and increase the range of their use.

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8

Mujuru, Nyarai M., and Ajuruchukwu Obi. "Effects of Cultivated Area on Smallholder Farm Profits and Food Security in Rural Communities of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 3272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083272.

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As rural poverty deepens over much of Sub-Saharan Africa, smallholder transformation has become more urgent than ever before. A majority of rural people derive their livelihoods from agriculture, hence the urgent need for transforming the sector. The South African government launched a comprehensive land reform programme at the dawn of democracy in the country on the assumption that constraints on land size would be eliminated to make room for a more inclusive agricultural economy. The present study sought to assess how cultivated area affects food security and the profits of maize and cabbage farmers. The purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of study sites, from which 158 irrigators and homestead gardeners were selected. The data were then subjected to analysis by defining a maximum likelihood estimator that combines the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) and one-way error correction model, to determine the factors influencing food security and farm profits. The model revealed diverse relationships, suggesting that location, farm type and income were important variables in explaining food security. The area under cultivation was found to influence profits for both crops. Policies in favour of technology adoption, market access and input use would greatly incentivize farmers to cultivate larger plots of land.

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9

Akanwe Asiwe, Joseph Nwafor. "Performance and Economic Prospect of Pigeonpea Varieties in Pigeonpea-Maize Strip Intercropping in Limpopo Province." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1633.

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Pigeonpea is an important grain legume, and is traditionally intercropped with maize in West Africa and India. Small farmers in Limpopo Province, South Africa, who cultivate pigeonpea landraces under traditional mixed intercropping, experience the challenge of low productivity. Strip intercropping is a novel cropping system has greater efficiency and productivity in resource utilization when compared to mixed intercropping. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of improved pigeonpea varieties under a pigeonpea-maize strip intercropping system. Five pigeonpea varieties (ICEAP 001284, ICEAP 00604, ICEAP 87091, ICEAP 00661 and ICEAP 01101-2) were intercropped in maize as mixed and strip intercropping during the 2015–2016 and 2016/2017 cropping seasons while monocrops of both crops were also maintained as control. The trial for each season was replicated three times in a split plot design. During both seasons, ICEAP 001284 and ICEAP 00604 exhibited the shortest number of days to attain 50% flowering under strip intercropping and monocropping when compared to the remaining varieties. Higher significant (P < 0.05) grain yields (1726 kg ha-1, 1478 kg ha-1 and 858 kg ha-1 were obtained under strip intercropping for ICEAP 001284, ICEAP 01101-2 and ICEAP 00604, respectively during 2016/2017 than their respective grain yields during 2015/2016 season. Strip intercropping out-performed mixed intercropping with a higher land equivalent ratio and cash returns due to its ripple effect in the enhanced yield components. Among the five pigeonpea varieties, ICEAP 001284, ICEAP 00604 and ICEAP 01101-2, performed exceedingly well in their crop mixtures. In conclusion, the three pigeonpea varieties were selected for cultivation under strip intercropping. Strip intercropping exhibited greater efficiency in resource utilization and productivity over mixed intercropping in terms of grain yield, land equivalent ratio, net profit, and benefit-cost ratio. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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10

van Wyk, Deidré A. B., Rasheed Adeleke, Owen H. J. Rhode, Carlos C. Bezuidenhout, and Charlotte Mienie. "Ecological guild and enzyme activities of rhizosphere soil microbial communities associated with Bt-maize cultivation under field conditions in North West Province of South Africa." Journal of Basic Microbiology 57, no. 9 (July 21, 2017): 781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201700043.

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11

Masoni, Alberto, Alessandro Calamai, Lorenzo Marini, Stefano Benedettelli, and Enrico Palchetti. "Constitution of Composite Cross Maize (Zea mays L.) Populations Selected for the Semi-Arid Environment of South Madagascar." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010054.

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In many African countries, such as Madagascar, a large part of the population is currently estimated to be undernourished, and self-subsistence agriculture represents the primary source of food available for the family. Smallholder farmers cultivate crops with limited agricultural input and use old landraces or obsolete hybrid varieties, with a total country-wide production that is far from being able to sustain the national food demand. In this study, we have developed two maize composite cross populations (CCPs) of different kernel colors, through a selection process among 30 half-sib lines, chosen both for their agronomic performance and their environmental adaptability to a Malagasy farm context. The best half-sib lines, identified through field tests, were clustered as a parental group for open-pollinated crosses. The new CCP created, after two years of seed multiplication in an open field, showed promising yields compared with the hybrids, parental varieties, and local landraces, with average values of 2.7 t/ha for the white CCP and 3.5 t/ha for the yellow one. The seeds produced were then distributed among 15 local farmers to begin a participatory breeding program. Our approach represents an innovative step to improve and stabilize maize yields, employing populations adapted to the cultivation environment and able to cope with different stresses, thereby helping farmers’ life conditions.

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Gumma, Murali Krishna, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Irshad Mohammed, Geoffrey Chavula, N. V. P. R. Ganga Rao, Patrick Okori, Christopher O. Ojiewo, Rajeev Varshney, Moses Siambi, and Anthony Whitbread. "Monitoring Changes in the Cultivation of Pigeonpea and Groundnut in Malawi Using Time Series Satellite Imagery for Sustainable Food Systems." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121475.

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Malawi, in south-eastern Africa, is one of the poorest countries in the world. Food security in the country hinges on rainfed systems in which maize and sorghum are staple cereals and groundnut and pigeonpea are now major grain legume crops. While the country has experienced a considerable reduction in forest lands, population growth and demand for food production have seen an increase in the area dedicated to agricultural crops. From 2010, pigeonpea developed into a major export crop, and is commonly intercropped with cereals or grown in double-up legume systems. Information on the spatial extent of these crops is useful for estimating food supply, understanding export potential, and planning policy changes as examples of various applications. Remote sensing analysis offers a number of efficient approaches to deliver spatial, reproducible data on land use and land cover (LULC) and changes therein. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products (fortnightly and monthly) and derived phenological parameters assist in mapping cropland areas during the agricultural season, with explicit focus on redistributed farmland. Owing to its low revisit time and the availability of long-term period data, MODIS offers several advantages, e.g., the possibility of obtaining cloud-free Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) profile and an analysis using one methodology applied to one sensor at regular acquisition dates, avoiding incomparable results. To assess the expansion of areas used in the production of pigeonpea and groundnut resulting from the release of new varieties, the spatial distribution of cropland areas was mapped using MODIS NDVI 16-day time-series products (MOD13Q1) at a spatial resolution of 250 m for the years 2010–2011 and 2016–2017. The resultant cropland extent map was validated using intensive ground survey data. Pigeonpea is mostly grown in the southern dry districts of Mulanje, Phalombe, Chiradzulu, Blantyre and Mwanza and parts of Balaka and Chikwawa as a groundnut-pigeonpea intercrop, and sorghum-pigeonpea intercrop in Mzimba district. By 2016, groundnut extent had increased in Mwanza, Mulanje, and Phalombe and fallen in Mzimba. The result indicates that the area planted with pigeonpea had increased by 29% (75,000 ha) from 2010–2011 to 2016–2017. Pigeonpea expansion in recent years has resulted from major export opportunities to Asian countries like India, and its consumption by Asian expatriates all over the world. This study provides useful information for policy changes and the prioritization of resources allocated to sustainable food production and to support smallholder farmers.

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13

Eckstein, K., C. Fraser, and W. Joubert. "GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION OF BANANAS IN SOUTH AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 490 (September 1998): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.490.12.

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14

VAN DER VYVER, A., and J. VAN ZYL. "A FUTURES MARKET FOR MAIZE IN SOUTH AFRICA." Agrekon 28, no. 1 (February 1989): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1989.9524148.

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15

Chambers, K. R. "Epidemiology of Maize Root Rot in South Africa." Journal of Phytopathology 118, no. 1 (January 1987): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1987.tb00435.x.

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16

van Wyk, A. S., and G. Prinsloo. "Medicinal plant harvesting, sustainability and cultivation in South Africa." Biological Conservation 227 (November 2018): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.018.

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17

Sales, J., and P. J. Britz. "Research on abalone (Haliotis midae L.) cultivation in South Africa." Aquaculture Research 32, no. 11 (November 2001): 863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00629.x.

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18

Robertson-Andersson, Deborah V., Michelle Potgieter, Joakim Hansen, John J. Bolton, Max Troell, Robert J. Anderson, Christina Halling, and Trevor Probyn. "Integrated seaweed cultivation on an abalone farm in South Africa." Journal of Applied Phycology 20, no. 5 (May 27, 2008): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9239-7.

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19

Ndokwana, Ayanda, and Stanley Fore. "Economic assessment of bioethanol production from maize in South Africa." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 6 (December 4, 2018): 973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-05-2017-0052.

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Purpose This research investigated the economic feasibility of using maize as feedstock to produce bioethanol in South Africa. The purpose of the study was to generate economic data from a maize-fed bioethanol plant and use it to perform a comparative analysis between the profitability that is generated by the maize exports to Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries and the profitability generated by the bioethanol plant in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data. The mixed method approach was chosen owing to the nature of the study which required an analysis of qualitative and quantitative data in order to achieve its objectives. Findings The findings from a qualitative instrument indicated that a majority of respondents were in favour of the decision of excluding maize for bioethanol production made by the South African Government. Findings from quantitative analysis revealed that the profitability of the bioethanol plant was largely influenced by the prices of feedstock and bioethanol. Research limitations/implications This research was a deterministic feasibility study which ignores the risk associated with price fluctuation of raw materials and products. A probabilistic feasibility study was recommended (Monte Carlo simulation). Such economic data can also help policymakers and investors to make informed decisions. Originality/value The study recommended the need to produce bioethanol from the maize cultivated in available arable soils in South Africa, thus alleviating the cost burden of importing oil and obnoxious environmental effects.

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Marasas, W., W. Gelderblom, G. Shephard, and H. Vismer. "Mycotoxicological research in South Africa 1910-2011." World Mycotoxin Journal 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2011.1322.

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The British mycologist, I.B. Pole-Evans, was appointed as the first South African government mycologist in 1905 following the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute was founded in 1908 with the Swiss veterinarian, Arnold Theiler, as the first director. Thus, the stage was set for the commencement of mycotoxicological research when the Union of South Africa came into being in 1910. The first accounts of this pioneering research appeared in the 'Seventh and eight reports of the Director of Veterinary Research, Union of South Africa. 1918' in which D.T. Mitchell reported on the experimental reproduction of the neurotoxic syndrome, diplodiosis, in cattle with pure cultures of Stenocarpella maydis (= Diplodia zea) isolated by P.A. Van der Bijl and grown on sterile maize kernels. This is the first report of the experimental reproduction of a veterinary mycotoxicosis with a pure culture of a fungus in South Africa and possibly in the world. This seminal research was followed by a great deal of multidisciplinary research on veterinary mycotoxicoses as well as human syndromes in which fungal toxins are suspected to be involved, taxonomy of mycotoxigenic fungi and chemistry of mycotoxins in South Africa. The mycotoxicoses studied in South Africa include the following (more or less in chronological order): diplodiosis, Paspalum staggers, aflatoxicosis, human hepatocellular carcinoma, ochratoxicosis, lupinosis, facial eczema, tremorgenic mycotoxicosis, hyperoestrogenism, stachybotryotoxicosis, ergotism, leukoencephalomalacia and human oesophageal cancer. A major breakthrough in mycotoxicological research was made in South Africa in 1988 with the isolation and chemical characterisation of the carcinogenic fumonisins produced by Fusarium verticillioides in maize. Current research at the PROMEC Unit of the South African Medical Research Council on the risk assessment of fumonisins and intervention methods to reduce fumonisin intake by rural populations on a maize staple diet is highlighted. This paper concludes with a selected list of mycotoxicological publications by South African mycologists/plant pathologists, veterinarians and chemists/biochemists.

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Matlou, Charles, Michael A. Antwi, and Clarietta Chagwiza. "Determinants of maize farmers' adoption of Bt maize in Gauteng Province of South Africa." International Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 3 (2017): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbt.2017.084653.

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Matlou, Charles, Clarietta Chagwiza, and Michael A. Antwi. "Determinants of maize farmers' adoption of Bt maize in Gauteng Province of South Africa." International Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 3 (2017): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbt.2017.10005655.

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23

Adisa, Omolola, Joel Botai, Abiodun Adeola, Abubeker Hassen, Christina Botai, Daniel Darkey, and Eyob Tesfamariam. "Application of Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Maize Production in South Africa." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041145.

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The use of crop modeling as a decision tool by farmers and other decision-makers in the agricultural sector to improve production efficiency has been on the increase. In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) models were used for predicting maize in the major maize producing provinces of South Africa. The maize production prediction and projection analysis were carried out using the following climate variables: precipitation (PRE), maximum temperature (TMX), minimum temperature (TMN), potential evapotranspiration (PET), soil moisture (SM) and land cultivated (Land) for maize. The analyzed datasets spanned from 1990 to 2017 and were divided into two segments with 80% used for model training and the remaining 20% for testing. The results indicated that PET, PRE, TMN, TMX, Land, and SM with two hidden neurons of vector (5,8) were the best combination to predict maize production in the Free State province, whereas the TMN, TMX, PET, PRE, SM and Land with vector (7,8) were the best combination for predicting maize in KwaZulu-Natal province. In addition, the TMN, SM and Land and TMN, TMX, SM and Land with vector (3,4) were the best combination for maize predicting in the North West and Mpumalanga provinces, respectively. The comparison between the actual and predicted maize production using the testing data indicated performance accuracy adjusted R2 of 0.75 for Free State, 0.67 for North West, 0.86 for Mpumalanga and 0.82 for KwaZulu-Natal. Furthermore, a decline in the projected maize production was observed across all the selected provinces (except the Free State province) from 2018 to 2019. Thus, the developed model can help to enhance the decision making process of the farmers and policymakers.

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Wright, J. P., J. L. Posner, and J. D. Doll. "The Effect of Tied Ridge Cultivation on the Yield of Maize and a Maize/Cowpea Relay in the Gambia." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 3 (July 1991): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018998.

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SummaryThe growing season in the semi-arid region of West Africa is drought prone and of irregular duration. Two experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to test the effects of flat cultivation and tied ridge cultivation (TRC) on the yields of maize and the component crops of a maize and cowpea relay cropping system. The two research sites, with slopes of 0.05% and 3%, were near Sapu, The Gambia, on an Aridic Kandiustalf in the 700 mm rainfall zone.Both growing seasons had above average rainfall. In both years, maize on level sites showed no response to tillage practices. On the sloped site in 1987, soil moisture 10 and 15 days after the last rain was greater with TRC than with flat cultivation and yields of sole cowpea and maize were 25% and 18% greater, respectively. On the level site, TRC had no effect on residual soil moisture or grain yield. When rainfall was well distributed, tied ridging did not appear to be a viable tillage alternative for maize-based systems on flat land in central Gambia but with modest slopes, tied ridges markedly increased soil water reserves in the 0.15 to 0.60 m depth after maize harvest.

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TOVEY, FRANK I., MICHAEL HOBSLEY, ISIDOR SEGAL, and A. PAUL JAYARAJ. "Duodenal ulcer in South Africa: Home-pounded versus milled maize." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 20, no. 7 (June 7, 2005): 1008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03852.x.

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Shephard, Gordon S., Liana van der Westhuizen, Pumza M. Gatyeni, Nontuthuzelo I. M. Somdyala, Hester-Mari Burger, and Walter F. O. Marasas. "Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Traditional Xhosa Maize Beer in South Africa." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, no. 24 (November 2005): 9634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0516080.

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Ala-Kokko, Kristiina, Lawton Lanier Nalley, Aaron M. Shew, Jesse B. Tack, Petronella Chaminuka, Marty D. Matlock, and Marijke D'Haese. "Economic and ecosystem impacts of GM maize in South Africa." Global Food Security 29 (June 2021): 100544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100544.

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Aken, M. E., N. J. Griffin, and B. L. Robertson. "Cultivation of the agarophyte Gelidium pristoides in Algoa Bay, South Africa." Hydrobiologia 268, no. 3 (October 1993): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00014052.

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29

Musokwa, Misheck, Paramu L. Mafongoya, and Paxie W. Chirwa. "Monitoring of Soil Water Content in Maize Rotated with Pigeonpea Fallows in South Africa." Water 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102761.

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Maize production under smallholder systems in South Africa (RSA) depends on rainfall. Incidences of dry spells throughout the growing season have affected maize yields negatively. The study examined water distribution and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize rotated with two-year pigeonpea fallows as compared to continuous maize without fertilizer. A randomized complete block design, replicated three times, was used with four treatments, which included continuous unfertilized maize, natural fallow-maize, pigeonpea + grass-pigeonpea-maize, and two-year pigeonpea fallow-maize. Soil water mark sensors were installed 0.2; 0.5; and 1.2 m on each plot to monitor soil water tension (kPa). Soil samples were analyzed using pressure plates to determine water retention curves which were used to convert soil water tension to volumetric water content. Maize rotated with two-year pigeonpea fallows had higher dry matter yield (11,661 kg ha−1) and WUE (20.78 kg mm−1) than continuous maize (5314 kg ha−1 and 9.48 kg mm−1). In this era of water scarcity and drought incidences caused by climate change, maize rotated with pigeonpea fallows is recommended among smallholder farmers in RSA because of its higher WUE, hence food security will be guaranteed.

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Costantini, Michele, and Jacopo Bacenetti. "Soybean and maize cultivation in South America: Environmental comparison of different cropping systems." Cleaner Environmental Systems 2 (June 2021): 100017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100017.

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Joppich, Jasmin. "African Rice Cultivation. Wissens- und Technologietransfer von westafrikanischem Reisanbau nach South Carolina." historia.scribere, no. 11 (June 17, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.11.809.

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The following paper is about the knowledge and technologies of rice cultivation that enslaved Africans brought from West Africa to colonial South Carolina. The paper examines why and in what ways West African technologies of rice cultivation were used and adapted in South Carolina to maximise production and profits, how rice production evolved after the Civil War in 1865, and whether there were any further developments in US rice cultivation.

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32

Munkacsi, Andrew B., Sam Stoxen, and Georgiana May. "Ustilago maydis populations tracked maize through domestication and cultivation in the Americas." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1638 (February 5, 2008): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1636.

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The domestication of crops and the development of agricultural societies not only brought about major changes in human interactions with the environment but also in plants' interactions with the diseases that challenge them. We evaluated the impact of the domestication of maize from teosinte and the widespread cultivation of maize on the historical demography of Ustilago maydis , a fungal pathogen of maize. To determine the evolutionary response of the pathogen's populations, we obtained multilocus genotypes for 1088 U. maydis diploid individuals from two teosinte subspecies in Mexico and from maize in Mexico and throughout the Americas. Results identified five major U. maydis populations: two in Mexico; two in South America; and one in the United States. The two populations in Mexico diverged from the other populations at times comparable to those for the domestication of maize at 6000–10 000 years before present. Maize domestication and agriculture enforced sweeping changes in U. maydis populations such that the standing variation in extant pathogen populations reflects evolution only since the time of the crop's domestication.

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33

Botha, J. J., J. J. Anderson, and P. P. Van Staden. "Rainwater harvesting and conservation tillage increase maize yields in South Africa." Water Resources and Rural Development 6 (November 2015): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wrr.2015.04.001.

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34

VAN ZYL, J. "A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEMAND FOR MAIZE IN SOUTH AFRICA." Agrekon 25, no. 3 (October 1986): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1986.9524080.

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35

Coutingo, T. A., and F. M. Wallis. "Bacterial Streak Disease of Maize (Zea mays L.) in South Africa." Journal of Phytopathology 133, no. 2 (October 1991): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1991.tb00144.x.

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36

Van den Berg, J., and A. Van Wyk. "The effect of Bt maize on Sesamia calamistis in South Africa." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 122, no. 1 (January 2007): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00492.x.

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Khumalo, Teclah P., Hettie C. Schönfeldt, and Hester Vermeulen. "Consumer acceptability and perceptions of maize meal in Giyani, South Africa." Development Southern Africa 28, no. 2 (April 29, 2011): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2011.570074.

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38

Gouse, Marnus, Debdatta Sengupta, Patricia Zambrano, and José Falck Zepeda. "Genetically Modified Maize: Less Drudgery for Her, More Maize for Him? Evidence from Smallholder Maize Farmers in South Africa." World Development 83 (July 2016): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.03.008.

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39

Swanepoel, D. S., G. F. Ortmann, and M. A. G. Darroch. "Causes of bankruptcy amongst maize and extensive beef farmers in South Africa: 1970-1994." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v1i1.1868.

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The number of maize farms and extensive beef farms annually declared bankrupt in South Africa rose sharply over the period 1970 to 1994. Principal components regression confirmed a priori expectations that maize farm and extensive beef farm bankruptcies were negatively related to annual rainfall (business risk factor), but positively related to the lagged aggregate farm debt/asset ratio and lagged real interest rates (financial risk factors). Maize farm bankruptcies also increased as lagged real maize and beef producer prices fell (business risk factors). Beef farm bankruptcies rose with lower lagged real beef producer prices and higher lagged real stockfeed subsidies and transport rebates (business risk factors). Part of the rise in maize and extensive beef farms failures between 1970 and 1994 can therefore be ascribed to changed agricultural price and macroeconomic policies

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Wright, Jim, Prabhat Vaze, and Stephen Gundry. "The Role of Policy in the Encroachment of Maize Cultivation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe." Outlook on Agriculture 27, no. 2 (June 1998): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700206.

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For many areas of smallholder dryland agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, cultivation of drought-resistant small grains such as millets and sorghum offer reliable harvests and food security. Despite this, the area given over to maize in such semi-arid areas has been increasing, although there is a risk of crop failure associated with its longer growing season. The influence of agricultural policy on this change in cropping patterns is examined here in the context of Zimbabwe. It is argued that despite the official extension advice discouraging maize cultivation, other aspects of policy have indirectly contributed to this change in cropping patterns. These aspects include seed supply, changes in producer prices, and the operation of the drought relief programme.

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41

May, Julian, and Christian M. Rogerson. "Poverty and sustainable cities in South Africa: The role of urban cultivation." Habitat International 19, no. 2 (January 1995): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(94)00064-9.

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42

Gouse, Marnus, Carl E. Pray, Johann Kirsten, and David Schimmelpfennig. "A GM subsistence crop in Africa: the case of Bt white maize in South Africa." International Journal of Biotechnology 7, no. 1/2/3 (2005): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbt.2005.006447.

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43

Musokwa, Misheck, and Paramu L. Mafongoya. "Effects of improved pigeonpea fallows on biological and physical soil properties and their relationship with maize yield." Agroforestry Systems 95, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00598-7.

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AbstractDeclining soil properties have triggered lower maize yields among smallholder famers in South Africa. Legume trees such as pigeonpea can be used as improved fallows to replenish degraded soils. The objectives of the study were to: (1) examine the effects of improved pigeonpea fallows on enhancing biological, physical soil properties and maize yield responses and (2), analyze the relationship of maize grain yield to biological and physical soil properties after improved pigeonpea fallows at Wartburg, South Africa. Pigeonpea fallows were established in 2015/16 season and terminated in 2017 and subsequently maize was planted. A randomized complete block design replicated three times was used with five treatments: continuous sole maize without fertilizer (T1), natural fallow then maize (T2), pigeonpea + grass—pigeonpea then maize (T3), maize + pigeonpea—pigeonpea then maize (T4), two-year pigeonpea fallow then maize (T5). Improved pigeonpea fallows increased maize yields through improvement in soil macrofauna species abundance, richness and diversity, aggregate stability, infiltration rate. Pigeonpea fallows increased maize yield by 3.2 times than continuous maize without fertilizer. The maize grain yield (3787 kg ha−1), was the highest on two-year pigeonpea fallows while continuous maize without fertilizer had the least (993 kg ha−1). There was a significant positive correlation between soil macrofauna indices and physical soil properties to maize yields. Smallholders who have limited access to fertilizers can sustainably use improved fallows to restore degraded soils to achieve higher maize yields in South Africa.

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Marechera, George, Grace Muinga, and Patrick Irungu. "Assessment of Seed Maize Systems and Potential Demand for Climate-Smart Hybrid Maize Seed in Africa." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 8 (July 17, 2016): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n8p171.

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<p>Africa lacks a steady supply of good quality seed due in part to lack of timely development and conveyance of seed technologies to farmers. This study evaluated the performance of national seed systems of five countries in eastern and southern Africa where a consortium of public-private organizations are implementing the Water Efficient Maize for Africa (WEMA) project. WEMA aimed at developing and deploying drought-tolerant and insect-pest-protected maize hybrids (climate-smart hybrids) to smallholder farmers royalty-free. The objectives of the study were to assess the main components of the seed maize systems, their institutional frameworks, and estimate the potential demand for WEMA climate-smart hybrid maize seed to guide in upscaling the seed technology to other African countries. Primary data was gathered from key experts in the seed maize value-chain of each country. Secondary data came from national statistics bureaux to estimate the potential demand for WEMA seed maize. Results showed that farmers in all five countries except South Africa overwhelming rely on the informal seed system. The formal seed system is over-regulated creating unnecessary delays in the release and commercialization of improved seed varieties. It also increases the cost of developing new seed technology. Except South Africa, the demand for seed maize in the other four WEMA countries will grow by 4.1% annually from 31,614 to 35,863 metric tons of certified seed over 2014-2020 period. The study advances several recommendations to improve the efficiency of the seed maize systems, which when implemented, will undoubtedly improve food security in Africa.</p>

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45

Nyambo, Patrick, Chiduza Cornelius, and Tesfay Araya. "Carbon Dioxide Fluxes and Carbon Stocks under Conservation Agricultural Practices in South Africa." Agriculture 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090374.

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Understanding the impacts of agricultural practices on carbon stocks and CO2 emission is imperative in order to recommend low emission strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tillage, crop rotation, and residue management on soil CO2 fluxes, carbon stock, soil temperature, and moisture in the semi-arid conditions in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The field trial was laid out as a split-split-plot design replicated three times. The main plots were tillage viz conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT). The sub-plots were allocated to crop rotations viz maize–fallow–maize (MFM), maize–oat–maize (MOM), and maize–vetch–maize (MVM). Crop residue management was in the sub-sub plots, viz retention (R+), removal (R−), and biochar (B). There were no significant interactions (p > 0.05) with respect to the cumulative CO2 fluxes, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Crop residue retention significantly increased the soil moisture content relative to residue removal, but was not different to biochar application. Soil tilling increased the CO2 fluxes by approximately 26.3% relative to the NT. The carbon dioxide fluxes were significantly lower in R− (2.04 µmoL m−2 s−1) relative to the R+ (2.32 µmoL m−2 s−1) and B treatments (2.36 µmoL m−2 s−1). The carbon dioxide fluxes were higher in the summer (October–February) months compared to the winter period (May–July), irrespective of treatment factors. No tillage had a significantly higher carbon stock at the 0-5 cm depth relative to CT. Amending the soils with biochar resulted in significantly lower total carbon stock relative to both R+ and R−. The results of the study show that NT can potentially reduce CO2 fluxes. In the short term, amending soils with biochar did not reduce the CO2 fluxes compared to R+, however the soil moisture increases were comparable.

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46

Zhao, Xiao Feng, and Bin Le Lin. "Evaluation of the Impacts of Climate Change on Land Suitability for Jatropha Cultivation." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3777.

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We evaluated land suitability for Jatropha cultivation at a global scale under current and future climate scenarios. Areas that are suitable for Jatropha cultivation include southern South America, the west and southeast coasts of Africa, the north of South Asia, and the north and south coasts of Australia. In the predicted climate change scenarios, areas near the equator become less suitable for Jatropha cultivation, and areas further from the equator become more suitable. Our analyses suggest that the rank order of the six climate change scenarios, from the smallest to the largest effects on Jatropha cultivation, was as follows: B1, A1T/B2, A1B, A2, and A1FI.

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47

Kambanje, Ardinesh, Amon Taruvinga, Abbyssinia Mushunje, Charles Mutengwa, and Saul Ngarava. "Determinants of Food Security Status amongst Smallholder Farmers Utilizing Different Maize Varieties in OR Tambo District, South Africa." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 62 (February 5, 2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.62.133.139.

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Maize is an important staple crop for poverty reduction and global food security in Sub Saharan Africa. Food insecurity can be combated through adoption of productivity improving technologies, which include improved maize varieties. In that endeavour, South Africa has promoted various improved maize varieties which include open pollinated varieties (OPVs), hybrids, and genetically modified (GM) varieties. Despite this, the traditional landrace varieties have also been dominating in the country. However, the household food insecurity problem in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa may signify a mis-match between maize varieties being promoted amongst smallholder farmers’ and their needs. It therefore necessitates a scrutiny of the food security status among users of different maize varieties, and the determinants of such food security. A cross sectional survey was conducted in Port St Johns, Mqanduli and Flagstaff in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Data was purposively collected from a sample of 650 smallholder farmers using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Household Food Insecurity Access Score and ordinal logistic regression model were employed to characterize, examine the household food insecurity status and the determinants, respectively. Fifty-six percent of the respondents were utilizing land race maize varieties, whilst 29% GMs, 10% combining GMs and landrace, 4% improved OPVs and 1% convectional hybrids. The average land area under maize was 1.09 hectares with average yields (t/ha) of 1.9, 0.5, 1.7 and 1.6 for GM, landrace, conventional hybrids and improved OPVs respectively. Fifty-five percent of households utilizing GM varieties and 61% of those combining maize varieties were food secure. The regression model showed that maize variety had significant influence on food security. The study found that GM maize, improved OPV, white maize and combination effects of GM maize was associated with reduction of household food insecurity. From the study, it can be put into perspective that use of white and improved maize varieties reduces household food insecurity. Therefore, to address household food insecurity, the study recommended targeting white maize varieties, especially GM white maize varieties which are highly productive and a positive influence on household food security.

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Smit, E., and J. van den Berg. "Effect of Tillage Methods on Termite Damage to Maize in South Africa." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 23, no. 02 (June 2003): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400020385.

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49

Nieuwoudt, A., M. P. Human, M. Craven, and B. G. Crampton. "Genetic differentiation in populations ofExserohilum turcicumfrom maize and sorghum in South Africa." Plant Pathology 67, no. 7 (May 3, 2018): 1483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12858.

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50

Musokwa, Misheck, Paramu Mafongoya, and Simon Lorentz. "Evaluation of agroforestry systems for maize (Zea mays) productivity in South Africa." South African Journal of Plant and Soil 36, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2018.1459898.

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