Relevant bibliographies by topics / Maize growth

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Maize growth'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 January 2025
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Maize growth"

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Spitzer, T., P. Míša, J. Bílovský, and J. Kazda. "Management of maize stand height using growth regulators." Plant Protection Science 51, No. 4 (2016): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/105/2014-pps.

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Raczek, Ewa. "Growth of maize coleoptiles in the presence of natural and synthetic growth regulators. Growth correlations." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 53, no. 3 (2014): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1984.031.

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The effect of natural (IAA, FC, ABA) and synthetic (2,4-D) growth substances on the increase of the fresh weight of maize coleoptile segments and change of the pH of the incubation medium, accepted here as criteria of maize coleoptile growth, was studied. The growth of maize coleoptiles depended on the concentration of the growth substances, as well as, on the composition of the incubation medium. The highest stimulation of coleoptile growth was seen with FC at a concentration of 10<sup>-4</sup>M, whereas ABA at 10<sup>-3</sup> M gave the highest inhibition of maize col
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ANJORIN, Folake, Ridwan ABIOLA, Julius OLASOJI, and Daniel O. OLANIRAN OLANIRAN. "Soil weight determination for optimal growth and yield performances of pot-grown maize." Journal of Central European Agriculture 24, no. 4 (2023): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/24.4.3869.

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Wang, Liang, Yan Meng, Guoqing Chen, Xiaoyu Liu, Lan Wang, and Yuhai Chen. "Impact of maize growth on N2O emission from farmland soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 4 (2019): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/774/2018-pse.

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Crop growth is a key factor that effects nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission in farmland soil. Clarification and quantification of the impact of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission are important to guide maize planting and patterns, which is also useful for building model to simulate N<sub>2</sub>O emission in an agroecosystem. In this study, we carried out a three-year (2013–2015) field experiment to evaluate the contribution of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission using a split-plot design. The factors included planting versus not pl
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Liang, Qiuyan, Xiaoling Zhang, Yiyuan Ge, Tianyue Jiang, and Zihan Zhao. "Maize plant growth period identification based on MobileNet and design of growth control system." BioResources 19, no. 3 (2024): 5450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.5450-5466.

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To address the current inefficiencies and subjective nature of manual observation in maize cultivation, with the aim of achieving high efficiency and productivity, this study focused on the DeMaya D3 maize variety. It proposes a maize growth stage recognition method based on the MobileNet model, which is a lightweight convolutional neural network architecture. The method was tested and achieved recognition accuracies of 0.98, 0.96, 0.92, 0.85, and 0.97 for different growth stages, respectively. Additionally, a maize growth prediction model was developed. Based on data collected from experiment
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Ban, Ho-Young, Dana Sim, Kyu-Jong Lee, Junhwan Kim, Kwang Soo Kim, and Byun-Woo Lee. "Evaluating maize growth models “CERES-Maize” and “IXIM-Maize” under elevated temperature conditions." Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (2015): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-015-0071-3.

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Imbrie-Milligan, C., K. K. Kamo, and T. K. Hodges. "Microcallus growth from maize protoplasts." Planta 171, no. 1 (1987): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00395067.

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Nguyen, Huyen Khon, Le Thanh Hai, Tung Van Tra, et al. "Study on the use of sludge farming of catfish as organic fertilizer and evaluate its effectiveness in agriculture." Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 4, no. 1 (2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v4i1.502.

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The purpose of this study is to reuse fishpond sediment to produce organic fertilizer for planting maize. The sludge was mixed with rice husk and Composted under aerobic conditions. The effectiveness of Compost on planting maizes was assessed by adding to maizes with and without combination chemical fertilizers as different dosages as recommendations. The amounts of Compost adding for maizes were 10 and 20 tons/ha. Maize growth, characteristics of corn, and soil physical and chemical parameters such as bulk density, soil aggregate stability, the volume of moisture, and useful moisture of soil
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MacKinnon, J. C. "CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2, no. 2 (1987): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1699(87)90028-7.

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Brown, D. M. "CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 41, no. 3-4 (1987): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(87)90089-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maize growth"

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Maende, Cleophas Makokha. "An application of a model of maize growth to maize production by smallholders in Kenya." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240744.

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Drost, Roelof Gerrit. "MAIS, a mechanistic model of maize growth and development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61892.pdf.

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Schortemeyer, Marcus. "Effects of nitrogen form on the growth of maize seedlings /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=10739.

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Massignam, Angelo Mendes. "Quantifying nitrogen effects on crop growth processes in maize and sunflower /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17639.pdf.

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Verheul, Michel J. "Seedling growth of maize (<> L.) genotypes under chilling conditions /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1992. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9855.

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Anil, Leena. "The growth and utilization of forage maize intercrops for livestock production." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266795.

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Raymond, Fred Douglas. "Reducing Corn Yield Variability and Enhancing Yield Increases Through the Use of Corn-Specific Growth Models." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36304.

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Crop simulation models (CSMs) are used to evaluate management and environmental scenarios on crop growth and yields. Two corn (Zea Mays L.) crop growth simulation models, Hybrid-Maize, and CERES-Maize were calibrated and validated under Virginia conditions with the goal of better understanding corn response to variable environmental conditions and decreasing temporal yield variation. Calibration data were generated from small plot studies conducted at five site-years. Main plots were plant density (4.9, 6.2, 7.4, and 8.6 plants m-2); subplots were hybrids of differing relative maturity (RM)
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Traynor, Mary. "Root growth in drying soil : a role for ABA?" Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322894.

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Siqueira, Rafael Telles Tenorio de. "Characterizing nitrogen deficiency of maize at early growth stages using fluorescence measurements." Thesis, Colorado State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10138898.

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<p> Among all nutrients that are important for crop production, nitrogen (N) is one of the least efficiently utilized, mainly due to its high mobility in soil. The possibility of using crop sensing in real-time to detect variability in N deficiency within a field has the potential to enhance N efficiency, increase crop yield, and reduce potential environmental risks and crop production costs. Potassium (K), another important crop nutrient, can also lead to higher yield when applied in the right amount and manner. Real-time fluoro-sensing is a new technology for crop sensing and studies have sh
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Yang, Rick L. "Tissue specificity of signal transmission and differential growth during maize root gravitropism." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1244222463.

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Books on the topic "Maize growth"

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Allan, Jones C., Kiniry J. R. 1954-, and Dyke P. T, eds. CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development. Texas A&M University Press, 1986.

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Raj, Paudyal Kamal, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center., and National Agricultural Research Center (Nepal), eds. Maize in Nepal: Production systems, constraints, and priorities for research. NARC, 2001.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. [Root gravitropism in maize and arabidopsis]: [final report 1 Mar. 1992 - 30 Nov. 1993]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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(Zimbabwe), CIMMYT Regional Office, ed. Characterization of maize germplasm growth in eastern and southern Africa: Results of the 2006 regional trials. CIMMYT-Zimbabwe, 2007.

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Council, Maine Economic Growth. Goals for growth: Progress 95 : first report of the Maine Economic Growth Council. The Council, 1995.

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Council, Maine Economic Growth, ed. Goals for growth: Report of the Goal Committees to the Maine Economic Growth Council. The Council, 1995.

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Maine. Dept. of Economic and Community Development. Office of Comprehensive Planning. Guidelines for Maine's growth management program. Office of Comprehensive Planning, Maine Dept. of Economic and Community Development, 1988.

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Delogu, Orlando E. Maine land use and zoning control: Case law perspectives on planning and growth. Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992.

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Maine. Legislature. Joint Standing Committee on Economic Development. A strategy to assist regional economies of Maine during structural economic change and growth. Office of Policy and Legal Analysis, 1988.

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Council, Maine Economic Growth. Measures of growth, 1997.: Performance measures and benchmarks to achieve Maine's long term economic goals : third report of the Maine Economic Growth Council. The Foundation, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Maize growth"

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Shaffique, Shifa, Muhammad Imran, Shabir Hussain Wani, et al. "Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Mitigating Drought Stress in Maize." In Maize Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21640-4_15.

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Maiti, Ratikanta, Humberto González Rodríguez, Ch Aruna Kumari, Sameena Begum, and Dasari Rajkumar. "Physiological Basis of Crop Growth and Productivity." In Advances in Maize Science. Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003104995-6.

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Hedden, Peter, and Stephen J. Croker. "Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis in maize seedlings." In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_64.

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Kuang, Enjun, Baoguo Zhu, Jiuming Zhang, et al. "Optimized Fertilization’s Beneficial Impact on Soil Nutrient Levels and Its Influence on the Principal Agronomic Traits of Maize." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_23.

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AbstractThe soil nutrients, main agronomic indexes, and key yield factors during the maize growth period were studied by using a nutrient expert system to recommend optimal fertilization. The results showed that the fertilizer application had a significant impact on the growth and yield formation of maize, especially the N fertilizer application. N deficiency in maize seriously affected the yield and its component factors, while P and K deficiency had no significant effect on decreasing maize yield. The optimized fertilization treatment (NE) significantly reduced the bald tip length and increased the ear length and the yield of maize by 10.2% compared with the conventional fertilization treatment (FP). NE significantly increased the utilization rate of N, P, and K in maize, which was 20.1%, 12.4%, and 45.4% higher than that of FP. The trend of fertilizer N deficiency was opposite to NE, but P and K deficiency were not obvious. Compared with FP, soil organic matter of NE did not change significantly, and the pH value was increased. Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were decreased by 51.9% and 3.9%, respectively. A significant correlation between maize yield and alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, organic matter. In conclusion, the optimized fertilization treatment had obvious effects on the growth indicators and yield components of maize, improving the fertilizer utilization rate, and providing technical support for rational fertilization of maize.
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Westgate, Mark E. "Strategies to Maintain Ovary and Kernel Growth During Drought." In Physiological Bases for Maize Improvement. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003578499-7.

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Nair, Sudha K., Pervez Haider Zaidi, Madhumal Thayil Vinayan, and Gajanan Saykhedkar. "Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying excess moisture stress tolerance in maize: molecular breeding opportunities to increase yield potential." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0017.

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Abstract Understanding the impact of excess moisture (EM) on maize plants at various growth stages, and studying the phenological, physiological and molecular responses of tolerant maize genotypes towards adaptation to EM stress, could help define ways in which this trait could be improved through targeted breeding. Thus, this chapter discusses the (i) impact of EM stress on maize plants, (ii) phenological adaptations and physiological mechanisms leading to EM stress tolerance in maize, and (iii) molecular signature of EM stress tolerance. Genetic studies on EM stress tolerance in maize are presented, and the application of molecular mreeding for EM tolerance in maize is described.
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Fyson, A., and A. Oaks. "Promotion of maize growth by legume soil factors." In The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3336-4_81.

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Rigobelo, Everlon Cid. "Promotion of Maize Growth Using Endophytic Bacteria." In Microbial Services for Cereal Crops. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63149-8_3.

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Phinney, B. O., and C. R. Spray. "Dwarf Mutants of Maize — Research Tools for the Analysis of Growth." In Plant Growth Substances 1988. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74545-4_7.

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Sinha, Neelima, and Sarah Hake. "Perturbations in leaf development caused by the dominant knotted-mutation in maize." In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_42.

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Conference papers on the topic "Maize growth"

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Kintl, Antonin, Julie Sobotkova, Jakub Elbl, and Martin Brtnicky. "QUALITY OF POST-HARVEST RESIDUES WHEN GROWING MAIZE IN THE SYSTEM OF MIXED CROPPING." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s13.34.

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Potential environmental impacts of growing maize as monoculture lead to efforts focused on finding other potentially suitable crops or their combinations that could replace the pure maize cultures. The most frequent and most effective combination is a mixed crop of maize and legumes. The presented paper deals with the issue of the quality of post-harvest residues when growing maize in the system of mixed cropping. In the field experiment, yield and quality of post-harvest residues were studied during the growing season in the following variants: maize grown as monoculture and maize grown in th
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Kulchin, Yu N., S. O. Kozhanov, A. S. Kholin, et al. "Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of maize plants grown under linearly polarized light." In 2024 International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclo59702.2024.10624190.

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Szczepanek, Malgorzata. "Technology of maize with growth stimulants application." In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2018.17.n074.

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"Prediction of maize weevil population growth rate." In 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20141908072.

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Ruleva, Olga, and Gleb Rulev. "Relationship Between Air Temperature and Maize Growth Function." In IV International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Anthropogenic Transformation of Geospace: Nature, Economy, Society' (ATG 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.200202.051.

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Qiaoyu, Li, Liu Shuyun, Mu Yuanjie, and Shang Minghua. "Maize Growth Monitoring Based on Embedded Vision System." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicspi48186.2019.9096002.

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Wu, Qiongli, and Paul-Henry Cournède. "Sensitivity Analysis of GreenLab Model for Maize." In 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.37.

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Saylan, Levent, Josef Eitzinger, and Murat Durak. "INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON MAIZE GROWTH IN AUSTRIA." In Energy and the Environment, 1998. Begellhouse, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/1-56700-127-0.1140.

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Ma, Yuntao, Meiping Wen, Baoguo Li, Yan Guo, Paul-Henry Cournede, and Philippe De Reffye. "Calibration of GREENLAB Model for Maize with Sparse Experimental Data." In 2006 Second International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2006.27.

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Боровская, Ала, Раиса Иванова та Наталия Мащенко. "Влияние теплового стресса и биологически активных веществ из Linaria genistifolia на прорастание семян кукурузы и содержание в них крахмала". У VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.04.

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The use of reserve substances by maize during germination may depend on various factors, in-cluding genotypic and abiotic ones. The aim of the study was to establish the changes in the germination characteristics, starch content and reserve substances mobilization of various maize hybrids under the in-fluence of supraoptimale temperature and genistifoliosides. The heat stress promoted an increase in the metabolic efficiency of maize germination and led to a decrease in the starch content in the seeds. These changes were mostly dependent on the maize hybrid. The seeds pretreatment with genistif
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Reports on the topic "Maize growth"

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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids i
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Susan M. Wick. Growth and development of maize that contains mutant tubulin genes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826290.

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Blom-Zandstra, Greet, Yu Tinzar Htet, and Jennifer Lee. Data collection on maize growth during a field visit in Shan State, Myanmar. Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Agrosystems, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/516092.

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Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancement of plant disease resistance and productivity through use of root symbiotic fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695588.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to (a) compare effects ofT22 and T-203 on growth promotion and induced resistance of maize inbred line Mol7; (b) follow induced resistance of pathogenesis-related proteins through changes in gene expression with a root and foliar pathogen in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203 and (c) to follow changes in the proteome of Mol? over time in roots and leaves in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203. The research built changes in our concepts regarding the effects of Trichoderma on plants; we hypothesized that there would be major changes in the physiology
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Knight, Charles. Does N fertilizer rate affect microbial benefits to early maize growth? An evaluation of Iowa-isolated microbial communities. Iowa State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-565.

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Cramer, Grant R., and Nirit Bernstein. Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570555.bard.

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In the project "Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress" ionic and enzymatic changes in the cells and cell walls of the expanding region of salt-stressed maize leaves were evaluated. Conventional numerical techniques for REG estimation were reevaluated; 'Greens' method was recommended and applied throughout the project for growth intensity estimation. Salinity slowed leaf development and reduced leaf size, but increased cell development within the leaf-growing zone. Leaf elongation rate was most affected by salinity from the region of maximal growth to the distal end; the
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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its h
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.

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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development a
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, and Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating dise
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter B. Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham H. Halevy. Inhibition of the Gravitropic Shoot Bending in Stored Cut Flowers Through Control of Their Graviperception: Involvement of the Cytoskeleton and Cytosolic Calcium. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586533.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to study the mechanism involved in shoot graviperception and early transduction, in order to determine the sequence of events operating in this process. This will enable to control the entire process of gravity-induced differential growth without affecting vertical growth processes essential for development. Thus, several new postulated interactions, operating at the perception and early transduction stages of the signaling cascade leading to auxin-mediated bending, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon spikes and oat shoot pu
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