Journal articles: 'Maize - Morphology'

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Magalhães, P. C., T. C. de Souza, and F. R. O. Cantão. "Early evaluation of root morphology of maize genotypes under phosphorus deficiency." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 3 (March 4, 2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/360/2010-pse.

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In Brazil savanna type of soils presents problems with phosphorus content. The selection and identification of maize genotypes to such environments is a high priority of Brazilian research. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate, in soils with different P concentrations, the dry mass attributes and characteristics of root morphology in eight maize lines with different genetic background and origins of the Breeding Program of the National Research Center for Maize and Sorghum. The experiment was carried out in plots prepared with two levels of phosphorus: high phosphorus (HP) and low phosphorus (LP). The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. The evaluation of the characteristics of the shoots and the root system morphology was performed 21 days after sowing. The WinRhizo program of images analysis was used for the root morphology. There were no differences between the phosphorus levels for the dry mass attributes. However, when we compared P levels, root morphology of L13.1.2 strain performed the highest surface area (SA) and total root length (RL), length of thin (TRL) and very thin (VTRL) roots in low P concentration. The root systems digital images analysis techniques allowed efficient discrimination of maize genotypes in environments with low P levels.

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Costa, Carlos, Lianne M. Dwyer, Xiaomin Zhou, Pierre Dutilleul, Chantal Hamel, Lana M. Reid, and Donald L. Smith. "Root Morphology of Contrasting Maize Genotypes." Agronomy Journal 94, no. 1 (2002): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0096.

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Gomes, J. K. O., P. S. L. Silva, K. M. B. Silva, F. F. Rodrigues Filho, and V. G. Santos. "Effects of weed control through cowpea intercropping on mayze morphology and yield." Planta Daninha 25, no. 3 (September 2007): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582007000300001.

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Intercropping combined with competitive maize cultivars can reduce the use of herbicides to control weeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of intercropping cowpea and maize, as well as hand-weeding on maize morphology and yield. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks, with treatments arranged in split-plots and five replications. The plots consisted of four maize cultivars (BA 8512, BA 9012, EX 4001, EX 6004) and the split-plots consisted of the following treatments: no-weeding; twice hand-weeding (20 and 40 days after sowing); and intercropping with cowpea ('Sempre Verde' cultivar), both maize and cowpea sown at the same time. The variables evaluated were: maize fresh green ears and grain yield; characteristics of internodes, leaves, tassels, ears, grains; plant height and ear insertion height; number of weed plants and species; fresh and dry biomass of weed species and cowpea. Ten weed species were outstanding during the experiment, many of them from the Poaceae family. No interactions were found between weed control method and maize cultivars for most variables evaluated; and plants from hand-weeded split-plots showed superior mean values compared to plants from non-weeded and intercropped split-plots, both not differing from each other. The cowpea was inefficient in controlling weed, reducing the maize yields and not producing any grain. The maize cultivars 'BA 8512' and 'BA 9012 showed the highest mean green ear yield, and the highest grain yield in hand-weeded, no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. On the other hand, the maize cultivar 'EX 6004' showed such high means only in no-weeded and intercropped split-plots. 'EX 4001 presented the worst means in these variables for hand-weeded, no-weeded ant intercropped split-plots.

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Królczyk, Jolanta B. "Metrological changes in the surface morphology of cereal grains in the mixing process." International Agrophysics 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2015-0090.

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Abstract The paper presents a new idea of approach to the analysis of surface morphology of cereal grains. In this paper, the surfaces of maize were analyzed using an optical 3D measurement system to determine the surface morphology and parameters of surface topography. It was established how changes in the moisture influence on the surface characteristics. Comprehensive parametric analysis was conducted for maize grains with different moisture contents. The objective of this study was to comprehensively characterize the surface morphology of maize in contact area using standardized 3D roughness parameters as well as other characteristics such as structure direction and isotropy. This is the first study that has presented, elucidated, and discussed the relationships between some morphological parameters of cereal grains. This research contributes to better understanding of the mixing process. The main findings are: the values of roughness parameters kurtosis and skewness are characterized by higher values for maize grains with lower moisture, compared with maize grains with higher moisture content; there is a close relationship between the maize grain moisture content and the surface roughness parameters of kurtosis and skewness; maize grains have an anisotropic structure.

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Liu, Guangzhou, Yunshan Yang, Wanmao Liu, Xiaoxia Guo, Jun Xue, Ruizhi Xie, Bo Ming, Keru Wang, Peng Hou, and Shaokun Li. "Leaf Removal Affects Maize Morphology and Grain Yield." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020269.

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Increasing planting density is an important practice associated with increases in maize yield, but densely planted maize can suffer from poor light conditions. In our two-year field experiments, two morphologically different cultivars, ZD958 (less compact) and DH618 (more compact), were planted at 120,000 plants ha−1 and 135,000 plants ha−1, respectively. We established different leaf area index (LAI) treatments by removing leaves three days after silking: (1) control, no leaves removed (D0); (2) the two uppermost leaves removed (D1); (3) the four uppermost leaves removed (D2); (4) the leaves below the third leaf below the ear removed (D3); (5) the leaves of D1 and D3 removed (D4); (6) the leaves of D2 and D3 removed (D5). Optimal leaf removal improved light distribution, increased photosynthetic capacity and the post-silking source-sink ratio, and thus the grain yield, with an average LAI of 5.9 (5.6 and 6.2 for ZD958 and DH618, respectively) for the highest yields in each year. Therefore, less-compact cultivars should have smaller or fewer topmost leaves or leaves below the ear that quickly senesce post-silking, so as to decrease leaf area and thus improve light distribution and photosynthetic capacity in the canopy under dense planting conditions. However, for more compact cultivars, leaves below the ear should senesce quickly after silking to reduce leaf respiration and improve the photosynthetic capacity of the remaining top residual leaves. In future maize cultivation, compact cultivars with optimal post-silking LAI should be adopted when planting densely.

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McDaniel, L. L. "Assembly, Morphology, and Accumulation of a Hawaiian Isolate of Maize Mosaic Virus in Maize." Phytopathology 75, no. 10 (1985): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-75-1167.

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Liu, J. B., H. L. Yan, Y. Zhang, Y. D. Hu, and H. F. Zhang. "Effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology and antioxidant capacity in broilers." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0224.

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Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of stale maize on growth performance, immunity, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant capacity in broilers.Methods: A total of 800 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers (45.4±0.5 g) were blocked based on body weight, and then allocated randomly to 2 treatments with 20 cages per treatment and 20 broilers per cage in this 6-week experiment. Dietary treatments included a basal diet and diets with 100% of control maize replaced by stale maize.Results: The content of fat acidity value was higher (p<0.05) while the starch, activities of catalase and peroxidase were lower (p<0.05) than the control maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the experiment, feed conversion ratio (FCR) during d 0 to 21 and the whole experiment as well as relative weight of liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus (p<0.05) on d 21. Feeding stale maize diets decreased jejunum villus height (VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD) (p<0.05) on d 21 and 42 as well as ileum VH/CD on d 42. The levels of immunoglobulin G, acid α-naphthylacetate esterase positive ratios and lymphocyte proliferation on d 21 and 42 as well as lysozyme activity and avian influenza antibody H<sub>5</sub>N<sub>1</sub> titer on d 21 decreased (p<0.05) by the stale maize. Feeding stale maize diets reduced (p<0.05) serum interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 on d 21 and interleukin-6 on d 21 and 42. Broilers fed stale maize diets had lower levels of (p<0.05) total antioxidative capacity on d 42, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase on d 21 and 42, but higher (p<0.05) levels of malondialdehyde on d 21 and 42.Conclusion: Feeding 100% stale maize decreased ADFI and FCR, caused adverse effects on immunity and antioxidant function and altered intestinal morphology in broilers.

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Vescio, Rosa, Maria Rosa Abenavoli, and Agostino Sorgonà. "Single and Combined Abiotic Stress in Maize Root Morphology." Plants 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010005.

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Plants are continually exposed to multiple stresses, which co-occur in nature, and the net effects are frequently more nonadditive (i.e., synergistic or antagonistic), suggesting “unique” responses with respect to that of the individual stress. Further, plant stress responses are not uniform, showing a high spatial and temporal variability among and along the different organs. In this respect, the present work investigated the morphological responses of different root types (seminal, seminal lateral, primary and primary lateral) of maize plants exposed to single (drought and heat) and combined stress (drought + heat). Data were evaluated by a specific root image analysis system (WinRHIZO) and analyzed by uni- and multivariate statistical analyses. The results indicated that primary roots and their laterals were the types more sensitive to the single and combined stresses, while the seminal laterals specifically responded to the combined only. Further, antagonistic and synergistic effects were observed for the specific traits in the primary and their laterals and in the seminal lateral roots in response to the combined stress. These results suggested that the maize root system modified specific root types and traits to deal with different stressful environmental conditions, highlighting that the adaptation strategy to the combined stress may be different from that of the individual ones. The knowledge of “unique or shared” responses of plants to multiple stress can be utilized to develop varieties with broad-spectrum stress tolerance.

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LUKENS, LEWIS N., and JOHN DOEBLEY. "Epistatic and environmental interactions for quantitative trait loci involved in maize evolution." Genetical Research 74, no. 3 (December 1999): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672399004073.

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To test for epistasis and allele-specific environmental responses among quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in the evolution of maize from its ancestor (teosinte), teosinte alleles of two QTL previously shown to control much of the morphological difference between these plants were introgressed into an isogenic maize background. Plants of each of the four two-locus homozygous classes for the two QTL were grown in two environments. Three morphological traits and the level of mRNA accumulation for one QTL (teosinte branched1, tb1) were measured. tb1 has a large additive effect on morphology that was correlated with its message level. The second QTL had only negligible effects on morphology when isolated in an isogenic background, but exhibited a strong interaction effect on morphology in combination with tb1. This interaction is also evident in tb1 message levels, suggesting that this second QTL may act as an upstream regulator of tb1. The combined effect of the maize alleles at the two QTL makes tb1 message levels over fourfold higher. Plants homozygous for the teosinte allele at tb1 showed greater phenotypic plasticity across environments than plants homozygous for the maize allele. Our results support two hypotheses. First, maize plant architecture may have evolved by selection for a gene complex rather than the additive effects of individual loci alone. Secondly, selection during maize domestication for an allele of tb1 which lacks environmental plasticity may have led to the fixation of a morphological form that can be induced in teosinte by environmental conditions.

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Singh, Pummi, Marc Orbach, and Peter Cotty. "Aspergillus texensis: A Novel Aflatoxin Producer with S Morphology from the United States." Toxins 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120513.

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Aflatoxins are carcinogenic metabolites produced primarily by fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi. These fungi infect a wide range of crops in warm regions. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of fungi with S morphology (average sclerotium size < 400 µm) within section Flavi collected from across the United States (US) resulted in the discovery of a novel aflatoxin-producing species, Aspergillus texensis. Aspergillus texensis was isolated from maize grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, and from soils cropped to maize in Texas. Aspergillus texensis produces sparse conidia and abundant sclerotia on various culture media, and on maize. Physiological studies have revealed optimal growth on culture media at 35 °C. All isolates of A. texensis produced B and G aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and aspergillic acid. Aspergillus texensis and A. flavus S strain morphotypes produced similar concentrations of total aflatoxins on maize (p > 0.05). Phylogenetic analyses of aflatoxin-producers based on partial gene sequences of the β-tubulin (0.9 kb), calmodulin (1.2 kb), and nitrate reductase (2.1 kb) genes placed A. texensis in a highly supported monophyletic clade closely related to A. minisclerotigenes and a previously reported unnamed lineage designated Lethal Aflatoxicosis Fungus.

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Sagher, F. A., J. A. Dodge, C. F. Johnston, C. Shaw, K. D. Buchanan, and K. E. Carr. "Rat small intestinal morphology and tissue regulatory peptides: effects of high dietary fat." British Journal of Nutrition 65, no. 1 (January 1991): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19910062.

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Sprague–Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were fed on isoenergetic diets in which 40 % of the total energy was provided as fat either in the form of butter (high saturated fat), olive oil (high monounsaturated fat) or maize oil (high polyunsaturated fat), with one group on low-fat (10% of total energy) standard diet as a control. Animals were killed after 8.4 (se 0.8) weeks by cardiac puncture. Similar pieces of jejunum and ileum were prepared for morphometric studies. Extracts of tissue from the proximal and distal segments of the whole small intestine from four animals per group were assayed using established techniques for enteroglucagon, motilin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We found that maize oil and olive oil increased villus height: crypt depth ratio in both jejunum and ileum. Maize oil increased tissue concentrations of somatostatin (P < 0.05) and substance P (P < 0.005) in the proximal segment. Both maize oil and olive oil increased tissue concentrations of neurotensin and substance P (P < 0.005) in the distal segments. These observations may explain the improvement of intestinal absorption of fluid following supplementation with polyunsaturated fat

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Wilks, Stefania, Lisbeth A. Louderback, and Shannon Boomgarden. "Starch Granule Size and Morphology as a Proxy for Water Regime Influence on Zea mays." Ethnobiology Letters 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.12.1.2021.1725.

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A wealth of information on the patterns of human subsistence and plant domestication has been generated from studies on maize (Zea mays) starch granules. However, very little work has been conducted on how the size and morphology of those granules might change as a function of water stress during the growing season. In the arid Southwest, the role of irrigation in growing maize is an essential parameter in many foraging models. Our study seeks to determine if there are significant changes in the size and other morphological attributes of starch granules from maize planted at Range Creek Canyon under two different irrigation regimes ranging from little water (once every three weeks) to ample water (once a day). Our results provide data on the effects of irrigation on Z. mays starch granules and, therefore, have implications for identifying archaeological maize and possibly determining past water regimes at Range Creek Canyon.

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Liu, T. T., J. R. Shao, L. Shen, X. Y. Wang, Tayier Tuerti, L. H. Li, and W. Zhang. "Intercropping of Maize (Zea mays) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) vs. Monoculture: Plant Growth, Root Development, and Yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 9 (August 15, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n9p17.

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In Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, we conducted an experimental study to evaluate the root morphology and crop yield for the intercropping of maize and cotton. Due to the shading effect of maize and the reduced root surface area of cotton root system, intercropped cotton yield was smaller (14.7%) than monoculture cotton yield. By contrast, intercropped maize with cotton yield was higher than monoculture maize yield. Compared with typical production of each crop separately, intercropping of maize and cotton showed several benefits: increased the land utilization rate, with a land equivalent ratio (LER) greater than 1; and increased the root length, root surface area, and light interception in maize, which contributed to an increase in maize yield.

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Benz, Bruce F., and Hugh H. Iltis. "Studies in Archaeological Maize I: The “Wild” Maize from San Marcos Cave Reexamined." American Antiquity 55, no. 3 (July 1990): 500–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281280.

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Cobs of the earliest known archaeological maize from San Marcos Cave in the Tehuacan Valley were reexamined to estimate their morphological similarity to extant Mexican maize races. Cursory examination of these 7,000-year-old specimens aroused suspicion that they are not very closely related morphologically to any thus-far-described modern Mexican race. Statistical comparison of the Tehuacan specimens with 30 races of Mexican maize fully confirmed this suspicion. However, the inclusion in our statistical analysis of an extant race of popcorn from Argentina morphologically similar to the Tehuacan specimens indicated that the two were virtually indistinguishable. These findings imply that the earliest maize from Tehuacan already was fully domesticated, its cobs exhibiting a morphology one would expect had maize evolved from teosinte by way of catastrophic sexual transmutation (Iltis 1983).

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Novacek, M. J., S. C. Mason, T. D. Galusha, and M. Yaseen. "Twin Rows Minimally Impact Irrigated Maize Yield, Morphology, and Lodging." Agronomy Journal 105, no. 1 (January 2013): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0301.

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Stamp, P., and C. Kiel. "Root Morphology of Maize and Its Relationship to Root Lodging." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 168, no. 2 (February 1992): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1992.tb00987.x.

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Utrilla-Coello, Rubi G., Edith Agama-Acevedo, Ana Paulina Barba de la Rosa, Jose L. Martinez-Salgado, Sandra L. Rodriguez-Ambriz, and Luis A. Bello-Perez. "Blue Maize: Morphology and Starch Synthase Characterization of Starch Granule." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 64, no. 1 (January 20, 2009): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11130-008-0106-8.

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Valderrama-Bravo, C., A. Domínguez-Pacheco, C. Hernández-Aguilar, R. Zepeda-Bautista, A. del Real-López, M. E. Pahua-Ramos, J. L. Arellano-Vázquez, and E. Moreno-Martínez. "Physical and chemical characterization of masa and tortillas from parental lines, crosses, and one hybrid." International Agrophysics 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0030.

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Abstract In maize plant breeding aimed at producing a hybrid, it is necessary to characterize the parents and hybrids by their agronomic aspects and grain quality so that the processing industry may offer consumers a quality product and also improve its efficiency. This study evaluated the viscoelastic parameters of masa and the chemical and texture properties of tortillas obtained from parent lines (M-54, M55, and CML-242), two single crosses (M54xM55 and M55xM54), and one hybrid (H-70). The morphology of the maize grains and tortillas was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The firmness of masa obtained from CML-242 and H-70 maize was higher than that from the other maize genotypes. M-54 tortillas showed the lowest crude fiber content. Otherwise, tortillas obtained from the M55xM54 hard grain had the lowest fat content and extensibility, while H-70 tortillas showed an intermediate breaking point and extensibility. M-54 and M54xM55 tortillas were softer due to their more swollen starch granules. In contrast, rigid tortillas were obtained from CML-242 and H-70. Grain hardness causes different morphology in starch and tortilla of maize genotypes. However, grain hardness did not influence the characteristics of texture in tortillas.

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Costa, Carlos, Lianne M. Dwyer, Pierre Dutilleul, Kayhan Foroutan-pour, Aiguo Liu, Chantal Hamel, and Donald L. Smith. "Morphology and fractal dimension of root systems of maize hybrids bearing the leafy trait." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-058.

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A rapid and accurate assessment of root morphological characteristics can be important for identifying promising plant genotypes. Scanner-based image analysis has made the measurement of root morphology faster, more accurate, and less subjective, and allows for estimation of fractal dimension (FD). We used scanner-based image analysis to investigate root morphology in leafy vs. conventional maize (Zea mays) genotypes. Two experiments were conducted following a completely randomized design with ten and five replicates. In the first experiment, treatments were factorial combinations of four hybrids (leafy reduced-stature (LRS), non leafy-reduced stature (NLRS), leafy normal stature (LNS), and non leafy normal stature (conventional commercial) hybrid, Pioneer 3979 (P3979)), and four sampling dates (5, 10, 15, and 20 days from transfer to growth pouches). In the second experiment, plants were grown for 15 days from emergence in 10-L plastic pots. This experiment included three maize genotypes (LRS, LNS, and Pioneer 3905 (P3905)). The FD of young root systems was similar for leafy genotypes (FD [Formula: see text] 1.66) and was higher for P3905 (FD [Formula: see text] 1.74). The FD correlated with root characteristics generally included in root growth models (0.68 [Formula: see text] r [Formula: see text] 0.87). Thus, FD could be used to summarize a number of root morphology variables.Key words: root morphology, fractal dimension, root branching, image analysis, maize.

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Hussain, Hafiz Athar, Shengnan Men, Saddam Hussain, Qingwen Zhang, Umair Ashraf, Shakeel Ahmad Anjum, Iftikhar Ali, and Longchang Wang. "Maize Tolerance against Drought and Chilling Stresses Varied with Root Morphology and Antioxidative Defense System." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060720.

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Maize belongs to a tropical environment and is extremely sensitive to drought and chilling stress, particularly at early developmental stages. The present study investigated the individual and combined effects of drought (15% PEG-Solution) and chilling stress (15/12 °C) on morpho-physiological growth, osmolyte accumulation, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activities/levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in two maize hybrids (i.e., “XD889” and “XD319”) and two inbred cultivars (i.e., “Yu13” and “Yu37”). Results revealed that individual and combined exposure of drought and chilling stresses hampered the morpho-physiological growth and oxidative status of maize cultivars, nevertheless, the interactive damage caused by drought + chilling was found to be more severe for all the studied traits. Between two individual stress factors, chilling-induced reductions in seedling length and biomass of maize cultivars were more compared with drought stress alone. Greater decrease in root length and biomass under chilling stress ultimately decreased the volume and surface area of the root system, and restricted the shoot growth. All the stress treatments, particularly chilling and drought + chilling, triggered the oxidative stress by higher accumulation of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl ion, and malondialdehyde contents compared with the control. Variations in response of maize cultivars were also apparent against different stress treatments, and XD889 performed comparatively better than the rest of the cultivars. The better growth and greater stress tolerance of this cultivar was attributed to the vigorous root system architecture, as indicated by higher root biomass, root surface area, and root volume under drought and chilling stresses. Moreover, efficient antioxidant defense system in terms of higher total antioxidant capability, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities also contributed in greater stress tolerance of XD889 over other cultivars.

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Jirmanová, Jana, Pavel Fuksa, Josef Hakl, Václav Brant, and Jaromír Šantrůček. "Effect of Different Plant Arrangements on Maize Morphology and Forage Quality." Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 62, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2016-0007.

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Abstract A study was carried out in Central Bohemia to understand the effect of row spacing and stand density on plant morphology, productivity and quality of silage maize in two row spacing treatments (0.70 m and 0.35 m) at two stand densities (92,000 plants/ha and 110,000 plants/ha). The results of the study showed that row spacing and stand density had no effect on plant height or weight; however, significantly higher ear ratio and dry matter content was found in narrow rows at 110,000 plants/ha. It was observed that plant morphology was affected more by the interaction between row spacing and stand density than by a single effect of tested factors. Significantly higher dry matter yield was recorded at higher stand density, but there was no row spacing × stand density interaction. Row spacing had no impact on the whole plant neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, crude protein of stover and starch content of ear, while narrow rows resulted in almost significantly higher stover NDF content. Our results suggest that narrow rows could be advantageous for maize morphology and quality in cases where higher stand density is applied.

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Walsh, Maria C., Stefan G. Buzoianu, Gillian E. Gardiner, Mary C. Rea, R. Paul Ross, Joseph P. Cassidy, and Peadar G. Lawlor. "Effects of short-term feeding of Bt MON810 maize on growth performance, organ morphology and function in pigs." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511003011.

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Male weanling pigs (n32) with a mean initial body weight of 7·5 kg and a mean weaning age of 28 d were used in a 31 d study to investigate the effects of feeding GM (Bt MON810) maize on growth performance, intestinal histology and organ weight and function. At weaning, the pigs were fed a non-GM starter diet during a 6 d acclimatisation period. The pigs were then blocked by weight and litter ancestry and assigned to diets containing 38·9 % GM (Bt MON810) or non-GM isogenic parent line maize for 31 d. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded on a weekly basis (n16/treatment), and the pigs (n10/treatment) were killed on day 31 for the collection of organ, tissue and blood samples. GM maize-fed pigs consumed more feed than the control pigs during the 31 d study (P < 0·05) and were less efficient at converting feed to gain during days 14–30 (P < 0·01). The kidneys of the pigs fed GM maize tended to be heavier than those of control pigs (P = 0·06); however, no histopathological changes or alterations in blood biochemistry were evident. Small intestinal morphology was not different between treatments. However, duodenal villi of GM maize-fed pigs tended to have fewer goblet cells/μm of villus compared with control pigs (P = 0·10). In conclusion, short-term feeding of Bt MON810 maize to weaned pigs resulted in increased feed consumption, less efficient conversion of feed to gain and a decrease in goblet cells/μm of duodenal villus. There was also a tendency for an increase in kidney weight, but this was not associated with changes in histopathology or blood biochemistry. The biological significance of these findings is currently being clarified in long-term exposure studies in pigs.

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Li, W. C., J. Wang, Y. L. Sun, S. D. Ji, and S. W. Guo. "Morphology and photosynthetic enzyme activity of maize phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase transgenic rice." Genetics and Molecular Research 14, no. 4 (2015): 15572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.december.1.8.

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Hughes, P. William. "Fine Tuning Floral Morphology: MADS-Box Protein Complex Formation in Maize." Plant Cell 32, no. 11 (October 1, 2020): 3376–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.20.00818.

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Chen, Pei, Long Yu, Ling Chen, and Xiaoxi Li. "Morphology and Microstructure of Maize Starches with Different Amylose/Amylopectin Content." Starch - Stärke 58, no. 12 (December 2006): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.200500529.

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Fonseca, Agustin E., Mark E. Westgate, Lahcen Grass, and David L. Dornbos. "Tassel Morphology as an Indicator of Potential Pollen Production in Maize." Crop Management 2, no. 1 (2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cm-2003-0804-01-rs.

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Li, Mengying, and Liqun Cai. "Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Play Different Roles in Enabling Maize to Uptake Phosphorus." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063244.

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The addition of biochar alters soil habitats and has an active effect on the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. However, it is still unclear whether this effect alters the strategy of phosphorus uptake by plants. Therefore, pot experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal colonization and biochar addition on plant growth, phosphorus absorption, and rhizosphere Olsen-P supply in maize under two moisture conditions—60% field water capacity (FWC) and 40% FWC. It was found that the addition of biochar increased the colonization rate of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and all the addition treatments significantly improved maize biomass, peroxidase (POD) activity, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), plant height, leaf area, shoot phosphorus content, and phosphorus uptake by maize under the two moisture conditions. In addition, biochar had significant effects on root morphology under both water conditions, whereas AMF only showed significant effects under water stress. In contrast, phosphatase activity and microbial activity were higher in the AMF inoculation treatment than in the biochar addition treatment, and the trend was more significant under water stress. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that root morphology, rhizosphere microbial activity, phosphatase activity, available phosphorus content, and shoot phosphorus content had significant positive correlations. It was concluded that biochar aids plant uptake of phosphorus mainly by regulating root morphology and plant phosphorus content, whereas the large mycelium of AMF enhances microbial activity and phosphatase activity, thereby enabling more efficient phosphorus uptake by maize, especially under conditions of water stress.

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Meng, Yan, Jianjun Hao, Derrick Mayfield, Laixin Luo, Gary P. Munkvold, and Jianqiang Li. "Roles of Genotype-Determined Mycotoxins in Maize Seedling Blight Caused by Fusarium graminearum." Plant Disease 101, no. 7 (July 2017): 1103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-17-0119-re.

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Fusarium graminearum is an important causal agent of maize seedling blight. The species includes several chemotypes that produce various forms of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). To understand the effects and roles of F. graminearum mycotoxins on maize seedling blight occurring at Zhang Ye of Gansu, China, 23 isolates of F. graminearum were collected and characterized. A PCR assay showed all 23 isolates belonged to the 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) genotype. This was also confirmed by production of both DON and 15-ADON in either rice culture medium or maize seedling roots, detected by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In maize seedling roots, 15-ADON dominated at 6 days post inoculation (dpi) and DON was the main mycotoxin at 12 dpi. The biomass of F. graminearum doubled from 6 to 12 dpi, and was positively correlated with virulence of the isolates. Both mycotoxins affected maize root vitality, but 15-ADON had a greater effect than DON. ALDH9 and MDH, two dehydrogenase synthesis genes in maize, showed a lower relative expression in 15-ADON treatments than in DON treatments. It indicated that both mycotoxins affected seed germination and root development, with 15-ADON being more destructive. Under scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, root hair formation and development were delayed by DON, but completely inhibited by 15-ADON. 15-ADON caused cell shrinkage, loose cellular structure, and widened intercellular spaces; it also destroyed organelles and caused plasmolysis, and eventually ruptured cell membranes causing cell death. DON did not affect cell morphology and arrangement, but altered the morphology of organelles, forming concentric membranous bodies and a large amount of irregular lipid droplets. Thus, both mycotoxins contributed to symptom expression of maize seedling blight, but 15-ADON was more destructive than DON.

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Sockness, Bradley A., and J. W. Dudley. "Morphology and Yield of Isogenic Diploid and Tetraploid Maize Inbreds and Hybrids." Crop Science 29, no. 4 (July 1989): 1029–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1989.0011183x002900040041x.

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YANG, Luojin, Hongbin TAO, and Pu WANG. "Effect of Planting Density on Plant Growth and Root Morphology of Maize." Chinese Journal of Appplied Environmental Biology 18, no. 6 (2012): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1145.2012.01009.

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van Lammeren, A. A. M. "DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY OF THE YOUNG MAIZE EMBRYO (ZEA MAYS L.)." Acta Botanica Neerlandica 35, no. 3 (August 1986): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1986.tb01278.x.

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Johnston, Robyn, Héctor Candela, Sarah Hake, and Toshi Foster. "The maize milkweed pod1 mutant reveals a mechanism to modify organ morphology." genesis 48, no. 7 (March 8, 2010): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.20622.

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Abenavoli, Maria Rosa, Agostino Sorgonà, Simona Albano, and Giovanni Cacco. "Coumarin Differentially Affects the Morphology of Different Root Types of Maize Seedlings." Journal of Chemical Ecology 30, no. 9 (September 2004): 1871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joec.0000042407.28560.bb.

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Li, Caixia, Jingsheng Sun, Fusheng Li, Xinguo Zhou, Zhongyang Li, Xiaoman Qiang, and Dongdong Guo. "Response of root morphology and distribution in maize to alternate furrow irrigation." Agricultural Water Management 98, no. 12 (October 2011): 1789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.07.005.

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Srinivas, T., M. K. Bhashyam, Nagin Chand, Sila Bhattacharya, S. Sreedhara Murthy, and H. V. Narasimha. "Relationship of Cob characters with Grain Morphology in Maize (Zea mays, Poaceae)." Economic Botany 45, no. 4 (October 1991): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02930714.

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Hund, Andreas, Walter Richner, Alberto Soldati, Yvan Fracheboud, and Peter Stamp. "Root morphology and photosynthetic performance of maize inbred lines at low temperature." European Journal of Agronomy 27, no. 1 (July 2007): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.01.003.

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Salvador-Reyes, Rebeca, Ana Paula Rebellato, Juliana Azevedo Lima Pallone, Roseli Aparecida Ferrari, and Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva Clerici. "Kernel characterization and starch morphology in five varieties of Peruvian Andean maize." Food Research International 140 (February 2021): 110044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110044.

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Freitas, Fábio de Oliveira, and Paulo Sodero Martins. "Archaeological material for the study of crop evolution." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 2 (2003): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000200027.

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This research studies archaeological samples of maize (Zea mays mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta), from Januaria, MG, Brazil, for samples between 1010 (for the oldest sample) and 570 years (for the most recent) as estimated through radiocarbon dating. Maize cobs were morphologically analysed by using length, basal and apical diameters, largest diameter, number of rows, number of grains per row, and number of grains per row per length parameters. The maize cob length presented increases through time, allowing an increase on the number of seed per cob, but the size of seeds did not vary significantly. Starch present in the reserve organs of the maize and cassava were analysed morphologically through Scanning Electron Microscopy, and compared to indigenous and modern samples, aiming to estimate the diversity of the material and, for the cassava, to assure that samples were truely Manihot sp. The starch of the maize and cassava reserve organs was in excellent state of conservation and the morphology of the starch grains allowed the separation of maize varieties. More than one variety of maize was found on a same period of time, suggesting that the old indigenous people of the area planted different varieties of maize simultaneously and these varieties changed through the studied period of time. Finally archaeological starch grains of maize presented more diverse standards than modern grains.

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HE, Y. B., L. R. LIN, and J. Z. CHEN. "Maize root morphology responses to soil penetration resistance related to tillage and drought in a clayey soil." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 7 (May 23, 2017): 1137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000302.

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SUMMARYCrops often experience combined soil stresses. Root responses to soil penetration resistance (PR) and drought stress can be an important basis for crop management. In 2013/14, a 2-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage treatment and drought stress (no irrigation for 4, 12 and 20 days during the V10–V16 growth stage) on the root length, diameter, cortex and cortical cell, and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in a clayey red soil in southern China. Total root length and average root diameter were significantly correlated with soil PR and moisture. The cortical cell file number increased with soil PR and drought stress, while cortical cell size increased only with soil PR. Soil PR and moisture played different roles in maize root morphology modifications, but were both affected by tillage practices. Deep ploughing and conventional tillage increased soil moisture under severe drought stress conditions, whereas soil compaction and no-till significantly increased soil PR. The results indicate that high PR in clayey red soil was responsible for a decrease in maize root size and grain yield under drought conditions.

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Song, Honghong, Jing Zhang, Pengfei Song, and Yubing Xiong. "Maize-like ionic liquid@polyaniline nanocomposites for high performance supercapacitor." e-Polymers 19, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0032.

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AbstractIn this study, ionic liquids (IL) containing carboxyl and different alkyl chains were fabricated and used to dope polyaniline (PANI). The results revealed that IL@PANI composites could be facilely obtained via template-free polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as the oxidant. The as-prepared IL@PANI composites were measured by FT-IR, XPS, and SEM. Electrochemical performances of IL@PANI nanocomposites were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge. The results indicate that the alkyl chains of ILs have an important influence on the morphology and capacitance performance of IL@PANI electrode materials. With the shorter alkyl group in ILs, IL@PANI materials presented higher specific capacitance. Especially, 1-vinyl-3-carboxymethyl-imidazolium chloride ([VCMIm]Cl)@PANI composite presented the highest specific capacitance. Cycling performance measurement demonstrated that 82% capacitance retention could be achieved after 1000 cycles in 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution. Therefore, our strategy provides a new technique for PANI nanocomposites with tunable morphology and high performance.

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Oluwafemi, Funmilola. "Gravity Variation Effects on the Growth of Maize Shoots." Physical Sciences Forum 2, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecu2021-10184.

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Gravity variation effects on plants provide definite changes. Normal Earth gravity (1G) and microgravity (µg) are possible variations for experimental purposes. On-board spaceflight microgravity experiments are rare and expensive, as the microgravity environment is an outstanding platform for research, application and education. A Clinostat was used for ground-based experiments to investigate the shoot morphology of maize plants at the Space Agency of Nigeria—National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA). A Clinostat device uses rotation to negate gravitational pull effects on plant growth and development. Maize was selected for this experiment because of its nutritional and economic importance, and its usability on the Clinostat. Plant shoot morphology is important for gravi-responses. Shoot curvature and shoot growth rate analyses were conducted on the shoots of a provitamin variety of maize. The seeds were planted into three Petri dishes (in parallel) in a wet chamber using a plant substrate—agar-agar. The experimental conditions were subject to relative humidity, temperature and light conditions. After 3 days of germination under 1G, two of the Petri dishes were left under 1G, serving as controls for shoot curvature and shoot growth rate analyses. The clinorotated sample was mounted on the Clinostat under: a fast rotation speed of 80 rpm, a horizontal rotation position and a clockwise rotation direction. The images of the samples were taken at a 30 min interval for 4 h. After observations, the shoot morphology of the seedlings was studied using ImageJ software. The grand average shoot angles and shoot lengths of all the seedlings were calculated following the experimental period to provide the shoot curvatures and shoot growth rates, respectively. The results show that the clinorotated sample had a reduced response to gravity, with 50.77°/h for the shoot curvature, while the 90°-turned sample had 55.49°/h. The shoot growth rate for the 1G sample was 1.25 cm/h, while that for the clinorotated sample was 1.26 cm/h. The clinorotated sample had an increased growth rate per hour compared to the counterpart 1G sample. These analytical results serve as preparation for future real-space experiments on maize and could be beneficial to the agriculture sector.

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Faria, R. M., R. E. Barros, and L. D. Tuffi Santos. "Weed interference on growth and yield of transgenic maize." Planta Daninha 32, no. 3 (September 2014): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582014000300007.

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Plants kept under competition tend to modify their morphology to optimize the use of production factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of competition between transgenic maize and five weed species on the growth and yield of transgenic maize hybrid. The experiment used a randomized block design with four replicates in a factorial 5 x 2 + 6 scheme consisting of a combination of maize under competition with five weed species (Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria brizantha, Sorghum arundinaceum and Ipomoea triloba) in two weed densities (15 or 30 plants m-2) plus six treatments corresponding to maize and weed species without competition. All the means for dry matter accumulated by maize plants in the stem and leaf in the density of 15 plants m ² were higher than the means for plants in coexistence with 30 plants m-². Number of kernels, diameter and length of cob were not affected by competition with weeds. The weeds that most interfered with maize biomass production were S.arundinaceum and B.brizantha. Leaf dry mass accumulation was more sensitive than the production of stem. It was observed that maize was usually very competitive with weeds, and there was a strong decrease in dry matter accumulation of all the weeds in the study when in coexistence with the crop.

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Machado, Cynthia Torres de Toledo, and Ângela Maria Cangiani Furlani. "Kinetics of phosphorus uptake and root morphology of local and improved varieties of maize." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 1 (February 2004): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000100012.

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Interspecific and intraspecific differences in the efficiency of utilization of soil phosphorus (P) are explained, in part, by plant morphological and physiological variations, which characterize the plant for nutrient acquisition. As part of a study on maize genotypes characterization for P-uptake and use efficiency, kinetic parameters of P uptake and root morphological characters were evaluated for six local and improved maize varieties, grown in nutrient solution. The kinetic parameters related to P influx were: maximal transport rate (Vmax), the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), and the external concentration when net uptake is zero (Cmin). Measured root morphological characters were: root length, radius, and surface area. Shoot and root dry matter yield and the P content in these parts were also determined. Diferences among varieties were observed in the kinetic parameters Vmax and Km, root length and in root/shoot dry matter ratio. Lower Km values were better indicatives of P uptake ability of the varietes and were significantly correlated to higher dry matter production and P-efficiency index.

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Tang, Liang, Haoran Sun, Ruxiao Sun, Yinan Niu, Jingrong Song, Shiqing Li, and Yufang Shen. "Optimized Nitrogen Application Increases Soil Water Extraction by Changing in-Season Maize Root Morphology and Distribution in Rainfed Farmland." Agronomy 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101606.

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The proper promotion of a deep root system is important for maize cultivation to improve water use efficiency in the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau. Here, a field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of combined controlled release urea and normal urea on root growth and water extraction of maize in dryland fields. Maize in the combined controlled release urea and normal urea treatment had greater root systems compared to those in the normal urea treatment and no N application treatment. Compared to the urea treatment, combined controlled release urea and normal urea advanced the root length density and root weight density in the 0–10 cm soil layer at R1 stage by 30.99% and 45.03% in 2016 and by 20.54% and 19.13% in 2017. The root length density also increased at the dent stage (R5) by 52.05% and 47.75% in 2016 and 2017, and root weight density increased by 19.58% in 2016. Combined controlled release urea and normal urea promoted production of fine roots and root distribution, as well as decreased soil water storage (SWS) in the deep soil layer at the R5 stage. The grain yield was positively correlated with root length density and root weight density in the topsoil layer at the silking stage (R1) and in the whole soil profile at the R5 stage, suggesting that better root system management is helpful for increasing crop grain yield. Therefore, this work demonstrates that combined use of controlled release urea and normal urea to higher crop yields might attribute to increasing water extraction by optimizing in-season maize root morphology and distribution in the rainfed farmland of the Loess Plateau.

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Morais de Sousa, Sylvia, Randy T. Clark, Flávia Ferreira Mendes, Antonio Carlos de Oliveira, Maria José Vilaça de Vasconcelos, Sidney Netto Parentoni, Leon V. Kochian, Cláudia Teixeira Guimarães, and Jurandir Vieira Magalhães. "A role for root morphology and related candidate genes in P acquisition efficiency in maize." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 11 (2012): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12022.

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Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plants and is acquired from the rhizosphere solution as inorganic phosphate. P is one of the least available mineral nutrients, particularly in highly weathered, tropical soils, and can substantially limit plant growth. The aim of this work was to study a possible effect of root morphology and the expression pattern of related candidate genes on P efficiency in maize. Our field phenotyping results under low and high P conditions enabled us to identify two contrasting genotypes for P acquisition efficiency that were used for the root traits studies. Root morphology was assessed in a paper pouch system to investigate root traits that could be involved in P acquisition efficiency. The genes, Rtcs, Bk2 and Rth3, which are known to be involved in root morphology, showed higher expression in the P efficient line relative to the P inefficient line. Overall, root traits showed high heritability and a low coefficient of variation. Principal component analysis revealed that out of the 24 root traits analysed, only four root traits were needed to adequately represent the diversity among genotypes. The information generated by this study will be useful for establishing early selection strategies for P efficiency in maize, which are needed to support subsequent molecular and physiological studies.

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Thompson, Addie M., Jianming Yu, Marja C. P. Timmermans, Patrick Schnable, James E. Crants, Michael J. Scanlon, and Gary J. Muehlbauer. "Diversity of Maize Shoot Apical Meristem Architecture and Its Relationship to Plant Morphology." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 5, no. 5 (March 5, 2015): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.115.017541.

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Riedell, Walter E. "Rootworm and Mechanical Damage Effects on Root Morphology and Water Relations in Maize." Crop Science 30, no. 3 (May 1990): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000030031x.

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Bódi, Z., P. Pepó, and A. Kovács. "Morphology of tassel components and their relationship to some quantitative features in maize." Cereal Research Communications 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/crc.36.2008.2.15.

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CHEN, Jun-Yi, Yi-Lin CAI, Li XU, Zhi-Guo YANG, Xiao-Ling GAN, and Ting-Ni PAN. "Effect of phosphorus stress on the pigment and morphology of different maize genotypes." CHINESE JOURNAL OF ECO-AGRICULTURE 17, no. 1 (March 26, 2009): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2009.00125.

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Vaughan, M. A., and K. C. Vaughn. "Effects of microfilament disrupters on microfilament distribution and morphology in maize root cells." Histochemistry 87, no. 2 (1987): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00533397.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Maize - Morphology'

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