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Journal articles on the topic 'Major Chemical Accidents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hussin, N. E., Anwar Johari, Kamarizan Kidam, and Haslenda Hashim. "Major Hazards of Process Equipment Failures in the Chemical Process Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.75.

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Process equipment failures play significant roles in most accidents that occur and recur in the chemical process industry resulting in fire, explosion, and toxic release. In this study, 50 equipment-related accident investigation reports were used to analyze type and severity of incidents. The comprehensive accident report data were retrieved from U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) and U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident databases with a mean year of 2005. Among the identified process equipment failures were piping systems (32%), storage tanks (20%), process vessels (16%), separation equipment (10%), reactors (8%), heat transfer equipment (8%), and others (6%). The analysis shows that 32% of the cases led to fire and explosion, followed by toxic release (26%), and explosion (22%) incidents. A total of 126 fatalities, 590 injuries, 260 exposures, four shelter-in-place, and 13 evacuations were reported. In most accident cases, fire, explosion, and/or toxic release incidents occur simultaneously. The synergy between major hazards results in catastrophic accidents with severe consequences in numbers of fatalities, injuries, exposures, shelter-in-place, and evacuations. To minimize the losses, plant and equipment should be designed and prepared for the worst-case scenario, not just adapting to any ‘applicable’ standards or guidance.

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2

Preobrazhensky, V. N., and K. V. Lyadov. "Major Chemical Accidents in Russia (Preparedness, Cooperation)." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, S1 (March 1999): S21—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00033252.

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3

Napier, D. H. "Preventing major chemical & related process accidents." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 1, no. 4 (October 1988): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4230(88)85010-1.

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4

Sales, J., F. Mushtaq, M. D. Christou, and R. Nomen. "Study of Major Accidents Involving Chemical Reactive Substances." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/psep06012.

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5

Xue, Peng Li, Xiao Feng Sun, Yun Song, Yan Jun Cheng, and De Zhi Sun. "Risk Prevention and Emergency Countermeasures to Environmental Accidents of Chemical Industry Parks." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.798.

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Due to the high population density, the environmental accidents would caused the serious social impact and economic loss in China.The chemical parks are the major environmental risk sources. The environmental risk categories are introduced and the corresponding risk prevention measures of chemical industral park to environmental accident are researched in the paper. Moreover, the hazards reduce measures of environmental accidents around the chemical park ,which including the hazardous chemical monitoring, environmental pollution integrated emergency exercise,et al.,are also discussed.

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6

Kiranoudis, C. "An operational centre for managing major chemical industrial accidents." Journal of Hazardous Materials 89, no. 2-3 (January 28, 2002): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00299-0.

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7

Er, Jweeping, Howard C. Kunreuther, and Isadore Rosenthal. "Utilizing Third-Party Inspections for Preventing Major Chemical Accidents." Risk Analysis 18, no. 2 (April 1998): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00926.x.

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8

Brocal, Francisco, Cristina González, Genserik Reniers, Valerio Cozzani, and Miguel Sebastián. "Risk Management of Hazardous Materials in Manufacturing Processes: Links and Transitional Spaces between Occupational Accidents and Major Accidents." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101915.

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Manufacturing processes involving chemical agents are evolving at great speed. In this context, managing chemical risk is especially important towards preventing both occupational accidents and major accidents. Directive 89/391/EEC and Directive 2012/18/EU, respectively, are enforced in the European Union (EU) to this end. These directives may be further complemented by the recent ISO 45001:2018 standard regarding occupational health and safety management systems. These three management systems are closely related. However, scientific literature tackles the researching of these accidents independently. Thus, the main objective of this work is to identify and analyse the links and transitional spaces between the risk management of both types of accident. Among the results obtained, three transitional spaces can be pointed out which result from the intersection of the three systems mentioned. Similarly, the intersection of these spaces gives shape to a specific transitional space defined by the individual directives linked to Directive 89/391/EEC. These results are limited from a regulatory and technical perspective. Thus, the results are a starting point towards developing models that integrate the management systems studied.

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9

Panteleeva, Maria, Rositsa Chamova, Nikolina Radeva, and Hristianna Romanova. "ANTHROPOGENIC DISASTERS ON BULGARIAN TERRITORY: CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS ON LAND AND AT SEA." Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 27, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 3718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2021272.3718.

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Natural and anthropogenic disasters become more frequent worldwide. As technology advances, the risk of major industrial accidents increases. Often accidents in the chemical and oil industry, in agriculture, or during transportation, lead to mass poisoning and extensive environmental pollution. The particularities of the medical support in case of such chemical incidents are challenging the healthcare system. The article aims to analyze the chemical accidents and the measures taken to reduce their effect in Bulgaria and in the Black sea aquatory. Historical and documentary methods have been used to gather information on disasters and accidents in Bulgaria, where toxic chemicals have been released into the environment, causing material damage and human casualties. We have researched and analyzed various articles and publications in Bulgarian and foreign scientific journals on the subject. Major industrial and transport accidents in the last 50-60 years on land and water had been selected from the literature sources. Both the reasons that led to them and the measures which were taken to eliminate the consequences were discussed. The major industrial accidents with a release of industrial toxic substances into the environment are relatively common and result in contaminating large areas and many casualties. Chemical accidents at sea are indicative of the need for joint action by different organizations to quickly overcome and avoid environmental impact. The risk of industrial poisonous substances entering the environment is significant and measures to avoid such accidents have to be taken, as well as training of a wide range of health professionals and the general public on the proper behaviour in case of a chemical disaster.

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10

Grossel, Stanley S. "Major accident reporting system: Lessons learned from accidents notified." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 8, no. 6 (January 1995): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-4230(95)90022-5.

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11

Zimmerman, Rae. "Review of the International Symposium on Preventing Major Chemical Accidents." Industrial Crisis Quarterly 1, no. 1 (March 1987): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108602668700100105.

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12

He, Guizhen, Lei Zhang, Yonglong Lu, and Arthur P. J. Mol. "Managing major chemical accidents in China: Towards effective risk information." Journal of Hazardous Materials 187, no. 1-3 (March 2011): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.017.

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13

Xu, Qingwei, and Kaili Xu. "Statistical Analysis and Prediction of Fatal Accidents in the Metallurgical Industry in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 3790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113790.

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The metallurgical industry is a significant component of the national economy. The main purpose of this study was to establish a composite risk analysis method for fatal accidents in the metallurgical industry. We collected 152 fatal accidents in the Chinese metallurgical industry from 2001 to 2018, including 141 major accidents, 10 severe accidents, and 1 extraordinarily severe accident, together resulting in 731 deaths. Different from traffic or chemical industry accidents, most of the accidents in the metallurgical industry are poisoning and asphyxiation accidents, which account for 40% of the total number of fatal accidents. As the original statistical data of fatal accidents in the metallurgical industry have irregular fluctuations, the traditional prediction methods, such as linear or quadratic regression models, cannot be used to predict their future characteristics. To overcome this issue, the grey interval predicting method and the GM(1,1) model of grey system theory are introduced to predict the future characteristics of fatal accidents in the metallurgical industry. Different from a fault tree analysis or event tree analysis, the bow tie model integrates the basic causes, possible consequences, and corresponding safety measures of an accident in a transparent diagram. In this study, the bow tie model was used to identify the causes and consequences of fatal accidents in the metallurgical industry; then, corresponding safety measures were adopted to reduce the risk.

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14

Xu, Ke, Wen-mei Gai, and Saïd Salhi. "Dynamic emergency route planning for major chemical accidents: Models and application." Safety Science 135 (March 2021): 105113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105113.

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15

Wu, Jun, Hui Yang, and Yuan Cheng. "Domino Effect Analysis, Assessment and Prevention in Process Industries." Journal of Systems Science and Information 3, no. 6 (December 25, 2015): 481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jssi-2015-0481.

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AbstractDomino effect is a fairly common phenomenon in process industry accidents, which makes many process industry accidents serious and the consequent losses enhanced. Domino effect of the major accidents in chemical cluster is emphasized. Many researchers have studied domino effect in chemical clusters from different perspectives. In the review, we summarize the research from three aspects: The statistical analysis of domino accidents in chemical process industry, the evaluation of domino accidents and the prevention of domino accidents in chemical clusters by game theory. From the analysis, we can find the characteristic of domino accidents such as the time and the location, the origin and causes of domino accidents. The methods of assessing domino effects such as quantitative risk assessment (QRA), Bayesian networks (BN) and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) are analyzed. The prevention of domino accidents in chemical clusters using game theory is seldom, and there is still much space for improvement in enterprises’ efforts to prevent risk of domino accidents.

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16

Cimer, Zsolt, Gyula Vass, Attila Zsitnyányi, and Lajos Kátai-Urbán. "Application of Chemical Monitoring and Public Alarm Systems to Reduce Public Vulnerability to Major Accidents Involving Dangerous Substances." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081528.

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As a result of economic development and an increase in the volume of industrial production, the use of dangerous substances is increasing despite the fact that most industrial facilities are committed to the principles of environmental protection and sustainable development. Protection of human health and the environment is ensured at the local level by the local safety system. Major accidents typically have an off-site impact that also affects the general public. The most significant asymmetric event is when toxic substances are release into a populated area following a major accident. Early warning systems can significantly reduce the harmful consequences of major accidents that may occur. The operation of a reliable and effective chemical monitoring and public alarm system can be used as a basic device of defence. This ultimately means restoring the symmetry of the local safety system. It was an important scientific objective in Hungary to identify the facilities endangering the population where it is necessary to install chemical monitoring and early warning external protection systems. In this context, the main objective of this study was to present dangerous plant identification methodology and to analyse and evaluate the results of the application of this methodology.

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17

Souza Porto, Marcelo Firpo, and Carlos Machado Freitas. "Major Chemical Accidents in Industrializing Countries: The Socio-Political Amplification of Risk." Risk Analysis 16, no. 1 (February 1995): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00761.x.

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18

Souza Porto, Marcelo Firpo, and Carlos Machado Freitas. "Major Chemical Accidents in Industrializing Countries: The Socio-Political Amplification of Risk." Risk Analysis 16, no. 1 (February 1996): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb01433.x.

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19

Hosseinnia, Behnaz, Nima Khakzad, and Genserik Reniers. "Multi-plant emergency response for tackling major accidents in chemical industrial areas." Safety Science 102 (February 2018): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.11.003.

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20

Stojanovic, Bozidar, and Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic. "Chemical and radiological vulnerability assessment in urban areas." Spatium, no. 13-14 (2006): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0614021s.

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Cities and towns are faced with various types of threat from the extraordinary events involving chemical and radiological materials as exemplified by major chemical accidents, radiological incidents, fires, explosions, traffic accidents, terrorist attacks, etc. On the other hand, many sensitive or vulnerable assets exist within cities, such as: settlements, infrastructures, hospitals, schools, churches, businesses, government, and others. Besides emergency planning, the land use planning also represents an important tool for prevention or reduction of damages on people and other assets due to unwanted events. This paper considers development of method for inclusion vulnerability assessment in land use planning with objective to assess and limit the consequences in cities of likely accidents involving hazardous materials. We made preliminary assessment of criticality and vulnerability of the assets within Belgrade city area in respect to chemical sites and transportation roads that can be exposed to chemical accidents, or terrorist attacks.

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21

Kong, Yaguang, Chenfeng Xie, Song Zheng, Peng Jiang, Meng Guan, and Fang Wang. "Dynamic Early Warning Method for Major Hazard Installation Systems in Chemical Industrial Park." Complexity 2019 (May 20, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6250483.

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The production and storage of major hazard installations (MHIs) bring potential risks to chemical industrial park (CIP). In the production system of MHIs, its dangerous degree is mainly determined by key parameters, and abnormal key parameters often lead to accidents. To predict the real-time risk values of MHIs and improve accident prevention ability of CIP, we need a method that can combine dynamic prediction and assessment. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is not capable of modelling risk variations during the operation of a process. Therefore, this paper adopts the data-driven approach. Inspired by visual qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, a dynamic early warning method is proposed for MHIs. We can get the future trend of these key parameters by using strongly correlation variables to predict key parameters. Fuzzy evaluation analysis is performed on the risk levels of key parameters, and the dynamic evaluation index of these MHIs is obtained. This method can be applied to the dynamic evaluation of MHIs system in CIP. It can contribute to the safety of CIP in some aspects.

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22

Abdul Aziz, Hanida, and Azmi Mohd Shariff. "A Journey of Process Safety Management Program for Process Industry." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.8.2017.1.10.1085.

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The growth of process industries and global economies are dependent on technology advances and innovations. However, the effects of these advancements often lead to more complex processes and comparatively severe operating conditions such as high pressure, temperature and reactive chemical with exotic chemistry. With the rapidly increasing scale and complexity of the process, it is becoming harder to control accidents in process plants. In most of the past situations, it appears that accidents could not be controlled solely by engineering practices and traditional occupational safety but should be immersed with safety management programs specifically Process Safety Management (PSM) to enhance the effectiveness of technical solutions. This paper addressed PSM program as stipulated by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.119. The PSM standard was implemented following a number of disasters, including accidents in Bhopal, India (1984) and Pasadena, Texas (1989). In Malaysia, Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards (CIMAH) 1996 Regulation which has the requirements attribute to PSM standard also discussed.

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23

Bao, Shi Yi, Jian Xin Zhu, Li J. Wang, Ning Jiang, and Zeng Liang Gao. "The Quantitative Assessment of Domino Effects Based on Stochastic Petri Nets." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 537–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.537.

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The quantitative analysis of “domino” effects is one of the main aspects of hazard assessment in chemical industrial park. This paper demonstrates the application of heterogeneous stochastic Petri net modeling techniques to the quantitative assessment of the probabilities of domino effects of major accidents in chemical industrial park. First, five events are included in the domino effect models of major accidents: pool fire, explosion, boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) giving rise to a fragment, jet fire and delayed explosion of a vapour cloud. Then, the domino effect models are converted into Generalized Stochastic Petri net (GSPN) in which the probability of the domino effect is calculated automatically. The Stochastic Petri nets’ models, which are state-space based ones, increase the modeling flexibility but create the state-space explosion problems. Finally, in order to alleviate the state-space explosion problems of GSPN models, this paper employs Stochastic Wellformed Net (SWN), a particular class of High-Level (colored) SPN. To conduct a case study on a chemical industrial park, the probability of domino effects of major accidents is calculated by using the GSPN model and SWN model in this paper.

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24

Wang, Yan. "The Research of City Safety Evaluation Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 6140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.6140.

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On the basis of the major hazards of fire and explosion accident model, through the investigation and analysis of several chemical accident, based on existing models of Domino effect, advances in a wide variety of new model of transfer factor synthesis influence level after the accident, on the basis of the fault tree are used to determine the initial event, with software by probability combination method to calculate the impact of the secondary accidents in the area of the largest combination probability of storage tank, and, in turn, calculated based on the combination of the tank farm Domino effect probability. By various initial tank area after the accident the Domino effect probability calculation is not only beneficial to the reasonable layout of the storage tank can also be used for accident emergency decision-making and accident rescue aspects to provide data support [1].

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25

Păsculescu, Vlad Mihai, Emilian Ghicioi, Dragoş Păsculescu, and Mircea Suciu. "Modelling the occupational exposure of workers to certain hazardous chemicals." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500047.

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Hazardous substances are considered to be liquids, gases or solids which are of risk for the health and safety of workers and they may be found in almost all workplaces, including in SME’s. Hazardous substances include chemical agents, but also biological ones, such as bacteria, viruses, mould etc. Most chemicals used in the industry present risk for the workers, depending on their physico-chemical properties. Directive 2012/18/EU is the legal act which regulates the chemical substances field within the Member States, regulation dealing with the control of hazards involving dangerous substances which may lead to major accidents. In Romania, Law 59 dated April 2016 on controlling the hazard of major accidents caused by hazardous substances evaluates “hazardous chemicals”, describing the risk for people and regulating concentrations of such substances. By using the commercially available Phast consequence modelling package, within this study were modelled leaks of several chemical substances used in the industry, in order to estimate their hazardous influence extent. The current article is a significant work on modelling of discharge and atmospheric dispersion of hazardous substances using state-of-the-art consequence modelling software. Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) are used as reference exposure levels within the present study. Output data of computational modelling are significantly influenced by input parameters. In this regard, the effects of the latter for ensuring robustness of the simulation and for identifying improvements have proven to be necessary.

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26

Idrees, Muhammad, and S. Aslam. "Prevent major failures and accidents with well-trained and empowered operators." Process Safety Progress 29, no. 2 (December 3, 2009): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10348.

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27

Wenduo, Huang, Shao Xuechun, Wang Jiajie, Xiao Yang, and Sun Dongliang. "Investigation on the Screening Model of Chemical Hazards Based on the Risk of Domino Effect and Terrorist Attack." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019803006.

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The heavy losses are often caused in modern chemical plants at the time of the accident. In order to prevent accidents, the screening and identification of hazards is needed. In this paper, the screening model of hazards in chemical plants was studied under the domino effect and the risk of terrorist attack. According to the threshold and strength of the domino effect of the unit under the main accident scenarios, the index of domino effect was developed. The risk index of terrorist attacks was determined in line with the distance between the unit and the boundary under the assumption of terrorist attacks. The hazards screening model Z was designed based on two aspects of the study. The model was applied in screening the hazards. The results showed that closer units near the border were more dangerous under the risk of terrorist attack, and the devices surrounded by units with greater influence of accidents were more dangerous under the risk of domino effect. The indices of the tanks were ordered: Z105>Z101>Z103>Z106>Z104>Z102>Z201>Z202>Z203>Z204>Z205>Z206>Z303>Z304>Z301>Z302>Z306>Z305. The domino effect and the risk of terrorist attacks were combined into the present model for perfection and correction of the existing hazards screening model, as the new basis for major hazards identification.

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28

Hou, Jie, Wen-mei Gai, Wu-yi Cheng, and Yun-feng Deng. "Statistical analysis of evacuation warning diffusion in major chemical accidents based on real evacuation cases." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 138 (June 2020): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.02.028.

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29

Abramov, V. V., M. G. Brilev, and O. V. Abramov. "Is it Possible to Avoid Major Accidents in the Coal Mines?" Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 7 (July 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2018-7-48-53.

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30

Reniers, G. L. L., A. Audenaert, N. Pauwels, B. J. M. Ale, and K. Soudan. "A multiple shutdown method for managing evacuation in case of major fire accidents in chemical clusters." Journal of Hazardous Materials 152, no. 2 (April 2008): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.040.

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31

Shemer, Joshua, Ori Heller, and Jakov Adler. "Lessons from the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps' Experience in the Organization of International Medical Disaster Relief Forces." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 7, no. 3 (September 1992): 282–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00039649.

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Natural and man-made disasters continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural disasters include earthquakes, storms such as hurricanes, floods, fires, drought. Man-made disasters include fires, explosions, chemical and radioactive releases, major transportation accidents, terrorism, and war. The effects of disaster include injury, death, damage to infrastructure, environmental exposure, population movement, and increased incidence of communicable diseases.

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32

Yu, Lean, Ling Li, Ling Tang, Wei Dai, and Chihab Hanachi. "A multi-agent-based online opinion dissemination model for China’s crisis information release policy during hazardous chemical leakage emergencies into rivers." Online Information Review 41, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 537–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-04-2015-0126.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a multi-agent-based simulation model for the online opinion dissemination during hazardous chemical leakage emergencies into rivers in China, to explore an appropriate crisis information release policy of China’s government for controlling public panic. Design/methodology/approach In the proposed model, two fundamental attributes of crisis information, i.e., truthfulness (for true or false news) and attitude (for positive, neutral or negative opinion), are considered. Four major agents in the online community system, i.e., citizens, the government, media and opinion leaders, are included. Using four typical accidents of hazardous chemical leakage into rivers in China as case studies, insightful policy implications can be obtained for crisis management and panic control. Findings The news about the terrible potential damages from such a type of accidents will instantly arise wide-ranging public panic; therefore, the corresponding crisis information release policy should be carefully designed. It is strongly advised against publishing false news to temporarily conceal the accidents, which will seriously hurt the government’s reputation and agitate much larger-scale public panic in terms of degree and duration. To mitigate public panic, the true news especially about treatment measurements should be published immediately. If the government does nothing and releases no crisis information, the public panic will go out of control. Research limitations/implications This paper only focuses on the crisis information release policies from the perspectives of the government. Furthermore, this study especially focuses on the cases in China, and extending the proposed model study for general contexts is an important direction to improve this study. Finally, the proposed model should be extended to other types of emergencies to further justify its generalization and universality, especially various natural catastrophes like storms, floods, tsunamis, etc. Originality/value This paper develops a multi-agent-based model for online public opinion dissemination in emergency to explore an appropriate crisis information release policy for controlling public panic stemming from hazardous chemicals leakage accidents into rivers. The proposed model makes major contributions to the literature from two perspectives. First, the crisis information about emergency accidents are divided into true and false news based on the truthfulness attribute, and into neutral, positive and negative emotions based on the attitude attribute. Second, the proposed model covers the main agents in the online virtual community.

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33

Ortega Montoya, Claudia Yazmin, Andrés Osvaldo López-Pérez, Marisol Ugalde Monzalvo, and Ma Loecelia Guadalupe Ruvalcaba Sánchez. "Multidimensional Urban Exposure Analysis of Industrial Chemical Risk Scenarios in Mexican Metropolitan Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115674.

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Risk scenarios are caused by the convergence of a hazard with a potentially affected system in a specific place and time. One urban planning goal is to prevent environmental hazards, such as those generated by chemical accidents, from reaching human settlements, as they can cause public health issues. However, in many developing countries, due to their strategic positioning in global value chains, the quick and easy access to labor pools, and competitive production costs, urban sprawls have engulfed industrial areas, exposing residential conurbations to environmental hazards. This case study analyzes the spatial configuration of accidental chemical risk scenarios in three major Mexican metropolitan areas: Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey. Spatial analyses use an areal locations of hazardous atmosphere (ALOHA) dispersion model to represent the spatial effects of high-risk industrial activities in conurbations and the potentially affected populations vulnerable to chemical hazards. Complementary geostatistical correlation analyses use population data, marginalization indexes, and industrial clustering sectors to identify trends that can lead to comprehensive environmental justice approaches. In addition, the marginalization degree of inhabitants evaluates social inequalities concerning chemical risk scenarios.

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34

Shin, In Jae. "Major Industrial Accidents in Korea: The Characteristics and Implication of Statistics 1996-2011." Process Safety Progress 32, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.11551.

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35

Okoh, Peter, and Stein Haugen. "Maintenance-related major accidents: Classification of causes and case study." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26, no. 6 (November 2013): 1060–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.04.002.

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36

Soffer, Yechiel, Dagan Schwartz, Avishay Goldberg, Maxim Henenfeld, and Yaron Bar-Dayan. "Population Evacuations in Industrial Accidents: A Review of the Literature about Four Major Events." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23, no. 3 (June 2008): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065006.

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AbstractThis article reviews the literature describing four chemical and nuclear accidents and the lessons learned from each regarding the evacuation of civilian populations. Evacuation may save lives however, if poorly orchestrated, it may cause serious problems. For example, an inaccurate assessment of danger may lead to the evacuation of the same population twice, as the area requiring evacuation becomes larger than originally expected. Evacuation programs should focus on the vulnerable components of the populations, such as the elderly, children, and the disabled, and also should include plans for the care of pets and other animals. Training programs for civilians living near industrial centers and other high-risk areas should be considered. Finally, pre-event planning and preparation can improve the evacuation process and prevent panic behavior, and thus result in fewer casualties.

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37

Wang, Hongyan, Wen Chang, and Yujun Tian. "Study on the Adsorption Performance of Various Adsorbents on Hazardous and Noxious Substances." E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129903002.

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Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) leakage from ship accidents has been one of the major sources of ship pollutions. Due to the varieties of HNS, the complexity of physical and chemical properties, the harmfulness of potential accidents, and the difficulty of accident prevention, HNS leakage could cause huge social and environmental impacts. HNS emergency response methods and technologies are currently in the early and exploring stage. As a big HNS import and export country with the increasing transportation volume, the risk of HNS pollution accidents in the ports has been significantly increasing over the recent years. However, few studies have been conducted regarding the HNS response technology, especially to the adsorption performance of various adsorbents against HNS. Therefore, this study aims to calculate the degree of adsorption of different adsorbents by selecting the representative HNS, which are commonly transported in the volume, for example, benzene, styrene, and vegetable oil. For inert substances with low saturated vapor pressure (vegetable oil and styrene), the degree and rate of adsorption of the investigated materials were found to be inversely proportional to the mass per unit area (area density). Moreover, these investigated adsorbents were shown to exhibit a good adsorption retention rate against inert substances. This study can provide the technical standard to select the most suitable adsorbents for the relevant HNS leakage.

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Rajeev, Karthik, Sabitha Soman, V. R. Renjith, and Priscilla George. "Human vulnerability mapping of chemical accidents in major industrial units in Kerala, India for better disaster mitigation." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 39 (October 2019): 101247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101247.

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Junior, Moizés Martins, Marcello Silva e. Santos, Mario Cesar R. Vidal, and Paulo Victor R. de Carvalho. "Overcoming the blame game to learn from major accidents: A systemic analysis of an Anhydrous Ammonia leakage accident." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.06.026.

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Schmitz, Peter, Genserik Reniers, and Paul Swuste. "Predicting major hazard accidents by monitoring their barrier systems: A validation in retrospective." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 153 (September 2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.07.006.

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Ronza, Andrea, Lara Lázaro-Touza, Sergi Carol, and Joaquim Casal. "Economic valuation of damages originated by major accidents in port areas." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 22, no. 5 (September 2009): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2009.03.001.

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Gnoni, Maria Grazia, and Paolo A. Bragatto. "Integrating major accidents hazard into occupational risk assessment: An index approach." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26, no. 4 (July 2013): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.02.005.

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Grossel, Stanley S. "Avoiding and managing environmental damage from major industrial accidents. Air Pollution Control Association, 498 pp., 1985." AIChE Journal 33, no. 6 (June 1987): 1052–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690330623.

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Shin, In Jae. "The effective control of major industrial accidents by the Major Industrial Accident Prevention Centers (MAPC) through the Process Safety Management (PSM) grading system in Korea." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26, no. 4 (July 2013): 803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.02.011.

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Aziz, Hanida Abdul, Azmi Mohd Shariff, and Risza Rusli. "Operational Training Management System (OPTRAMS) for Safe Operation in Process Plant." Advanced Materials Research 917 (June 2014): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.917.325.

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Many publications have reported about 37% of major accidents in petroleum, chemical, nuclear, aviation, and in the other process industries that occurred worldwide were due to human error. One of the keys contributing factors that could prevent these accidents is to provide appropriate training to the plant personnel. However, accidents still can happen if training is poorly managed and improperly trained personnel handling the operation of the plant. One of the established industrial standards to manage the training is Training element of Process Safety Management (PSM) 29 CFR 1910.119(g). This paper presents a system to manage training for safe operation following 29 CFR 1910.119(g) namely Operational Training Management System (OPTRAMS). It provides strategies to manage information and documentation related to training. OPTRAMS was implemented at the CO2-Hydrocarbon Absorption System (CHAS) pilot plant at Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS as a case study. The study showed that all operational training can be managed efficiently with OPTRAMS and also assists end users to identify the gaps that hinder training of PSM compliance. The implementation of this technique could help end users to prevent and minimize catastrophic accidents and comply with training of PSM standard.

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Yu, Baohua, Chuanliang Yan, and Zhen Nie. "Chemical Effect on Wellbore Instability of Nahr Umr Shale." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/931034.

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Wellbore instability is one of the major problems that hamper the drilling speed in Halfaya Oilfield. Comprehensive analysis of geological and engineering data indicates that Halfaya Oilfield features fractured shale in the Nahr Umr Formation. Complex accidents such as wellbore collapse and sticking emerged frequently in this formation. Tests and theoretical analysis revealed that wellbore instability in the Halfaya Oilfield was influenced by chemical effect of fractured shale and the formation water with high ionic concentration. The influence of three types of drilling fluids on the rock mechanical properties of Nahr Umr Shale is tested, and time-dependent collapse pressure is calculated. Finally, we put forward engineering countermeasures for safety drilling in Halfaya Oilfield and point out that increasing the ionic concentration and improving the sealing capacity of the drilling fluid are the way to keep the wellbore stable.

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Hyung Kim, Chang, Seong Jeong, Kyoung Hak Lee, and Chae Bong Sohn. "DTV broadcasting failover switching system using PCR information." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.12 (April 3, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11101.

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Background/Objectives: Major Terrestrial broadcasters, MSO (Multi-System Operator), IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) Operators have been putting effort to prevent the transmission stops such as transmission interruption.Methods/Statistical analysis: The main and spare signals of the digital broadcasting are monitored. If a problem occurs in the main signal, it automatically switched to a preliminary signal, preventing a broadcast accident before a failover switch is performed.In this paper, we propose a method that can automatically switch signal to minimize the resulting impacts on a broadcasting accident caused by a disconnection from the input or an accident from the network. Digital broadcasts transmission abides by MPEG-2 (Moving Picture Expert Group) TS (Transport Stream) standardization.Findings: This paper proposes a method to maintain the quality of broadcast such as transmission interruption within ETSI TR 101 290 (European Telecommunications Standards Institute Technical Report) standardization. Furthermore, with this proposed method, it would be possible to minimize the error from an automatically transferred stream that sent from the emergency link within ETSI TR 101 290 standardization.Improvements/Applications: A method for preventing broadcast transmission accidents

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Wang, Bing, Chao Wu, Lang Huang, Laobing Zhang, Liangguo Kang, and Kaixin Gao. "Prevention and control of major accidents (MAs) and particularly serious accidents (PSAs) in the industrial domain in China: Current status, recent efforts and future prospects." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 117 (July 2018): 254–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.04.025.

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AHMED, NOMAN NAZIR. "CHEMICAL INJURIES TO EYES." Professional Medical Journal 13, no. 04 (December 16, 2006): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2006.13.04.4925.

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Objective: To find out the chemical agents responsible for eye injuries,assess magnitude of the problem and resultant visual outcomes in our dependent population. Design: Observationalstudy. Place and Duration of Study: Eye department, CMH, Hyderabad from Jan 2004 to Dec 2005. Patients andMethods: Thirty five patients of all ages who presented with history of chemical injury to eyes during a period of twoyears were included in this study. Patients with co-morbidity of eyes were not included. Cases were studied to find outcausative chemical agents and their nature, sex distribution, cause and place of the incident, duration of exposure (timeelapsed between chemical injury and copious irrigation at the time of presentation) and effect on visual function.Results: Chemical injuries sustained by 47 eyes of 35 patients were analyzed. All of them were accidental and mostlymales were affected at their workplace. Nearly one third of the times 12(34.29%) both eyes were affected and23(65.71%) cases were unilaterally affected. 30(85.72%) patients presented within first two hours of the injury.3(8.57%) presented within 12 hours and 2(5.72%) presented within 24 hours. Severity of injury was grade I in mosteyes i.e. 37(78.73%) and grade II in 10(21.27%). None was found to have grade III or IV injury. Immediate irrigationwas reported in 29(82.86%) cases. The visual prognosis for eyes that received immediate irrigation was significantlyimproved. 27(77.14%) cases were caused by alkalis and 8(22.86%) were due to acids. 26(74.28%) of the cases weredue to lime. A visual acuity of 6/6 was achieved in 40(85.10%) eyes at follow up after 01 week. 7(14.89%) eyesdeveloped corneal haze of varying degree resulting in BCVA of 6/9 to 6/18. Eye protection was not used in any of the35(100%) cases. 1(2.13%) eye developed cataract during follow up period and needed to be operated upon for visualrehabilitation. Conclusion: All ocular chemical injuries resulted from accidents; at work or at home and none resultedfrom assault. Most of the injured persons needed to be hospitalized on an average for 03 days. Lime was found to bethe major culprit and was found to be used extensively for painting purposes. Visual outcome correlated with severityof injury at initial presentation.

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Schmitz, Peter, Genserik Reniers, Paul Swuste, and Karolien van Nunen. "Predicting major hazard accidents in the process industry based on organizational factors: A practical, qualitative approach." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 148 (April 2021): 1268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.02.040.

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