Relevant bibliographies by topics / Majority requirement for ballot outcome

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Academic literature on the topic 'Majority requirement for ballot outcome'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Majority requirement for ballot outcome"

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Creighton, Breen, Catrina Denvir, Richard Johnstone, Shae McCrystal, and Alice Orchiston. "Pre-Strike Ballots and Collective Bargaining: The Impact of Quorum and Ballot Mode Requirements on Access to Lawful Industrial Action." Industrial Law Journal 48, no. 3 (September 12, 2018): 343–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwy022.

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Abstract In 2016, the UK Parliament passed the Trade Union Act 2016 (TU Act 2016), which introduced new quorum and approval requirements for pre-strike ballots. In Australia, mandatory pre-strike ballots, including a quorum requirement, were first introduced in 2006. This article explains the key features of the Australian pre-strike ballot system and reports on quantitative and qualitative empirical research findings on the operation of the ballots process to analyse the majority and quorum requirements, mode of ballot (postal, attendance or electronic) and choice of ballot agent. Quorum is the biggest obstacle to Australian unions authorising strike action under the pre-strike ballot rules, and postal ballots fail to reach quorum at significantly higher rates than do attendance ballots. By introducing quorums and retaining the requirement that all pre-strike ballots must be conducted by post, the TU Act 2016 endorsed the two factors under the Australian regime most likely to impede the authorisation of strike action in a pre-strike ballot.
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Sutherland, Keith. "The Two Sides of the Representative Coin." Studies in Social Justice 5, no. 2 (December 24, 2011): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v5i2.987.

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In Federalist 10 James Madison drew a functional distinction between “parties” (advocates for factional interests) and “judgment” (decision-making for the public good) and warned of the corrupting effect of combining both functions in a “single body of men.” This paper argues that one way of overcoming “Madisonian corruption” would be by restricting political parties to an advocacy role, reserving the judgment function to an allotted (randomly-selected) microcosm of the whole citizenry, who would determine the outcome of parliamentary debates by secret ballot—a division of labour suggested by James Fishkin’s experiments in deliberative polling. The paper then defends this radical constitutional proposal against Bernard Manin’s (1997) claim that an allotted microcosm could not possibly fulfil the “consent” requirement of Natural Right theory. Not only does the proposal challenge Manin’s thesis, but a 28th Amendment implementing it would finally reconcile the competing visions that have bedevilled representative democracy since the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
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Alam, Shahzad, Akunuri Shalini, Rajesh Hegde, and Rufaida Mazahir. "Acute kidney injury as a predictor of poor outcome post cardiopulmonary bypass in children." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20164611.

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Background: We objective of the current study was to identify the prevalence of AKI and classify them based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) staging system. We also evaluated the outcome of patients developing AKI and identified the associated risk factors.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in pediatric cardiac ICU of a tertiary care hospital. Patient < 18 years who underwent cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for congenital heart disease were enrolled in the study. AKI was defined as increase in serum creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dl within 48 hours or 1.5 times or more from baseline within the first 7 days post-surgery. Results: Nine hundred and twenty children were enrolled in the study. Three hundred and twelve (34%) children developed AKI with 202 (20%) developing stage I, 92 (10%) stage II and 18 (2%) stage III. Resolution was achieved in all the patients and none developed chronic kidney disease. Risk factors for AKI were higher CPB time, higher aortic cross clamp time, significant arrhythmias and higher inotropic requirement at admission. Children with stage 2 and 3 disease had higher odds for requirement of mechanical ventilation > 24 hours and > 72 hours, length of ICU stay > 5 days and in hospital mortality. Conclusions: AKI following cardiac surgery is common. Although majority of the cases are mild disease and self-limiting it can significantly affect the outcome of these patients.
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Singer, Matthew M. "Was Duverger Correct? Single-Member District Election Outcomes in Fifty-three Countries." British Journal of Political Science 43, no. 1 (August 20, 2012): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123412000233.

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In districts where only one seat is contested, the electoral formula (plurality or majority) should be a major determinant of the number of parties that receive votes. Specifically, plurality rule should generate two-party competition while other institutional arrangements should generate electoral fragmentation. Yet tests of these propositions using district-level data have focused on a limited number of cases; they rarely contrast different electoral systems and have reached mixed conclusions. This study analyses district-level data from 6,745 single-member district election contests from 53 democratic countries to test the evidence for Duverger's Law and Hypothesis. Double-ballot majoritarian systems have large numbers of candidates, as predicted, but while the average outcome under plurality rule is generally consistent with two-party competition, it is not perfectly so. The two largest parties typically dominate the districts (generally receiving more than 90 per cent of the vote), and there is very little support for parties finishing fourth or worse. Yet third-place parties do not completely disappear, and ethnic divisions shape party fragmentation levels, even under plurality rule. Finally, institutional rules that generate multiparty systems elsewhere in the country increase electoral fragmentation in single-member plurality districts.
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Oppelland, Torsten. "Die thüringische Landtagswahl vom 27. Oktober 2019: Das nächste Experiment – eine rot-rot-grüne Minderheitsregierung mit Verfallsdatum." Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 51, no. 2 (2020): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2020-2-325.

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After a campaign, which was both polarized and poor in content, the state election failed to produce a clear majority in the Landtag . The winners of the election were The Left and the AfD, while the parties of the right and left center suffered losses; only the FDP gained a little and managed to pass the five percent threshold . The election outcome deemed it unlikely that a government could be formed since neither the previous red-red-green coalition nor a CDU-FDP coalition had a majority . As coalitions transcending the traditional coalition blocks or any agreements for the toleration of a minority government could not be reached either, the consequence was that in February 2020, the Thuringian FDP leader Thomas Kemmerich was elected state premier in the third ballot with votes from the FDP, CDU, and AfD . Of the latter party not a single member voted for their own candidate . The outrage in the general public led to FDP’s federal party leader Patrick Lindner to force Kemmerich to resign on the day after his election . Only then, during the „interregnum“ that followed, were CDU and the former coalition parties The Left, SPD, and Greens able to agree on a „stability mechanism“ which allowed Bodo Ramelow to be reelected as a state premier of a minority government, which is meant to stay in office for only a little more than one year .
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Sharma, Ravi, and Swapnil Baheti. "Outcome of neonatal ventilation: a prospective and cross-sectional study in tertiary care centre." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20173793.

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Background: Neonatal mortality accounts for nearly two thirds of infant mortality and half of under 5 mortalities in India. It is possible to increase neonatal survival and improve the quality of life only through prompt and adequate management of critically ill newborn. Mechanical ventilation has become a must to enhance neonatal survival and is an essential component of neonatal intensive care.Methods: Hospital based prospective, cross-sectional study from 1st July 2012 to 30th June 2013. All NICU admitted neonate requiring mechanical ventilation were included. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of a prospective data.Results: Indication of mechanical ventilation: Out of 72 neonates studied, majority of preterm were ventilated for RDS - 34 (89.5%) and majority of Full term were ventilated for MAS - 16 (100%) followed by HIE - 8 (88.89%). Out of 38 RDS cases, 30 (79%) were ventilated till 4-7 days duration and 3 (7.9%) required ventilation for >10 days. Out of 16 MAS cases, 10 (62.5%) were ventilated for 4-7 days duration and none required prolonged ventilation. Duration of ventilation is not statistically associated with indication of mechanical ventilation with p=0.301.Conclusions: Mechanical and Pulmonary complications of mechanical ventilation are not statistically significant for outcome of mechanical ventilation but it increases length of NICU stay. Hypotension on ventilator, requirement of more than 3 ionotropes were associated with high mortality.
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Ranagattimath, Anand, and Ramesh R. Naik. "Capacity Building for Library Professionals: A Study." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 8 (June 25, 2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i8.131.

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The present study aims to find out need for capacity building which includes requirement of skills, support of electronic infrastructure (hardware/software related content) and relevant training programmes in the university setup. The study also concentrates on the attitudes of library professionals towards ICT applications and capacity building. The outcome of the study shows that capacity building programme is very much needed in the university libraries as the existing skills of the library professionals is deprived. The libraries have got minimum basic infrastructure, majority of the training programmes are undergone by the professionals or after the completion of the education and got the jobbut having positive attitude towards ICT applications.
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Arias-Morales, Carlos E., Nicoleta Stoicea, Alicia A. Gonzalez-Zacarias, Diana Slawski, Sujatha P. Bhandary, Theodosios Saranteas, Eva Kaminiotis, and Thomas J. Papadimos. "Revisiting blood transfusion and predictors of outcome in cardiac surgery patients: a concise perspective." F1000Research 6 (February 20, 2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10085.1.

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In the United States, cardiac surgery-related blood transfusion rates reached new highs in 2010, with 34% of patients receiving blood products. Patients undergoing both complex (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] plus valve repair or replacement) and non-complex (isolated CABG) cardiac surgeries are likely to have comorbidities such as anemia. Furthermore, the majority of patients undergoing isolated CABG have a history of myocardial infarction. These characteristics may increase the risk of complications and blood transfusion requirement. It becomes difficult to demonstrate the association between transfusions and mortality because of the fact that most patients undergoing cardiac surgery are also critically ill. Transfusion rates remain high despite the advances in perioperative blood conservation, such as the intraoperative use of cell saver in cardiac surgery. Some recent prospective studies have suggested that the use of blood products, even in low-risk patients, may adversely affect clinical outcomes. In light of this information, we reviewed the literature to assess the clinical outcomes in terms of 30-day and 1-year morbidity and mortality in transfused patients who underwent uncomplicated CABG surgery.
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B.B, Supriyaa, Manoj Kumar A.S, and N. Bhakthavatchalam. "CLINICAL PROFILE AND OUTCOME OF COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH REQUIREMENT OF OXYGEN THERAPY FOR GREATER THAN ONE WEEK." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 06 (June 30, 2021): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13056.

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The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still at its height causing thousands of deaths each week.Although several large randomized drug trials are underway, current survival from severe COVID-19 de- pends entirely on providing the best possible supportive care.1 Data from China suggests that although the majority of people with COVID-19 have mild illness (40%) or moderate illness (40%) about 15 % of them have se- vere illness requiring oxygen therapy, and 5% will be critically ill requiring inten- sive care unit treatment.2,3 Oxygen therapy is recommended for all moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 patients, with low doses ranging from 1-2 L/min in children and starting at 5 L/min in adults with nasal cannula, moderate flow rates for use with venturi mask (6-10 L/min) or higher flow rates (10-15 L/min) using a mask with reservoir bag. In addition, oxygen can be delivered at higher flow rates and in higher concentrations, using high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) devices, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and invasive ventilation devices.4 In this study we would like to identify the risk factors leading to prolonged oxygen requirement in COVID-19 patients.This information will help us in managing our resources effectively in a resource-limited setting by preparing the mindset of the patients early on in the admission for home oxygenation. The aim of the study is to assess the clinical profile and outcome of COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen therapy for more than one week duration.
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Perera, Marlon, Joseph Ischia, Damien Bolton, Arthur Shulkes, Graham S. Baldwin, and Oneel Patel. "Experimental rat models for contrast-induced nephropathy; a comprehensive review." Journal of Nephropathology 9, no. 2 (February 7, 2020): e12-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jnp.2020.12.

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Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic disease caused by the parenteral administration of iodinated contrast media (CM). A number of agents are currently being assessed to minimise or prevent CIN. Such agents are typically assessed using rat models. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the rat models of CIN used in pre-clinical research. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were systematically searched. Articles reporting rat models of CIN were included for assessment. Study designs, contrast agents and outcome measures were assessed. Of the assessed studies, a majority report a requirement for pre-existing renal impairment prior to the administration of CM. Outcome measures are heterogenous between studies, but typically include assessment and quantification of serum biochemical markers, cellular oxidative stress and histopathological changes. The significant variation in methodology reported in the current literature highlights the lack of consensus. The use of a reliable pre-contrast insult appears critical to result in the development of contrast nephropathy. The use of acceptable outcome measures appears to include serum laboratory markers, quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and objective histopathological outcomes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Majority requirement for ballot outcome"

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Mlungisi, Ernest Tenza. "The liability of trade unions for conduct of their members during industrial action." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23172.

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South Africa has been experiencing a number of violent strikes by trade unions in recent times. The issue is not only to hold unions liable for damage caused during strikes, but also to reduce the number of violent strikes. This study investigates if victims of such violence can hold trade unions liable for the violent acts committed by their members during industrial action. The Labour Relations Act, 66 of 1995 (LRA) makes provision for the dismissal of employees who commit misconduct during an unprotected strike. It also provides the remedy of an interdict and a claim for just and equitable compensation which can be made against the union, during an unprotected strike. It is further possible to hold the union together with its members liable for damages in terms of the Regulation of Gatherings Act, 205 of 1993 (RGA). The study argues that a strike or conduct in furtherance of a strike that becomes violent could lose protection and the trade union should consequently be held liable, in terms of the LRA and/ or the RGA, for damages caused by its members. This study investigates the position in Canada, Botswana and Australia to determine if there could be any other basis upon which to hold trade union liable for the conduct of its members. The study recommends that the common law doctrine of vicarious liability should be developed by the courts to allow trade unions to be held liable for damages caused by members during violent industrial action. Policy considerations and changing economic conditions and the nature of strikes in the Republic favours the expansion of the doctrine of vicarious liability to trade union member relationship.
Mercantile Law
LL. D.
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Book chapters on the topic "Majority requirement for ballot outcome"

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Foley, Edward B. "A Recommitment to Majority Rule." In Presidential Elections and Majority Rule, 121–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060152.003.0007.

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States should adopt a majority-rule requirement for participating in the Electoral College, meaning specifically that no state should award all its Electoral College votes to any candidate who fails to receive a majority of the state’s popular vote. There are a variety of ways that states can satisfy this majority-rule requirement. One option is to hold a runoff after the November election if no candidate receives a majority of the popular vote. Another option is to hold a preliminary vote in advance of the November election, perhaps on or around Labor Day, so that only two candidates appear on the November ballot. A third option would be to adopt instant runoff voting, which is a species of ranked-choice balloting that permits a runoff to be conducted simultaneously with the initial vote. A proportional system, which divided a state’s electoral votes among candidates, would also comply with the majority-rule requirement.
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Robinson, Max, Keith Hunter, Michael Pemberton, and Philip Sloan. "Diagnosis of oral disease." In Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199697786.003.0006.

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The most common oral diseases are dental caries and periodontal dis­ease. The diagnosis and treatment of these diseases are the focus of the majority of dentists, dental therapists, and dental hygien­ists. Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of the dental healthcare pro­fessional to provide a holistic approach to management that ensures both good oral and general health for their patients. A broad knowledge of the range of diseases that affect the oral cavity is essential and also an appreciation that oral disease may be the first sign of an underlying systemic disease. Before this knowledge can be applied, the clinician must obtain an accurate patient history and undertake a systematic clinical examination. These key clinical skills underpin both medicine and dentistry, and are an absolute requirement to formulate a differ­ential diagnosis. The use of imaging modalities and laboratory tests are often required to reach a definitive diagnosis, and it is the justification and informed choice of these additional investigations that will facili­tate a timely and accurate diagnosis. Following diagnosis, appropriate treatment can be instituted, the ideal outcome being a return to health or control of the patient’s symptoms in recalcitrant chronic diseases. Obtaining a clear and precise clinical history is essential. The clinician must listen carefully to the information conveyed by the patient and then use direct questioning to collect additional data to construct an accurate picture of the patient’s problem. This can be a significant challenge and requires excellent communication skills to build a good patient–clinician relationship. The most common presenting problems relate to pain or the development of a lesion: swelling, lump, ulcer, or white/red patch. To establish a comprehensive pain history, the features listed in Table 1.1 should be addressed. Obtaining an accurate history for a lesion is dependent on the patient noticing the abnormality in the first instance and, as a consequence, the information may be rather vague; however, it is important to ascertain the key points listed in Table 1.2. A comprehensive medical history (Box 1.1) will identify any concur­rent disease that may be relevant to the presenting oral condition (Chapter 10) and highlight any issues relating to proposed medical or surgical interventions.
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"Another famous legal theorist, Goodhart, wrote an influential essay ‘Determining the ratio of a case’ which refers far more to the ‘principle’ in the case than the ‘ratio’ (1930) 40 Yale LJ 161. He emphasises facts: (a) what are the material facts as found by the judge? (b) what is the judge’s decision? (c) unless there is a new material fact (or there are some missing material facts) a future court, depending upon its place in the court hierarchy, and thus its obligations under the doctrine of precedent, must follow it. Goodhart does consider the rule, or what he calls the principle of the case. He gives a thorough discussion of finding the principle of a case, which revolves around the tension between a range of issues and he also appears clearer about where he considers the principle cannot be found. A major problem with Goodhart’s suggested method, an aspect of which is set out in Figure 4.5, below, is that he places rather a lot of emphasis upon the facts. Although it can be said that reading a judgment in the light of the facts of the case is a core requirement of the doctrine, there also needs to be attention given to the way that the case is: (a) argued; (b) pleaded (exactly how have the lawyers formally lodged the complaint?); (c) reasoned, in relation to other precedents. Every judgment has to be read in the light of previous and, if relevant, with a view as to how subsequent cases may be affected. Even taking these two methods together, problems remain: (a) what should an interpreter do when there is a decision without reasons? Can the ratio be inferred? (b) what can be done with the diversity of forms of judgments? While it is true to say that the ratio decidendi of a previous case comes from the language of a judge, the interpreter (as seen from Chapter 2) can bring new meanings. In the appellate courts, depending upon the importance of the case, three, five or seven judges can sit. Each can give judgment, although often a judge says ‘I concur with my learned colleague, Lord Bridge’ or some such similar phrase. At times there may be one or more judgments disagreeing with the majority view that a certain litigant should win the case. In such cases, there is no doubt that each reasoned judgment has a ratio. But can it be said that there is a ratio of the court? There is, of course, no problem where it is clear that the majority agree with the same statements of the application of the law. But what if the different judges agree on outcome and disagree on reasons for the outcome? This can happen. Consider Figure 4.4, below." In Legal Method and Reasoning, 82. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843145103-61.

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