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1
Bbosa, Denis, Thomas J. Brumm, Carl J. Bern, Kurt A. Rosentrater, and D. Raj Raman. "Effect of Blending Amaranth Grain with Maize Kernels on Maize Weevil Control during Storage." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 2 (2020): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13614.
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HighlightsMixing amaranth grain and maize is a promising pesticide-free method for controlling maize weevils in stored maize.A 1:1 mixture by volume of maize and amaranth reduced the number of live weevils by 66% after 160 d of storage as compared to maize stored without amaranth.A further reduction in live weevils could be achieved by completely covering all maize kernels with a layer of amaranth.Insect-infested maize-amaranth mixtures had reduced spoilage due to mold during storage as compared to insect-infested maize stored without amaranth.Abstract. Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is used as a vegetable, food, forage, and sometimes an ornamental. Amaranth grain has higher protein content than other cereals, making it a good choice for human consumption. Maize is among the three most widely grown grains in the world, but it can experience large postharvest losses during storage due to infestation by the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). Due to the small size of amaranth seeds, this study postulated that amaranth grain can be blended with maize during storage to fill the intergranular spaces between maize kernels, reducing the overall void volume to minimize maize weevil movements to access the kernels, and thereby controlling the maize weevil population. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on maize weevil control of blending maize with amaranth grain during storage versus storing maize alone. Three 208 L (55 gal) steel barrels were loaded with 160 kg (353 lb) of maize, and three were loaded with a maize-amaranth mixture (1:1 by volume), all with initial weevil populations of 25 live weevils per kg of maize. Blending maize with amaranth for storage reduced the number of live weevils after 160 days by 66% compared to storing maize alone. Additional reduction of live weevils could be accomplished if the maize were completely covered by amaranth grain, further restricting maize weevil access to the maize kernels. Keywords: Broken corn and foreign material, Insects, Insect infestation, Mechanical damage, Moisture content, Postharvest losses, Relative humidity, Temperature, Test weight.
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Bbosa, Denis, Thomas J. Brumm, Carl J. Bern, Kurt A. Rosentrater, and D. Raj Raman. "Evaluation of Hermetic Maize Storage in 208 Liter (55 Gal) Steel Barrels for Smallholder Farmers." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 981–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12044.
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Abstract. Maize is an important crop for many smallholder farmers in the world. Maize weevils () cause a significant loss in quality and quantity during maize storage, especially in tropical regions. Hermetic storage of maize has been shown to be effective in controlling maize weevils in laboratory and field settings. The objective of this research was to test the effectiveness of steel barrels that could be used by smallholder farmers for hermetic storage. Six 208 L (55 gal) steel barrels were each loaded with 170 kg (375 lb) of maize at an average moisture of 13.4% w.b., with initial weevil population densities of 25 live weevils kg-1 (11 live weevils lb-1) of maize. All six barrels were stored at 27°C (81°F) under non-hermetic conditions for 120 d, corresponding to approximately three weevil lifecycles. After 120 d, weevil population densities had increased to an average of 99 live weevils kg-1 (45 live weevils lb-1) in all six barrels. Three of the six barrels were subsequently hermetically sealed. After an additional 30 days (150 days since experiment start), the weevil population densities were zero in every hermetically sealed barrel (100% mortality) and averaged 141 live weevils kg-1 (64 live weevils lb-1) in the non-hermetic barrels. All barrels where then exposed to non-hermetic conditions for an additional 40 days (approximately one weevil lifecycle). The barrels previously under hermetic conditions had zero live weevils, while the other barrels averaged 214 live weevils kg-1 (98 live weevils lb-1), demonstrating that all stages of weevils (eggs, larvae, and pupae) were killed. Means of barrel oxygen content, test weight (TW), moisture content (MC), temperature, and humidity were significantly different between the hermetically sealed and control treatments. In contrast, broken corn and foreign material (BCFM) and mechanical damage (MD) were not significantly different. Hermetically sealed steel barrels may be an effective maize storage option for smallholder farmers. Keywords: BCFM, Maize weevil, Mechanical damage, Moisture content, Mortality, Mycotoxins, Test weight.
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Lu, Shaohua, Lingfang Zhang, Yujie Lu, Mingshun Chen, and Zhengyan Wang. "Host Volatiles Potentially Drive Two Evolutionarily Related Weevils to Select Different Grains." Insects 15, no. 5 (2024): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15050300.
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The Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil) and Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil) are two insect pests that have caused huge economic losses to stored grains worldwide. It is urgent to develop an environmentally friendly strategy for the control of these destructive pests. Here, the olfactory-mediated selection preference of the two weevil species to three stored grains was analyzed, which should help establish a pull–push system in managing them. Bioassays showed that maize weevil adults prefer to select maize, followed by paddy and wheat, while rice weevil adults mainly migrate towards wheat. Volatile analyses revealed that 2-ethylhexanol, piperitone, and (+)-Δ-cadiene are the major components in volatiles from both maize and wheat, but the abundance of these chemicals is much lower in maize than that in wheat. The volatile limonene was only detected in paddy. Y-tube bioassays suggest that 2-ethylhexanol, piperitone, and (+)-Δ-cadiene were all attractive to both weevils, whereas limonene was attractive only to rice weevils. Overall, maize weevil appeared more sensitive to the tested volatiles based on having much lower effective concentrations of these volatiles needed to attract them. The differences in volatile profiles among the grains and the sensitivity of the two species towards these volatiles may explain the behavioral differences between maize and rice weevils in selecting host grains. The differences in sensitivity of maize and rice weevils towards host volatile components with abundance differences are likely determinants driving the two insect species to migrate towards different host grains.
4
Sebayang, Amelia, Ayyub Arrahman, Syahrir Pakki, and M. Sudjak Saenong. "Foraging ability of maize weevil in several varieties under dark and light conditions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911, no. 1 (2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012055.
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Abstract Laboratory research to investigate the ability of maize weevil to find food source in the dark and light condition had been conducted in laboratory of pests and plan diseases of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute, Maros, South Sulawesi. This research was arranged in complete random design with three replications. There were six maize varieties put into small glasses and placed in circle within big jar and then invested with 100 heterogenous adult maize weevils in each jar. As a control, an empty glass was put in the center of glasses circle within the jar. Observation and calculation on living and dead maize weevils on each glass and outside glass was conducted with intervals of 24, 48 and 72 after maize weevil infestation. This research was performed in the light and dark condition. Result of the research showed that maize weevil ability to find their food sources was not determined by the light and dark. In addition, from this research, it was found that there were influence of corn variety as food resources, but this factor of variety as food resources needs to be examined further. The implication of this study are about the maize varieties attracted the weevil.
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Silva, Alexandra Avelar, Lucas Soares Braga, Alberto Soares Corrêa, et al. "Comparative cytogenetics and derived phylogenic relationship among Sitophilus grain weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Dryophthorinae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 12, no. (2) (2018): 223–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i2.26412.
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Cytogenetic characteristics and genome size are powerful tools for species characterization and identification of cryptic species, providing critical insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. Sitophilus Linnaeus, 1758 grain weevils can benefit from such tools as key pest species of stored products and also as sources of archeological information on human history and past urban environments. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship among these weevil species remains controversial and is largely based on single DNA fragment analyses. Therefore, cytogenetic analyses and genome size determinations were performed for four Sitophilus grain weevil species, namely the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758), the tamarind weevil S. linearis (Herbst, 1797), the rice weevil S. oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763), and the maize weevil S. zeamais Motschulsky, 1855. Both maize and rice weevils exhibited the same chromosome number (2n=22; 10 A + Xyp). In contrast, the granary and tamarind weevils exhibited higher chromosome number (2n=24; 11 A + Xyp and 11 A + neo-XY, respectively). The nuclear DNA content of these species was not proportionally related to either chromosome number or heterochromatin amount. Maize and rice weevils exhibited similar and larger genome sizes (0.730±0.003 pg and 0.786±0.003 pg, respectively), followed by the granary weevil (0.553±0.003 pg), and the tamarind weevil (0.440±0.001 pg). Parsimony phylogenetic analysis of the insect karyotypes indicate that S. zeamais and S. oryzae were phylogenetically closer than S. granarius and S. linearis, which were more closely related and share a more recent ancestral relationship.
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Nguyen, Van Duong, Dang Long Khuat, and Thi Xuan Thuy Vi. "Correlation between the head width and larval instars of Sitophilus zeamais(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and some morphological characteristicsof its developmental stages." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 65, no. 1 (2023): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.65(1).16-19.
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This paper presents the correlation between head width and larval instars of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in maize granaries in Son La province. Results showed that there is a strong correlation between head width and age of maize weevil larvae. Head widths varied with the larval instars, being 0.225-0.325 mm, 0.375-0.425 mm, 0.475-0.55 mm, and 0.6-0.775 mm for the first, second, third, and fourth larval instars, respectively. For each instar, changes in head width were accompanied by changes in other characteristics, such as body colour, body width, and body length. This correlation could enable age determination of maize weevil larvae through samples from granaries, allowing detection of the development stage of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais,and prediction of the appearance of adult weevils inside maize granaries in Son La in particular and Vietnam in general.
7
Bhusal, K., and D. Khanal. "Incidence of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) and its Association with Green Fungus (Aspergillus flavus Link) in Maize Under Storage at Chitwan and Surkhet Districts of Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 35, no. 1 (2018): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v35i1.22531.
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A survey of maize-growing areas of Surkhet and Chitwan, Nepal (April to May 2017) was conducted to know about the incidence, relationship and loss in stored maize due to Maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) and (Aspergillus flavus Link). Sixty households from each district were surveyed and the data was analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Result revealed that there is severe infestation of maize weevil and green fungus in stored maize. 97.5% of stored samples had incidence of Aspergillus, whereas 96.7 % samples had maize weevils. 15.7% of the farmers apply sun drying and removal of the A. falvus infested seed while remaining 84.3% of the farmers use no any measure of control. Results from Chi- Square test indicated significant relation (χ2 = 122.10, P<0.01) between incidence of weevil infestation and occurrence of green fungus in the study area. The Phi coefficient value (1.00) shows the perfect relationship exist between weevil and green fungus occurrence in the study areas. The overall annual damage by the A. flavus was 6.39%. Therefore, it can be said that maize weevil is the major insect while A. flavus is major pathogen of maize grains at storage. The relationship between the occurrences of both pests was highly significant which indicated the positive relationship, i.e. the weevil plays an essential role in growth and spread of fungus.
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Bhusal, K., and D. Khanal. "Role of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. on Spread of Aspergillus section flavi in Different Nepalese Maize Varieties." Advances in Agriculture 2019 (April 16, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7584056.
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Experiments were conducted to find out the role of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. on spread of green fungus, Aspergillus section flavi, in different varieties of stored maize in laboratory in 2016. Lab experiment was conducted to find the role of weevil on spread of A. flavus on five main varieties of maize grown at Nepal in split plot design, namely, Arun-2, Arun-4, Manakamana-1, Manakamana-3, and Rampur composite with three replications at NAST, Khumaltar, from August to September 2016. One hundred grams of each maize variety was exposed to weevil along with fungus and with fungus only to see the spread of the fungus under presence and absence of weevil. Among the tested five maize varieties, the lowest infestation was observed on Rampur Composite (14.99%) while it was the highest on Manakamana-3 (87.70%). The highest mean infestation (75.58%) was found under weevil released condition while it was lower (62.16%) under nonreleased condition. In presence of weevil, the infestation of the fungus increased and in their absence the infestation was low which signifies the role of weevil in fungal spread. All indices indicate that Rampur composite is the best variety among the five tested varieties in terms of storage under the presence of fungus and weevils. This study also indicates ample scope for further study on different varieties of maize under several storage conditions.
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GUTERRES, A., F. SOARES, A. FATIMA, et al. "Synergy of storage management with varietal productivity improvement: the case of maize in Timor-Leste." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 7 (2014): 1208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614000859.
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SUMMARYMaize (Zea mays L.) is the major staple crop in Timor-Leste, but yields are low, averaging 1·0–1·7 t/ha, and losses during storage are high from maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) damage. The current research, assessing both weevil damage and management options, studied household storage of traditional and introduced maize varieties in 18 farmer groups for 33 weeks, and then evaluated the weevil damage in cobs stored for 9 months of 19 populations from different multi-location yield trials in 2007 and 2010. Storage of shelled grain in airtight containers for 33 weeks had no weevil damage on-farm. In contrast, storing shelled maize in a woven sack was the worst storage method with an average of 0·96 of grain attacked by weevils by Week 33, with local and introduced varieties damaged similarly. Shelled grain stored in a woven sack were infested significantly more than in traditional storage methods husked on the cob – above a fireplace, in a tree or an elevated house. Importantly, modern varieties were damaged more extensively by weevils than local maize types when the husked maize was stored using traditional methods. In the yield trials, grain weevil damage averaged 0·39 in both years after storage in the husk for 9 months. Varietal and location effects were significant for proportion of weevil damage, but the interaction effect was not significant in either year. The broadsense heritabilities were intermediate/high for proportion of weevil-damaged grain (H2=0·81 in 2007 and 0·59 in 2010), and there is potential that populations can be found combining a substantial yield increase with no increase in weevil susceptibility for households using traditional storage methods. For those households with access to airtight storage systems, the results emphasize the need to exploit the interaction of variety with storage method to benefit from the yield advantage of introduced varieties through the concurrent dissemination of improved seed with subsidized, airtight storage drums.
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Silva, Alexandra Avelar, Lucas Soares Braga, Alberto Soares Corrêa, et al. "Comparative cytogenetics and derived phylogenic relationship among Sitophilus grain weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Dryophthorinae)." Comparative Cytogenetics 12, no. 2 (2018): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.26412.
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Cytogenetic characteristics and genome size are powerful tools for species characterization and identification of cryptic species, providing critical insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships.SitophilusLinnaeus, 1758 grain weevils can benefit from such tools as key pest species of stored products and also as sources of archeological information on human history and past urban environments. Moreover, the phylogenetic relationship among these weevil species remains controversial and is largely based on single DNA fragment analyses. Therefore, cytogenetic analyses and genome size determinations were performed for fourSitophilusgrain weevil species, namely the granary weevilSitophilusgranarius(Linnaeus, 1758), the tamarind weevilS.linearis(Herbst, 1797), the rice weevilS.oryzae(Linnaeus, 1763), and the maize weevilS.zeamaisMotschulsky, 1855. Both maize and rice weevils exhibited the same chromosome number (2n=22; 10 A + Xyp). In contrast, the granary and tamarind weevils exhibited higher chromosome number (2n=24; 11 A + Xyp and 11 A + neo-XY, respectively). The nuclear DNA content of these species was not proportionally related to either chromosome number or heterochromatin amount. Maize and rice weevils exhibited similar and larger genome sizes (0.730±0.003 pg and 0.786±0.003 pg, respectively), followed by the granary weevil (0.553±0.003 pg), and the tamarind weevil (0.440±0.001 pg). Parsimony phylogenetic analysis of the insect karyotypes indicate thatS.zeamaisandS.oryzaewere phylogenetically closer thanS.granariusandS.linearis, which were more closely related and share a more recent ancestral relationship.
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Georgescu, Emil, Maria Toader, Lidia Cană, et al. "Researches Concerning the Effectiveness of the Maize Foliar Treatment Compared With Seeds Treatment for Chemical Control of the Maize Leaf Weevil (Tanymecus Dilaticollis Gyll) in the South-East of Romania." Romanian Agricultural Research 38 (2021): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3838.
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Maize leaf weevil [(Tanymecus dilaticollis (Gyllenhal, 1834)] represents one of the most dangerous pests of the maize crops in Romania. Each year, around one million hectares cultivated with maize are attacked by this pest with different levels of attack intensities. In the case of the high weevils invasion, the maize seedlings could not survive, and the farmers have to sow their fields again, causing unexpected costs. Spring drought and higher temperatures that usually occur in Romania's south-east is even more favorable circumstances for the weevils attack. Also, maize monoculture has an increasing effect on pest density associate with a higher impact on the attack. The maize seeds' chemical treatment with systemic insecticides was the most effective method to reduce the loss. However, the use of neonicotinoid insecticides for seed treatment was banned in the European Union in 2019. As a result, no effective insecticides are available for maize seed treatment against T. dilaticollis in Romania. This study aimed to evaluate possible alternatives at seed treatment to control the maize leaf weevil. The experiences were carried out at the National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea, both under the field and greenhouse conditions, with artificial infestation, between 2015 and 2018. Maize foliar treatment with deltamethrin (100 g/l), thiacloprid (480 g/l), and maize seeds treatment with imidacloprid (600 g/l) active ingredients were assessed. In all years from this trial, in the field conditions studied foliar treatments haven't assign effective protection of the maize plants in early vegetation stages against maize weevil attack. In case of high pest attack in the absence of the seeds treatment, more than 90 % of the plants can be destroyed by the weevils. Until now, no alternatives are available to replace maize seed treatments with systemic insecticides.
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Lapcharoensuk, Ravipat, Sattawat Wisetsri, and Supattra Meesuk. "Disinfestation of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in stored maize using microwave." E3S Web of Conferences 187 (2020): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018704002.
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This study aimed primarily to investigate on disinfestation of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) in maize storage by using microwave method. Specimens of Maize weevils were cultured for 30 days in a maize sample with 17% moisture content (wet basis). Several different life stages of the maize weevil (egg, young larva, old larva, pupa and adult) were then infested in the sample. Next, the maize sample was exposed to 200, 300 and 450 W of microwave power for 60, 120 and 180 s, and the number of weevils were counted after each treatment. Moreover, the sample was kept for another 2 months to see whether the eggs have survived the treatment and grown to be adults. In addition, the effects of the level of microwave power and exposure time on the property of the maize sample were observed. The quality parameters investigated were moisture content, colour and protein and fat contents. It was found that, at 300 W of power for 180 s, the microwave was able to disinfect weevils at all life stages successfully, while the quality of the maize sample did not change significantly at the tested microwave settings and exposure times, except for the protein content. These findings indicate that microwave can be a good alternative to harmful chemical methods for disinfestation of maize weevils.
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Saeed, Mohamed Baha, and Mark D. Laing. "Biocontrol of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Maize over a Six-Month Storage Period." Microorganisms 11, no. 5 (2023): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051261.
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Food security is contingent upon increasing crop yields but also upon reducing crop losses to post-harvest pests and diseases. Weevils are particularly important agents of post-harvest losses in grain crops. A long-term evaluation of a biocontrol agent, Beauveria bassiana Strain MS-8, at a single dose of 2 × 109 conidia kg−1 of grain was formulated in kaolin as a carrier at levels of 1, 2, 3, and 4 g kg−1 of grain and screened against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. After six months, the application of B. bassiana Strain MS-8 at all levels of kaolin significantly reduced the maize weevil populations compared to the untreated control (UTC). The best control of maize weevil was observed in the first 4 months after application. Strain MS-8 applied in a kaolin level of 1 g kg−1 performed the best, resulting in the lowest number of live weevils (36 insects/500 g of maize grain), the lowest level of grain damage (14.0%), and the least weight loss (7.0%). In the UTC the number of live insects was 340 insects/500 g of maize grain, the level of grain damage was 68.0%, and weight loss was 51.0%.
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Corrêa, A. S., C. C. Vinson, L. S. Braga, R. N. C. Guedes, and L. O. de Oliveira. "Ancient origin and recent range expansion of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, and its genealogical relationship to the rice weevil S. oryzae." Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, no. 1 (2016): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000687.
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AbstractArcheological records attest the early association of Sitophilus with stored cereals from the beginning of agriculture on Asia. The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) became particularly damaging to maize, a cereal crop domesticated on Mesoamerica. We investigated the late evolutionary history of the maize weevil to gain insights on its origin, timing of association with maize, and genealogical relationship to the almost morphologically indistinguishable rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). Two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome oxidase subunit II) and the nuclear ribosomal gene region were partially sequenced. Analyses showed that the maize weevil shared no haplotypes with the rice weevil; instead, each species exhibited distinct mitogroups and ribogroups. The two weevil species likely split about 8.7 million years ago (95% highest posterior density: 4.0–15.0). Microsatellite data analyses sorted the 309 specimens from 15 populations of the maize weevil into three genotypic groups, which displayed low genetic differentiation and widespread occurrence worldwide. The maize weevil and the rice weevil are each a distinct species; both of which emerged prior to the onset of agriculture. The maize–maize weevil association took place after maize became widespread as a global crop. The maize weevil populations lack spatial genetic structure at the regional, continental, and intercontinental scales.
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Mamoon-ur-Rashid, Muhammad. "Relative resistance of maize varieties against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), (Coleoptera: Curcolionidae)." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58, no. 04 (2021): 1169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.45.
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The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most damaging pests of stored cereals causing severe damage to stored grains. In current investigation, six open pollinated maize varieties viz. JALAL (white), AZAM (white), SADAF (yellow), ZARD LOCAL (yellow), KASHMIRI (yellow) and PAHARI (white) were screened out in the laboratory of Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan for their relative susceptibility/resistance to maize weevil. The experiment was laid out following completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 replicates. Results revealed that minimum (23.8) days to adult emergence of maize weevil were recorded when it was reared on variety Azam; whereas; maximum (34.2) days were recorded on variety Sadaf. Total number of F1 adults emerged were maximum (91) in Azam while minimum (62) in variety Sadaf. Percent infestation of maize kernels was maximum (39.01%) in Azam while minimum (25.80%) was recorded in variety Sadaf. Percent weight loss was maximum in Azam i.e. 26.12% while minimum percent weight loss (16.88%) was recorded in Sadaf. Maximum longevity (68.4 days) of adult weevils was recorded on Azam while minimum (53.4 days) was recorded on variety Sadaf. All the tested varieties had no significant effect on the sex ratio of emerged weevils. High germination percentage was recorded in Sadaf (90%) whereas; low germination was found in Azam (57%). The grain hardness test indicated that yellow varieties including Sadaf, Zard local and Kashmiri had maximum hardness having 317, 302.33 and 296 N grain hardness, whereas; white varieties i.e. Pahari, Jalal and Azam had minimum values of grain hardness i.e. 264.33, 251.66 and 238.33 Newton. The present work has shown that Azam is the most susceptible variety and should not be stored for longer periods whereas; Sadaf is the resistant variety against maize weevil.
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Maredia, K. M., J. A. Mihm, and A. Tasistro. "Maize Weevil Control, 1987." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (1989): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.207.
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Abstract In Test 1, 19 treatments were applied to uninfested grain of‘Across 8363 QPM’ maize (11% moisture) in December 1986. Each treatment consisted of 1.0 kg of grain, divided into 4 replicate batches of 250 g each in pint glass jars (lids ventilated with screen apertures). They were held at 25 ± 1°C and 60-80% RH. Each replicate jar was infested with 50 ± 2 newly emerged, unsexed weevils 10 DAT, and mortality was recorded after a 7-d exposure period. The treatments with high initial mortality were reinfested with 50 ± 2 weevils/jar 3 months after treatment. Treatments giving only partial or no control were maintained with only the initial infestation. Effective treatments were again reinfested at 6 and 9 months after treatment to check on persistence of control. Between intervals, seeds were moved to Poza Rica, Mexico (a humid lowland tropical area), to simulate field conditions. Eleven months after treatment, the percentage of germination (in greenhouse flats, 4-cm soil cover) was determined to assess possible phytotoxic effects on seed and reduction in germination as a result of weevil damage to grain. In Test 2, to simulate the situation of field infested grain, weevils were allowed to feed and lay eggs on 20 kg of‘Across 8363 QPM’ maize grain (12.5% moisture) for 14 d. Then, the same 19 treatments used in Test 1 (1.0 kg grain/treatment split into 4 replicates) were made. At 40 DAT, the number of adult weevils emerged in each treatment was recorded.
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Analuisa Aroca, Iván Alberto, Arnaldo Vergara-Romero, and Iris Betzaida Pérez Almeida. "Convolutional neural networks ResNet-50 for weevil detection in corn kernels." Scientia Agropecuaria 13, no. 3 (2023): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2023.034.
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The article explores the use of convolutional neural networks, specifically ResNet-50, to detect weevils in corn kernels. Weevils are a major pest of stored maize and can cause significant yield and quality losses. The study found that the ResNet-50 model was able to distinguish with high precision between weevil-infested corn kernels and healthy kernels, achieving values of 0.9464 for precision, 0.9310 for sensitivity, 0.9630 for specificity, 0.9469 for quality index, 0.9470 for the area under the curve (AUC) and 0.9474 for the F-score. The model was able to recognize nine out of ten weevil-free corn kernels using a minimal number of training samples. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the model in the accurate detection of weevil infestation in maize grains. The model's ability to accurately identify weevil-affected grains is critical to taking rapid action to control the spread of the pest, which can prevent significant economic losses and preserve the quality of stored corn. Research suggests that the use of ResNet-50 offers an efficient and low-cost solution for the early detection of weevil infestation in corn kernels. These models can quickly process large amounts of imaging data and perform accurate analysis, making it easy to identify affected grains.
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Eesiah, Sawo, Jianmei Yu, Beatrice Dingha, Barbara Amoah, and Nona Mikiashvili. "Preliminary Assessment of Repellency and Toxicity of Essential Oils against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Stored Organic Corn Grains." Foods 11, no. 18 (2022): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182907.
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Insect infestation of cereal grains during post-harvest storage not only causes significant grain loss, but also reduces grain quality and makes grains more susceptible to mold infection. Synthetic pesticides are banned from being used in organic grain storage setting due to their high toxicity. The main insect damaging stored corn grains is maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The purpose of this study was to evaluate insect repellency and insecticidal potentials of some generally recognized as safe (GRAS) essential oils (EOs) (including cinnamon, clove, thyme, oregano, and orange terpene oils) at concentrations of 1–20% against the maize weevil using an olfactometer and a simulated fumigation method, respectively. The olfactory tests show that cinnamon oil had the highest repellency (90%) to the weevils among the EOs tested. The insecticidal activity study indicates that maize weevil mortality increased with EO concentration and storage time with cinnamon, clove, and thyme oils being more effective. No weevil death was observed at 1% EOs; weevil mortality was 3.3–36% at 5%, which varied with the type of EO and storage time. At 10% or higher concentrations, all tested EO showed comparable or higher insecticidal activity than pirimiphos methyl-positive control at its recommended concentration (5 mg/kg corn). No significant increase in weevil mortality was observed with further increase in EO concentration, with exceptions of oregano oil and thyme oil. The highest weevil mortality levels were observed at week 7 for 15% cinnamon oil (100%) and eugenol (100%), followed by 20% thyme oil (93%). The study indicates that some EOs have great potential to serve as synthetic insecticide alternatives to protect organic corn grains from maize weevil damage during storage. This is important to food security, safety and environmental health.
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Dix, D. E., and J. N. All. "INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MAIZE WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTATIONS AND INFECTION BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS AND OTHER FUNGI IN STORED CORN." Journal of Entomological Science 22, no. 2 (1987): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-22.2.108.
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Thirty adult maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, were placed in six glass-fronted wooden grain storage bins filled with 7.2 kg of shelled corn at 14% moisture content. An auger plug containing a heavily sporulating culture of Aspergillus flavus Link was added to the center of three infested bins and three noninfested bins. Another three bins of corn were untreated controls. All of the bins were stored for 16 weeks at 24°C. Weevil-infested corn began significantly heating (2°C) within nine weeks and began losing weight within 12 weeks. The distribution of fungal growth, high moisture grain, corn dust caking, and maize weevils coincided, being initially restricted to the lower edges of the containers and gradually migrating upward. An unidentified species of Penicillium (bright blue) was observed sporulating within 11 weeks in weevil-infested bins. The bins containing S. zeamais lost an average of 2% of their initial wet weight, and increased in grain moisture and temperature by 20% and 5°C, respectively. Pencillium (bright blue) comprised &gt; 95% of the inoculum present on kernels, however A. flavus comprised &gt; 90% of the inoculum recovered from surface sterilized maize weevils. Increased mortality of teneral adults occurred in A. flavus-inoculated bins. Corn from weevil-free bins, whether inoculated with A. flavus or not, failed to support fungal growth, heat, or lose weight.
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Faculty, of Agriculture University of Abuja, S. A. Lasisi, B. S. Bada, O.B. Shittu, K.A Olatunde, and T.S Anjorin. "CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SURFACTIN AND SOYA-SAPONIN BIOCHEMICAL PESTICIDE ON THE QUALITY OF STORED MAIZE AND COWPEA GRAINS." AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SCIENCES (AJAAS) Volume 3, Issue 2 (2024): 16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10828244.
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The study developed and assessed the efficacy of surfactin and soya-saponins-based biochemical pesticides on the quality of maize and cowpea grains. The surfactin was produced from solid-state fermentation of yam peel and soya waste with Bacillus subtilis. The saponin was obtained from the water extract of soya bean. The two active ingredients in the formulation were produced and characterized using a Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer for structural identity and Spectrum lab 752s for quantification. The efficacy of the derived formulation in reducing weevil infestation in stored cowpea and maize grains was assessed. The peak at 1651.5 cm-1 shown in Figure 3 confirms the presence of primary amide as –C=C- stretch vibrations for primary amide are usually observed in the region 1680-1640 cm-1. Effects of the TFP2 (Surfactin + Soya-saponin at 20%), SCP ( Lambda-cyhalothrin synthetic chemical pesticide), TM (ginger + pepper + garlic+neem and turmeric + neem + water extracts), and CN treatments on physical and quality parameters: moisture content, weevil infestation, moisture content, hundred seed weight, in 12-month storage in plastic containers, were evaluated. Moisture content increased in maize after 6 months’ storage with TM and CN treatment by 2 and 2.3 %, respectively, while storage with TFP and SCP for 12 months led to 1.39 and 2.73% increase, respectively. Storage for 6 months with CN and TM in maize and cowpea resulted in 5 and 13 weevil detections, respectively. While no weevil was found in storage with TFP and SCP for 12 months Weevil infestation in both grains was controlled in 12 months of storage with the TFP resulting in no weevil detection in maize and cowpea, compared with 6 months of storage with TM and CN, where 5 and 13 dead weevils were detected.
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Neupane, Bishnu Prasad, Prem Nidhi Sharma, Sunil Aryal, and Jiban Shrestha. "Evaluation of Locally Available Botanicals for the Management of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) in Room Storage Condition." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2022 (October 26, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3362779.
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From April to July 2019, an experiment was conducted in Khumaltar, Lalitpur (27°39.312′N, 85° 19.586′E, and 1322 m above sea level) to assess the effectiveness of plant materials on maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.) control under laboratory conditions (maintained room temperature of 28.5 ± 2°C, and relative humidity of 72 ± 5%) treatments were Acorus calamus (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, Melia azadirach (rhizome powder) seed) @ 5 g·kg−1, Curcuma domestica (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, mustard oil @ 2 mL·kg−1, Gingiber officinalis (rhizome powder) @ 5 g·kg−1, rice husk ash @ 5 g·kg−1, and an untreated control. These treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. At four months, the grains treated with Acorus calamus had the least weight loss (6.66%), and grain damage (1.23%). Grain damage (18%), and weight loss (62.33%) were the highest in the control treatment. Similarly, grains treated with Acorus calamus had the fewest number of exit holes (3.10 per 100 g of maize seed), while the control treatment had the largest number of exit holes (45.10 per 100 g of maize seed). There was a significantly higher number of weevils in the control treatment (55.80 per 250 g maize grains), but only a few numbers of weevils in the Acorus calamus-treated grains (2.50 per 250 g maize grains). In contrast with other plant materials treated grains, the maize weevil showed a reduced preference for Acorus calamus- treated grains with low weight loss, and grain damage. These findings can be used to promote locally accessible botanicals for maize weevil control in Nepal.
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Sharma, Sheela Devi, Resham Bahadur Thapa, Gopal Bahadur KC, Ghanashyam Bhandari, and Sundar Tiwari. "Studies on food preferences of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Mots. to different crops in Chitwan, Nepal." Journal of Maize Research and Development 2, no. 1 (2016): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmrd.v2i1.16215.
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Food preference by the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was studied on seven different crops and varieties including maize, wheat and rice. They were maize cultivars namely Arun-2, Manakamana-4, Deuti, buckwheat local cultivar, wheat cultivar namely Annapurna-1, polished rice-Radha 4 and unshelled rice cultivar Mansuli under storage condition at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal from June 2013 to February 2014 . The hosts were tested using completely randomized design with three replications and were laid in free-choice and no-choice conditions. The maximum number of grain loss was recorded in wheat followed by polished rice respectively. Similarly, the highest weight loss was recorded in polished rice followed by Wheat in both conditions. F1 progeny emergence of weevil was highest in wheat followed by polished rice in free-choice and in no choice conditions, the highest progeny were emerged from polished rice followed by wheat. The lowest numbers of weevils emerged from rice in both conditions. Maximum germination losses were recorded in wheat (24.33%) and lowest in Arun-2 (9.67). The rice showed a relatively higher preference to maize weevil under storage condition.
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D., Regmi, Pudasaini R., and Bastola D. "Efficacy of Various Botanicals against Maize Weevil (Sitophilus Zeamays) in Laboratory Condition." International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research 6, no. 7 (2020): 11–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3969664.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>—</strong> <em>Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamays (Motschulsky) is one of most important economic pest that causes severe economic damage to store grain and its management at the farmers level is must. To determine the efficacy of different botanicals against maize weevils in stored maize a study was carried out at the laboratory of IAAS, Lamjung Campus at room temperature from January to April. Nine treatments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Number of infected seeds, dead weevils, number of exit holes and live weevils were recorded at every 30 days intervals till four months . Analysis of variance showed significant effect of all botanicals on weevil mortality compared to untreated check, but not as effective as liquid extracts as Cinnamomum (9.75), citronella (9.75), mentha (9) and lemon grass (9) were significantly more effective than the rest botanicals (P <0.05). Upto 90 days statically lower numbers of infected seeds were seen at Cinnamomum, Mentha, Lemon grass, Titepati, and Citronella while on 120th day Cinnamomum showed best results. Among all treatments, Cinnamomum oil was found to be better on every parameter thus can solve poor farmer's problems by integrating them with other cultural measures. However further research are needed to fix the rate graph and the long term effect in large stores of farmers conditions.</em>
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Serratos, J. A., A. Blanco-Labra, J. A. Mihm, L. Pietrzak, and J. T. Arnason. "Generation means analysis of phenolic compounds in maize grain and susceptibility to maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais infestation." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 9 (1993): 1176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-138.
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Generations derived from crosses between inbred lines were used to analyze the genetics of hydroxycinnamic acid accumulation in maize grain and susceptibility to infestation by the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. There was a significant negative correlation between phenolic content and susceptibility of the grain to weevil infestation, and the estimates of genetic parameters indicate that a close relationship between those two traits exists. Key words: insect resistance, maize, maize weevil, genetics, phenolics.
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Paneru, Ram B., and Resham B. Thapa. "Screening of promising maize genotypes against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulky) in storage condition." Journal of Maize Research and Development 3, no. 1 (2018): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmrd.v3i1.18927.
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The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) is a serious pest of economic importance in stored grains. It causes major damage to stored maize grain thereby reducing its weight, quality and germination. An experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications to screen 32 maize genotypes against maize weevil in no-choice and free-choice conditions at Entomology Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur (Room temperature: Maximum 24-32°C and Minimum 18-27°C). The findings showed that the maize genotypes had different response to maize weevil damage ranging from susceptible to tolerance. The genotypes Manakamana-3, Lumle White POP Corn and Ganesh-2 showed their tolerance to S. zeamais as evidenced by lower number of weevil emerged/attracted, lower amount of grain debris release and lower proportion of bored grains, while the genotype ZM-627 was the most susceptible to weevil damage in both tests. The other remaining genotypes were intermediate types. This information is useful to improve grain protection in storage and varietal improvement/release program.
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D, Nsobinenyui,, Mensiy WS, Kwanda BN, et al. "TOXICITY OF SOME BOTANICAL POWDERS ON MAIZE WEEVIL Sitophilus Zeamais MOTSCHULSKY 1855 (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)." Sustainability in Food and Agriculture 3, no. 2 (2022): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/sfna.02.2022.81.86.
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Maize production system is challenged by a lot of biotic and abiotic stressors. Among the biotic stressors, the maize weevil is infamous for causing severe damage to stored maize, reducing both qualitative and quantitative qualities. Incessant use of synthetic insecticide to manage maize weevil has led to a public outcry and a need for more eco-compatible options. Botanicals provide a cheap, safe and easy-to-make, and eco-friendly option for maize weevil management. This study was designed to assess the toxicity of four medicinal plant powders on some parameters of maize weevil. The study was conducted in June-July, 2020 in the Food Science laboratory of Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda. Plant powders of Carica papaya seeds, Cupressus macrocarpa leaves, Piper nigrum seeds and a control (no-input) were assessed. All the parameters assessed were significantly influenced by botanical powders (P < 0.05). The highest F1 emergence suppression was observed from piper treatments, followed by cypress and pawpaw treatments. The highest and lowest maize weight loss after storage were 21.0g and 13.25g from control and piper treatments respectively. The highest germination percentage was 95.0%, followed by 80.0%, 75.0% and 52.5% from piper (bush pepper or black pepper, cypress, pawpaw and control treatment, respectively. High repellency potential was observed from botanicals and that of piper can be described as a ‘very good repellant’ and ‘good repellant’ for the other botanicals. The highest adult weevil mortality was 80.05, recorded from piper. The current study demonstrate that botanical powders can play a significant role in maize weevil management. Piper seed powder is highly recommended for management of maize weevil. In addition, it is recommended that botanical powders be incorporated into integrated pest management strategies in order to guarantee safe, healthy and quality maize in storage. Such activities are in line with the objective of sustainable development goals (SDG).
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Rahman, Moch Rifki Andika, Sudi Pramono, Solikhin Solikhin, and I. Gede Swibawa. "Preferensi Kumbang Beras (Sitophilus oryzae L.) pada Tujuh Varietas Jagung." Jurnal Proteksi Agrikultura 1, no. 2 (2024): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpa.2146-55.
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The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) is a primary pest of rice but also has the capacity to infest other grain commodities, such as maize.The objective of this study is to determine the preference of rice weevils to seven different maize varieties.The research was conducted at the Plant Pest Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, from March to August 2024.The preference test was assessed using the Free Choice Test Method (FCTM). The experiment involved the placement of 30 g of each maize variety in separate treatments, with 30 pairs of S. oryzae positioned at the center of the cage. This design ensured equal opportunity for the weevils to select any of the maize varieties. The preference test spanned seven days, after which each maize variety was subjected to an incubation period of one month. The observed variables included the preference or number of rice weevil imago (both male and female), the number of first-generation offspring, median development time, sensitivity index, percentage of damage, and weight loss of maize.The research results indicated that S. oryzae exhibited the highest preference for the Kristal Madura maize variety compared to six other maize varieties. The highest number of male and female imago, as well as first-generation offspring, was observed in the Kristal Madura variety.The susceptibility index of the Kristal Madura variety was the highest, making it the most vulnerable variety.The highest percentage of weight loss was observed in the Kristal Madura and Kretek Madura varieties.
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GC, YD. "Efficacy of Indigenous Plant Materials and Modified Storage Structures to Insect Pests of Maize Seed During On-Farm Storage." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 27 (May 1, 2006): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v27i0.698.
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Four different modified storage structures such as bamboo mat with mud plastering, jute bag with inner plastic lining, metal bins and kuniyu (control treatment) were evaluated for their suitability for maize seed storage for eleventh months in 2001 at Rising Patan (450 m asl) and Budhakot (911 m asl) of western Nepal. Forty adults maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamays Mostachusky) per storage structures were inoculated before treating them with individual plant materials and chemical pesticides. Plant materials and safe chemical pesticides such as timur (Xanthophylum sp.) 25 g/kg, bojho (Acorus calamusI L.) 50 g/kg, common salt 50 g/ kg, acetallic super 1 mg/kg and aluminum phosphide 0.5 tab/10 kg (chemical check) were applied in the individual treatments. The experiments were evaluated into factorial design. Quality assessment and insect pests infestation of maize seeds in storage structures have revealed, metal bin and jute bag with inner plastic lining were the best storage structures. Metal bin was found superior in terms of its ability to give 91% germination within six months of storage followed by jute bag (88 %) and bamboo mat (73.50%). Similarly, bojho has given very effective control to maize weevil, where the infestation was only 2.25% during the period of nine months of storage. In this regard, bojho can be recommended as effective plant material to control weevils at par with acetallic super, whereas, the common salt did not work at all. 
 
 Key words: Bojho, germination, maize seed storage, maize weevil, storage structures 
 
 J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:69-76 (2006)
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Dix, D. E., and J. N. All. "POPULATION DENSITY AND SEX RATIO DYNAMICS OF OVERWINTERING MAIZE WEEVILS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTING FIELD CORN." Journal of Entomological Science 21, no. 4 (1986): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.4.368.
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Natural infestations of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) were monitored in selected corn fields located in each of five major climatic or edaphic environments of Georgia. The population density and sex ratio of each population was recorded on a monthly basis during the fall and winters of 1982–83–84. Females suffered higher winter mortality than males, resulting in increasingly male-skewed sex ratios (from 0.8/1.0 to 1.6/1.0) as winter progressed. The degree of male-skewedness was positively correlated with the amount of subzero weather experienced by each population. Surviving weevil populations decreased in size as winter progressed, with the greatest reductions at the higher latitudes. No weevils survived through spring north of 33° 57′N where winter weather extremes of −15°C occurred. No true diapausing stage was found; however, cold tolerance tests indicated that winter-collected weevils were significantly more cold hardy than laboratory-reared weevils.
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Baltzegar, Jennifer, Michael S. Jones, Martha Willcox, Janine M. Ramsey, and Fred Gould. "Population genetic structure of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, in southern Mexico." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0264469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264469.
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The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is a ubiquitous pest of maize and other cereal crops worldwide and remains a threat to food security in subsistence communities. Few population genetic studies have been conducted on the maize weevil, but those that exist have shown that there is very little genetic differentiation between geographically dispersed populations and that it is likely the species has experienced a recent range expansion within the last few hundred years. While the previous studies found little genetic structure, they relied primarily on mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellite markers for their analyses. It is possible that more fine-scaled population genetic structure exists due to local adaptation, the biological limits of natural species dispersal, and the isolated nature of subsistence farming communities. In contrast to previous studies, here, we utilized genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data to evaluate the genetic population structure of the maize weevil from the southern and coastal Mexican states of Oaxaca and Chiapas. We employed strict SNP filtering to manage large next generation sequencing lane effects and this study is the first to find fine-scale genetic population structure in the maize weevil. Here, we show that although there continues to be gene flow between populations of maize weevil, that fine-scale genetic structure exists. It is possible that this structure is shaped by local adaptation of the insects, the movement and trade of maize by humans in the region, geographic barriers to gene flow, or a combination of these factors.
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Pandey, Sarjit, Dharma Raj Katuwal, and Rashmi Aryal. "Screening of Promising Maize Varieties Against Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulky) Under Storage Condition." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 11, no. 12 (2023): 2258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i12.2258-2263.6124.
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The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) causes significant quantitative and qualitative losses during storage. To identify resistant varieties of maize against this pest, an experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 11 varieties in free and no-choice conditions. The study measured weight loss, mean bored grain, debris, and weevil numbers at 30, 60, and 90 days. The findings showed that BG13Y-POP, Manakamana-7, and RML-19/RML-6 were the most resistant varieties, with weight loss percentages of 1.99%, 1.47%, and 1.74%, respectively, and final weevil numbers of 104, 72, and 73. Ganesh-2 and ZM-401 were the most susceptible varieties, with weight losses of 7.34% and 6.05%, respectively. The maximum debris weight was found in RML-761/RL-105 (1.98 g), while the minimum was found in Manakamana-7 (0.26 g). The highest number of bored grains was observed in Ganesh-2 (81), while the lowest number was observed in Rampur-4 (51). Similarly, ZM-401 (158) and Ganesh-2 (165) exhibited the highest weevil population, while the lowest count was found in Rampur-4 (72). Overall, using resistant varieties, such as Manakamana-7, BG13Y-POP, and RML-19/RML-6, can be an effective approach for reducing post-harvest losses from weevil infestation.
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Brown, Steve L., and R. Dewey Lee. "Effect of Planting Date, Variety and Degree of Ear Maturation on the Colonization of Field Corn by Maize Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 37, no. 2 (2002): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.2.137.
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A 3-yr study evaluated the effect of planting date, variety and degree of ear maturation on maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motchulsky), colonization of corn in the field. Within each plot, paper bags were used to prevent oviposition during one of three consecutive 2-wk periods beginning at the 3/4-milk-line stage. Adult emergence from bagged ears was compared to that from unbagged ears. Maize weevil adults emerged from 15.6% of all ears tested. Numbers of adults emerging from infested ears ranged from 1 to 135 with a mean (±SE) of 11.9 ± 18.5. A greater percentage of Mycogen 7559 ears were infested than those of Pioneer 3167 or Pioneer 3146, and the infested Mycogen 7559 ears also supported the emergence of a greater number of adults. A significant planting date effect was found each year of the study, but the nature of that effect was not consistent. A significant planting date-by-year interaction may have been due to weather affecting the date maize weevils were available for colonization, or more likely, to interference from earlier planted corn near our plots that attracted the first overwintering weevils. Oviposition resulting in successful emergence was found to occur during all 3 of the 2 wk exclusion periods with the last period having the greatest impact on the percentage of infested ears and the second period having the greatest impact on the number of emerging weevils per 500 g of kernels.
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Setyaningrum, Haris. "EFFICACY OF FOGGING ON CORN KERNELS TO BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE WEEVIL, SITOPHILUS MAIZE L." INSECTA: Integrative Science Education and Teaching Activity Journal 4, no. 1 (2023): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/insecta.v4i1.5664.
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Natural grain's fogging is a Indonesian traditional method which applied since many years ago. Recently, no specific research was approving this method, especially for maize. Maize weevil, Sitophilus maize L is a common destructive insect pest considered many losses on stored grains. The aim of this research is to determined fogging effect on grains to biological effect of S.maize L. This research conducted using a complete randomized design with three levels of fogging durations 0, 15, 30, 45 minutes with three replications. Observation factors were weevil behavior (S.maize L), frasses, and grain level infestation. The results showed that the level of infestation decreased as well as the increasing of fogging duration. Fogging is a good method for safeness of weevil control on stored grain. Formaldehyde in fog affected prevents grains from attacking weevil. Fogging is a cheap and safe control method regarding the environmental issues
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GEORGESCU, Emil, Cristina FĂTU, Lidia CANA, and Nicoleta BALABAN. "RESEARCH CONCERNING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI FOR CONTROLLING THE MAIZE LEAF WEEVIL (TANYMECUS DILATICOLLIS GYLL) IN THE GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS." "Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture Montanology Cadastre Series " 52, no. 1 (2023): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aamc.v52i1.1328.
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Maize leaf weevil (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll) is the most dangerous pest of the maize crop in the south and southeast of Romania. Each year there were attacked one million hectares cultivated with maize were. In case of high pest pressure, weevils can destroy maize plants. After the ban on neonicotinoids, no active ingredients are available in Romania for maize seed treatments to control this pest. This study there were evaluated the effectiveness of three entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (strains BbTd, BbTy), B. pseudobassiana (BpPA), and Metarhizium anisopliae (MaF), for controlling the T. dilaticollis weevils, in the greenhouse conditions, using high pest pressure (4 weevils/plant). It has sowed maize in plastic pots. After the plant's emergence, it added insects collected from the field and it was pulverized solutions with entomopathogenic fungus at each variant. It has assessed phytotoxicity, attack incidence (%), attack intensity on a scale from 1 (plants not attacked) to 9 (plants destroyed), plant heights, and weevils mortality at eight days after infections with entomopathogenic fungi. The conditions of the high pest pressure from the greenhouse it has registered lower weevils mortality. Only in the case of M. anisopliae (MaF) and B. bassiana (BbTy) weevils was mortality higher than 10 %. At all experimental variants from the greenhouse, attack incidence was 100 %, while attack intensity ranged from 8.75 in the control variant to 7.10 in the case of M. anisopliae (MaF) fungus. In this study, there weren’t significant statistical differences between control and treated variants concerning both weevils attack intensity and mortality (p<0.05).
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Mousavi, Seyed Muhammad Hossein, and S. Younes Mirinezhad. "Weevil damage optimization algorithm and its applications." Journal of Future Sustainability 2, no. 4 (2022): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.jfs.2022.10.003.
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Weevils are a type of insect with elongated snouts coming from superfamily of Curculionoidea with approximately 97,000 species. Most of them consider pest and cause environmental damages but some kinds like wheat weevil, maize weevil, and boll weevils are famous to cause huge damage on crops, especially cereal grains. This research proposes a novel swarm-based metaheuristics algorithm called Weevil Damage Optimization Algorithm (WDOA) which mimics weevils’ fly power, snout power, and damage power on crops or agricultural products. The proposed algorithm is tested with 12 benchmark unimodal and multimodal artificial landscapes or optimization test functions. Additionally, the proposed WDOA is employed in five engineering problems to check its robustness for problem solving. Problems are Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), n-Queens problem, portfolio problem, Optimal Inventory Control (OIC) problem, and Bin Packing Problem (BPP). All tests’ functions are compared with widely used benchmark algorithms of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Harmony Search (HS) algorithm, Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), Firefly Algorithm (FA), and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. Also, all problems are tested with DE, FA, and HS algorithms. The Proposed algorithm showed robustness and speed on all functions and problems by providing precision alongside with reasonable speed.
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Paneru, Ram B., Resham B. Thapa, Prem N. Sharma, Dil P. Sherchan, and Yubak D. GC. "Bionomics and Management of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky." Journal of the Plant Protection Society 5 (December 31, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpps.v5i0.36471.
Full textAbstract:
The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) is an important pest of maize in storage in term of losses caused in food quality and quantity in Nepal. Attempt made to review bionomics and management practices of this pest gleaning published literatures/papers on national and international journals, proceedings, reports, newsletter and books. The paper discusses on nomenclature, morphology, distribution, biology and ecology of maize weevil and provides prospect of using various physical, sanitary, cultural, botanical, biological and chemical control measures to manage weevil. This information is useful to personnel involved on agricultural research and development for developing location specific integrated pest management approach of this pest. Finally, it also shows importance of farmers’ awareness on pest biology and ecology, appropriate maize harvesting time, storage structures and post-harvest handling practices to reduce losses in maize storage.
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Ayalew, Adane Adugna. "Insecticidal activity of Lantana camara extract oil on controlling maize grain weevils." Toxicology Research and Application 4 (January 1, 2020): 239784732090649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2397847320906491.
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Postharvest losses are known to be one of the serious constraints upon food security among farmers poor resource in Africa. The use of botanical insecticide in pest management during storage against weevils is often encouraged because synthetic insecticides produce multiple side effects on human and environment. In this study, the insecticidal property of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Lantana camara leaf oil and powder for controlling maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais, was studied. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to identify the chemical composition and functional group of solvent extract, respectively. Adult weevil repellency and mortality were studied by the effect of oil concentration at 0% (w/w), 2% (w/w), 3% (w/w), 5% (w/w), 7% (w/w), and 10% (w/w). Repellency effect was also conducted at 6, 12, and 24 h. The number of weevil death increased significantly as exposed time was increased. The extracted oil by the three-solvent fraction had direct repellent and toxic effect to the weevil. From all treatment applied, extracted by methanol fraction had showed highest percentage mortality (74%). The lowest mortality rate was observed in ethyl acetate extract (26%) at 2% (w/w) concentration. The effect of leaf powder and extracted oil on repellency and mortality for insects was due to the presence of bioactive and phytochemical molecules such as Phytol, Pyrroline, Paromomycin, Pyrrolizin, and 1-Eicosano. It was concluded that both L. camara leaf powder and extract oil can be used for the protection of stored maize from infestation S. zeamais.
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Kerdchoechuen, Orapin, Natta Laohakunjit, Sasathorn Singkornard, and Frank B. Matta. "Essential Oils from Six Herbal Plants for Biocontrol of the Maize Weevil." HortScience 45, no. 4 (2010): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.4.592.
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Essential oils from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), holy basil (O. americanum L.), hairy basil (O. tenuiflorum L.), lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), kaffir lime (C. hystrix DC.), and clove (Eugenia caryophyllus L.) were isolated by simultaneous distillation extraction. Toxicity assays against the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) using 30 to 120 μL oil extract from the six plants on 70-mm-diameter filter paper discs resulted in 100% weevil mortality within the 5-h assay period. On rice samples, sweet basil oil extract was the most effective, resulting in 96% to 100% mortality regardless of oil extract volume on the first day during the 5-day assay period. Probit analysis showed that sweet basil oil extract applied on grains had four to five times lower LD50 (lethal dose to kill 50% of the weevils) and two to three times lower LD99 values than the remaining oil extracts. Repellency assay using 1 to 8 μL oil extract showed a different trend, because hairy basil was the most effective among treatments. Based on the effective control of the maize weevil by the oil extracted from herbal plants, such oil extracts could be useful in stored agricultural products and plant protection and reduce the risk associated with synthetic insecticides.
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Medugu, M. A., E. Okrikata, and D. M. Dunuwel. "Management of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using Nigerian Raw Diatomite." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 9 (2020): 1663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.26.
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Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, whose management has largely been via traditional control practices, is a key pest of stored maize grains causing severe losses. This study explored the use of Nigerian Raw Diatomite (RD) in the management of the weevil. A 3-replicated split plot designed laboratory experiment was conducted for 6 months duration. The treatments were Raw Diatomite (RD) at the rate of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg and a control (untreated) across four improved maize grain varieties. Data collected were on mortality, F1 progeny produced, grain weight damage, and loss. Data were analyzed with variance analysis and significantly different means were separated using Turkey Kramer HSD test at P<0.05. Results showed that the control had the least weevil mortality across the varieties throughout the periods of assessment. Highest weevil mortality was recorded with increase in dose rates of RD and progresses to 100% - largely at the 14th day post-treatment. Control recorded the highest weight loss and grain damage of 16.5% and 38.1%, respectively when compared to all the other treatment rates on the most tolerant variety (SAMMAZ 25). The study revealed that RD had a promising potential to substitute synthetic insecticides and can be incorporated into the integrated pest management strategy against maize weevil. We therefore suggest that further work be done to refine the Nigerian RD so as to standardize the most effective dosage application rate for management of insect pests of stored maize and other cereals.
 Keywords: Raw Diatomite, Sitophilus zeamais, Maize grain damage
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Wanna, Ruchuon, and Phirayot Khaengkhan. "Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oil from Seeds of Foeniculum vulgare (Apiales: Apiaceae) Against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Its Effects on Crop Seed Germination." Journal of Entomological Science 58, no. 1 (2023): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes22-13.
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Abstract Many aromatic herbs in the family Apiaceae produce essential oils that are used on an industrial scale for medicinal, cosmetic, and food purposes. Essential oils from plants that show insecticidal activity can be substituted for synthetic insecticides to reduce environmental pollution or harmful toxicity to humans. Insecticidal activity of essential oil from seeds of coriander, Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiales: Apiaceae), on maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and its effects on seed germination of three major economic crops were investigated. Essential oil from F. vulgare seeds was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and found to contain 25 components, with anethole (43.78%) as the main constituent. Other basic compounds were estragole (28.33%), fenchone (16.68%), d-limonene (2.62%), alpha-pinene (1.84%), and p-cymene (1.28%). Foeniculum vulgare essential oil was toxic to maize weevil when used as a fumigant with a median lethal concentration at 48 h of 10.42 µL/L air. A concentration of 64 µL/L air was most effective, killing 100% of maize weevil within 24 h. The repellent effect on maize weevil increased to 75% at 24 h at a concentration of 16 µL/L air. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) seeds fumigated with 32 µL/L air of F. vulgare essential oil exhibited a slight decrease in germination rate (germination &gt;90%). Our results indicate that essential oil from F. vulgare seeds have potential for application in the management of maize weevil in stored products.
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Phokwe, Ompelege Jacqueline, and Madira Coutlyne Manganyi. "Medicinal Plants as a Natural Greener Biocontrol Approach to “The Grain Destructor” Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) Motschulsky." Plants 12, no. 13 (2023): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12132505.
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According to the United Nations (UN), the global population may skyrocket to 9.8 billion people in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100, placing an overwhelming burden on food security as the world will have to meet this growing demand. Maize is the largest staple grain crop produced in developing countries. The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, is one of the most destructive post-harvest pests of stored cereals and grains. The maize weevil contributes up to 40% of total food-grain losses during storage, mainly in developing countries. Current synthetic pesticides are ineffective, and, moreover, they raise serious environmental safety concerns as well as consumer health hazards. Drawing from past oversights and current environmental realities and projections, the global population has been switching to green living by developing sustainable strategies. In our context, these new greener strategies include the utilization of medicinal plants to control maize weevil infestation, which unlocks unlimited innovative possibilities, and, thus, improves the yield, quality, and safety of maize. Medicinal plants are less toxic, easily biodegradable, and capable of protecting grain from pests. This paper systematically outlines the literature on host plants as well as the feeding and associated diseases of the maize weevil. In light of this, we cement medicinal plants as excellent candidates in the pursuit of greener, sustainable, more potent, and cost-effective pesticides.
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Ojuu, David, Daniel Jude Agolei, Robert Amayo, Charles Andiku, Deborah Alibo, and Geoffrey Turyasingura. "Efficacy of Neem and Eucalyptus Leaf Powders for the Management of Maize Weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Dried Sweet Potatoes." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 20 (2023): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i203782.
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Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a polyphagous storage pest in many crops of economic and food security importance. Its management currently relies mainly on synthetic chemical pesticides. However, plant botanicals are known to exhibit insecticidal properties which can be used to manage the weevil in stored dry sweet potatoes. To study the effect of neem and eucalyptus leaf powders, an experiment was set up at Busitema University laboratory. Neem and eucalyptus leaves were processed into powders. 400g of dried sweet potato chips were weighed and placed in 4 different plastic buckets. Under laboratory conditions, buckets were inoculated with 30 unsexed newly emerged adult weevils. To each bucket, 40g of leaf powders were introduced as single powders and a combination. The experiment was replicated three times. Data on mortality, growth inhibition, produce damage and weight loss was collected over a period of 84 days. Analysis of variance showed that all plant powders showed significant (P<0.001) increase in mortality and inhibition of maize weevil and a decrease in damage and weight loss of sweet potato compared to control. The combination showed superiority in all parameters measured. Effectiveness of the plant powders was in the order; combination (neem + eucalyptus) > neem leaf powder > eucalyptus leaf powder.
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Barre, Jamaal, and Abaynew Jemal Jenber. "Diversity of Storage Insect Pests of Maize (Zea mays L.), their Damage and Losses Causes to Maize in Gabilay District, Somaliland." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 44, no. 18 (2023): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2023/v44i183609.
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Maize is one of the foremost cereals cultivated today, and it is a queen of cereals. Maize is threatened by a wide range of post-harvest insect pests. Therefore, a survey was conducted in Gabilay District, Somaliland in 2021 to determine the status of storage pests. During the survey a total of 60 maize storage structures were assessed in three villages of Gabilay District namely; Galloley, Ijaara, and Boqor. Data on storage structures, infestation status, grain damage, and weight loss were collected and analyzed by SPPS version 20 and interpreted using descriptive statistics. The result showed that a locally constructed bit was the major storage structure followed by sacks while iron tank is used at the lowest level. Results found also indicated that all storage structures were infested by two major insect pests, i.e., Maize weevil (S. zeamais) and Angoumois grain moth (S. cerealella) at the highest level and by molds and rats to a lesser extent. Galloley site was infested only by maize weevil, while Boqor and Ijaara sites were infested by both maize weevil and angoumois grain moth. Maize weevil accounted for the lion's share of the infestation compared to angoumois grain moth. The highest grain damage was recorded at the bottom position of the storage structure from the Ijaara area followed by Galloley and Boqor. Likewise, grain weight loss was also highest at the bottom position that showed 12.0%. These findings provide benchmark information for developing sustainable management methods for the storage of insect pests of maize in the study area. It is also recommended training on storage methods, management of storage pests and healthy maize preparation should be practiced.
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Mossi, Altemir J., Camila A. Zanella, Gabriela Kubiak, et al. "Essential oil of Ocotea odorifera: An alternative against Sitophilus zeamais." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29, no. 2 (2013): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000045.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractNowadays, the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais—Motsch 1855 is the most relevant pest found during storage of maize grains. Aiming at protecting the agricultural crops, high amounts of synthetic pesticides are used around the world. In this sense, this work aimed at evaluating the insecticidal and repellent effect of essential oil of Ocotea odorifera (Vellozo) Rohwer (Lauraceae) (O. odorifera (sassafras)) leaves against the maize weevil in maize grains. The essential oil's chemical composition showed that sassafras contains camphor (43%) and safrole (42%) as major compounds. Our results show that sassafras oil was insecticidal and repellent to maize weevil. About 100% mortality was achieved using a concentration of 0.32 μl cm−2, after 24 h of exposure. The LD50 value was 14.1 μl or 0.09 μl cm−2 and the study of the effect on insect mortality at the lethal doses (LD50) showed that after 72 h mortality was 100%. The values of the preference index varied from −0.39 (0.065 μl cm−2) to −0.63 (0.659 μl cm−2), demonstrating that the plant oil presents repellent activity. The repellency bioassay simulating small bins showed the repellent effect level from 0.64 (0.36 μl cm−3) to 0.94 (2.9 μl cm−3). The essential oil of sassafras presented insecticidal and repellency against maize weevil. Although from an economical point of view synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents, natural products (essential oils) have the potential to provide efficient and safer repellents for humans and the environment.
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Jakkoksung, Apichaya, Parichat Theanjumpol, Viboon Changrue, Yaowaluk Chanbang, and Nadthawat Muenmanee. "Controlling Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) using a Radio Frequency Heating Prototype for Small and Medium Enterprises." Chiang Mai Journal of Science 51, no. 5 (2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2024.069.
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Radio frequency (RF) heating was applied to control insects due to rapid volumetric heating. RF heating was designed to fit small and medium enterprises with a maximum capacity of 200 kg of milled rice per hour. The system was a continuous-type machine. The first experiment identified the most tolerant stage of maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, infesting 1 kilogram of milled rice in a polyethylene (PE) bag. The samples were treated with a 27.12 MHz RF and an electric power of 370 and 380 volts for 3 min. Adult maize weevil was the most tolerant stage to RF heat treatment, while egg, larval and pupal stages showed 100% mortality to RF at 380 volts for 3 min. The second experiment examined the influence of packaging materials between PE and polypropylene (PP) bags (75 μm thickness) on the mortality of maize weevil. Both packagings were exposed to RF at 370, 380, 390 and 400 volts for 3 min, and the temperature of rice kept in PP bags was 76.74±14.96, 78.09±12.45, 86.15±6.90 and 86.44±7.18°C, respectively. It was higher than in the PE bags with temperatures of 64.82±3.44, 65.14±3.18, 69.11±3.31 and 69.02±3.64°C, respectively. The third experiment identified the best combination of temperature and exposure time for RF to control the adult stage of maize weevil. Complete control of maize weevil infesting milled rice was found using the RF heat treatment for 4 min with an electric power of 380 volts. In terms of heated rice quality, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in chalkiness or moisture content, but kernel fissuring increased with increasing RF exposure time.
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Langsi, Jacob D., Elias N. Nukenine, Kary M. Oumarou, Hamadou Moktar, Charles N. Fokunang та George N. Mbata. "Evaluation of the Insecticidal Activities of α-Pinene and 3-Carene on Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Insects 11, № 8 (2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11080540.
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Pest management in most sub-Saharan subsistence agriculture involves mainly the use of botanicals that are either applied as powders, solvent extracts, ash or essential oils. Two hydrogenated monoterpenes (α-pinene and 3-carene) from Cupressus sempervirens were tested against Sitophilus zeamais in the laboratory to evaluate the contact and fumigation effects on the mortality of adult and immature weevils, progeny production, and grain damage. Contact toxicity of the terpenes was investigated at these concentrations: 0.08, 4, 8 and 12 ppm (terpene/maize), while fumigant action was studied at the following doses: 1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm. The results indicate that insecticidal effects were concentration-dependent since mortality increased with dosage and exposure periods. After a 14-day exposure period at the concentration of 12 ppm of α-pinene and 3-carene/grain, more than 98% mortality of the mature weevils was observed at concentrations of 4.1333 and 1.642 ppm respectively and progeny production was reduced by 98% and 100%, respectively. When α-pinene and 3-carene were applied as fumigants, LC50s (lethal concentrations that generate 50% mortality) of 1.402 and 0.610 ppm were obtained after 24 h of exposure, respectively. At concentrations above 3 ppm, both monoterpenes acted as repellents to weevils and reduced grain damage by 80%. Both monoterpenes inhibited the development of immature stages of the weevil and reduced progeny by up to 94%. These compounds are very promising and effective and could be exploited as novel phytoinsecticides against the maize weevil.
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Thủy, Vì Thị Xuân, Lò Thị Mai Thu, Hồ Mạnh Tường, Lê Văn Sơn, Nguyễn Vũ Thanh Thanh, and Chu Hoàng Mậu. "Characteristics of defensin1 gene and designing structure to create resistant transgenic corn lines to weevils." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 14, no. 2 (2016): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/14/2/9353.
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Plant defensins are multifunctional proteins, inhibiting the growth of fungal, anti-bacterial, altering membrane channels, inhibiting activity of trypsin and α-amylase. Plant defensin consists of 18 groups in which the group 1 includes defensins to inhibit either α-amylase enzyme or trypsin. Defensins bind to the active site of α-amylase in the weevil gut, thus inhibit starch digestion in weevils. In this report, we present the results of cloning and determining the ZmDEF1 gene sequence isolated from mRNA and DNA of Sonla province local maize and LVN99 hybrid maize cultivar. The coding region of ZmDEF1 gene isolated from some maize samples had the size of 243 nucleotides, encoding 80 amino acids. Gen ZmDEF1 isolated from DNA had the size 345bp consists of two exons and one in tron (102 bp). The nucleotide sequences of ZmDEF1 gene (DNA) of the samples have 6 positions nucleotide difference, on exon 1 has two points difference (position 43, 53), on intron has a difference (position 150), on exon 2 has 3 nucleotide site difference (203, 263 and 297 position). Deduced amino acid sequences of defensin of the Sonla local maize sample has 8 cysteines to make 4 disulfide bridges, while LVN99 hybrid maize has 7 cysteines, which can formed only 3 disulfide bridges. Transformation vector pBetaPhaso-ZmDEF1 has been designed successfully, in which ZmDEF1 is controlled by seed specific Phasoline promoter. The correct insertion and expression of ZmDEF1 was examinated in transgenic tobacco plants throught PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. These results provide an firm evident for using the designed transformation vector to produce transgenic maỉze lines with an improved resistant ability to weevils.
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GEORGESCU, Emil, Mariana BURCEA, Nicoleta BALABAN, and Lidia CANA. "Researches Concerning Effectiveness of the Seed Treatment in Maize Crop for Controlling the Maize Leaf Weevil ( Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll ) at NARDI Fundulea." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 1 (2013): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9774.
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In this paper, author collective present results and methodology of the insecticides testing against maize leaf weevil, in laboratory conditions. Year by year at NARDI Fundulea, in field conditions, it has tested insecticides used both like seed and vegetation treatment for control ling of the maize leaf weevil. Because climatic conditions from the spring are not favorable for this pest every year, laboratory testing is one of the best methods for evaluate of the insecticides used like seed treatment. At eight days after insects are added in the pots with maize plants, highest adults mortality and lowest attack intensity has registered in case of plants emerged from the seeds treated with products on base of thiametoxan ( Cruiser 350 FS ) , clothianidin ( Poncho 600 FS ) or thiametoxan+teflutrin ( Force Zea ) . In case of seeds treated with product on base of imidacloprid ( Nuprid 600 FS 8,0 l/t ) , even if the insects mortality was lower, the attack intensity has low values. All plants from the untreated variant were destroyed. At treated variants, saved plants percent were at least 90 %. Seed treatments provide a satisfactory protection of the maize plants, in first vegetation stages against maize leaf weevil.
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Alam, M. M. Mahabub, Masum Ahmad, Md Sohanur Rahman, Fakhar Uddin Talukder, Md Israfil Jahan, and R. Hossain. "Bio-Rational Management of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus Zeamais in Maize (Zea Mays) Seeds." Agricultural Science 2, no. 2 (2020): p59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n2p59.
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Bangladesh is a sub-tropical and humid country. That is why, the infestation of insects during storage is very common here. The maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), locally known as “Katta Poka”, is one of the most serious cosmopolitan pest of stored cereal grain, especially of maize (Zea mays L.), in tropical and subtropical regions including Bangladesh. Considering the issue, the study was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) following completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications to evaluate the efficacy of four locally available botanicals and chemicals. The botanicals used were: Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf, Datura (Datura stramonium) leaf, Nishinda (Vitex negundo L) leaf and Garlic (Allium sativum L.) tablet powders at three different doses (3, 4 and 5gm)/100g of grain seed against maize weevil. The results revealed that all test materials at 5g doses exhibited higher mortality action against maize weevil while at 3g doses it gave the lowest percentage efficacy. Powdered leaves of neem and datura at 4 and 5gm were showed statistical significant (P<0.01) differences while powdered leaves of nishinda at the similar rates were observed with moderately effectiveness and powdered tablet of garlic gave the lowest mortality rate within 28 days of exposure in all tested doses. These findings suggest that botanical treatments exerted better mortality of maize weevil and reduced maize seed weight loss with higher germination capacity compared to the untreated control. It was also observed that the highest mortality percentage, lowest seed weight loss and highest germination capacity in the seeds which were treated with Sevin 85SP at the rate of 0.25g/100g maize seeds. Maize grains treated with botanicals, indicated that insect reproduction and development were impaired in all botanical pesticides. It is suggested that datura leaf, neem leaf powder can be used as good alternatives to chemical insecticides against S. zeamays due to their higher mortality, lower seed weight losses and higher germination capacity.
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Kang, Manjit S., Yudong Zhang, and Robert Magari. "Combining Ability for Maize Weevil Preference of Maize Grain." Crop Science 35, no. 6 (1995): 1556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183x003500060006x.
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