Relevant bibliographies by topics / Majority system

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Majority system'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Majority system"

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Boland, Philip J. "Signatures of indirect majority systems." Journal of Applied Probability 38, no. 02 (June 2001): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200020064.

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If τ is the lifetime of a coherent system, then the signature of the system is the vector of probabilities that the lifetime coincides with the ith order statistic of the component lifetimes. The signature can be useful in comparing different systems. In this treatment we give a characterization of the signature of a system with independent identically distributed components in terms of the number of path sets in the system as well as in terms of the number of what we call ordered cut sets. We consider, in particular, the signatures of indirect majority systems and compare them with the signatures of simple majority systems of the same size. We note that the signature of an indirect majority system of size r × s = n is symmetric around , and use this to show that the expected lifetime of an r × s = n indirect majority system exceeds that of a simple (direct) majority system of size n when the components are exponentially distributed with the same parameter.
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Boland, Philip J. "Signatures of indirect majority systems." Journal of Applied Probability 38, no. 2 (June 2001): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/996986765.

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If τ is the lifetime of a coherent system, then the signature of the system is the vector of probabilities that the lifetime coincides with the ith order statistic of the component lifetimes. The signature can be useful in comparing different systems. In this treatment we give a characterization of the signature of a system with independent identically distributed components in terms of the number of path sets in the system as well as in terms of the number of what we call ordered cut sets. We consider, in particular, the signatures of indirect majority systems and compare them with the signatures of simple majority systems of the same size. We note that the signature of an indirect majority system of size r × s = n is symmetric around , and use this to show that the expected lifetime of an r × s = n indirect majority system exceeds that of a simple (direct) majority system of size n when the components are exponentially distributed with the same parameter.
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Gappa, Judith M. "Today's Majority: Faculty Outside the Tenure System." Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 40, no. 4 (July 2008): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/chng.40.4.50-54.

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Yang, Jincui, Lirong Qiu, and Yu Zhang. "Improved Majority Voting Algorithm in Redundancy System." International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology 8, no. 4 (April 30, 2015): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijhit.2015.8.4.15.

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Alemán, David Mena. "“Rendering the Majority Unable”." World Affairs 179, no. 3 (December 2016): 24–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0043820017690049.

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The Founding Fathers conceived formal counter-majoritarian restrictions aimed specifically to “render the majority unable”: to prevent the majority from trampling on minorities in the U.S. democratic system. This article contends that several such formal restrictions actually fail to protect contemporary minorities as the founders imagined they would. Indeed, counter-majority restrictions embedded in the Electoral College, the Senate, and the judicial review may actually prohibit such protection. Using a comparative politics approach, this article builds on theoretical arguments and data that evaluate democratic functionality and fairness based on level of social equality provisions as well as optimality of voter participation. I find that certain counter-majoritarian procedures are empirically linked to higher inequality levels across twenty-one advanced democracies. This political suboptimality is reflected in a significant correlation between higher Gini coefficients and majoritarian systems (with the United States in first place) in the sample and also between lower scores and consensus democracies. I argue that comparative analysis shows that some criticisms hitherto only leveled at the United States are present in an entire family of systems—the majoritarian ones—which begs significant critical questioning of the impact of institutional design on the effectiveness of social policies and inclusive democratic procedures.
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Park, Geon-Yeong, Min-Ho Jeon, and Chang-Heon Oh. "Location Estimation System based on Majority Sampling Data." Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 18, no. 10 (October 31, 2014): 2523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2014.18.10.2523.

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Chatterjee, Patralekha. "The health system in India: the underserved majority." Lancet 390, no. 10111 (December 2017): 2426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32860-x.

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Pajvančić, Marijana. "Relative majority and its paradoxes." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 68, no. 9 (1996): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9605155p.

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A common method of filling a single place is for electors to vote by expressing a simple preference for a single candidate. The candidate who has more votes than any other candidate, a relative majority over each other candidate, is elected. A candidate elected without an apsolute majority will have more votes against him than for him. In the system of relative majority the electors may vote tactically. The votes for the candidates no longer reflect their true support. In filling a single place, the system of relative majority may leave up to half of the voters unrepresented.
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Bigelli, Marco, and Stefano Mengoli. "Sub-Optimal Acquisition Decisions under a Majority Shareholder System." Journal of Management and Governance 8, no. 4 (2004): 373–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10997-004-4896-2.

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Shelley, Fred M. "Voting power in a system of compound majority rule." Mathematical Social Sciences 9, no. 3 (June 1985): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-4896(85)90062-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Majority system"

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Sutherland, Neil John. "Regionalism, majority government and the electoral system in Canada : the case for two-seat constituencies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28181.

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A continual problem in Canadian politics is regional conflict. There are several reasons why the major issues in Canadian politics are regionally-defined. Some of the socio-economic variables include ethnicity and economic bases, which are reinforced by geography. Some of the political variables include the division of powers between the central and provincial governments, and the regional concentration of party representation in the central government legislature. At the level of the electorate, Canada's national political parties actually receive multi-regional support. Thus, introducing an electoral system that translates votes into seats more proportionately than the present system should increase the multiregional representation of Canada's political parties at the level of seats in the legislature. However, introducing a more proportional electoral system would probably decrease the likelihood of a party forming a majority government. Consequently, if Canada's legislators felt that executive stability through majority government was a more important normative criterion (along with whatever vested interests they might have) than a government with multiregional representation, then proposals for a more proportional electoral system will remain an academic exercise. The objective of this study was to find an alternative electoral system which satisfies both the criteria of majority government and multiregional representation. Based on the premise that the most significant independent variables affecting majority government and multiregional representation are district magnitude and geographical distribution of partisan support, it was hypothesized that Increasing the district magnitude from one to two, or from one to three, would maintain the bias in favour of and increase the multiregional representation of a large, diffuse party. The results of the study show that a district magnitude of two would provide a large diffuse party with a majority of seats for the same voter support as the present system does. In addition, DM2 rewards this large diffuse party with the seats necessary to form a minority government at a much lower voter support level than does the existing system. Thus, DM2 solves the problem of underrepresentation of regions in the government party, and is at the same time even more advantageous to a large diffuse party than is the present electoral system.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Khan, Tareq Jamal. "Robust, fault-tolerant majority based key-value data store supporting multiple data consistency." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-42474.

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Web 2.0 has significantly transformed the way how modern society works now-a-days. In today‘s Web, information not only flows top down from the web sites to the readers; but also flows bottom up contributed by mass user. Hugely popular Web 2.0 applications like Wikis, social applications (e.g. Facebook, MySpace), media sharing applications (e.g. YouTube, Flickr), blogging and numerous others generate lots of user generated contents and make heavy use of the underlying storage. Data storage system is the heart of these applications as all user activities are translated to read and write requests and directed to the database for further action. Hence focus is on the storage that serves data to support the applications and its reliable and efficient design is instrumental for applications to perform in line with expectations. Large scale storage systems are being used by popular social networking services like Facebook, MySpace where millions of users‘ data have been stored and fully accessed by these companies. However from users‘ point of view there has been justified concern about user data ownership and lack of control over personal data. For example, on more than one occasions Facebook have exercised its control over users‘ data without respecting users‘ rights to ownership of their own content and manipulated data for its own business interest without users‘ knowledge or consent. The thesis proposes, designs and implements a large scale, robust and fault-tolerant key-value data storage prototype that is peer-to-peer based and intends to back away from the client-server paradigm with a view to relieving the companies from data storage and management responsibilities and letting users control their own personal data. Several read and write APIs (similar to Yahoo!‘s P NUTS but different in terms of underlying design and the environment they are targeted for) with various data consistency guarantees are provided from which a wide range of web applications would be able to choose the APIs according to their data consistency, performance and availability requirements. An analytical comparison is also made against the PNUTS system that targets a more stable environment. For evaluation, simulation has been carried out to test the system availability, scalability and fault-tolerance in a dynamic environment. The results are then analyzed and conclusion is drawn that the system is scalable, available and shows acceptable performance.
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Saint, Sernin Jean de. "Système majoritaire et bicamérisme sous la Vème République (depuis 1981)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020081/document.

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Sous la Ve République, la seconde chambre a été conçue par le constituant comme un soutien prédisposé au Gouvernement et au régime nouvellement établi, eu égard à l’incertitude d’une majorité parlementaire à l’Assemblée nationale. La survenue imprévue de celle-ci aboutit à un rapprochement organique mais aussi fonctionnel de l’Assemblée nationale avec le Gouvernement. La discordance fréquente des majorités parlementaires place alors le Sénat et le bicamérisme dans une position institutionnelle délicate. Devenu un acquis du système politique, le fait majoritaire s’observe incontestablement, depuis l’alternance de 1981, au sein comme entre les deux chambres et influence leur organisation, leur fonctionnement et l’exercice de leurs prérogatives constitutionnelles. Les différentes configurations majoritaires témoignent en revanche d’une certaine spécificité du Sénat du point de vue du fait majoritaire et d’un exercice effectif et non orienté de la fonction parlementaire vis-à-vis du Gouvernement. Le Sénat trouve sa justification dans sa différenciation avec l’autre assemblée et la distanciation qu’il entretient avec le Gouvernement révèle le caractère équilibré du bicamérisme de la Ve République. L’institutionnalisation d’une majorité et ses particularités dans chacune des deux chambres conduisent le droit constitutionnel et le droit parlementaire à ne pas exclure les phénomènes extra-normatifs afin d’appréhender les institutions politiques dans leur fonctionnement effectif
At the time of the Fifth Republic, the second chamber was devised by the framers of the Constitution as a predisposed support to the Government and the newly-established regime, given the uncertainty of a parliamentary majority within the National Assembly. The unexpected arrival of such a majority led to a closer organic and functional relationship between the National Assembly and the Government. The frequent lack of harmony between parliamentary majorities then put the Senate and the bicameral system in a delicate institutional position. Having become an established right of the political system, majority rule has clearly been observed since the 1981 power changeover, both inside either chamber and between them. It also affects their organisation, the way they operate and exercise their constitutional prerogatives. However, the different majority configurations show a certain specificity of the Senate from the majority rule point of view and in the actual and non-oriented exercise of its parliamentary function in relation with the other chamber, and its distancingfrom the Government reveals the well-balanced nature of the Fifth Republic's bicameralism. As that majority became institutionalised, and because of its specificities in ether chamber, constitutional law and parliamentary law were led not to exclude non-normative occurences in order to gain an understanding of the way political institutions actually work
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Chen, Cheng. "A General System for Supervised Biomedical Image Segmentation." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2013. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/214.

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Image segmentation is important with applications to several problems in biology and medicine. While extensively researched, generally, current segmentation methods perform adequately in the applications for which they were designed, but often require extensive modifications or calibrations before used in a different application. We describe a system that, with few modifications, can be used in a variety of image segmentation problems. The system is based on a supervised learning strategy that utilizes intensity neighborhoods to assign each pixel in a test image its correct class based on training data. In summary, we have several innovations: (1) A general framework for such a system is proposed, where rotations and variations of intensity neighborhoods in scales are modeled, and a multi-scale classification framework is utilized to segment unknown images; (2) A fast algorithm for training data selection and pixel classification is presented, where a majority voting based criterion is proposed for selecting a small subset from raw training set. When combined with 1-nearest neighbor (1-NN) classifier, such an algorithm is able to provide descent classification accuracy within reasonable computational complexity. (3) A general deformable model for optimization of segmented regions is proposed, which takes the decision values from previous pixel classification process as input, and optimize the segmented regions in a partial differential equation (PDE) framework. We show that the performance of this system in several different biomedical applications, such as tissue segmentation tasks in magnetic resonance and histopathology microscopy images, as well as nuclei segmentation from fluorescence microscopy images, is similar or better than several algorithms specifically designed for each of these applications. In addition, we describe another general segmentation system for biomedical applications where a strong prior on shape is available (e.g. cells, nuclei). The idea is based on template matching and supervised learning, and we show the examples of segmenting cells and nuclei from microscopy images. The method uses examples selected by a user for building a statistical model which captures the texture and shape variations of the nuclear structures from a given data set to be segmented. Segmentation of subsequent, unlabeled, images is then performed by finding the model instance that best matches (in the normalized cross correlation sense) local neighborhood in the input image. We demonstrate the application of our method to segmenting cells and nuclei from a variety of imaging modalities, and quantitatively compare our results to several other methods. Quantitative results using both simulated and real image data show that, while certain methods may work well for certain imaging modalities, our software is able to obtain high accuracy across several imaging modalities studied. Results also demonstrate that, relative to several existing methods, the template based method we propose presents increased robustness in the sense of better handling variations in illumination, variations in texture from different imaging modalities, providing more smooth and accurate segmentation borders, as well as handling better cluttered cells and nuclei.
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Freitas, Andréa Marcondes de. "O presidencialismo da coalizão." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-08112013-102939/.

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Este trabalho procura compreender como funcionam as coalizões que sustentam o Executivo no Brasil, com um olhar direcionado ao processo legislativo, ou seja, à forma como leis são processadas no interior do Poder Legislativo. Acredito que a formação de coalizões implica na divisão de poder e de responsabilidade sobre o conjunto de políticas, ou seja, implica que todos os partidos que compõem a coalizão participam e influem no resultado final do processo decisório. Pretendo, através da análise do processo de produção das leis, identificar em que moldes se dá o acordo entre os partidos no tocante a políticas específicas. Privilegio as medidas introduzidas e vetadas pelo Executivo para, por meio destas, mostrar como se dá concretamente este acordo.
This work seeks to understand the coalitions that support the Executive Power in Brazil, focusing the legislative process, which means, focusing how the laws are produced inside the Legislative Power. The assumption is that forming coalitions implies sharing power and responsibilities over the broad set of policies. In other words, it implies that the parties composing the coalition participate and influence the results of the decisionmaking process. By analyzing the legislative process, the aim is to identify the terms of the parties agreement concerning policies. The emphasis is on the bills introduced and vetoed by the Executive, assuming that they reveal this agreement.
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Groenewald, Petrus Johannes. "Die Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale kiesstelsel :|b'n kritiese ontleding en alternatiewe / P.J. Groenewald." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9662.

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The Republic of South Africa entered into a new constitutional dispensation in 1994. As part of this new constitutional dispensation, a new electoral system, i.e. the closed-list proportional representative electoral system, was adopted. This electoral system was accepted for elections on a national level of representatives for the National Assembly and has certain advantages and disadvantages. Some political scientists, political parties and opinion formers are of the opinion that this electoral system brings about poor contact between the representatives in the National Assembly (Parliament) and the voters. Critics are also of the opinion that party leaders obtain too much power within this electoral system, in that the parties appoint candidates to the candidate lists. In elections, voters vote for specific political parties and therefore do not have a choice with regard to who their representatives are. The result is that South Africa adheres to the representative aspect of democracy, but is lacking with regard to the accounting of representatives to voters. The legitimacy of Parliament is impaired by this defect. The aim of this study is to provide a critical analysis and investigate alternative frameworks of the South African electoral system and its functioning on a national level. In the analysis it is determined to what extent the South African electoral system meets the criteria set for an electoral system to ensure the legitimacy of Parliament, a sustainable representative democracy and an accountable government in the long term in the country. This analysis and evaluation was used to determine whether the existing closed-list proportional representative electoral system is the most suitable electoral system for South Africa and, if not, to identify and analyse an alternative electoral system for South Africa. The analysis entails a literature overview analysis of electoral systems. From the study it appears that modern democracies use a wide variety of different electoral systems. There is consensus that no single best electoral system exists which could be used by all countries, since every country has its distinctive circumstances and an electoral system’s functioning and outcomes are affected by it. In this study, twelve different electoral systems are identified with specific advantages and disadvantages. Criteria were set with which electoral systems had to comply in order to promote democracy and ensure the legitimacy of Parliament. These criteria require that electoral systems have to promote and ensure broad representation, accessible and meaningful elections, reconciliation, stable and effective government, accountability of government, accountability of representatives, promotion of political parties, opposition and oversight, sustainability of the electoral process, and international standards. The listed criteria were placed in order of priority according to those which are the most important in the current South African circumstances. In accordance with this, an evaluation model was drawn up which was quantified in order to calculate the extent to which every electoral system met the requirements and priority order. In determining the order of priority of the requirements in the criteria, the historical circumstances of South Africa, of discord, conflict, racial hatred, riots and suspicion between races, were taken into account. When applying the evaluation model to the twelve different electoral systems, it was found that the current closed-list proportional representative electoral system is the most suitable electoral system for South Africa and should be retained. In terms of the criticism of the current electoral system, the conclusion drawn is that electoral systems cannot ensure the measure of accountability of representatives. It is ensured by the internal rules and discipline of the political parties they represent. The contribution of electoral systems to the accountability of representatives is to ensure that voters have a choice between more than one candidate, or more than one political party at a following election. Furthermore, electoral systems also do not appoint candidates in an election; the respective political parties appoint them. In any appointment of candidates, the leadership and party bureaucracy will play a specific role, regardless of the type of electoral system.
Thesis (PhD (Political Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
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Chai, Vincent. "La Chambre des députés de 1846-1848. Réflexion sur la formation de la majorité Guizot." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040161.

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Les explications politiques de la fin de la monarchie de Juillet demandent à être reconsidérées. L’historiographie, s’appuyant sur les témoignages des acteurs qui l’ont combattue a insisté sur le refus du roi d’accorder la réforme électorale et parlementaire, refus appuyé par le cabinet ministériel dirigé par Guizot et par la Chambre des députés. La Charte de 1830 définissait le cadre d’un régime où le roi avait sa place et où le gouvernement devait chercher l’appui et le concours des chambres parlementaires. Dans ces conditions, le pouvoir exécutif devait obtenir l’assentiment des assemblées pour mener sa politique. Le refus de la réforme s’explique alors par l’obtention d’une majorité parlementaire acquise au gouvernement par des moyens peu avouables (élections manipulées, corruption, pressions de toutes sortes sur les députés) et la présence massive de députés fonctionnaires a priori dociles et obéissants. Était-ce vraiment le cas ? La dernière Chambre des députés élue en 1846 voit une victoire ministérielle incontestable plus fondée sur les effets du suffrage censitaire que par des manipulations. Le comportement de cette majorité durant cette courte législature révèle en fait que le cabinet s’occupa plus de composer avec les dissensions qui sont apparues en son sein que d’essayer de la diriger et de la dominer. En réalité, on en vient à se demander si Guizot, loin d’imposer son point de vue aux députés ministériels n’était pas en fin de compte le porte-parole de leurs aspirations conservatrices
The political explanations for the downfall of the July monarchy require re-examination. Relying on testimonies from the politicians who battled against it, historiography gives preference to the king’s refusal of parliamentary and electoral reform, a refusal that was backed by the ministerial cabinet under the direction of Guizot and the Chamber of deputies. The Charter of 1830 laid the foundations of a regime with a place for the king, and where the government had to solicit the assistance and cooperation of the assemblies. In these conditions, in order to conduct its policies, the executive branch had to first obtain the consent of the assemblies. The refusal of reform is thus attributed to the government’s winning the parliamentary majority by dubious means (corruption, rigged elections, and putting deputies under pressure of all sorts) and the immense presence of bureaucrats who were assumed obedient and docile. Was this really the case? The monarchy’s last Chamber of deputies, elected in 1846, reached an incontestable ministerial victory, due more to the effects of censitary suffrage than rigging. The behavior of this majority over the short course of this term of office actually reveals that the cabinet was more concerned with dissent from within than it was with trying to lead and dominate it. By this one is led to wonder if Guizot, far from imposing his point of view on ministerial deputies, wasn’t actually the spokesperson for their conservative aspirations
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Ogou, Dogba Blaise. "Les évolutions de la règle électorale dans les systèmes politiques transitionnels : les élections législatives en Europe du Sud-Est (1989-2009)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0019/document.

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Le sujet central de cette thèse concerne les évolutions de la règle électorale dans les régimespost-communistes et traite de la contribution de ces évolutions à la démocratisation dessystèmes politiques de l’Europe du Sud-Est, à partir d’un échantillon d’Etats (Albanie,Bulgarie, Macédoine, Roumanie et Serbie-Monténégro). La transition démocratique et lechangement de régime impliquent la construction d’une nouvelle légitimité politique. Cettelégitimité passe par les élections qui sont au coeur de la démocratie. Ce travail cherche àcomprendre comment sont choisies les règles régissant ces élections. Le choix du systèmeélectoral est, dans une grande mesure, la conséquence de plusieurs processus. L’accent mis surles facteurs déterminants de l’adoption et de la réforme électorale permet de comprendre lesmotivations et les objectifs des évolutions de la règle électorale en Europe post-communiste.L’étude de la législation réformée et l’analyse du comportement des acteurs électorauxpermettent de constater que les leaders politiques ont très souvent contourné le sensdémocratique de la norme électorale. Dans cet échantillon d’Etats, les évolutions de la règleélectorale ont eu des conséquences relatives sur le nombre des partis politiques représentés auParlement. Le changement de régime a favorisé l’alternance des majorités électorales etparlementaires. Cette alternance démontre que les principes démocratiques des électionscontribuent à la stabilisation démocratique, même si le contexte et les enjeux politiques propresà cette région favorisent une relative instabilité des majorités parlementaires etgouvernementales
The central subject of this thesis concerns the developments of the electoral rule in postcommunistregimes and discusses the contribution of these changes to the democratization ofpolitical systems of Southeast Europe, from a sample of states (Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia,Romania and Serbia-Montenegro). Democratic transition and regime change involves theconstruction of a new political legitimacy. This legitimacy is through elections that are at theheart of democracy. This work seeks to understand how the rules are chosen these elections.The choice of electoral system is, to a large extent, the result of several processes. The focus onthe determinants of adoption and electoral reform to understanding the motivations and goalsof the developments of the electoral rule in post-communist Europe. The study of the reformedlegislation and behavior analysis of electoral allow players to see that the political leaders haveoften bypassed the democratic sense of the electoral standard. In this sample of countries,changes in the electoral rule had consequences on the number of political parties represented inParliament. Regime change has favored the alternation of parliamentary and electoralmajorities. This alternation shows that the democratic principles of elections contribute to thedemocratic stabilization, even if the context and the political stakes in this region favor a relativeinstability of parliamentary and government majority
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Santos, Rafael Freitas dos. "Poder de agenda e participação legislativa no presidencialismo de coalizão brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-31052011-155033/.

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Essa dissertação pretende debater as interpretações correntes sobre a atividade do Legislativo brasileiro. Tendo como princípio da análise a produção de leis, a proposta é observar a maneira pela qual se resolvem institucionalmente os conflitos de preferências inerentes a governos (e maiorias) multipartidários. Neste sentido, a principal contribuição é trazer novos elementos ao debate sobre como o Executivo é capaz de produzir e, mais especificamente, manter maiorias legislativas capazes de tornar o governo efetivo. Sem negar o peso das instituições e das regras internas no processo decisório, o argumento é que a manutenção da base governista e, portanto, a governabilidade, dá-se também em termos substantivos, via participação positiva do Legislativo na conformação das políticas que são aprovadas. O recorte temporal se estende de 1988, após a promulgação da Nova Constituição, até 2009. Como se verá ao longo do trabalho, apesar da lógica dominante de concentração dos poderes, está em efeito um processo de negociação constante entre os Poderes em torno da elaboração objetiva do conteúdo das leis. Para chegar a este ponto, trata-se inicialmente da questão da agenda de governo e do domínio do Executivo, com ênfase nas alterações que o Legislativo aprova nas propostas enviadas pelo Executivo ao Congresso Nacional. Depois, a questão é saber em quais instâncias legislativas (comissões ou plenário) se efetiva primordialmente a participação do Legislativo sobre essas políticas, em investigação que mostra que é nas comissões que se dá o principal canal de manifestação positiva dos parlamentares nessas propostas. Por fim, o foco se volta para a proposição de alterações, buscando demonstrar quem participa, levando o debate para os termos de coalizão de governo e de maioria e minoria parlamentar.
This dissertation intends to debate the current interpretations about the activities of the Brazilian Legislative houses. Focusing on law production, the proposal is to observe the ways in which the conflicts of interest inherent to multiparty governments (and majorities) are institutionally resolved. The main contribution is to bring new elements to the discussion about how the Executive build and, particularly, maintain legislative majorities that enable the effectiveness of the government. Without denying the importance of institutions and internal rules in the legislative process, the argumentation is that the maintenance of the government coalition, and thus, the governability, is also sustain in substantive premises, through positive participation of the Legislative in the conformation of the policies that are approved. The perimeter is from 1988, after the new Constitution promulgation, to 2009. As will be seen throughout the work, despite the dominant logic of concentration of powers, there is a process of constant negotiation between the Powers around the objective elaboration of the laws content. To reach this point, it was initially approached the topics of government agenda and Executive domain, emphasizing the changes made and approved by the Legislative in the proposal introduced by the Executive in the Congress. After that, its investigated in which legislative instances (committees or the floor) the Legislatives participation mainly occurs, in investigation that shows that the committees are the main channel of positive manifestation on those bills. Finally, the focus turn to the authorship of the alterations, in an intent to show who is participating, what leads the discussion to the terms of government coalitions and legislative majority and minority.
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Cortez, Rafael de Paula Santos. "Eleições majoritárias e entrada estratégica no sistema partidário-eleitoral brasileiro (1990-2006)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-23112009-161517/.

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O sistema partidário-eleitoral brasileiro é tido como um dos mais fragmentados do mundo. As inferências para esse diagnóstico são extraídas do padrão de competição nas eleições proporcionais. O propósito da tese é estudar o sistema partidário brasileiro a partir das eleições majoritárias de 1989-2006. A tese tem como foco entender a dinâmica da competição política nessas disputas a partir da ação estratégica das elites partidárias. Do ponto de vista substantivo, o trabalho busca contribuir para o entendimento dos mecanismos que garantiram a dominância de PT e PSDB nas eleições presidenciais a partir de 1994. A tese busca demonstrar, ainda, a existência de estabilidade das clivagens políticas se tomarmos os Estados individualmente. O ponto de partida é que as eleições executivas são as mais importantes, tanto para as elites políticas como para os eleitores. Partidos políticos hierarquizam os diferentes pleitos. O argumento do trabalho é que o mecanismo central que garantiu a estabilidade da clivagem PT-PSDB foi a articulação nacional das candidaturas por meio das eleições para o governo do Estado. Esses dois partidos foram capazes de reproduzir essa clivagem nas diferentes disputas estaduais. A evidência empírica utilizada na análise é a frequência do lançamento de candidaturas dos nove maiores partidos nas eleições executivas. O custo de entrada das eleições majoritárias leva à criação de mercados eleitorais distintos no interior do sistema partidário brasileiro. O alto custo decorrente da baixa magnitude das eleições executivas torna esse mercado bastante concentrado. Assim, o padrão da competição política nas eleições majoritárias não apenas se encontra de acordo com a literatura institucionalista mas também apresenta uma estabilidade na identidade dos competidores tanto nas eleições presidenciais como, em menor medida, nas eleições para o governo estadual.
The brazilian electoral-party system is considered one of the most fragmented in the world. That diagnosis is based on the pattern of competition in proportional elections. The purpose of this thesis is to study the brazilian party system from the perspective of executive elections from 1989 to 2006. This thesis focuses on understanding the dynamics of political competition in these disputes from the strategic action of the party elites. Our central aim is to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that ensured the dominance of PT and PSDB in the presidential elections since 1994. This thesis seeks to demonstrate also the existence of stability of political divisions if the states are taken individually. The starting point of this work is that the executive elections are the most important for both political elites and voters. Political parties rank the different types of competition. The argument of this paper is that the central mechanism which ensured the stability of the PT-PSDB cleavage was the articulation of national contest through the elections to the government of the state. These two parties were able to reproduce the various disputes in the states. The empirical evidence used in the analysis is the frequency of the launch of applications of the nine major parties in the executive elections. The cost of entering the elections majority takes the creation of separate markets within the electoral party system in Brazil. The high costs of low executive elections make this market highly concentrated. Thus, the pattern of the executive elections is not only according to the institutionalist literature, but also shows stability in the identity of competitors both in the presidential elections and, to a lesser extent, in elections to the states governments.
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Books on the topic "Majority system"

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Minority government and majority rule. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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O, Hope Richard, ed. Educating a new majority: Transforming America's educational system for diversity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996.

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Oleszek, Walter J. Majority and minority whips of the Senate: History and development of the party whip system in the U.S. Senate. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.

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Urwin, Derek W. Choosing representatives: Majority electoral systems. London: s.n., 1987.

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Office, General Accounting. Year 2000 computing crisis: Costs and planned use of emergency funds : report to the Majority Leader, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1999.

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Sorace, Domenico, ed. Discipline processuali differenziate nei diritti amministrativi europei. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-586-3.

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Discipline processuali differenziate nei diritti amministrativi europei. Anyone in Europe who considers that they have suffered an abuse of power on the part of a public body can apply to a judge for justice. But this role is not restricted to a single judge. Not only is there a plurality of judges corresponding to the plurality of States in which they exercise their functions, but also (in the majority of cases) within each State there is more than one type of judge appointed to impose respect of the law even on public bodies, just as the procedures and manner in which the judicial action may materialise are also different. The protection of the citizens is differentiated, and this can be explained by the varying requirements or the different motivations which cannot always justify the deriving complications. The book explores this phenomenon, considering some of the principal European State systems, as well as the system of the European Union itself.
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The lost majority: Why the future of government is up for grabs-- and who will take it. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Tan, Lee. Buddhist Revitalization and Chinese Religions in Malaysia. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726436.

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Buddhist Revitalization and Chinese Religions in Malaysia tells the story of how a minority community comes to grips with the challenges of modernity, history, globalization, and cultural assertion in an ever-changing Malaysia. It captures the religious connection, transformation, and tension within a complex traditional belief system in a multi-religious society. In particular, the book revolves around a discussion on the religious revitalization of Chinese Buddhism in modern Malaysia. This Buddhist revitalization movement is intertwined with various forces, such as colonialism, religious transnationalism, and global capitalism. Reformist Buddhists have helped to remake Malaysia’s urban-dwelling Chinese community and have provided an exit option in the Malay and Muslim majority nation state. As Malaysia modernizes, there have been increasing efforts by certain segments of the country’s ethnic Chinese Buddhist population to separate Buddhism from popular Chinese religions. Nevertheless, these reformist groups face counterforces from traditional Chinese religionists within the context of the cultural complexity of the Chinese belief system.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on National Parks. Land acquisition from willing sellers, trail of the ancients, study of four national historic trails, and willing sellers for the majority of the trails in the system: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session on S. 324, S. 634, S. 635, S. 651, May 6, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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Office, General Accounting. Criminal aliens: Majority deported from the New York City area not listed in INS' information systems : briefing report to the Honorable Alfonse M. D'Amato, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Majority system"

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Nicolau, Jairo M. "Brazil: Democratizing with Majority Runoff." In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, 121–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749_4.

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Sugiyama, Takuya, Takuya Obata, Kunihito Hoki, and Takeshi Ito. "Optimistic Selection Rule Better Than Majority Voting System." In Computers and Games, 166–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17928-0_16.

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Kiesler, Charles A., and Celeste G. Simpkins. "Effects of Hospital Exemption from the Prospective Payment System." In The Unnoticed Majority in Psychiatric Inpatient Care, 187–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1109-4_15.

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Alexander, Gerard. "France: Reform-mongering Between Majority Runoff and Proportionality." In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, 209–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749_10.

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Sawer, Marian. "Australia: Replacing Plurality Rule with Majority-Preferential Voting." In The Handbook of Electoral System Choice, 475–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230522749_27.

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Bol, Damien, André Blais, Jean-François Laslier, and Antonin Macé. "Electoral System and Number of Candidates: Candidate Entry Under Plurality and Majority Runoff." In Voting Experiments, 303–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40573-5_16.

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Rahman, A. F. R., H. Alam, and M. C. Fairhurst. "Multiple Classifier Combination for Character Recognition: Revisiting the Majority Voting System and Its Variations." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 167–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45869-7_21.

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Tyurina, Marina, Alexander Porunov, Alexander Nikitin, Rimma Zaripova, and Gulia Khamatgaleeva. "Multichannel Majority System for Detection and Prevention of Emergency Modes of Gas Pumping Unit Filters." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 391–402. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9376-2_37.

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Vens, Celine. "Majority Voting." In Encyclopedia of Systems Biology, 1172. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_840.

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Uber, Arnoldo, Ricardo Azambuja Silveira, Paulo Jose de Freitas Filho, Julio Cezar Uzinski, and Reinaldo Augusto da Costa Bianchi. "MASDES-DWMV: Model for Dynamic Ensemble Selection Based on Multiagent System and Dynamic Weighted Majority Voting." In Advances in Computational Intelligence, 419–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60887-3_36.

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Conference papers on the topic "Majority system"

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Rodrigues, Luiz A., Luciana Arantes, and Elias P. Duarte. "An Autonomic Majority Quorum System." In 2016 IEEE 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aina.2016.73.

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Hewener, Holger, Christoph Risser, Lukas Brausch, Tilman Rohrer, and Steffen Tretbar. "A mobile ultrasound system for majority detection." In 2019 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2019.8925868.

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Nguyen, Quang H., Trang T. T. Do, Abu Mathew Thoppan, Chee Farr Chong, Indu Arya, Kamal Manisha Maddi, Siddharth Pandey, et al. "Effective Arrhythmia Detection using Majority Voting." In 2019 International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsse.2019.8823458.

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Zografos, Odysseas, Luca Amaru, Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon, Praveen Raghavan, and Giovanni De Micheli. "Majority Logic Synthesis for Spin Wave Technology." In 2014 17th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dsd.2014.99.

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Xu, Lei, Lin Chen, Martin Flores, Hansheng Lei, Liyu Zhang, Mahmoud K. Quweider, Fitratullah Khan, and Weidong Shi. "The Majority Rule: A General Protection on Recommender System." In ASIA CCS '20: The 15th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3385003.3410923.

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Suyama, K., and F. Zhang. "A new type reliable control system using decision by majority." In Proceedings of 16th American CONTROL Conference. IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.1997.611753.

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Xu, Lu, Mingxing Xu, and Dali Yang. "Factor Analysis and Majority Voting Based Speech Emotion Recogntion." In 2010 International Conference on Intelligent System Design and Engineering Application (ISDEA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdea.2010.306.

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Rai, Suresh. "Majority Gate Based Design for Combinational Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) Circuits." In 2008 40th Southeastern Symposium on System Theory (SSST). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssst.2008.4480225.

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Apon, Tasnim Sakib, Abrar Islam, and MD Golam Rabiul Alam. "Action Recognition using Transfer Learning and Majority Voting for CSGO." In 2021 13th International Conference on Information & Communication Technology and System (ICTS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icts52701.2021.9608407.

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Wang Lunyao, Xia Yinshui, and Chen Xiexiong. "Logic detection algorithm for dual logic implementations based on majority cubes." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5622147.

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Reports on the topic "Majority system"

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Poyer, D. A. A comparative analysis of energy demand and expenditures by minority and majority households within the context of a conditional demand system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10166910.

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Valko, Nataliia V., Nataliya O. Kushnir, and Viacheslav V. Osadchyi. Cloud technologies for STEM education. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3882.

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Cloud technologies being used in STEM education for providing robotics studying are highlighted in this article. Developing cloud robotic systems have not been used to their fullest degree in education but are applied by limited specialists’ number. Advantages given by cloud robotics (an access to big data, open systems, open environments development) lead to work with mentioned systems interfaces improving and having them more accessible. The potential represented by these technologies make them worth being shown to the majority of teachers. Benefits of cloud technologies for robotics and automatization systems are defined. An integrated approach to knowledge assimilation is STEM education basis. The demanded stages for robotics system development are shown and cloud sources which could be possibly used are analyzed in this article.
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Calabrese, Stephen, Dennis Epple, and Richard Romano. Majority Choice of Tax Systems in Single- and Multi-Jurisdictional Economies. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21231.

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Kwasnitschka, Tom. Open-Water Test of the LIGHTHOUSE Situational Awareness System, Cruise No. AL555, 28.4.21 – 11.5.21, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) LIGHTHOUSE-DM, Alkor-Berichte AL555. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al555.

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The objective of this cruise was to establish the first order functionality of the LIGHTHOUSE system in terms of mechanics, ROV operations, electrical components and data link. This is a highly integrated suite of optical and acoustic sensors to create a real time 360° scan of an underwater environment, in order to enhance the situational awareness of pilots and mission specialists. The tests were to be conducted in the clear, deep waters of the Norwegian Sognefjord. Due to severe technical malfunctions that became only apparent during mobilization in the port of Kiel, the vessel stayed moored to the east shore and west shore quays in Kiel Harbor, except for an excursion off Boknis Eck in the Eckernförde Bight. Despite these restrictions in locality, the majority of the work programme was carried out with great success.
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Girdap, Hafza. Book Review: The Turkish Malaise – A Critical Essay. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/br0012.

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Author Cengiz Aktar argues that Turkey is witnessed a victory of a non-democratic system—and the majority of society supports this transition. The regime consolidates its discriminatory, oppressive, autocratic politics by gaining the support of non-AKP constituents through the discourse of “native and national.” Thus, the situation in Turkey is not a simple deviation from the norm; it is a more complex socio-political conundrum. In other words, the regime represented by Recep Tayyip Erdogan, is not the reason for but the result of society’s mindset which is a reasonable part of the “Turkish malaise.”
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Olwande, John, Miltone Ayieko, John Mukundi, and Nicholas Odhiambo. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Kenya. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.037.

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Kenya confirmed its first case of COVID-19 on 12 March 2020. Like many governments across the world, the Kenyan government implemented various measures aimed at slowing down local spread of the virus and cushioning the population against the negative economic effects of the pandemic and the associated policy restrictions. International organisations and researchers postulated that the measures would negatively affect economic activities and livelihoods, with undesirable implications for poverty and food insecurity. Particularly vulnerable would be populations in developing countries such as Kenya, where many people depend on food systems for their livelihoods, and the majority of those are smallholder farmers who often have low economic power. The objective of this rapid assessment was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the food system and the sub-set of the population largely dependent on agriculture in Kenya to inform actions that can assure protection of rural livelihoods and continued access to adequate and affordable food of acceptable quality to the population. This report presents results of that rapid assessment.
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Van Rijn, Jaap, Harold Schreier, and Yossi Tal. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation as a novel approach for water treatment in marine and freshwater aquaculture recirculating systems. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696511.bard.

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Ammonia waste removal in recirculating aquaculture systems is typically accomplished via the action of nitrifying bacteria in specially designed biofilters that oxidize ammonia to produce nitrate. In the majority of these systems nitrate is discharged to the environment through frequent water exchanges. As environmental considerations have made it necessary to eliminate nitrate release, new strategies for nitrate consumption are being developed. In the funding period we showed that ammonia removal from wastewater could take place by an anaerobic ammonia oxidation process carried out by bacterial Planctomycetessp. Referred to as “anammox”, this process occurs in the absence of an organic source and in the presence of nitrite (or nitrate) as an electron acceptor as follows: NH₃ + HNO₂ -> N₂ + 2H₂O. Annamox has been estimated to result in savings of up to 90% of the costs associated with was wastewater treatment plants. Our objective was to study the applicability of the anammox process in a variety of recirculating aquaculture systems to determine optimal conditions necessary for efficient ammonia waste removal. Both seawater and freshwater systems operated with either conventional aerobic treatment of ammonia to nitrate (USA) or, in addition, denitrifying biofilters as well as anaerobic digestion of sludge (Israel) were tested. Molecular tools were used to screen and monitor different treatment compartments for the presence of Planctomycetes. Optimal conditions for the enrichment of the anammox bacteria were tested using laboratory scale biofilters as well as a semi-commercial system. Enrichment studies resulted in the isolation of some unique heterotrophic bacteria capable of plasmid-mediated autotrophic growth in the presence of ammonia and nitrite. Our studies have not only demonstrated the presence and viability of Planctomycetes spp. in recirculating marine and freshwater systems biofilter units but also demonstrated the applicability of the anammox process in these systems. Using our results we have developed treatment schemes that have allowed for optimizing the anammox process and applying it to recirculating systems.
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Craw, Jack. OPINION: Focus and Performance in Managing Post-border Security in New Zealand. Unitec ePress, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/pibs.rs32015.

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The New Zealand public, its industries and the conservation sector, are greatly concerned about the state of national biosecurity protection, awareness and system performance – and rightly so. Scarcely a day goes by without a new story in the media about a biosecurity breach, a pest, a threat or a related impact on the economy, biodiversity, human health or lifestyles. The vast majority of this public focus is on issues at the national border. Yet the greatest number and cost of biosecurity programmes in New Zealand, and the greatest impact on citizens’ wallets, are the many pest management programmes developed and implemented by regional and unitary councils.These programmes tend to be largely ignored by the national media, possibly because they are implemented by 17 disparate regional and unitary councils (hereafter referred to as councils), and possibly because most of the programmes are unspectacular, business-as-usual, necessary activities that help to keep farming profitable, the environment liveable and conservation achievable.
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Kruse, C., Dong Hun Kang, Kenneth Mitchell, Patricia DiJoseph, and Marin Kress. Freight fluidity for the Port of Baltimore : vessel approach and maritime mobility metrics. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43000.

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The United States Army Corps of Engineers is tasked with maintaining waterborne transportation system elements. Understanding channel utilization by vessels informs decisions regarding operations, maintenance, and investments in those elements. Historically, investment decisions have been informed by safety, environmental considerations, and projected economic benefits of alleviating channel restrictions or shipping delays (usually derived from models). However, quantifying causes and impacts of shipping delays based on actual historical vessel location data and then identifying which causes could be ameliorated through investment has been out of reach until recently. In this study, Automatic Identification System vessel position reports were used to develop quantitative measures of transit and dwell-time reliabilities for commercial vessels calling at the Port of Baltimore, Maryland. This port has two deep-water approaches: Chesapeake Bay and the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Descriptive metrics were determined for each approach, including port cycle time, harbor stay hours, travel time inbound, and travel time outbound. Then, additional performance measures were calculated: baseline travel time, travel time index, and planning time index. The key finding of this study is that the majority of variability in port cycle time is due to the variability in harbor stay hours, not from channel conditions or channel restrictions.
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Tanksley, Steven D., and Dani Zamir. Development and Testing of a Method for the Systematic Discovery and Utilization of Novel QTLs in the Production of Improved Crop Varieties: Tomato as a Model System. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570570.bard.

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Modern cultivated varieties carry only a small fraction of the variation present in the gene pool. The narrow genetic basis of modern crop plants is a result of genetic bottlenecks imposed during early domestication and modern plant breeding. The wild ancestors of most crop plants can still be found in their natural habitats and Germplasm Centers have been established to collect and maintain this material. These wild and unadapted resources can potentially fuel crop plant improvement efforts for many years into the future (Tanksley and McCouch 1997). Unfortunately, scientists have been unable to exploit the majority of the genetic potential warehoused in germplasm repositories. This is especially true as regards to the improvement of quantitative traits like yield and quality. One of the major problems is that much of the wild germplasm is inferior to modern cultivars for many of the quantitative traits that breeders would like to improve. Our research, focusing on the tomato as a model system, has shown that despite their inferior phenotypes, wild species are likely to contain QTLs that can substantially increase the yield and quality of elite cultivars (de Vicente and Tanksley 1992, Eshed and Zamir 1994, Eshed et al. 1996). Using novel population structures of introgression lines (ILs; Eshed and Zamir 1995) and advanced backcross lines (AB; Tanksley et al. 1996) we identified and introduced valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite processing tomato varieties. Populations involving crosses with five Lycopersicon species (L. pennellii (Eshed and Zamir 1994; Eshed et al. 1996; Eshed and Zamir 1996), L. hirsutum (Bernacchi et al. 1998), L. pimpinellifolium (Tanksley et al. 1996), L. parviflorum (unpub.), L. peruvianum (Fulton et al. 1997) have been field and laboratory tested in a number of locations around the world. QTLs from the wild parent were identified that improve one or more of the key quantitative traits for processing tomatoes (yield, brix, sugar and acid composition and earliness) by as much as 10-30%. Nearly isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) have been generated for a subset of these QTLs. Each QTL-NIL contains the entire genome of the elite cultivated parent except for a segment (5-40 cM) of the wild species genome corresponding to a specific QTL. The genetic material and information that was developed in this program is presently used by American and Israeli seed companies for the breeding of superior varieties. We expect that in the next few years these varieties will make a difference in the marketplace.
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