Relevant bibliographies by topics / Major Chemical Accidents

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Major Chemical Accidents'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Major Chemical Accidents"

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Hussin, N. E., Anwar Johari, Kamarizan Kidam, and Haslenda Hashim. "Major Hazards of Process Equipment Failures in the Chemical Process Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.75.

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Process equipment failures play significant roles in most accidents that occur and recur in the chemical process industry resulting in fire, explosion, and toxic release. In this study, 50 equipment-related accident investigation reports were used to analyze type and severity of incidents. The comprehensive accident report data were retrieved from U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) and U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident databases with a mean year of 2005. Among the identified process equipment failures were piping systems (32%), storage tanks (20%), process vessels (16%), separation equipment (10%), reactors (8%), heat transfer equipment (8%), and others (6%). The analysis shows that 32% of the cases led to fire and explosion, followed by toxic release (26%), and explosion (22%) incidents. A total of 126 fatalities, 590 injuries, 260 exposures, four shelter-in-place, and 13 evacuations were reported. In most accident cases, fire, explosion, and/or toxic release incidents occur simultaneously. The synergy between major hazards results in catastrophic accidents with severe consequences in numbers of fatalities, injuries, exposures, shelter-in-place, and evacuations. To minimize the losses, plant and equipment should be designed and prepared for the worst-case scenario, not just adapting to any ‘applicable’ standards or guidance.
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Preobrazhensky, V. N., and K. V. Lyadov. "Major Chemical Accidents in Russia (Preparedness, Cooperation)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, S1 (March 1999): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00033252.

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Napier, D. H. "Preventing major chemical & related process accidents." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 1, no. 4 (October 1988): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4230(88)85010-1.

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Sales, J., F. Mushtaq, M. D. Christou, and R. Nomen. "Study of Major Accidents Involving Chemical Reactive Substances." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/psep06012.

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Xue, Peng Li, Xiao Feng Sun, Yun Song, Yan Jun Cheng, and De Zhi Sun. "Risk Prevention and Emergency Countermeasures to Environmental Accidents of Chemical Industry Parks." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.798.

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Due to the high population density, the environmental accidents would caused the serious social impact and economic loss in China.The chemical parks are the major environmental risk sources. The environmental risk categories are introduced and the corresponding risk prevention measures of chemical industral park to environmental accident are researched in the paper. Moreover, the hazards reduce measures of environmental accidents around the chemical park ,which including the hazardous chemical monitoring, environmental pollution integrated emergency exercise,et al.,are also discussed.
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Kiranoudis, C. "An operational centre for managing major chemical industrial accidents." Journal of Hazardous Materials 89, no. 2-3 (January 28, 2002): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00299-0.

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Er, Jweeping, Howard C. Kunreuther, and Isadore Rosenthal. "Utilizing Third-Party Inspections for Preventing Major Chemical Accidents." Risk Analysis 18, no. 2 (April 1998): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00926.x.

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Brocal, Francisco, Cristina González, Genserik Reniers, Valerio Cozzani, and Miguel Sebastián. "Risk Management of Hazardous Materials in Manufacturing Processes: Links and Transitional Spaces between Occupational Accidents and Major Accidents." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101915.

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Manufacturing processes involving chemical agents are evolving at great speed. In this context, managing chemical risk is especially important towards preventing both occupational accidents and major accidents. Directive 89/391/EEC and Directive 2012/18/EU, respectively, are enforced in the European Union (EU) to this end. These directives may be further complemented by the recent ISO 45001:2018 standard regarding occupational health and safety management systems. These three management systems are closely related. However, scientific literature tackles the researching of these accidents independently. Thus, the main objective of this work is to identify and analyse the links and transitional spaces between the risk management of both types of accident. Among the results obtained, three transitional spaces can be pointed out which result from the intersection of the three systems mentioned. Similarly, the intersection of these spaces gives shape to a specific transitional space defined by the individual directives linked to Directive 89/391/EEC. These results are limited from a regulatory and technical perspective. Thus, the results are a starting point towards developing models that integrate the management systems studied.
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Panteleeva, Maria, Rositsa Chamova, Nikolina Radeva, and Hristianna Romanova. "ANTHROPOGENIC DISASTERS ON BULGARIAN TERRITORY: CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS ON LAND AND AT SEA." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 27, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 3718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2021272.3718.

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Natural and anthropogenic disasters become more frequent worldwide. As technology advances, the risk of major industrial accidents increases. Often accidents in the chemical and oil industry, in agriculture, or during transportation, lead to mass poisoning and extensive environmental pollution. The particularities of the medical support in case of such chemical incidents are challenging the healthcare system. The article aims to analyze the chemical accidents and the measures taken to reduce their effect in Bulgaria and in the Black sea aquatory. Historical and documentary methods have been used to gather information on disasters and accidents in Bulgaria, where toxic chemicals have been released into the environment, causing material damage and human casualties. We have researched and analyzed various articles and publications in Bulgarian and foreign scientific journals on the subject. Major industrial and transport accidents in the last 50-60 years on land and water had been selected from the literature sources. Both the reasons that led to them and the measures which were taken to eliminate the consequences were discussed. The major industrial accidents with a release of industrial toxic substances into the environment are relatively common and result in contaminating large areas and many casualties. Chemical accidents at sea are indicative of the need for joint action by different organizations to quickly overcome and avoid environmental impact. The risk of industrial poisonous substances entering the environment is significant and measures to avoid such accidents have to be taken, as well as training of a wide range of health professionals and the general public on the proper behaviour in case of a chemical disaster.
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Grossel, Stanley S. "Major accident reporting system: Lessons learned from accidents notified." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 8, no. 6 (January 1995): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4230(95)90022-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Major Chemical Accidents"

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Solini, Riccardo. "Data Analytics for Chemical Process Risk Assessement: Learning Lessons from Past Events towards Accident Prediction." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Il potenziale per la generazione di dati è cresciuto esponenzialmente al giorno d’oggi. In questo contesto, la disciplina di machine learning è suggerita. Questo lavoro suggerisce un approccio per analizzare dati eterogenei riguardanti incidenti passati avvenuti nelle industrie di processo ed estrarre importanti informazioni per supportare il processo decisionale relativo alla sicurezza. Lo strumento di machine learning utilizzato è la libreria open source TensorFlow. Diversi modelli vengono costruiti attraverso il suo uso: un modello lineare, un modello di deep learning basato sulle reti neurali ed una combinazione dei due. Questi, sulla base di input specifici, sarebbero in grado di fare predizioni sul numero di persone morte o ferite. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, due fonti di dati sono state utilizzate: il database MHIDAS e un nuovo database, costruito considerando eventi indesiderati avvenuti in impianti di ammoniaca. Diverse simulazioni sono state eseguite usando MHIDAS per individuare il modello che meglio riesca a prevedere le conseguenze degli incidenti sull’uomo. Questo è stato poi usato per effettuare le simulazioni con il database di incidenti in impianti di ammoniaca. Un buon modello per la predizione degli incidenti deve essere in grado di prevedere eventi rari. Tale condizione viene raggiunta se il valore della grandezza statistica "recall" è alto. Per questo motivo, i risultati delle simulazioni sono stati analizzati considerando il valore dell’area sotto la curva precision-recall. Da questo, è possibile capire se il valore di recall può essere di interesse. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato un andamento comune. Un caso rappresentativo, in cui i risultati riportavano un buon valore di area sotto la curva precision-recall ma una bassa recall, è stato considerato e il metodo per migliorare il valore di recall è stato indicato. In questo modo, il modello può essere calibrato e diventare di uso pratico.
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MACHADO, ALETHEIA DE ALMEIDA. "THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL NORM IN THE CHEMICAL SAFETY REALM FROM BHOPAL TO THE CONVENTION 174 OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION (ILO) CONCERNING THE PREVENTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5210@1.

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Esta dissertação trata do processo de construção social da norma internacional, na área de segurança química. Partiu- se de uma realidade local --- a ocorrência de um acidente industrial ampliado --- e de seus impactos sobre o ambiente internacional. Nesse sentido, foi fundamental perceber aquela realidade local como um fato social, construído por meio de uma conscientização ambiental ou anuência coletiva mais ampla. Daquele processo de construção social, aliás, faz parte a constituição dessa consciência coletiva quanto às ameaças ambientais, fortalecida politicamente pelo aval da comunidade de Nações, quando das Conferências de Estocolmo (1972) e do Rio de Janeiro (1992). Por isso, seguindo parâmetros teóricos construtivistas, optou-se pela análise da forma como se deu o processo de construção ideacional e normativa mais abrangente, em matéria ambiental, nas relações internacionais contemporâneas; para, posteriormente, abordar a construção social do acidente e da norma gerada, parte daquele processo. Quanto à organização e à mobilização da sociedade civil, bem como quanto à influência dessa mobilização sobre os Estados, atribuiu-se destaque especial aos agentes de propagação de idéias, referidas à proteção ambiental e à segurança química, bem como a suas plataformas organizacionais. Para tanto, dada sua relevância social e empírica, escolheu- se, como objeto de estudo, o acidente industrial ampliado, ocorrido em 1984, na cidade de Bhopal, Índia; e a Convenção 174 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho para a prevenção de acidentes industriais ampliados.
This paperwork deals with the social construction process of the international norm in the chemical safety realm. The point of departure was a local reality -- the occurrence of a major industrial accident --- and its impacts on the international environment. The perception of that reality as a social fact, constructed from a wider environmental awareness or collective acquiescence, was essential. The constitution of that collective awareness is part of the referred social construction process and was politically strengthened by the international community when it assembled in the Stockholm Convention (1972) and the Rio Convention (1992). Following certain constructivist theoretical parameters, the wider ideational and normative scenario, related to environmental questions in the contemporary international relations, was first analysed. Afterwards, the focus was directed towards the social construction of the accident and the norm negotiated. In relation to the civil society organisation and mobilisation, as well as to its influence on state behaviour, it was given emphasis on the role of agents of environmental protection and chemical safety ideas and its organisational platforms. As per its social and empirical importance, it was chosen as object of analysis the major industrial accident, occurred in 1984, in Bhopal, India, and the Convention 174 of the International Labour Organization concerning the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents.
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Schüllerová, Barbora. "Ochrana osob před dopady závažných chemických havárií." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232702.

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Population Protection againts Impacts from Major Chemical Accident in recent years is an important area to address. This thesis focuses on the current situation and preventive security measures in protecting the population against the effects of serious chemical accidents. Specifically, it focuses on the Czech Republic and toxic industrial chemicals, explosive and flammable. A detailed analysis of the current situation in the Czech Republic with risk areas relating to chemical industry and hazardous chemicals was worked out. An analysis of the current status of population protection from the effects of serious chemical accidents is prepared. On the basis of the analysis measures are suggested to improve the current situation in accordance with legislation. The work was carried out research on their own knowledge of the population in this in pre-selected location.
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Obadalová, Kristýna. "Analýza rizik vybraných nebezpečných chemických látek." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216687.

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An extensive bibliographic search of domestic and foreign resources was elaborated within the diploma thesis. In the sphere of major accident prevention, risk analysis and assessment are necessary to fulfill the aims. The development of this sphere is mentioned in the thesis. It also discusses reasons why the exact and detailed instruction for those analyses cannot be provided and why the standard methods of risk analysis cannot be introduced (as well as the methods for particular risk recipients). The thesis also discusses available software tools for evaluating the emergency impacts. The study suggests the optimal software tool for simulation of emergency impacts in the conditions of the Czech Republic and also recommends the possible technical precautions for increasing safety of dangerous chemical substances. The conclusion contains discussion on the finding the author revealed and their relation to the information found in the literature and it also summarizes author’s opinion.
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Books on the topic "Major Chemical Accidents"

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Surviving major chemical accidents and chemical/biological warfare. Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics Unlimited, 1986.

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Parliament, Canada Library of. Major chemical accidents: Are we prepared? Ottawa: Library of Parliament, 1990.

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Milko, Robert Joseph. Major chemical accidents: Are we prepared? Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1990.

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A, Stallworthy E., ed. Safety in the chemical industry: Lessons from major disasters. Columbia, Md: GP Pub., 1988.

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International, Symposium on Preventing Major Chemical Accidents (1987 Washington D. C. ). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Preventing Major Chemical Accidents: February 3-5, 1987, Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C. New York, N.Y: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1987.

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Bond, R. P. M. Major spills and incidents: A report for CEST's Industry and the Environment Project. London: Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology, 1991.

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International Program on Chemical Safety., ed. Prevention of major industrial accidents: An ILO contribution to the International Programme of Chemical Safety of UNEP, the ILO, and the WHO (IPCS). Geneva: International Labour Office, 1991.

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Preventing major chemical and related process accidents. Rugby, UK: Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1988.

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Meharg, Andrew A. Major Chemical Accidents and their Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer, 1998.

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Philips, Harry. Explosions in the Process Industries: A Report of the Major Hazards Assessment Panel Overpressure Working Party (Major Hazards Monograph) - IChemE (Major Hazards Monograph). 2nd ed. Inst of Chemical Engineers UK, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Major Chemical Accidents"

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Kulling, P. "Major Chemical Accidents: Medical and Organizational Aspects." In Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, 643–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84734-9_61.

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Meharg, A. A. "Ecological Impact of Major Industrial Chemical Accidents." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 21–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2672-7_2.

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Kukkonen, J., A. L. Savolainen, I. Valkama, S. Juntto, and T. Vesala. "Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Released in a Major Chemical Accident in Ionava, Lithuania." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII, 607–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3720-5_59.

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Kyaw, K., and N. Paltrinieri. "Reputational Damage After Major Accidents." In Dynamic Risk Analysis in the Chemical and Petroleum Industry, 221–29. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803765-2.00018-4.

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"Environmental consequences of chemical accidents Report of OECD Special Session (extracts)." In Major Accidents to the Environment, 183–90. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-075068389-0.50011-3.

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Kyaw, K., and N. Paltrinieri. "Estimation of Reputational Damage from Major Accidents." In Dynamic Risk Analysis in the Chemical and Petroleum Industry, 231–41. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-803765-2.00019-6.

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Holla, Katarina, and Eva Sventekova. "Risk Management in the Area of Major Industrial Accident Prevention in the EU and Slovak Republic." In Risk Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98406.

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The SEVESO II and III Directives relate to approximately 12,000 EU establishments working with the hazardous substances. The majority of EU member states implement new requirements of the SEVESO III Directive to their legal environment. The third revision goes hand in hand with the enforcement of the CLP legislation, concerning the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of chemical substances and mixtures. Risk Management is appearing as one of the most important challenges nowadays to raise the prevention level in these establishments. The book chapter analyses the industrial accidents and identified consequences and impacts whose results can be implemented to the effective prevention. The benefit of this chapter is the summarisation of the legal regulations, information systems and especially the statistics of the industrial accidents in Slovakia and the EU. The risk assessment is one of the problem areas of prevention therefore, it was necessary to present the methods and techniques utilised here and to clarify the approach used in the Slovak Republic. The programme ALOHA is most frequently used for modelling the consequences and therefore we presented its possible utilisation on a particular example at the end of this article. The main goal of this chapter is to show how is important to proceed risk management in establishments with hazardous substances is, what kind of methods should be use here to decrease risks and possibilities for modelling its impacts.
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Maynard Smith, John, and Eors Szathmary. "What is life?" In The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502944.003.0006.

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Imagine that, when the first spacemen step out of their craft onto the surface of one of the moons of Jupiter, they are confronted by an object the size of a horse, rolling towards them on wheels, and bearing on its back a concave disc pointing towards the Sun. They will at once conclude that the object is alive, or has been made by something alive. If all they find is a purple smear on the surface of the rocks, they will have to work harder to decide. This is the phenotypic approach to the definition of life: a thing is alive if it has parts, or ‘organs’, which perform functions. William Paley explained the machine-like nature of life by the existence of a creator: today, we would invoke natural selection. There are, however, dangers in assuming that any entity with the properties of a self-regulating machine is alive, or an artefact. In section 2.2, we tell the story of a self-regulating atomic reactor, the Oklo reactor, which is neither. This story can be taken in one of three ways. First, it shows the dangers of the phenotypic definition of life: not all complex entities are alive. Second, it illustrates how the accidents of history can give rise spontaneously to surprisingly complex machine-like entities. The relevance of this to the origin of life is obvious. In essence, the problem is the following. How could chemical and physical processes give rise, without natural selection, to entities capable of hereditary replication, which would therefore, from then on, evolve by natural selection? The Oklo reactor is an example of what can happen. Finally, section 2.2 can simply be skipped: the events were interesting, but do not resemble in detail those that led to the origin of life on Earth. There is an alternative to the phenotypic definition of life. It is to define as alive any entities that have the properties of multiplication, variation and heredity. The logic behind this definition, first proposed by Muller (1966), is that a population of entities with these properties will evolve by natural selection, and hence can be expected to acquire the complex adaptations for survival and reproduction that are characteristic of living things.
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David A, Wirth, and Sachs Noah M. "Part V Subject Matter, Ch.33 Hazardous Substances and Activities." In The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198849155.003.0033.

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This chapter analyses the enormous scope of international instruments addressing hazardous substances and activities by assessing both the regulatory junctures and the specific strategies that governments rely upon to reduce risk. It begins with the challenge of identifying which substances are hazardous to human health or the environment (risk assessment) and then discusses the major treaties that regulate chemical hazards (risk management). The chapter also examines treaties and other international instruments governing chemical production, use, labelling, and disposal as well as those governing industrial accidents. It concludes with a discussion of instruments designed to promote pollution prevention and toxics use reduction. Presently there is no single, overarching international framework for addressing environmental and public health risks from hazardous substances and activities.
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Forint, Pavel. "Analysis of the process safety management system in relation to the prevention of major accidents caused by dangerous chemical substances." In Advances in Human Factors, Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries, 960–67. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439834992-101.

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Conference papers on the topic "Major Chemical Accidents"

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Ren, Changxing, Haitao Li, Ning Zhou, and Xiongjun Yuan. "Study on the Risk Analysis and Emergency Management System of Major Accidents in Chemical Industry Park." In 7th Annual Meeting of Risk Analysis Council of China Association for Disaster Prevention (RAC-2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rac-16.2016.65.

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Forsberg, C. W., M. Gorensek, S. Herring, and P. Pickard. "Safety Related Physical Phenomena for Coupled High-Temperature Reactors and Hydrogen Production Facilities." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58223.

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High-temperature reactors are a potential low-carbon source of high-temperature heat for chemical plants—including hydrogen production plants and refineries. Unlike electricity, high temperature heat can only be transported limited distances; thus, the reactor and chemical plants will be close to each other. A critical issue is to understand potential safety challenges to the reactor from the associated chemical plant events to assure nuclear plant safety. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) recently sponsored a Phenomena Identification and Ranking Table (PIRT) exercise to identify potential safety-related physical phenomena for high-temperature reactors coupled to a hydrogen production or similar chemical plant. The ranking process determines what types of chemical plant transients and accidents could present the greatest risks to the nuclear plant and thus the priorities for safety assessments. The assessment yielded four major observations. Because the safety philosophy for most chemical plants (dilution) is different than the safety philosophy for nuclear power plants (containment), this difference must be recognized and understood when considering safety challenges to a nuclear reactor from coupled chemical plants or refineries. Accidental releases of hydrogen from a hydrogen production facility are unlikely to be a major hazard for the nuclear plant assuming some minimum separation distances. Many chemical plants under accident conditions can produce heavy ground-hugging gases such as oxygen, corrosive gases, and toxic gases that can have major off-site consequences because of the ease of transport from the chemical plant to off-site locations. Oxygen presents a special concern because most proposed nuclear hydrogen processes convert water into hydrogen and oxygen; thus, oxygen is the primary byproduct. These types of potential accidents must be carefully accessed. Last, the potential consequences of the failure of the intermediate heat transport loop that moves heat from the reactor to the chemical plant must be carefully assessed.
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Chen, Xuedong, Zhibin Ai, Zhichao Fan, Jiushao Hu, Weihe Guan, and Chuanqing Cheng. "Accidents Investigation and Risk Assessment of Chinese Industrial Pressure Pipelines." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77517.

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In recent years personal casualties and fire explosion accidents are often taken place due to pipe failure accidents of petrochemical enterprises in China. For more than a decade years, the authors have conducted extensive investigation and analysis on these accidents and consider that apart from the causes of man-made quality out-of-control and technical level, another major cause is the absence of experience accumulation of some medium environments induced failure accidents for design standards and codes, design units and designers, therefore, it is unable to prevent and control in-service risk factors at the design stage. Since 2003, we have conducted risk-based inspection and analysis of industrial pipelines of all types of units in about eighty large-scale oil refinery plants, chemical plants and chemical fertilizer plants under the jurisdiction of SINOPEC and PetroChina according to API581, API571 etc. in cooperation with Bureau Veritas, France (BV). Through these analyses, we have found out the major failure modes, mechanisms, likelihood and consequences of petrochemical industrial pipelines, and we also consulted the original design and installation documents of all pipelines, it is found that most of the high failure risks of petrochemical industrial pipelines are induced by inadequate consideration to environment induced failure mechanisms at the design stage. In order to avoid repetitive occurrence of these accidents, suggestions on improvement of design and manufacture methods in China are proposed in this paper, that is, the experience of in-service environment-related failures should be fed back to the organizations of design and manufacture standards, design institutions and designers by some effective means, and set up the design and manufacture platform based on risks and life in China, so as to control the risks of pressure pipelines away from accident over the whole life through such measures as reasonable material selection, structural optimization design, selection of reasonable manufacturing and installation process etc. at early stage of design and manufacture.
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Rosenthal, Isadore. "OSHA, EPA and Other Stakeholder Responses to the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Chemical Safety Board’s Report on “Improving Reactive Hazard Management” and Some Approaches Towards Resolving Remaining Recommendation Issues." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60442.

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The USA Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) conducted a study of the chemical safety risks posed by the class of reactive hazards. This report, “IMPROVING REACTIVE HAZARD MANAGEMENT” (Report), was issued in October 2002 and its conclusions and recommendations have had significant impacts on how stakeholders view the adequacy of industry and government management of reactive hazards. The continued stream of high profile accidents due to reactive hazards such as Concept Sciences and Toulouse) cause people to also remember that realization of a reactive hazard also led to the accidents at Bhopal and Seveso and consequent major legal and social impacts in India, the United States and Europe. After a discussion of the congruence between the Report’s Objectives and Conclusions and the major thrusts of the Reactive Report’s ‘Recommendations’, to government agencies and other stakeholders, the paper will provide an update on the positive impacts that the CSB Report has already had on activities by professional societies, government and industry and examine some of the major unresolved recommendations, particularly those directed to OSHA to broaden PSM regulatory coverage of reactive chemicals. The paper will conclude with observations on various approaches to broadening coverage of reactive hazards along the lines recommended by the CSB to OSHA and EPA. Among the approaches reviewed will be the one embodied in New Jersey’s very recently modified TCPA regulation, selected proposals in the literature, and voluntary guidelines such as those under development by the newly formed Reactive Management Roundtable group of AIChE.
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Nieves-Zárate, Margarita. "Ten Years After the Deepwater Horizon Accident: Regulatory Reforms and the Implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems in the United States." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204056-ms.

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Abstract The Deepwater Horizon accident is one of the major environmental disasters in the history of the United States. This accident occurred in 2010, when the Deepwater Horizon mobile offshore drilling unit exploded, while the rig's crew was conducting the drilling work of the exploratory well Macondo deep under the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental damages included more than four million barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico, and economic losses total tens of billions of dollars. The accident brought into question the effectiveness of the regulatory regime for preventing accidents, and protecting the marine environment from oil and gas operations, and prompted regulatory reforms. Ten years after the Deepwater Horizon accident, this article analyzes the implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) as one of the main regulatory reforms introduced in the United States after the accident. The analysis uses the theory of regulation which takes into account both state and non-state actors involved in regulation, and therefore, the shift from regulation to governance. The study includes regulations issued after the Deepwater Horizon accident, particularly, SEMS rules I and II, and reports conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Commission on the BP Oil Spill, the Center for Offshore Safety, the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). The article reveals that though offshore oil and gas operators in the U.S. federal waters have adopted SEMS, as a mechanism of self-regulation, there is not clarity on how SEMS have been implemented in practice towards achieving its goal of reducing risks. The BSEE, as the public regulator has the task of providing a complete analysis on the results of the three audits to SEMS conducted by the operators and third parties from 2013 to 2019. This article argues that the assessment of SEMS audits should be complemented with leading and lagging indicators in the industry in order to identify how SEMS have influenced safety behavior beyond regulatory compliance. BSEE has the challenge of providing this assessment and making transparency a cornerstone of SEMS regulations. In this way, the lessons of the DHW accident may be internalized by all actors in the offshore oil and gas industry.
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Carr, Braedon, Bengt Lydell, and Jovica R. Riznic. "Operational Impacts and Consequences of Piping Component Failure: A Review of Operating Experience Data As Recorded in CODAP." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81001.

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Water chemistry plays an important part in maintaining corrosion resistance in water transport systems throughout nuclear power plants (NPP’s). Small changes in liquid chemistry such as pH, borate concentration, or build-up of crud in reactor cooling water can result in rapid degradation or damage to components and lead to unexpected failures. The Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS) and Reactor Water Cleanup System (RWCU) are responsible for maintaining these parameters at appropriate levels, and so failure of either of these systems can result in unnecessary stresses on many other reactor systems due to resulting transients. While the major components of these systems all have sufficient redundancy to prevent major accidents, failure of components in these systems can result in failure of other redundant components and affect plant safety [1]. The CVCS and RWCU systems have experienced aging related degradations and failures in the past, and although they have not affected the system’s emergency functions, they have resulted in unnecessary actuation of related systems, and reactor shutdowns [1]. Reactor shutdowns can result in large changes in reactor coolant chemistry such as oxygen and borate concentration transients, and the build-up of corrosion products which can’t be as easily removed during periods of reactor shutdown [2]. In the following analysis of Component Operational Experience Degradation and Ageing Program (CODAP) experience data; causes, impacts, and preventative actions as recorded in CODAP are examined for degradation events which took place in the CVCS and RWCU, of PWRs and BWRs, respectively. The analysis will demonstrate the usefulness of CODAP in examining reactor component failure trends, as well as discuss insights on improvement for the program.
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Wang, Li-li, Wang-ping Zhou, and Shi-lin Zhao. "Application of Mini-UAV in Emergency Rescue of Major Accidents of Hazardous Chemicals." In The International Conference on Remote Sensing,Environment and Transportation Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rsete.2013.38.

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Inaudi, Daniele, Roberto Walder, and Rob de Bont. "Fast Detection and Localization of Small Leaks in Toxic Pipelines Using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33443.

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Over the past decades, several major industrial accidents led the chemical industries handling large quantities of dangerous substances and national regulation bodies to reinforce the safety and prevention measures of their installations, in compliance with local laws such as the Seveso II directive in Europe. Indeed, leakages of chemicals can be at the origin of toxic releases, which can have severe consequences on the installations as well as on the environment and nearby inhabitants. Industries are prompted to take all possible measures to reduce the occurrence of such catastrophic events by implementing additional technical safety barriers in order to prevent or mitigate any potential danger on their key structures such as pipelines, reactors, storages, transfer lines, etc. Pipeline leakages may have different origins, such as corrosion, fatigue, material flaws, shocks, abnormal temperatures, extreme pressures, or excessive deformations caused by ground movement. In the case of liquefied or pressurized gases, leakages can be detected by the rapid drop of temperature due to the evaporation of the released liquid and its evaporation gases or due to gas expansion. These local thermal anomalies can be reliably detected by a fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing system able to detect temperature changes of the order of 1°C, with 1m spatial resolution and 10s response time. A fiber optic cable is installed all along the whole length of the pipeline and is connected to a measurement system that can automatically detect temperature anomalies which are telltale of leakages and generate an alert to initiate appropriate response actions on the affected pipeline section. Such a system has been permanently deployed at several industrial and chemicals sites were functional and operational tests have also been carried out. This paper will present the system architecture and installation at an ammonia production, storage, shipping and processing site. Results of simulated leakage detection tests on ammonia pipeline and long-term operation in normal conditions will also be presented.
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Song, Pan, Zhe Pu, Bin Ren, Jielu Wang, and Shuhong Liu. "Major Hazards Modeling of Pressurized Special Equipment in Chemical Industry Parks Based on FCBPSS Method." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21155.

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Abstract Based on the identification of major hazards of pressurized special equipment (PSE) in chemical industry parks, a domain model of major hazards using FCBPSS (Function-Context-Behavior-Principle-State-Structure) method is built in this paper. The characteristics of this model is that it studies major hazards of PSE in the perspective of system by learning its several important concepts, namely function, context, behavior, principle, state and structure, which provides theoretical basis for further study on the dynamic supervision. Furthermore, the model gives powerful technical support to the accident emergency response of pressurized special equipment in chemical industry parks.
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Schulz, Terry L., Timothy S. Andreychek, Yong J. Song, and Kevin F. McNamee. "Westinghouse AP1000 Solution to Long-Term Cooling Debris Concerns." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-76026.

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The AP1000 is a pressurized water reactor with passive safety features and extensive plant simplifications that provides significant and measurable improvements in safety, construction, reliability, operation, maintenance and costs. The design of the AP1000 incorporates a standard approach, which results in a plant design that can be constructed in multiple geographical regions with varying regulatory standards and expectations. The AP1000 uses proven technology, which builds on more than 2,500 reactor years of highly successful Westinghouse PWR operation. The AP1000 received Final Design Approval by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in September 2004. The AP1000 Nuclear Power Plant uses natural recirculation of coolant to cool the core following a postulated Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA). Recirculation screens are provided in strategic areas of the plant to remove debris that might migrate with the water in containment and adversely affect core cooling. The approach used to avoid the potential for debris to plug the AP1000 recirculation screens is consistent with the guidance identified in Regulatory Guide 1.82 Revision 3, the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Industry Guidance of NEI 04–07, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Safety Evaluation on NEI 04–07. Various contributors to screen plugging were considered, including debris that could be produced by a LOCA, resident containment debris and post accident chemical products that might be generated in the coolant pool that forms on the containment floor post-accident. The solution developed for AP1000 includes three major aspects, including the elimination of debris sources by design, features that prevent transportation of debris to the screens and the use of large advanced screen designs. Measures were taken to design out debris sources including fibers, particles and chemicals. Available industry data from walkdowns in existing plants is used to determine the characteristics and amounts of the fibrous and particulate debris that could exist in containment prior to the LOCA. Materials used in the AP1000 containment are selected to eliminate post accident chemical debris generation. Large, advanced screen designs that can tolerate significant quantities of debris have been incorporated. Testing has been performed which demonstrates that the AP1000 screens will have essentially no head loss considering the debris that could be transported to them. Testing has also been performed on an AP1000 fuel assembly that demonstrates that it will also have essentially no head loss considering the debris that could be transported to it.
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