Journal articles: 'Maize root'

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Sabbagh, S. K., Y. Martinez, and C. Roux. "Root penetration of maize by Ustilago maydis." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, Special Issue (2012): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6239-cjgpb.

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Šrobárová, A., and Š. Eged. "Trichoderma and sulphoethyl glucan reduce maize root rot infestation and fusaric acid content." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No, 7 (2011): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3593-pse.

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Roots of maize seedlings (cv. Pavla) infested by Fusarium verticillioides (105/ml) were cultivated on Murashige-Skoog medium (MSM, Sigma, USA) containing CaCl2,IAA and kinetin. Simultaneously, a strain of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. and a sulphoethyl glucan (SEG) isolated from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were added. Two evaluations (on 7 and 14 days) were done. Productivity parameters of leaves and roots (fwt, dwt, and length), disease severity index (DSI) and fusaric acid (FA) concentration were evaluated. Both Trichoderma sp. and SEG increased productivity parameters of plants in infested variants and maintained it on the level of control plants during 14&nbsp;days of experiment. Trichoderma reduced the DSI, while SEG increased it. DSI correlated with FA concentration. After seven days of cultivation concentration of FA was lower in all infected variants cultivated concomitantly with agents, compared with the one without them. After 14 days of cultivation both agents reduced the concentration of FA up to 50% to the non-measurable concentration in variant with Trichoderma. In variant with positive control, where FA was added to SEG, its concentration decreased up to 30%.

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Burak, Emma, John N. Quinton, and Ian C. Dodd. "Root hairs are the most important root trait for rhizosheath formation of barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays) and Lotus japonicus (Gifu)." Annals of Botany 128, no. 1 (2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab029.

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Abstract Background and Aims Rhizosheaths are defined as the soil adhering to the root system after it is extracted from the ground. Root hairs and mucilage (root exudates) are key root traits involved in rhizosheath formation, but to better understand the mechanisms involved their relative contributions should be distinguished. Methods The ability of three species [barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays) and Lotus japonicus (Gifu)] to form a rhizosheath in a sandy loam soil was compared with that of their root-hairless mutants [bald root barley (brb), maize root hairless 3 (rth3) and root hairless 1 (Ljrhl1)]. Root hair traits (length and density) of wild-type (WT) barley and maize were compared along with exudate adhesiveness of both barley and maize genotypes. Furthermore, root hair traits and exudate adhesiveness from different root types (axile versus lateral) were compared within the cereal species. Key Results Per unit root length, rhizosheath size diminished in the order of barley &gt; L. japonicus &gt; maize in WT plants. Root hairs significantly increased rhizosheath formation of all species (3.9-, 3.2- and 1.8-fold for barley, L. japonicus and maize, respectively) but there was no consistent genotypic effect on exudate adhesiveness in the cereals. While brb exudates were more and rth3 exudates were less adhesive than their respective WTs, maize rth3 bound more soil than barley brb. Although both maize genotypes produced significantly more adhesive exudate than the barley genotypes, root hair development of WT barley was more extensive than that of WT maize. Thus, the greater density of longer root hairs in WT barley bound more soil than WT maize. Root type did not seem to affect rhizosheath formation, unless these types differed in root length. Conclusions When root hairs were present, greater root hair development better facilitated rhizosheath formation than root exudate adhesiveness. However, when root hairs were absent root exudate adhesiveness was a more dominant trait.

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Liu, T. T., J. R. Shao, L. Shen, et al. "Intercropping of Maize (Zea mays) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) vs. Monoculture: Plant Growth, Root Development, and Yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 9 (2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n9p17.

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In Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, we conducted an experimental study to evaluate the root morphology and crop yield for the intercropping of maize and cotton. Due to the shading effect of maize and the reduced root surface area of cotton root system, intercropped cotton yield was smaller (14.7%) than monoculture cotton yield. By contrast, intercropped maize with cotton yield was higher than monoculture maize yield. Compared with typical production of each crop separately, intercropping of maize and cotton showed several benefits: increased the land utilization rate, with a land equivalent ratio (LER) greater than 1; and increased the root length, root surface area, and light interception in maize, which contributed to an increase in maize yield.

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Xia, Zhenqing, Guixin Zhang, Shibo Zhang, Qi Wang, Yafang Fu, and Haidong Lu. "Efficacy of Root Zone Temperature Increase in Root and Shoot Development and Hormone Changes in Different Maize Genotypes." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (2021): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060477.

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In the context of global warming, the effects of warming in the root zone of crops on maize seedling characteristics deserve research attention. Previous studies on the adaptive traits of dryland maize have mainly focused on soil moisture and nutrients, rather than analyzing potential factors for the adaptive traits of root zone warming. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different root zone warming ranges on the agronomic traits, hormones, and microstructures of maize seedling roots and leaves. The results showed that minor increases in the root zone temperature significantly enhanced maize seedling growth. However, when the temperature in the root zone was excessive, the stem diameter, root surface area, root volume, total root length, dry matter accumulation, and root/shoot biomass of maize seedlings sharply decreased. Under high temperature stress in the root zone, the root conduit area; root stele diameter; root content of trans-zeatin (ZT), gibberellin A3 (GA3), and indoleacetic acid (IAA); leaf thickness; upper and lower epidermis thickness; and leaf content of ZT and GA3 were significantly decreased. The hormone content and microstructure changes might be an important reason for root growth maldevelopment and nutrient absorption blockage, and they also affected the leaf growth of maize seedlings. Compared with the ‘senescent’ maize type Shaandan 902 (SD902), the plant microstructure of the ‘stay-green’ maize type Shaandan 609 (SD609) was less affected by increased temperatures, and the ability of the root system to absorb and transport water was stronger, which might explain its tolerance of high temperature stress in the root zone.

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Zheng, Benchuan, Xiaona Zhang, Ping Chen, et al. "Improving maize’s N uptake and N use efficiency by strengthening roots’ absorption capacity when intercropped with legumes." PeerJ 9 (June 23, 2021): e11658. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11658.

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Maize’s nitrogen (N) uptake can be improved through maize-legume intercropping. N uptake mechanisms require further study to better understand how legumes affect root growth and to determine maize’s absorptive capacity in maize-legume intercropping. We conducted a two-year field experiment with two N treatments (zero N (N0) and conventional N (N1)) and three planting patterns (monoculture maize (Zea mays L.) (MM), maize-soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) strip intercropping (IMS), and maize-peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) strip intercropping (IMP)). We sought to understand maize’s N uptake mechanisms by investigating root growth and distribution, root uptake capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the antioxidant content in different maize-legume strip intercropping systems. Our results showed that on average, the N uptake of maize was significantly greater by 52.5% in IMS and by 62.4% in IMP than that in MM. The average agronomic efficiency (AE) of maize was increased by 110.5 % in IMS and by 163.4 % in IMP, compared to MM. The apparent recovery efficiency (RE) of maize was increased by 22.3% in IMS. The roots of intercropped maize were extended into soybean and peanut stands underneath the space and even between the inter-rows of legume, resulting in significantly increased root surface area density (RSAD) and total root biomass. The root-bleeding sap intensity of maize was significantly increased by 22.7–49.3% in IMS and 37.9–66.7% in IMP, compared with the MM. The nitrate-N content of maize bleeding sap was significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in MM during the 2018 crop season. The glutathione (GSH) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the root significantly increased in IMS and IMP compared to MM. Strip intercropping using legumes increases maize’s aboveground N uptake by promoting root growth and spatial distribution, delaying root senescence, and strengthening root uptake capacity.

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Volkova, N. E., and G. I. Slischuk. "Root system for maize drought tolerance: anatomical, physiological, molecular genetic aspects." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 14, no. 2 (2016): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.14.2.695.

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The review deals with the present state of maize root system research and its role in drought tolerance and productivity. Maize root system idiotype - the optimal architecture of the root system for soil with water deficiency is described. The molecular and genetic aspects of the maize root system traits and drought tolerance are demonstrated. There are the results of studies of genes and loci of maize root system traits associated with providing drought tolerance. It presents an innovative approach, with which estimated roots morphological traits - automatic phenotypic analysis of the digital image of the plants root systems by software. Creating deep-rooted plants is considered to be an important strategy to improve water production and yield stability. Presenting the program Roots Power™, developed by "Euralis Semens" (France), under which the EU set up the first maize hybrid Sensor (FAO 370), with modified characteristics of the root system, which provides significant resistance to drought and lodging, yield stability.Keywords: drought tolerance, root system, maize, genes, quantitative trait loci

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Li, Bai, Yu-Ying Li, Hua-Mao Wu, et al. "Root exudates drive interspecific facilitation by enhancing nodulation and N2 fixation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 23 (2016): 6496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523580113.

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Plant diversity in experimental systems often enhances ecosystem productivity, but the mechanisms causing this overyielding are only partly understood. Intercropping faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) result in overyielding and also, enhanced nodulation by faba beans. By using permeable and impermeable root barriers in a 2-y field experiment, we show that root–root interactions between faba bean and maize significantly increase both nodulation and symbiotic N2 fixation in intercropped faba bean. Furthermore, root exudates from maize promote faba bean nodulation, whereas root exudates from wheat and barley do not. Thus, a decline of soil nitrate concentrations caused by intercropped cereals is not the sole mechanism for maize promoting faba bean nodulation. Intercropped maize also caused a twofold increase in exudation of flavonoids (signaling compounds for rhizobia) in the systems. Roots of faba bean treated with maize root exudates exhibited an immediate 11-fold increase in the expression of chalcone–flavanone isomerase (involved in flavonoid synthesis) gene together with a significantly increased expression of genes mediating nodulation and auxin response. After 35 d, faba beans treated with maize root exudate continued to show up-regulation of key nodulation genes, such as early nodulin 93 (ENOD93), and promoted nitrogen fixation. Our results reveal a mechanism for how intercropped maize promotes nitrogen fixation of faba bean, where maize root exudates promote flavonoid synthesis in faba bean, increase nodulation, and stimulate nitrogen fixation after enhanced gene expression. These results indicate facilitative root–root interactions and provide a mechanism for a positive relationship between species diversity and ecosystem productivity.

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Magalhães, P. C., T. C. de Souza, and F. R. O. Cantão. "Early evaluation of root morphology of maize genotypes under phosphorus deficiency." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 3 (2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/360/2010-pse.

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In Brazil savanna type of soils presents problems with phosphorus content. The selection and identification of maize genotypes to such environments is a high priority of Brazilian research. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate, in soils with different P concentrations, the dry mass attributes and characteristics of root morphology in eight maize lines with different genetic background and origins of the Breeding Program of the National Research Center for Maize and Sorghum. The experiment was carried out in plots prepared with two levels of phosphorus: high phosphorus (HP) and low phosphorus (LP). The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. The evaluation of the characteristics of the shoots and the root system morphology was performed 21 days after sowing. The WinRhizo program of images analysis was used for the root morphology. There were no differences between the phosphorus levels for the dry mass attributes. However, when we compared P levels, root morphology of L13.1.2 strain performed the highest surface area (SA) and total root length (RL), length of thin (TRL) and very thin (VTRL) roots in low P concentration. The root systems digital images analysis techniques allowed efficient discrimination of maize genotypes in environments with low P levels.

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10

Britschgi, Deborah, Peter Stamp, and Juan M. Herrera. "Root Growth of Neighboring Maize and Weeds Studied with Minirhizotrons." Weed Science 61, no. 2 (2013): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00120.1.

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Competition between crops and weeds may be stronger at the root than at the shoot level, but belowground competition remains poorly understood, due to the lack of suitable methods for root discrimination. Using a transgenic maize line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), we nondestructively discriminated maize roots from weed roots. Interactions between GFP-expressing maize, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed were studied in two different experiments with plants arranged in rows at a higher plant density (using boxes with a surface area of 0.09 m2) and in single-plant arrangements (using boxes with a surface area of 0.48 m2). Root density was screened using minirhizotrons. Relative to maize that was grown alone, maize root density was reduced from 41 to 87% when it was grown with redroot pigweed and from 27 to 73% when it was grown with common lambsquarters compared to maize grown alone. The calculated root : shoot ratios as well as the results of shoot dry weight and root density showed that both weed species restricted root growth more than they restricted shoot growth of maize. The effect of maize on the root density of the weeds ranged from a reduction of 25% to an increase of 23% for common lambsquarters and a reduction of 42 to 6% for redroot pigweed. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution of maize growing together with weeds. Here we demonstrate that the innovative use of transgenic GFP-expressing maize combined with the minirhizotron technique offers new insights on the nature of the response of major crops to belowground competition with weeds.

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Vale, Fabiano R., William A. Jackson, and Richard J. Volk. "Potassium Influx into Maize Root Systems." Plant Physiology 84, no. 4 (1987): 1416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.84.4.1416.

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12

Geissler, Art E., and Gerard F. Katekar. "Phytotropin-induced root phototropism in maize." Physiologia Plantarum 89, no. 2 (1993): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1993.890214.x.

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Goodfellow, V. J., L. P. Solomonson, and A. Oaks. "Characterization of a Maize Root Proteinase." Plant Physiology 101, no. 2 (1993): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.101.2.415.

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Costa, Carlos, Lianne M. Dwyer, Xiaomin Zhou, et al. "Root Morphology of Contrasting Maize Genotypes." Agronomy Journal 94, no. 1 (2002): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0096.

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Geissler, Art E., and Gerard F. Katekar. "Phytotropin-induced root phototropism in maize." Physiologia Plantarum 89, no. 2 (1993): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb00163.x.

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Roy, St�phane, and Brigitte Vian. "Transmural exocytosis in maize root cap." Protoplasma 161, no. 2-3 (1991): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01322730.

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H�bner, R., H. Depta, and D. G. Robinson. "Endocytosis in maize root cap cells." Protoplasma 129, no. 2-3 (1985): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01279918.

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18

Xie, Y. S., J. T. Arnason, B. J. R. Philogène, J. Atkinson, and P. Morand. "Distribution and variation of hydroxamic acids and related compounds in maize (Zea mays) root system." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 3 (1991): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-090.

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The concentrations of hydroxamic acids and related compounds, 2, 4-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIM2BOA), 2-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (HMBOA), 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA), and 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (MBOA), in roots of 1- to 5-week-old maize plants were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest concentrations of DIM2BOA, HMBOA, and total related compounds were found in maize root extracts when maize roots were 2 weeks old and the maize plant was approximately 15 cm in height. The highest concentrations of DIMBOA equivalents were found in 4-week-old maize root extracts. The distribution of individual compounds in different tissues (cortex, stele, and complete organ) of various root parts (first set of nodal roots, secondary roots, primary root, mesocotyl, and adventitious roots from mesocotyl) was also determined. Hydroxamic acids and related compounds are concentrated in the cortex of all parts of maize roots determined except mesocotyl. The concentrations of total related compounds and all individual compounds except HMBOA in complete organ of nodal roots were significantly higher than any other parts of maize roots. The high concentrations of these substances in the cortex of maize root may be relevant in the resistance of maize varieties to subterranean pest insects. Key words: hydroxamic acids, 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones, maize, root system.

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Logsdon, S. D., and R. R. Allmaras. "Maize and soybean root clustering as indicated by root mapping." Plant and Soil 131, no. 2 (1991): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00009446.

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Stamp, P., and C. Kiel. "Root Morphology of Maize and Its Relationship to Root Lodging." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 168, no. 2 (1992): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037x.1992.tb00987.x.

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Redjala, Tanegmart, Ivan Zelko, Thibault Sterckeman, Valérie Legué, and Alexander Lux. "Relationship between root structure and root cadmium uptake in maize." Environmental and Experimental Botany 71, no. 2 (2011): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.12.010.

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Wang, Zhigang, Bao-Luo Ma, Julin Gao, and Jiying Sun. "Effects of different management systems on root distribution of maize." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (2015): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-026.

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Wang, Z., Ma, B.-L., Gao, J. and Sun, J. 2015. Effects of different management systems on root distribution of maize. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 21–28. Characterization of root distribution in maize (Zea mays L.) is important for optimizing agronomic management to match crop requirements, while maximizing grain yield, especially under intensive management. The objectives of this study were to examine the differences in maize root distribution between two management systems and to identify root-related factors that could be adjusted for further yield improvement. A 4-yr field experiment examined maize root distribution under two management systems: farmers’ practices (FP: low plant density, unbalanced fertilization) and high yield strategies (HY: high plant density, sufficient fertilization). Root mass distribution within the soil profile was more restricted horizontally within 10 cm from the stalk base and vertically below 20 cm in HY compared with FP. HY had a greater proportion of fine roots (diameter ≤ 0.5 mm) and more roots per 100 kernels than FP. However, per-plant root weight was not significantly affected by type of management system. Yield was positively correlated with total root number and the ratio of root mass below 20 cm to total root mass. Our data indicate that HY maize overcame the negative effect of crowding stress by producing more roots with smaller root diameters, and maize root systems became narrower and were distributed deeper under intensive management compared with traditional famers’ practices.

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Yang, C. H., Q. Chai, and Huang GB. "Root distribution and yield responses of wheat/maize intercropping to alternate irrigation in the arid areas of northwest China ." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 6 (2010): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/251/2009-pse.

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A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of alternate irrigation (AI) on root distribution and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping system during the period of 2007&ndash;2009 in an oasis of arid north-west China. Five treatments, i.e. sole wheat with conventional irrigation (W), sole maize with alternate irrigation (AM), sole maize with conventional irrigation (CM), wheat/maize intercropping with alternate irrigation (AW/M), and wheat/maize intercropping with conventional irrigation (CW/M). The results showed that root growth was significantly enhanced by alternate irrigation (AI), root weight density (RWD), root length density (RLD) and root-shoot ratios (R/S) in AI treatments were all higher than those in conventional irrigation (CI) treatments. Moreover, intercropped wheat and maize also had a greater root development at a majority of soil depths than wheat and maize in monoculture. In three years, AW/M always achieved the highest total seed yield under different treatments. Higher yield and reduced irrigation resulted in higher water use efficiency (WUE) for the AW/M treatment. Our results suggest that AI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method on wheat/maize intercropping in arid oasis field where intercropping planting is decreased because of limited water resource.

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Shen, L., X. Y. Wang, T. T. Yang, et al. "Effects of Different Planting Patterns on the Growth and Yield of Maize and Soybean in Northwest China." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 4 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n4p1.

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Aboveground and belowground interactions are crucial in the over-yielding of intercropping systems. However, the relative effects of aboveground and belowground interactions on yields in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max) intercropping systems are still unclear. Field experiments, including measurements of plant height, soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) value, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), root length density (RLD), root volume density (RVD), and grain yield, were conducted in 2018-2019 to analyze the advantages and effects of above-ground and belowground inter-species interactions. This study adopted three different planting patterns: mono-cropping maize (MM), mono-cropping soybeans (MS), and maize-soybean intercropping (IM and IS). This study showed that intercropping promotes the growth of maize and makes maize have a better photosynthetic environment, while the growth of intercropping soybeans is inhibited and the photosynthetic environment becomes worse. In the upper layer (0-40 cm) and close to the plants, the root growth and distribution of intercropped maize increased, resulting in greater root length density and volume density, while the root growth and distribution of intercropped soybean decreased, resulting in lower root length density and volume density. The intercropping increased the maize yield by 18.52-19.8%, and reduced the soybean yield by 55.87-57.44%. The results indicated that intercropping improves the competitiveness of maize and reduces the competitiveness of soybeans. The increase in maize yield made up for the loss of soybean yield and led to an overall significant advantage in the maize-soybean intercropping system.

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Pavlovkin, J., I. Mistríková, M. Luxová, and I. Mistrík. "Effects of beauvericin on root cell transmembrane electric potential, electrolyte leakage and respiration of maize roots with different susceptibility to Fusarium." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 11 (2011): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3539-pse.

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Effect of beauvericin on root cell transmembrane electric potential (EM), electrolyte leakage and respiration of roots were studied in two maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) with different susceptibility to this toxigenic metabolite produced by Fusarium. Beauvericin treatment induced rapid and significant depolarisation of membrane potentials of the outer cortical cells of maize roots of tolerant cv. Lucia. The range of depolarisation was dose dependent with maximum depolarisation of 55 mV (55 &plusmn; 7 mV, n = 7) at 200&micro;M beauvericin. In contrast, membrane potentials of beauvericin susceptible cv. Pavla was only slightly depolarised by identical concentrations of beauvericin and the value of depolarisation represented only half of the value of tolerant cv. Lucia (27 &plusmn; 6 mV, n = 8). The values of membrane potentials of root cells of tolerant cv. Lucia were higher (137 &plusmn; 9 mV, n = 26) and more electrogenic (60 &plusmn; 2 mV, n&nbsp;=&nbsp;3) than in susceptible cv. Pavla (125 &plusmn; 7 mV, n = 28), (47 &plusmn; 2 mV, n = 3), respectively. Our results confirmed that 2 h treatment with 50&micro;M beauvericin does not cause irreversible changes in plasma membrane H+-ATPase, because fusicoccin, an H+-ATPase activator diminished the depolarizing effect of beauvericin on the EM. Further experiments revealed beauvericin-induced increase of membrane conductivity in root cells of Pavla but not in root cells of Lucia. Time-coarse experiments showed that 25&micro;M beauvericin induced slight, but significant inhibition of root respiration in both cultivars during the first two hours of treatment, and the inhibition was higher in cv. Lucia than in cv. Pavla. The depolarisation of EM in the outer cortical cells of maize roots may be the result of a cumulative effect of beauvericin on ATP supply, activity of H+-ATPase and mainly on the permeability of plasmalemma. Increased beauvericin tolerance in maize might be associated with the increased ability of tolerant plant to maintain normal ion fluxes and membrane potentials across the plasmalemma of root cells in the presence of beauvericin.

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Wang, Ke Xin, Qiang Fu, Xin Jiang, and Xiao Ping Zhang. "Research on Regulating the Effect of Different Mulching Measures on Root Spatial Distribution and the Root-Shoot Ratio of Maize." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.361.

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The effects of four types of mulching models (surface tillage with straw mulching, no-tillage with straw mulching on furrow, no-tillage with stubble mulching, and no-tillage with straw mulching on ridge and furrow) on the root spatial distribution and the relationship between the roots and shoots of maize were investigated using stratified digging methods, with maize as the test crop. The distribution of maize roots was cone shaped and gradually extended from 20 cm to 40 cm below the surface during the elongation stage. Under the different mulch tillage models, the effects on maize root growth were positive. The mulching measures significantly affected the control and support of the early and later stages of maize growth. The maize significantly differed in the root weight density (P=0.026<0.05) and the root surface area (P =0.005<0.01) with different mulching measures. No-tillage with straw mulching on the ridge and furrow was the only mulching model in which the growth of the roots and leaves of maize was limited. However, the other maize growth measures were better than conventional tillage. In addition, no-tillage with straw mulching on the ridge and furrow had an advantage in terms of the growth of the surface roots, while stubble mulching and strip mulching had advantages in terms of the growth of deep roots and radial roots, respectively. Surface tillage with straw mulching was an ideal cultivation method for the cold and arid regions of North China and had significant advantages in terms of the growth of the root weight, root surface area and root-shoot ratio.

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Konôpka, B., L. Pagès, and C. Doussan. "Soil compaction modifies morphological characteristics of seminal maize roots." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 1 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/380-pse.

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An evaluation of the effects of soil structural heterogeneity on maize (Zea mays L.) root system architecture was carried out on plants grown in boxes containing fine soil and clods. The clods were prepared at two levels of moisture (0.17 and 0.20 g/g) and bulk density (ranges 1.45–1.61 g/ml and 1.63–1.79 g/ml). Soil moisture directly affected the probability of clod penetration by maize roots. Primary roots inside the clods manifested morphological deformations in the form of bends. We observed a significant increase of bends per root length at lower soil moisture (P = 0.02). Root diameter and branching density increased, and lateral root length decreased considerably inside the clods. However, once emerging out of the clods and into free soil, values of all three characteristics remained low. While changes in root diameter were caused mainly by clod moisture (P < 0.05), length of lateral roots was related to bulk density (P < 0.01). Branching density was modified exclusively by an interactive effect of both factors (P < 0.05).

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Shao, Zeqiang, Xinyu Wang, Qiang Gao, et al. "Root Contact between Maize and Alfalfa Facilitates Nitrogen Transfer and Uptake Using Techniques of Foliar 15N-Labeling." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (2020): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030360.

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Belowground nitrogen (N) transfer from legumes to non-legumes provides an important N source for crop yield and N utilization. However, whether root contact facilitates N transfer and the extent to which N transfer contributes to crop productivity and N utilization have not been clarified. In our study, two-year rain shelter experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of root contact on N transfer in a maize/alfalfa intercropping system. N transfer occurred mainly one direction from alfalfa to maize during the growth period. Following the N0 treatment, the amount of N transfer from alfalfa to maize was 204.56 mg pot−1 with no root barrier and 165.13 mg pot−1 with a nylon net barrier, accounting for 4.72% and 4.48% of the total N accumulated in maize, respectively. Following the N1 treatment, the amount of N transfer from alfalfa to maize was 197.70 mg pot−1 with no root barrier and 139.04 mg pot−1 with a nylon net barrier, accounting for 3.64% and 2.36% of the total N accumulated in the maize, respectively. Furthermore, the amount of N transfer without no root barrier was 1.24–1.42 times higher than that with a nylon net barrier regardless of the level of N addition. Our results highlight the importance and the relevance of root contact for the enhancement of N transfer in a maize/alfalfa intercropping system.

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Wang, He, You Lu Bai, Li Ping Yang, Yan Li Lu, and Lei Wang. "Influence of the Fertilizer Placement on the Nutrient Uptake of Summer Maize Early Growth." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 1247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.1247.

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The proper fertilizer placement is an important technical measure to reduce fertilizer waste and increase the yield of summer maize. Fertilizer application into the area where root system density is higher and root activity is relatively large, which would accelerate the uptake rate and increase uptake quantity of nutrient of maize, improve the yield of summer maize. Appling quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer in the bottom of the maize seed is easy to cause the phenomenon of burn seedlings. But coated nitrogen fertilizer can slowly release nitrogen and will not harm the germination of maize seed, so it may be feasible to apply coated nitrogen fertilizer in the bottom of the maize seed. A field experiment is designed to study the effect on summer maize early growth and nutrient uptake by coated nitrogen fertilizer placement and the result shows that the nutrients diffusion area of coated nitrogen fertilizer is relative small, and applying the fertilizer below can centralize the nutrients around the area where root system is dense, promote the growth of maize‘s root system and increase maize’s uptake of nitrogen.

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Humphris, Sonia N., A. Glyn Bengough, Bryan S. Griffiths, et al. "Root cap influences root colonisation by Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 on maize." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 54, no. 1 (2005): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.005.

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Khanthavong, Phanthasin, Shin Yabuta, Hidetoshi Asai, Md Amzad Hossain, Isao Akagi, and Jun-Ichi Sakagami. "Root Response to Soil Water Status via Interaction of Crop Genotype and Environment." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (2021): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040708.

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Flooding and drought are major causes of reductions in crop productivity. Root distribution indicates crop adaptation to water stress. Therefore, we aimed to identify crop roots response based on root distribution under various soil conditions. The root distribution of four crops—maize, millet, sorghum, and rice—was evaluated under continuous soil waterlogging (CSW), moderate soil moisture (MSM), and gradual soil drying (GSD) conditions. Roots extended largely to the shallow soil layer in CSW and grew longer to the deeper soil layer in GSD in maize and sorghum. GSD tended to promote the root and shoot biomass across soil moisture status regardless of the crop species. The change of specific root density in rice and millet was small compared with maize and sorghum between different soil moisture statuses. Crop response in shoot and root biomass to various soil moisture status was highest in maize and lowest in rice among the tested crops as per the regression coefficient. Thus, we describe different root distributions associated with crop plasticity, which signify root spread changes, depending on soil water conditions in different crop genotypes as well as root distributions that vary depending on crop adaptation from anaerobic to aerobic conditions.

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Schneider, Hannah M., Christopher F. Strock, Meredith T. Hanlon, et al. "Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma enhance root penetration in compacted soils." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (2021): e2012087118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2012087118.

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Mechanical impedance limits soil exploration and resource capture by plant roots. We examine the role of root anatomy in regulating plant adaptation to mechanical impedance and identify a root anatomical phene in maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) associated with penetration of hard soil: Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma (MCS). We characterize this trait and evaluate the utility of MCS for root penetration in compacted soils. Roots with MCS had a greater cell wall-to-lumen ratio and a distinct UV emission spectrum in outer cortical cells. Genome-wide association mapping revealed that MCS is heritable and genetically controlled. We identified a candidate gene associated with MCS. Across all root classes and nodal positions, maize genotypes with MCS had 13% greater root lignin concentration compared to genotypes without MCS. Genotypes without MCS formed MCS upon exogenous ethylene exposure. Genotypes with MCS had greater lignin concentration and bending strength at the root tip. In controlled environments, MCS in maize and wheat was associated improved root tensile strength and increased penetration ability in compacted soils. Maize genotypes with MCS had root systems with 22% greater depth and 49% greater shoot biomass in compacted soils in the field compared to lines without MCS. Of the lines we assessed, MCS was present in 30 to 50% of modern maize, wheat, and barley cultivars but was absent in teosinte and wild and landrace accessions of wheat and barley. MCS merits investigation as a trait for improving plant performance in maize, wheat, and other grasses under edaphic stress.

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Harvey, P. R., R. A. Warren, and S. Wakelin. "The Pythium - Fusarium root disease complex - an emerging constraint to irrigated maize in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06091.

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A pathogen-selective fungicide trial was established at a site with a history of continuous maize cultivation with stubble retention to assess the impacts of Pythium, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia root diseases on maize productivity. High soilborne populations of Pythium and Fusarium were detected at sowing, with no significant differences in their distributions across the site. Significant increases in Fusarium and Pythium isolates were recovered from maize rhizosphere soils after the first 12 weeks of crop growth. While no isolates of phytopathogenic Rhizoctonia were recovered from soil or maize roots, 63 and 100% of roots examined were colonised by Pythium and Fusarium spp., respectively. Fungicides were, therefore, ineffective in suppressing rhizosphere fungal populations and inhibiting root infection and disease development. As a result, there were no significant increases in crop establishment, early crop growth (biomass) or grain yields with any of the pathogen-selective treatments. DNA sequencing identified six Pythium and five Fusarium spp. from infected maize roots (internal transcribed spacer 5.8s rDNA) and rhizosphere soils (rDNA and translation elongation factor-1α). These species have previously been reported as saprophytes on crop residues and as components of a root-disease complex contributing to seedling damping-off and root and stem rots of maize. Growth responses of rotation crops grown in natural and sterilised continuous maize soil indicated that soilborne root pathogens significantly reduced biomass production of maize and wheat, but not Adzuki bean and canola. Fungal isolation frequencies from these crops implied host-mediated selection of Pythium but not Fusarium spp., the former showing a preference for and greater pathogenicity towards maize and wheat.

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Bohn, M., J. Novais, R. Fonseca, R. Tuberosa, and T. E. Grift. "Genetic evaluation of root complexity in maize." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 54, no. 3 (2006): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.54.2006.3.3.

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35

Amos, B., and D. T. Walters. "Maize Root Biomass and Net Rhizodeposited Carbon." Soil Science Society of America Journal 70, no. 5 (2006): 1489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0216.

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36

Hadži-Tašković Šukalović, Vesna, B. Kukavica, and M. Vuletić. "Hydroquinone peroxidase activity of maize root mitochondria." Protoplasma 231, no. 3-4 (2007): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-007-0260-0.

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37

Grison, Rene, and Paul-Emile Pilet. "Maize root peroxidases: relationship with polyphenol oxidases." Phytochemistry 24, no. 11 (1985): 2519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)80659-7.

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Guingo, Emmanuelle, Yannick Hébert, and Alain Charcosset. "Genetic analysis of root traits in maize." Agronomie 18, no. 3 (1998): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19980305.

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39

Brauer, David, Carol Schubert, DeNea Conner, and Shu‐I Tu. "Calcium activation of maize root phospholipase D." Journal of Plant Nutrition 14, no. 7 (1991): 729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169109364238.

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40

Bagnaresi, P., and B. Basso. "Soluble maize root NADH ferric‐chelate reductase." Journal of Plant Nutrition 19, no. 8-9 (1996): 1171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169609365188.

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41

Nocito, Fabio Francesco, Luca Espen, Barbara Crema, Maurizio Cocucci, and Gian Attilio Sacchi. "Cadmium induces acidosis in maize root cells." New Phytologist 179, no. 3 (2008): 700–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02509.x.

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Brune, Philip F., Andy Baumgarten, Steve J. McKay, Frank Technow, and John J. Podhiny. "A biomechanical model for maize root lodging." Plant and Soil 422, no. 1-2 (2017): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3457-9.

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43

Zhu, Jinming, Shawn M. Kaeppler, and Jonathan P. Lynch. "Topsoil foraging and phosphorus acquisition efficiency in maize (Zea mays)." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 8 (2005): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp05005.

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In soybean and common bean, enhanced topsoil foraging permitted by shallow root architectures is advantageous for phosphorus acquisition from stratified soils. The importance of this phenomenon in graminaceous crops, which have different root architecture and morphology from legumes, is unclear. In this study we evaluated the importance of shallow roots for phosphorus acquisition in maize (Zea mays L.). In a field study, maize genotypes with shallower roots had greater growth in low phosphorus soil than deep-rooted genotypes. For physiological analysis, four maize genotypes differing in root shallowness in the field were grown in solid media with stratified phosphorus availability in a controlled environment. Of the four genotypes, one shallow and one deep genotype were also inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). Shallower genotypes had significantly greater growth and phosphorus accumulation compared with deeper genotypes at low phosphorus availability. Mycorrhizal colonisation altered root shallowness under low phosphorus conditions, increasing shallowness substantially in a deep-rooted genotype but slightly decreasing shallowness in a shallow-rooted genotype. Mycorrhizal colonisation increased phosphorus acquisition under low phosphorus availability. Respiration costs of roots and shoots of phosphorus-efficient genotypes were significantly lower under low phosphorus conditions compared with inefficient genotypes. The physiological efficiency of phosphorus acquisition, expressed as root respiration per unit of phosphorus acquisition, was greater in shallow rooted genotypes. Our results demonstrate that genetic variation for root shallowness exists in maize, that phosphorus and AM can modulate root shallowness independently, and that a shallower root system is beneficial for plant performance in maize at low phosphorus availability. We propose that root architectural traits that enhance topsoil foraging are important traits for improved phosphorus acquisition efficiency of annual grain crops such as maize in addition to legumes.

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44

Wang, Houmiao, Hui Sun, Haofeng Xia, et al. "Natural Variation and Domestication Selection of ZmCKX5 with Root Morphological Traits at the Seedling Stage in Maize." Plants 10, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010001.

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Root system architecture plays a crucial role in water and nutrient acquisition in maize. Cytokinins, which can be irreversibly degraded by the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), are important hormones that regulate root development in plants. In this study, ZmCKX5 was resequenced in 285 inbred lines, 68 landraces, and 32 teosintes to identify the significant variants associated with root traits in maize. Sequence polymorphisms and nucleotide diversity revealed that ZmCKX5 might be selected during domestication and improvement processes. Marker–trait association analysis in inbred lines identified 12 variants of ZmCKX5 that were significantly associated with six root traits, including seed root number (SRN), lateral root length (LRL), total root area (RA), root length in 0 to 0.5 mm diameter class (RL005), total root volume (RV), and total root length (TRL). SNP-1195 explained the most (6.01%) phenotypic variation of SRN, and the frequency of this allele G increased from 6.25% and 1.47% in teosintes and landraces, respectively, to 17.39% in inbred lines. Another significant variant, SNP-1406, with a pleiotropic effect, is strongly associated with five root traits, with the frequency of T allele increased from 25.00% and 23.73% in teosintes and landraces, respectively, to 35.00% in inbred lines. These results indicate that ZmCKX5 may be involved in the development of the maize root system and that the significant variants can be used to develop functional markers to accelerate the improvement in the maize root system.

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Perkins, Alden C., and Jonathan P. Lynch. "Increased seminal root number associated with domestication improves nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition in maize seedlings." Annals of Botany 128, no. 4 (2021): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab074.

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Abstract Background and Aims Domesticated maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) generally forms between two and six seminal roots, while its wild ancestor, Mexican annual teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis), typically lacks seminal roots. Maize also produces larger seeds than teosinte, and it generally has higher growth rates as a seedling. Maize was originally domesticated in the tropical soils of southern Mexico, but it was later brought to the Mexican highlands before spreading to other parts of the continent, where it experienced different soil resource constraints. The aims of this study were to understand the impacts of increased seminal root number on seedling nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition and to model how differences in maize and teosinte phenotypes might have contributed to increased seminal root number in domesticated maize. Methods Seedling root system architectural models of a teosinte accession and a maize landrace were constructed by parameterizing the functional–structural plant model OpenSimRoot using plants grown in mesocosms. Seedling growth was simulated in a low-phosphorus environment, multiple low-nitrogen environments, and at variable planting densities. Models were also constructed to combine individual components of the maize and teosinte phenotypes. Key Results Seminal roots contributed ~35 % of the nitrogen and phosphorus acquired by maize landrace seedlings in the first 25 d after planting. Increased seminal root number improved plant nitrogen acquisition under low-nitrogen environments with varying precipitation patterns, fertilization rates, soil textures and planting densities. Models suggested that the optimal number of seminal roots for nutrient acquisition in teosinte is constrained by its limited seed carbohydrate reserves. Conclusions Seminal roots can improve the acquisition of both nitrogen and phosphorus in maize seedlings, and the increase in seed size associated with maize domestication may have facilitated increased seminal root number.

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Gautam, Vibhav, Archita Singh, Sandeep Yadav, et al. "Conserved LBL1-ta-siRNA and miR165/166-RLD1/2 modules regulate root development in maize." Development 148, no. 1 (2020): dev190033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.190033.

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ABSTRACTRoot system architecture and anatomy of monocotyledonous maize is significantly different from dicotyledonous model Arabidopsis. The molecular role of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is poorly understood in maize root development. Here, we address the role of LEAFBLADELESS1 (LBL1), a component of maize trans-acting short-interfering RNA (ta-siRNA), in maize root development. We report that root growth, anatomical patterning, and the number of lateral roots (LRs), monocot-specific crown roots (CRs) and seminal roots (SRs) are significantly affected in lbl1-rgd1 mutant, which is defective in production of ta-siRNA, including tasiR-ARF that targets AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ARF3) in maize. Altered accumulation and distribution of auxin, due to differential expression of auxin biosynthesis and transporter genes, created an imbalance in auxin signalling. Altered expression of microRNA165/166 (miR165/166) and its targets, ROLLED1 and ROLLED2 (RLD1/2), contributed to the changes in lbl1-rgd1 root growth and vascular patterning, as was evident by the altered root phenotype of Rld1-O semi-dominant mutant. Thus, LBL1/ta-siRNA module regulates root development, possibly by affecting auxin distribution and signalling, in crosstalk with miR165/166-RLD1/2 module. We further show that ZmLBL1 and its Arabidopsis homologue AtSGS3 proteins are functionally conserved.

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47

Jiang, W., K. Wang, G. Jiang, et al. "Interplant root competition leads to an overcrowding effect in maize." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 6 (2009): 1041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09007.

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We conducted an experiment with two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) to examine the effect of interplant root competition on root growth and to evaluate the impact to total plant performance. Two maize hybrids (Jinhai 5 and Denghai 3719) were grown either with no root competition in their own plot (owners) or as individuals sharing twice the space and nutrients (sharers). Plants were sampled every other week after pollination to track changes in root and shoot biomass. The carbohydrate allocation was smaller in the roots of sharers compared with owners at the pro-phase of grain filling and shoot accumulation was slightly accelerated during this period. However, at the lag phase, the accumulation rate in the shoots of individual plants was distinctly lower than in owners, as a result of earlier root senescence. Overall, shoot mass was reduced by 8% in sharers of both hybrids, while they showed a similar root to shoot ratio compared with the owners. Although the “sharing” treatment was confounded by larger soil spaces, the effects of larger soil volume and interplant root competition were different, and demonstrate that interplant root competition has an inhibitory effect on roots. Maize plants displayed an overcrowding effect (or an escape strategy) by allocating more carbohydrate to the shoots at the expense of the roots when faced with interplant root competition.Key words: Overcrowding effect, interplant root competition, maize (zea mays L.), root discrimination

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Rummel, Pauline Sophie, Birgit Pfeiffer, Johanna Pausch, Reinhard Well, Dominik Schneider, and Klaus Dittert. "Maize root and shoot litter quality controls short-term CO2 and N2O emissions and bacterial community structure of arable soil." Biogeosciences 17, no. 4 (2020): 1181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1181-2020.

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Abstract. Chemical composition of root and shoot litter controls decomposition and, subsequently, C availability for biological nitrogen transformation processes in soils. While aboveground plant residues have been proven to increase N2O emissions, studies on root litter effects are scarce. This study aimed (1) to evaluate how fresh maize root litter affects N2O emissions compared to fresh maize shoot litter, (2) to assess whether N2O emissions are related to the interaction of C and N mineralization from soil and litter, and (3) to analyze changes in soil microbial community structures related to litter input and N2O emissions. To obtain root and shoot litter, maize plants (Zea mays L.) were cultivated with two N fertilizer levels in a greenhouse and harvested. A two-factorial 22 d laboratory incubation experiment was set up with soil from both N levels (N1, N2) and three litter addition treatments (control, root, root + shoot). We measured CO2 and N2O fluxes, analyzed soil mineral N and water-extractable organic C (WEOC) concentrations, and determined quality parameters of maize litter. Bacterial community structures were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Maize litter quality controlled NO3- and WEOC availability and decomposition-related CO2 emissions. Emissions induced by maize root litter remained low, while high bioavailability of maize shoot litter strongly increased CO2 and N2O emissions when both root and shoot litter were added. We identified a strong positive correlation between cumulative CO2 and N2O emissions, supporting our hypothesis that litter quality affects denitrification by creating plant-litter-associated anaerobic microsites. The interdependency of C and N availability was validated by analyses of regression. Moreover, there was a strong positive interaction between soil NO3- and WEOC concentration resulting in much higher N2O emissions, when both NO3- and WEOC were available. A significant correlation was observed between total CO2 and N2O emissions, the soil bacterial community composition, and the litter level, showing a clear separation of root + shoot samples of all remaining samples. Bacterial diversity decreased with higher N level and higher input of easily available C. Altogether, changes in bacterial community structure reflected degradability of maize litter with easily degradable C from maize shoot litter favoring fast-growing C-cycling and N-reducing bacteria of the phyla Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. In conclusion, litter quality is a major driver of N2O and CO2 emissions from crop residues, especially when soil mineral N is limited.

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Liu, Shengqun, Shulian Jian, Xiangnan Li, and Yang Wang. "Wide–Narrow Row Planting Pattern Increases Root Lodging Resistance by Adjusting Root Architecture and Root Physiological Activity in Maize (Zea mays L.) in Northeast China." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (2021): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060517.

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Root lodging (RL) in maize can reduce yield and grain quality. A wide–narrow row planting pattern can increase maize yield in the growing regions of northeastern China, but whether it can improve RL resistance is not clear. Therefore, in this study, the root architecture distribution, root physiological activity, and root lodging rate under planting pattern 1 (uniform ridge of 65 cm, east–west ridge direction) and pattern 2 (wide–narrow rows, 40 double narrow rows and 90 wide rows, north–south ridge direction) were studied. The results showed that the RL rate under pattern 2 was significantly lower than that under pattern 1. The number and diameter of nodal roots on the upper node, the root failure moment, and the root bleeding sap intensity at the 3 weeks after VT under pattern 2 were significantly higher than those under pattern 1. Root length density in the 0–40 cm soil layer tended to be inter-row distributed. Therefore, the RL resistance of maize under pattern 2 was increased through an adjustment in the root architecture distribution and root physiological activity in northeastern China.

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Li, Gui-E., Wei-Liang Kong, Xiao-Qin Wu, and Shi-Bo Ma. "Phytase-Producing Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1 Promotes Seed Germination and Growth in Corn (Zea mays L.)." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (2021): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081647.

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Phytase plays an important role in crop seed germination and plant growth. In order to fully understand the plant growth-promoting mechanism by Rahnella aquatilis JZ-GX1, the effect of this strain on germination of maize seeds was determined in vitro, and the colonization of maize root by R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 was observed by scanning electron microscope. Different inoculum concentrations and Phytate-related soil properties were applied to investigate the effect of R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 on the growth of maize seedlings. The results showed that R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 could effectively secrete indole acetic acid and had significantly promoted seed germination and root length of maize. A large number of R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 cells colonized on the root surface, root hair and the root interior of maize. When the inoculation concentration was 107 cfu/mL and the insoluble organophosphorus compound phytate existed in the soil, the net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, phytase activity secreted by roots, total phosphorus concentration and biomass accumulation of maize seedlings were the highest. In contrast, no significant effect of inoculation was found when the total P content was low or when inorganic P was sufficient in the soil. R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 promotes the growth of maize directly by secreting IAA and indirectly by secreting phytase. This work provides beneficial information for the development and application of R. aquatilis JZ-GX1 as a microbial fertilizer in the future.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Maize root'

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