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Books on the topic 'Major Nutrition'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Downing, D. Effective nutritional medicine: The application of nutrition to major health problems. Totton: British Society for Allergy and Environmental Medicine with the British Society for Nutritional Medicine, 1995.

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2

Wood, J., ed. Nutrition and Climate Change: Major issues confronting the meat industry. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7313/upo9781908062413.

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3

Marshall, Janette. The ultimate ace diet: The antioxidant vitamins that help you live longer, look younger and protect yourself against major disease. London: Vermilion, 1994.

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4

Dasgupta, Aparajita. Can the major public works policy buffer negative shocks in early childhood?: Evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India. Oxford, UK: Young Lives, 2013.

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5

Okolelova, Tamara, Syergyey YEngashyev, and Ivan Yegorov. Poultry farming: current questions and answers. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02023-4.

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In the book in the form of questions and answers considerable attention is paid to data on the needs of all types of poultry in nutritional, mineral and biologically active substances, taking into account age of poultry. The characteristic of the main feed products is given, and the rational norms for including them in mixed feed for poultry are indicated. The role of vitamins, macro- and microelements, enzyme preparations, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, organic acids, antioxidants, emulsifiers and other sources of biologically active substances in poultry nutrition is shown. Both nutritional factors that reduce the immune system and the causes of major feed diseases, which are related to the quality of feed, with violations in the rationing of nutrients and minerals, are indicated, and also biologically active substances, technologies for feeding and keeping poultry, methods of their prevention are given. It is addressed to specialists and managers of poultry farms, feed industry enterprises, researchers, postgraduates and students.

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6

Estudio de los 1000: Salud y nutrición del adulto mayor chihuahuense. Ciudad Juárez, Chih., México: Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, 2011.

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7

El adulto mayor: Manual de cuidados y autocuidado. México, D. F: Trillas, 2007.

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8

(Editor), C. Gopalan, and Kamala Krishnaswamy (Editor), eds. Nutrition in Major Metabolic Diseases. OUP India, 2000.

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9

C, Gopalan, and Krishnaswamy Kamala, eds. Nutrition in major metabolic diseases. Delhi, [India]: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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10

Organization, World Health, ed. The Management of nutrition in major emergencies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.

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11

(Firm), Royal Canin, ed. Preventative nutrition for major health risks in cats. St. Charles, MO: Royal Canin USA, Inc., 2005.

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12

Hynd, Philip. Animal Nutrition. CSIRO Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486309504.

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Nutrition is the key driver of animal health, welfare and production. In agriculture, nutrition is crucial to meet increasing global demands for animal protein and consumer demands for cheaper meat, milk and eggs and higher standards of animal welfare. For companion animals, good nutrition is essential for quality and length of life. Animal Nutrition examines the science behind the nutrition and feeding of the major domesticated animal species: sheep, beef cattle, dairy cattle, deer, goats, pigs, poultry, camelids, horses, dogs and cats. It includes introductory chapters on digestion and feeding standards, followed by chapters on each animal, containing information on digestive anatomy and physiology, evidence-based nutrition and feeding requirements, and common nutritional and metabolic diseases. Clear diagrams, tables and breakout boxes make this text readily understandable and it will be of value to tertiary students and to practising veterinarians, livestock consultants, producers and nutritionists.

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13

Williams, Dorothy. Guide to Nutrition Labelling and Nutrition Claims in the European Union and Major Markets Worldwide. Leatherhead Food Research Association, 2001.

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14

Nutrition And Climate Change Major Issues Confronting The Meat Industry. Nottingham University Press, 2011.

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15

Collins, James F. Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2016.

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16

Jha, Raghbendra. Hunger and Malnutrition as Major Challenges of the 21st Century. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2019.

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17

J, David T., and Milupa (Firm), eds. Major controversies in infant nutrition: Proceedings of a conference sponsored by Milupa Limited, held at the Royal Society of Medicine, London, 12 October 1995. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1996.

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18

Blaser, Annika Reintam, and Adam M. Deane. Normal physiology of nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0201.

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Energy is derived from three major categories of macronutrient—carbohydrate, lipid, and protein. While energy requirements to maintain stable weight can be estimated, it is uncertain if meeting these energy requirements improves outcomes in the critically ill. In health, excess energy is stored via non-oxidative metabolism and during periods of inadequate energy delivery catabolism of storage products occurs. Both storing and using the stores cost energy, each may require up to quarter of energy contained in stored nutrient. Excess carbohydrate stored as glycogen is easily available, albeit in a limited amount. Storage of lipid is the largest energy repository, but requires complex metabolism and is limited by low oxidative capacity. Protein catabolism normally contributes less than 5% of energy requirements, but during periods of inadequate energy delivery or increased catabolism there is a marked increase in endogenous protein breakdown.

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19

Gold, Ann Grodzins. Food Values Beyond Nutrition. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.007.

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Cultural anthropologists have devoted considerable attention to multiple non-nutritional meanings and uses of food in diverse cultural worlds. This essay begins with a wide-ranging overview of some ways anthropology has portrayed food’s links to every aspect of human existence. Because this discipline’s prime method, fieldwork, is rooted in proximity and intimacy, sharing food with subjects of study has always been part of ethnographic experience. One major fascination lies in how biological food needs that are shared with all animals become culturally embellished with infinite variations that are evident in diverse aspects of life from cuisine to religious symbolism. The essay shifts focus to one ethnographic location in rural North India to examine three pervasive themes surrounding food in South Asian culture: solidarity, separation, and decline as a pervasive critique of modern tastelessness. Offering initially grounded examples of each theme, the essay moves to broader circles of related meanings in varied practices and narratives. Thus employing a classical interpretive mode in cultural anthropology, this chapter thinks through food values by tacking between far-reaching generalizations and highly localized specificities. In the context of a volume largely and properly focused on food materialities, conflicts, and policies, the chapter aims to evoke less concrete, less quantifiable aspects of comestibles in human cultures that may be nonetheless relevant to understanding interrelated workings of food, politics, and society. In many cultural worlds, moralities of sharing confront circumstances of inequity through acknowledging hunger as bodily knowledge common to all.

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20

Willett, Walter C. The Role of Nutrition in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0010.

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Until recently, and still today in low-income countries, undernutrition during pregnancy and early childhood was a major cause of mortality. However, in recent decades, noncommunicable diseases account for the majority of premature deaths both in the United States and globally. Although dietary factors have been identified as the most important causes of this, physicians and other healthcare providers are taught little about nutrition in medical school or fellowship training. In conventional medical practice almost no attention is given to knowing what a patient is eating or providing dietary guidance that has the potential to improve dramatically their long-term health. This chapter describes what we know about the elements of a healthy diet and how these elements can be combined into an overall dietary pattern for the prevention of major illness and promotion of well-being. A brief section considers ways that this knowledge can be integrated into preventive healthcare.

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21

Bender, David A. 4. Over-nutrition: problems of overweight and obesity. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0004.

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‘Over-nutrition: problems of overweight and obesity’ shows that Western society’s attitude to obesity has changed, and obesity is now considered to be undesirable. A desirable body weight and body mass index (BMI) in the range of 20 to 25 kg/m2 is associated with optimal life expectancy. The health risks of obesity are wide-ranging—including a major cause of early death from cancer, coronary heart disease, and type II diabetes—and it is placing a considerable financial strain on health services. Obesity is the result of increased availability and consumption of food, coupled with decreased physical activity. The various ways in which overweight people can be helped to lose weight are considered.

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22

Freshwater small pelagic fish and their fisheries in the major African lakes and reservoirs in relation to food security and nutrition. FAO, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4060/ca0843en.

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23

Rajendram, Rajkumar. Management of acute pancreatitis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0191.

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The major causes of morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis are organ dysfunction and infection of necrotic tissue. Management should aim to prevent, or to diagnose and treat, the complications of pancreatic inflammation, and any predisposing factors to avoid recurrence. Medical management is essentially supportive with oxygen, intravenous fluids, analgesia, enteral or parenteral nutrition, and correction of metabolic abnormalities. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis are unlikely to resume prompt oral intake so nutritional support is also required. Post-pyloric feeding is not required if nasogastric feeding is tolerated. However, enteral nutrition, whether oral, gastric, or post-pyloric, can cause pain, recurrence of pancreatitis or an increase in fluid collections, so parenteral nutrition may be necessary. The necrotic pancreas becomes infected in a third of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Treatment of infection includes systemic antimicrobials, enteral nutrition, percutaneous aspiration, and necrosectomy. However, compared with open necrosectomy, a minimally invasive step-up approach consisting of percutaneous drainage followed, if necessary, by open necrosectomy, reduces morbidity and mortality. The aetiology of the pancreatitis must also be treated to prevent recurrence and the complications of pancreatic failure. Gallstones are the most common cause of pancreatitis that requires specific treatment. Endoscopic or surgical removal of stones may reduce the severity of pancreatitis. Patients should also have cholecystectomy after recovery from gallstone pancreatitis. Effective management of acute pancreatitis requires multidisciplinary engagement. The mainstay of management involves supportive prevention and treatment of complications, infection, and organ failure to avoid or delay surgery.

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24

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Food, Nutrients, and Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 begins by covering key concepts in nutrition, including the function of nutrients and foods in overall health and the leading causes of death in the US. It then discusses the major nutrition recommendation formats designed to ideally simplify healthy food choices, such as the Nutrition Facts Label, MyPlate, and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The chapter closes with a presentation and discussion of some of the most common nutrition indices used in practice and research for measuring overall nutrient and diet quality.

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25

Knowles, Molly, Joanna Simmons, and Mariana Chilton. Food Insecurity and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0007.

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Food insecurity—lack of access to enough food for an active and healthy life—is a major public health issue, affecting the health and well-being of one in seven people in the United States. Food insecurity is related to economic, social, and political conditions, and is beyond the control of a single household. Structural inequalities and discrimination against people of color, LGBTQ people, immigrants, people with disabilities, and women drives disparities in food insecurity. Major policy interventions include raising wages, improving the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, various programs of the Child Nutrition Reauthorization, and the Elder Nutrition Program, but these programs are not sufficient to address food insecurity fully. A human rights approach, which recognizes the right to food and promotes increasing civic participation among people from all sectors, offers new possibilities in addressing food insecurity in the United States.

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26

Association, Ontario Public Health, ed. The effectiveness of school-based strategies for the primary prevention of obesity and for promoting physical activity and/or nutrition, the major modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A review of reviews. [Toronto]: Ontario Public Health Association, 2002.

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27

Lowitt, Kristen, Katherine Gray-Donald, Gordon M. Hickey, Arlette Saint Ville, Isabella Francis-Granderson, Chandra A. Madramootoo, and Leroy E. Phillip. The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0010.

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Overweight and obesity affect over half a billion people globally and represent major public health concerns because excess weight gain is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This chapter presents an overview of global trends in obesity, considering both developed and developing country contexts. It describes how this pandemic is rooted in the “nutrition transition” taking place around the world as a result of a globalized agri-food system that is changing the quantity, types, and desirability of foods available for consumption. In some countries, this is contributing to a “double burden of malnutrition,” as the problem of undernutrition now coexists alongside an increasing prevalence of over-nutrition. An overview of key policy responses and policy instruments that governments can utilize to address obesity is provided, recognizing that a holistic food systems response is needed to address the global challenge of obesity. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the food security and obesity challenges facing the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and profiles a “farm to fork” school feeding project in the island nation of St. Kitts-Nevis that was designed to reduce obesity and improve food security among children. Implementation and key results of this integrated project are presented, including the core components of agricultural production, procurement of local produce, and children’s consumption of nutritious foods. The chapter concludes by identifying lessons for supporting “farm to school”-type projects as a possible food systems response to addressing obesity and food insecurity.

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28

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Insights from Behavioral Economics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 gives an overview of behavioral economics, the set of environmental and psychological factors that influence food and nutrition choices, beyond the neoclassical economics resource constraint focus. The non-resource based factors can range from an enticing smell, relaxing music, and different plate sizes to a change in how nutrient information is presented, to name a few. In economics, these factors are studied in the subfield of behavioral economics. The chapter defines behavioral economic effects and outline the eight, key major behavioral economics effects that would seem especially relevant for food and nutrition choices. Throughout, it presents some of the main empirical findings on these behavioral economics effects.

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29

Bright-Thomas, Rowland J., and Andrew M. Jones. Cystic fibrosis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0132.

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Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder in Caucasians. There is no known survival advantage of the heterozygote carrier state. Chronic progressive pulmonary infection and bronchiectasis are the major causes of morbidity and mortality. The disease affects all ductal systems where the basic defect is manifest, including the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, sinuses, hepatobiliary system, and male reproductive system, and has significant effects on nutrition and growth.

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30

Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2014-0-02224-1.

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31

Haq, Khadija, ed. Human Development Paradigm for South Asia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0028.

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In the chapter, Haq gives a snapshot of the human progress of South Asia, comparing it with other regions. He was worried about the region beginning to lag behind all other regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa. He highlights the role of the two largest economies in the region, India and Pakistan, in financing the major investment in education, health and nutrition for the people. Haq advocates some fiscal and monetary reforms are suggested to invest in human development.

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32

Rees, Lesley. Growth and development. Edited by Norbert Lameire and Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0291.

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Enabling achievement of full height potential in a child with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major and most challenging goals for the paediatric nephrologist. Short stature is associated with psychological maladjustment and with increased morbidity and mortality. The causes of poor growth are multifactorial and include poor nutrition, and metabolic, haematological, and endocrine disturbances. The most vulnerable times are the periods of most rapid growth, that is, infancy and puberty. Growth during infancy is principally dependent on nutrition so many infants need supplemental enteral feeding. Growth delay correlates with severity of CKD, with those on dialysis faring the worst such that by CKD stage 5, approximately 25% of patients are below the normal range for height. Height achieved post transplant is dependent on graft function and is better in younger children and those who have the best height attainment pre transplant. The use of steroid-free immunosuppressive regimens is encouraging. The prognosis for final height is improving.

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33

Mehta, Ronak, Mariatu Koroma-Nelson, Elizabeth R. Mackenzie, and Birgit Rakel. Preventive Geriatrics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0004.

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The key to longevity among older adults is the incorporation of preventative practices into their daily lives. These includes being up-to-date with recommended preventative screening tests, vaccinations, a balanced nutrition and supplements, physical activities, and limiting exposure or building resiliency to environmental toxins and stress. Another very common major preventable problem in geriatrics is polypharmacy. This chapter in addition to covering in detail common life style based preventative methods covers recommended resources on identifying high-risk medications and drug-drug/drug-herbs/supplements interactions.

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34

Whole grain and human health: International Symposium : abstracts : Haikko Manor, [Porvoo] Finland, June 13-15, 2001. Espoo, Finland: VTT, 2001.

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35

Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Preoperative assessment and preparation of elderly patients undergoing major surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0004.

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The benefits to the elderly of current surgical advances are as good as or better than to younger patients. Preassessment serves to individualize operative decisions to optimize the patient’s condition and improve the outcome. These processes require experienced surgical and anaesthetic input. General patient factors are detailed, including communication skills, behavioural adaptation, functional reserve, cognitive function, and frailty. Systematic comorbidities, such as cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, renal and nutritional status are discussed. The risk/benefit of the proposed procedure, which is often assessed using risk-stratification systems, is reviewed. Time to full recovery and the duration of convalescence are identified as lacking appropriate data at present. Finally, the emerging data on active, multidisciplinary ‘prehabilitation’ before surgery to improve and optimize the general fitness, chronic disease states, and medication of elderly patients in the weeks before elective surgery are examined.

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36

Ellinson, Michelle, and Tommy Rampling. Normal nutritional function. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0331.

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Normal nutritional function requires a healthy diet. Healthy eating incorporates a variety of nutrients that are essential for energy expenditure, prevention of disease, and maintenance of normal physiological function. An unhealthy diet can result in malnutrition, and this contributes to illness and death throughout the world. The core principle of healthy eating is obtaining an adequate balance, and the diseases resulting from overnourishment differ greatly from those resulting from undernourishment. In the third world, diets tend to rely heavily on staple crops, and can be very seasonal. Energy sources are predominantly cereals, whereas meat and fish are limited. Malnutrition tends to occur from a lack of essential nutrients, leading to conditions such as vitamin deficiencies, kwashiorkor, and iodine deficiency syndromes. In first-world countries, people have more freedom to choose what they eat. Thus, diets tend to be high in fat and dense in energy. Obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, and hypertension are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. A healthy diet should contain adequate proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and trace elements. The intake of these constituents is sporadic, with meals constituting major boluses of potential energy. Energy expenditure, conversely, is continuous. The human body has, therefore, developed complex mechanisms directing nutrients into storage when in excess, and mobilizing these stores as they are needed, and it is essential that sufficient energy is always available to maintain the basal metabolic rate, which is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment. This energy is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, such as the heart, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, and the CNS.

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37

Shepherd, Angela J., and Juliet M. Mckee. Osteoporosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0015.

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Osteoporotic fractures are major causes of suffering and death. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the standard of care for diagnosis (T-score ≤ –2.5) of osteoporosis. Prevention of fractures requires addressing bone and muscle strength and balance. Physical exercise, good nutrition (fruits, vegetables, adequate calcium), adequate vitamin intake (C, D, and K), tobacco cessation, and no more than moderate alcohol intake enhance bone health and decrease fracture risk. Long-term treatment with glucocorticoids, certain drugs used in breast or prostate cancer treatment, and proton pump inhibitors used for gastroesophageal reflux disease may increase the risk for osteoporosis. Pharmacologically, bisphosphonates are the mainstay of osteoporosis treatment.

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38

Davey, Patrick, and David Sprigings, eds. Diagnosis and Treatment in Internal Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.001.0001.

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Diagnosis and Treatment in Internal Medicine is a new textbook, written by experts in their field, that provides succinct and authoritative guidance across the breadth of internal medicine. Diagnosis is the bedrock of management, and so how to reach a differential diagnosis of symptoms or presenting problems is a major element of the book. There is also comprehensive coverage of disorders of the body systems, including psychological aspects and palliative care. Chapters are structured so that key information can rapidly be found. Doctors need a broad perspective on health and its promotion, and there are sections addressing nutrition, lifestyle and prevention of disease. Diagnosis and Treatment in Internal Medicine is the ideal reference for doctors early in their careers in hospital medicine or primary care, and senior medical students. Sections of the book: • The approach to the patient • Assessment of symptoms and presenting problems • Cardiovascular disorders • Respiratory disorders • Intensive care medicine • Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract • Diabetes mellitus and endocrine disorders • Gastro-intestinal disorders • Disorders of the liver • Neurological disorders • Disorders of the skin • Disorders of the musculoskeletal system • Haematological disorders • Disorders of the immune system • Infectious diseases • Nutrition and its disorders • Lifestyle and environmental causes of disease • Prevention of disease • Screening for disease

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39

Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. Nutritional support in the critically ill. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0334.

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Major injury evokes a constellation of reproducible hormonal, metabolic, and haemodynamic responses which are collectively termed ‘the adaptive stress response’. The purpose of the adaptive stress response is to facilitate tissue repair and restore normal homeostasis. If critical illness is prolonged, the adaptive stress response may become maladaptive, in essence exerting a parasitic effect leaching away structural proteins and impairing host immunity. Primarily therapy should be directed towards the underlying illness, as nutritional support per se will not reverse the stress response and its sequelae. Nonetheless, adequate nutritional support in the early stages of critical illness may attenuate protein catabolism and its adverse effects. This chapter covers nutritional assessment; detection of malnutrition; energy and protein requirements; monitoring the effectiveness of nutritional replacements; nutritional delivery; complications; and refeeding syndrome.

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40

Gabriel, Angela, and Tiffany C. Hoyt. Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0005.

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This chapter introduces Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and discusses how it can serve the geriatric population. Aging is viewed in TCM as a natural progression of the life cycle, with a major focus on achieving longevity, with good physical condition and cognitive health, optimizing one’s genetic potential, and maintaining quality of life. The importance of harmonizing one’s life with the natural elements and in relation to the social environment is an essential part of health care in TCM. This is attained through attention to work–rest balance, “climactic factors,” proper nutrition, and mental and physical exercise, using such therapeutic modalities as diet modification, herbal medicine, acupuncture and acupuncture-related therapies, and therapeutic massage. TCM has treatment plans for both the acute and chronic health conditions of aging, which can successfully complement and enhance Western medical treatments.

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41

Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. The main reef builders and space occupiers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0002.

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Corals are the main reef builders on tropical reefs. They make their own substrate, much of which remains as consolidated rock, the remainder becoming broken down to form extensive sediment beds. Soft corals, sea fans and sponges are other major occupiers of substrate but deposit only minimal quantities of rock. All are important ecological components of coral reefs, although the greatest biodiversity of macrofauna are found amongst the fish, cryptic invertebrates and microorganisms. Amongst the algae, the microalgae symbiotic with corals are of key importance in the nutrition of the reef, but macroalgae are generally scarce on healthy reefs, partly due to grazing. Some algae generate large quantities of limestone and assist in reef construction. Growth and reduction by bioerosion are generally closely balanced in a healthy reef, and reef growth depends, of course, on growth exceeding erosion by a small margin.

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42

Kreitzer, Mary Jo, and Mary Koithan, eds. Integrative Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199860739.001.0001.

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Integrative medicine is defined as healing-oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person (body, mind, and spirit) as well as all aspects of lifestyle; it emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of appropriate therapies, both conventional and alternative. This resource is the first complete roadmap to integrative nursing, providing a step-by-step guide to assess and clinically treat conditions through a variety of combined methodologies including wellness, lifestyle enhancement, and nutrition. This resource puts forth both the skills and theoretical frameworks for multidisciplinary leaders to consider and implement integrative healthcare strategies within institutions, including several case studies involving practical nursing-led initiatives. Sections one and two cover the foundations, including principles and best practices, healing environments, whole systems healing, and measurement of outcomes. The third section outlines major areas of system management such as pain, nausea, insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and behavioral dysfunction. The fourth and fifth sections address applications to patient populations, models of care, and models of education. The final section collects global perspectives.

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43

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Refeeding syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0011.

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Guidelines for the prevention of refeeding syndrome 82Refeeding syndrome is a term used to describe the various metabolic complications that can arise as a result of instituting nutritional support (enteral or parenteral) in malnourished patients.• Such patients are catabolic and their major sources of energy are fat and muscle; total body stores of nitrogen, phosphate, magnesium, and potassium are depleted....

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44

KHATEFOV, E. B., V. I. KHOREVA, and YU A. KERV. MAIZE: SOURCE MATERIAL OF CHINESE ORIGIN FOR FEED AND FOOD MAIZE BREEDING IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/978-5-907145-22-1.

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The catalogue presents the results of a study conducted on 424 maize accessions from China (Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning Provinces) with phenotypic description according to 24 characters and assessment of nutritive value involving 3 major biochemical components of the kernel. It is addressed to geneticists, plant breeders and agronomists as a useful aid in the search for source material suitable for breeding feed and food maize cultivars in the Russian Federation.

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45

Gundersen, Craig. Food Assistance Programs and Food Security. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.012.

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Food insecurity is a leading public-health challenge in the United States today. This is primarily due to the magnitude of the problem—about 50 million persons are food insecure—and the serious negative health and other outcomes associated with being food insecure. This chapter first defines the measure used to delineate whether a household is food insecure. The measure, the Core Food Security Module (CFSM), is based on 18 questions about a household’s food situation. From the responses, a household is defined as food secure, low food secure, or very low food secure, with the latter two categories defined as “food insecure.” I next discuss the extent of food insecurity in the United States across various dimensions, the key determinants of food insecurity, and the multiple negative consequences associated with food insecurity. Two of the key policy tools used to address food insecurity are the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly known as the Food Stamp Program) and the National School Lunch Program. A brief overview and definition of the eligibility criteria for each program is provided along with a discussion of their respective impacts on food insecurity. This chapter concludes with four major current challenges pertaining to food insecurity and food assistance programs.

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Drèze, Jean. Sense and Solidarity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833468.001.0001.

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The last twenty years have been a time of intense public debates on social policy in India. There have also been major initiatives, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, as well as resilient inertia in some fields. This book brings together some of Jean Drèze's contributions to these debates, along with other short essays on social development. The essays span the gamut of critical social policies, from education and health to poverty, nutrition, child care, corruption, employment, and social security. There are also less predictable topics such as the caste system, corporate power, nuclear disarmament, the Gujarat model, the Kashmir conflict, and universal basic income. The book aims at enlarging the boundaries of social development, towards a broad concern with the sort of society we want to create. The concluding essay, on public-spiritedness and solidarity, argues that the cultivation of enlightened social norms is an integral part of development. "Jholawala" has become a disparaging term for activists in the Indian business media. This book affirms the learning value of collective action combined with sound economic analysis. In his detailed introduction, the author argues for an approach to development economics where research and action are complementary and interconnected.

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Thomson, Jennifer. GM Crops and the Global Divide. CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486312665.

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Attitudes to GM crops continue to generate tension, even though they have been grown commercially for over 20 years. Negative sentiment towards their development limits their adoption in Western countries, despite there being no evidence of harm to human health. These unfounded concerns about genetically modified crops have also inhibited uptake in many countries throughout Africa and Asia, having a major impact on agricultural productivity and preventing the widespread cultivation of potentially life-saving crops. GM Crops and the Global Divide traces the historical importance that European attitudes to past colonial influences, aid, trade and educational involvement have had on African leaders and their people. The detrimental impact that these attitudes have on agricultural productivity and food security continues to be of growing importance, especially in light of climate change, drought and the potential rise in sea levels – the effects of which could be mitigated by the cultivation of GM and gene-edited crops. Following on from her previous books Genes for Africa, GM Crops: The Impact and the Potential and Food for Africa, Jennifer Thomson unravels the reasons behind these negative attitudes towards GM crop production. By addressing the detrimental effects that anti-GM opinions have on nutrition security in developing countries and providing a clear account of the science to counter these attitudes, she hopes to highlight and ultimately bridge this global divide.

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Cheru, Fantu, Christopher Cramer, and Arkebe Oqubay, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Ethiopian Economy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198814986.001.0001.

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This volume is the first ever economics handbook on a single African country focused on the theme of structural transformation. It is intended to serve as a major reference book on the Ethiopian economy for university students, researchers, and policymakers. Part I, covering the period 1890–2017, deals with the transition from a traditional to a modern economy, from the period of Imperial rule under Emperor Haile Selassie, through the Derg regime to the post-1991 government of the EPRDF. Issues including land tenure, ethnic federalism, the constitutional framework, and legal institutions are assessed extensively. Part II deals with economic policies for structural transformation in the post-1991 period, covering topics such as the development of the financial sector, trade and infrastructure policies, poverty reduction strategies, and the focus on green and climate-resilient transformation. Part III focuses on social policy and development, with attention to growth, poverty and inequality, the shifting debate on demography, child nutrition, social protection, education, employment creation, and food security. Part IV examines progress in transforming Ethiopian agriculture and the remaining challenges of upgrading technological innovations to harness the value-added potential of the sector. Part V discusses the processes and policy adaptations undertaken by the government for late industrialization in Ethiopia with special reference to the garment and textile industry. The impact of urbanization on growth and transformation is also considered. Part VI situates the Ethiopian state-led development model in the larger debate of the significance of the East Asian development model to other developing countries such as Ethiopia.

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Zhang, Luxia, and Haiyan Wang. Chronic kidney disease in developing countries. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0096_update_001.

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The spread of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a barrier to the development of goals including reduction of poverty, health equity, economic stability, and human security. NCDs accounted for 61% of the estimated 58 million deaths and 46% of the global burden of diseases worldwide in 2005. Among NCDs, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of particular significance. It is recognized that the burden of CKD is not only limited to its impact on demands for renal replacement therapy but has equally major impacts on the health of the overall population. For example, it is now well established that among the general population as well as in the diabetic or hypertensive population, the prognosis, especially the mortality and acceleration of cardiovascular events, depends on kidney involvement. Also, CKD is associated with other major serious consequences including increased risk of acute kidney injury, increased risk of mineral and bone disease, adverse metabolic and nutritional consequences, infections, and reduced cognitive function. As a consequence of these amplifying effects, the financial expenditure and medical resources consumed for the management of CKD patients is much higher than expected. The burden of CKD is likely to have profound socioeconomic and public health consequences in developing countries.

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Abnet, Christian C., Olof Nyrén, and Hans-Olov Adami. Esophageal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0009.

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Esophageal cancer shows distinct geographic distributions, changing incidence rates, and primary risk factors when examined separately as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma remains the dominant histologic type in many low- and middle-income countries and occurs frequently, while adenocarcinoma is classified as rare but predominates in Western countries. Tobacco and alcohol are the dominant risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma in Western countries, but not in high-incidence Asian populations, where hot beverages and specific nutritional deficiencies may be important. For adenocarcinoma, tobacco use is causal while alcoholic beverages are not. Rather, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease are the other dominant identified risk factors. Genetic predisposing factors and somatic mutations are also cell type specific. The differences in esophageal cancer incidence within and between countries, by sex and race, and in known risk factors suggest major strides in understanding the etiology of esophageal cancer is within reach.

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