To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Majority system.
Books on the topic 'Majority system'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Majority system.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Minority government and majority rule. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Find full text
2
O, Hope Richard, ed. Educating a new majority: Transforming America's educational system for diversity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996.
Find full text
3
Oleszek, Walter J. Majority and minority whips of the Senate: History and development of the party whip system in the U.S. Senate. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.
Find full text
4
Urwin, Derek W. Choosing representatives: Majority electoral systems. London: s.n., 1987.
Find full text
5
Office, General Accounting. Year 2000 computing crisis: Costs and planned use of emergency funds : report to the Majority Leader, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1999.
Find full text
6
Sorace, Domenico, ed. Discipline processuali differenziate nei diritti amministrativi europei. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-586-3.
Full textAbstract:
Discipline processuali differenziate nei diritti amministrativi europei. Anyone in Europe who considers that they have suffered an abuse of power on the part of a public body can apply to a judge for justice. But this role is not restricted to a single judge. Not only is there a plurality of judges corresponding to the plurality of States in which they exercise their functions, but also (in the majority of cases) within each State there is more than one type of judge appointed to impose respect of the law even on public bodies, just as the procedures and manner in which the judicial action may materialise are also different. The protection of the citizens is differentiated, and this can be explained by the varying requirements or the different motivations which cannot always justify the deriving complications. The book explores this phenomenon, considering some of the principal European State systems, as well as the system of the European Union itself.
7
The lost majority: Why the future of government is up for grabs-- and who will take it. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Find full text
8
Tan, Lee. Buddhist Revitalization and Chinese Religions in Malaysia. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726436.
Full textAbstract:
Buddhist Revitalization and Chinese Religions in Malaysia tells the story of how a minority community comes to grips with the challenges of modernity, history, globalization, and cultural assertion in an ever-changing Malaysia. It captures the religious connection, transformation, and tension within a complex traditional belief system in a multi-religious society. In particular, the book revolves around a discussion on the religious revitalization of Chinese Buddhism in modern Malaysia. This Buddhist revitalization movement is intertwined with various forces, such as colonialism, religious transnationalism, and global capitalism. Reformist Buddhists have helped to remake Malaysia’s urban-dwelling Chinese community and have provided an exit option in the Malay and Muslim majority nation state. As Malaysia modernizes, there have been increasing efforts by certain segments of the country’s ethnic Chinese Buddhist population to separate Buddhism from popular Chinese religions. Nevertheless, these reformist groups face counterforces from traditional Chinese religionists within the context of the cultural complexity of the Chinese belief system.
9
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on National Parks. Land acquisition from willing sellers, trail of the ancients, study of four national historic trails, and willing sellers for the majority of the trails in the system: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session on S. 324, S. 634, S. 635, S. 651, May 6, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.
Find full text
10
Office, General Accounting. Criminal aliens: Majority deported from the New York City area not listed in INS' information systems : briefing report to the Honorable Alfonse M. D'Amato, United States Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1987.
Find full text
11
Amirian, E. Susan, Quinn T. Ostrom, Yanhong Liu, Jill Barnholtz-Sloan, and Melissa L. Bondy. Nervous System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0056.
Full textAbstract:
Although brain and other nervous system tumors are relatively rare, constituting up to 4% of incident primary cancer diagnoses, they are often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Several etiologic factors have been examined in relation to nervous system tumors, with the majority of studies focusing on central nervous system tumors. Despite decades of research, the only established risk factors for brain tumors are family history and moderate to high levels of ionizing radiation exposure. Differences in study designs, case ascertainment, control selection, and accuracy of exposure assessment are challenges associated with studying risk factors for nervous system tumors, and may partly explain why the majority of risk for these tumors remains unexplained. There is now substantial evidence that gliomas are inversely associated with allergies and atopy and positively associated with taller height.
12
Hope, Richard O., and Laura I. Rendon. Educating a New Majority: Transforming America's Educational System for Diversity (Jossey Bass Education Series). Jossey-Bass, 1995.
Find full text
13
Edkins, Vanessa A., and Allison D. Redlich, eds. A System of Pleas. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190689247.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The title of this work references a majority opinion from Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy noting that the U.S. criminal justice system is no longer focused on trials but has become a system of pleas; that the system’s processes and protections need to adapt from trial protections to plea protections. Social science research likewise needs to expand beyond the courtroom and the jury room to address the multitude of factors involved in plea decisions and the influences at work on the various legal-system players (e.g., defendants, defense attorneys, prosecutors). This work is both a culmination of the current state of plea bargaining research and a call to action for future researchers. All of the areas addressed—from innocents pleading guilty, to prosecutors charging decisions, to mass incarceration and felon disenfranchisement—merge to create a picture of the current U.S. criminal justice system as it really is, and how social science can move forward within it.
14
Pozzulo, Joanna, Emily Pica, and Chelsea Sheahan. Familiarity and Conviction in the Criminal Justice System. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874810.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Eyewitnesses are likely to have some degree of familiarity with a perpetrator when a crime is committed. Despite the fact that the majority of crimes are committed by someone with whom the victim/witness is familiar, the majority of eyewitness research has focused on the identification of stranger perpetrators. It is critical to examine how familiarity may influence eyewitness accuracy. Familiarity can vary from a complete stranger to a very familiar other. This book explores the “middle ground” as it relates to the criminal justice system, namely describing perpetrators, eyewitness identification, and jury decision-making. The purpose of this book is to consolidate the literature that exists regarding familiarity and to apply this research to an eyewitness context. This book attempts to better understand how familiarity may impact eyewitnesses and to highlight key considerations when an eyewitness is familiar with a perpetrator while collecting eyewitness evidence and using it in a courtroom. This is achieved through an in-depth discussion of the definition of familiarity, the examination of critical social psychological and cognitive theory in relation to familiarity, a description of the current literature examining eyewitness familiarity, a discussion of familiarity evidence in the courtroom, and a proposal for future directions and research.
15
Bernal, William, and Alberto Quaglia. Normal physiology of the hepatic system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0173.
Full textAbstract:
Hepatic blood inflow is from two sources—high-pressure, well-oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and low-pressure, partly deoxygenated blood from the portal vein. Hepatic inflow is maintained by variation in flows in these two systems. Although less than a third of total blood flow is delivered via the hepatic artery, it is responsible for the majority of hepatic oxygen supply. The liver can be subdivided into eight functionally independent segments, each with its own vascular inflow, outflow, and biliary drainage. The tri-dimensional hepatic microstructure is complex with geographic heterogeneity of hepatocellular function, and resistance to toxic, ischaemic, and metabolic damage. The liver is central to a wide variety of synthetic, metabolic, and detoxification functions. The overall balance of activity may be altered rapidly in response to systemic inflammatory stimuli.
16
Covassin, Naima, and Virend K. Somers. The cardiovascular system during sleep. Edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0028.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of molecular, physiological, and behavioural processes undergo substantial variations across a 24 h period. The health implications of such fluctuations, whether they are expressions of an intrinsic circadian rhythmicity or are secondary to changes in physical activity, posture, and/or sleep, are increasingly recognized. Similar to other biological functions, the cardiovascular system exhibits a prominent day–night profile, with profound haemodynamic, autonomic, and hormonal oscillations occurring during the sleep period. These time-dependent and sleep stage-dependent patterns of function have important clinical significance. The cardiovascular downregulation achieved throughout the night while asleep may be restorative and protective against adverse events, while the morning physiological activation coincident with awakening facilitates resumption of daytime activities. Nevertheless, rather than beneficial, these activity configurations may be pathogenic in individuals with a vulnerable substrate and may favour onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular complications may also arise as a consequence of abnormal day–night periodicity and disturbed sleep quantity and quality. Hence, consideration of the diurnal pattern of cardiovascular activity is critical in the clinical setting.
17
Flood, Dawn Rae. Rape Victims and the Modern Justice System. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036897.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides an overview of the experiences of women as they entered the justice system after reporting sexual attacks prior to the 1960s, when judicial decisions significantly altered trial proceedings. Victims' social differences were muted from a prosecutorial standpoint because of standardized investigative procedures—procedures much more rigorous, if not entirely sensitive, than previously understood by contemporary studies of sexual violence. Racial privilege shaped the majority of these successful prosecutions, in that African American women almost never appeared in court testifying against white men, and white women testified against black men far more often than they did against white rape defendants. Women's marital or class status did not preclude their central importance to the States' cases, demonstrating how many women challenged the limitations of chivalry, which awarded protections to only a select few, by standing up for themselves and being taken seriously when they reported sexual violence.
18
Goodman, Lawrence R. Imaging the respiratory system in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0078.
Full textAbstract:
Routine radiographs are not cost effective in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Most published guidelines agree that radiographs are worthwhile after insertion of tubes or catheters, and in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Otherwise, they are required only for change in the patient’s clinical status. Picture archiving and communication systems utilize digital imaging technology. They provide superior quality images, rapid image availability at multiple sites, and fewer repeat examinations, reducing both cost and patient radiation. Disadvantages of picture archiving and communication systems include expensive equipment and personnel required to keep them functioning. The majority of chest X-ray abnormalities in the ICU are best understood by paying careful attention to the initial appearance of the X-ray in relation to the patient’s onset of symptoms and the progression of abnormalities over the next few days.
19
Probasco, John C. Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0090.
Full textAbstract:
Paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs) are estimated to affect approximately 0.01% of all patients with cancer. The majority of PNDs are thought to be the byproduct of immune-mediated processes directed against tumor-related antigens, processes which are sometimes effective against a systemic cancer. The inciting cancer is often asymptomatic or occult, with patients presenting to the neurologist with a variety of neurological symptoms and signs depending on the area(s) of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system involved. The diagnosis of a PND is reserved for patients with histologically proven cancer; however, clinical presentation and diagnostic test results may make the diagnosis of a PND highly probable in the absence of the diagnosis of a cancer.
20
Jones, Richard J. Anglican Schools in Muslim-Majority Societies, 1910–2010. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199643011.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
When the Christian movement inserts itself into a culture, indigenous institutions serving to inculcate values and to teach both a world-view and religious rites are necessarily affected. In societies where Islam was dominant or was reviving in the period 1910–2010, Christian schools had to win acceptance from local parents as well as from political authorities. Anglican missionaries in northern India; in greater Syria, Egypt, and Sudan; and in East and West Africa engaged their host societies at differing levels. Some proffered literacy in local languages, aiming to equip Bible readers and Church leaders. Others aimed to prepare elites to become social leaders using Western logic and techniques. Some Anglican schools retained their Christian ethos by confining their work to underserved populations, or by good service to elites; others were absorbed into state-run school systems.
21
Haq, Khadija, ed. Pakistan’s 22 Families. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter, Haq goes back to his 1968 presentation alleging 22 industrial family groups that had come to control a majority of industrial, banking and insurance sectors in the country. In this article, Haq explains that the study and the findings need to be viewed in the proper perspective, highlighting that the concentration of wealth was a by-product of the government policies and the primitive capitalist system in Pakistan. Haq clarifies that the slogan of the 22 families was rather taken too literally. For him, the 22 families were not the cause, but a mere symptom of the system that created them.
22
Schreuder, Michiel F. Duplex, ectopic, and horseshoe kidneys. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0352.
Full textAbstract:
A duplex urinary tract, irrespective of the degree of duplication, is present in 0.8% at autopsy, of which about 20–35% is bilateral. The majority of duplex systems are incomplete, indicating that the ipsilateral ureters fuse before entering the bladder. A complete duplex system shows anomalies of the upper moiety, with associated ureterocele or ectopic ureter, and of the lower moiety, frequently associated with vesicoureteral reflux. Renal ectopia is a rare (1/1000) congenital defect where the kidney is not located in the renal fossa, and is associated with a high rate of hydronephrosis, vesicoureteral reflux, and abnormal contralateral kidney. In a horseshoe kidney (present in 1/400 to 1/1800), fusion of the two kidneys takes place, but the two renal moieties are still located on both sides of the midline. As the lower poles are fused in the midline, a horseshoe kidney is usually located lower than normal and orientation of the renal axis is shifted, which may guide diagnosis during abdominal ultrasound.
23
Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Tonal Phonology: Lexical Tone Patterns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Like the vast majority of Bantu languages, Chichewa is a tone language. The chapter begins with a brief introduction to the Chichewa tone system. The lexical tone patterns for noun and verb stems are taken up next. Lexical tones do not always surface on their input sponsor syllable due to the application of tone processes such as tone doubling, tone plateauing, and final retraction. These processes, all conditioned by phrase penult lengthening, are defined and illustrated in detail in this chapter, along with the OCP-motivated process, Meeussen’s Rule. The tonal properties of clitics and clitic-like nominal modifiers are shown to motivate the process of tone shift. The phonetics of tone and the accentual properties of the Chichewa tone system are discussed in the concluding sections.
24
Elder, J. Bradley, and Ahmed Mohyeldin. Extramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
Tumors of the spine that occur within the dura but outside of the spinal cord are characterized as intradural but extramedullary spine tumors. The vast majority of these tumors are benign. This chapter uses a case presentation to present diagnostic and management pearls for this anatomic category of central nervous system neoplasms. These tumors are typically diagnosed due to presenting symptoms including pain or neurologic symptoms that localize the tumor to a specific area of the spine. Management is typically surgical. Some types of tumors are associated with syndromes such as neurofibromatosis. This chapter also discusses potential pitfalls and complications and their management.
25
Panepinto, Alice. Truth and Transitional Justice: Localising the International Legal Framework in Muslim Majority Legal Systems. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2019.
Find full text
26
Emerson, P. J. Beyond the Tyranny of the Majority: Voting Methodologies in Decision Making and Electoral Systems. The de Borda Institute, 1998.
Find full text
27
Keeley, Vaughan. Lymphoedema. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0113.
Full textAbstract:
Lymphoedema is a chronic oedema developing as a result of failure of the lymphatic system to drain fluid and other substances, such as proteins, from the tissues. It typically affects the limbs but can involve any part of the body. The management of all types of lymphoedema is largely palliative in nature in that there are no surgical or other treatments which offer a cure for the problem in the vast majority of cases. This chapter focuses on oedema associated with advanced cancer and other diseases, encountered towards the end of life with some reference to cancer treatment-related lymphoedema, as this may also be present in people with advanced disease.
28
Godfrey, Barry, Pam Cox, Heather Shore, and Zoe Alker. After Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788492.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapters 6 follows the children out of the institutional gate and into adulthood. It draws on rich personal evidence created through the ‘licence’ (or early release) system as well as census, military, employment, criminal justice, and local press records to track their subsequent journeys through life. The chapter focuses on the experiences of the majority who—to our knowledge—desisted from further offending. This group might be described as adolescent-limited offenders. The factors that seem likely to have contributed to their ‘successful’ reintegration are examined, and there is consideration of what that ‘success’ may have meant in terms of wider life chances and social mobility.
29
Tse, Jeanie, and Serena Yuan Volpp, eds. A Case-Based Approach to Public Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Expert public psychiatrists use case studies to share best practice strategies in this clinically oriented introduction to community mental health. Today, the majority of psychiatrists work with people who suffer not only from mental illness but also from poverty, trauma, social isolation, and discrimination. Psychiatrists cannot do this work alone but, instead, are part of teams of behavioral health workers navigating larger health care and social service systems. In an increasingly complex health care environment, mental health clinicians need to master systems-based practice in order to provide optimal care to their patients. The rapid development of public psychiatry training programs is a response to the learning needs of psychiatrists in an evolving system. This book begins with seven foundational principles of public psychiatry—recovery, trauma-informed care, integrated care, cultural humility, harm reduction, systems of care, and financing care—using cases to bring these concepts to life. Then, using a population health framework, cases are used to explore the typical needs of different age groups or vulnerable populations and to illustrate evidence-based/best practices that have been employed to meet these needs. Common to all of the chapters is a focus on the potential of each person, regardless of illness, to achieve personal goals, supported by a clinician who is also an advocate, activist, and leader.
30
Weeks, Liam. Independents in Irish party democracy. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719099601.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
While in almost all competitive political systems parties are omnipotent at elections, in Ireland independents (non-party MPs) remain significant players. At the Irish general election in 2016, independents won 23 of the 157 contested seats, proportionally the highest level of elected independent representation in the national parliament of any established democracy since 1950, and more than the combined total in all other industrial democracies. Not only have independents in Ireland persisted, but they have also had a significant political impact. Regularly holding the balance of power as kingmakers in hung parliaments where no party or coalition has an overall majority, independents have been able to use this position to extract policy influence. The purpose of the book is to examine and explain this persistence of the independent phenomenon in a stable party democracy. With Ireland as the primary case, but also using comparative data, it assesses how and why independents can endure in a democracy that is one of the oldest surviving in Europe and has historically had one of the most stable party systems. The central premise is that it is due to the permissiveness of the Irish political system, in terms of a conducive political culture and institutions, electoral record and key relevance, which all combine to facilitate independents’ emergence.
31
Grau, Marion. Pilgrimage, Landscape, and Identity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197598634.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The book explores the ritual geography of a pilgrimage system woven around local medieval saints in Norway and the renaissance of pilgrimage in contemporary majority-Protestant Norway, facing challenges of migration, xenophobia, and climate crisis. The study is concerned with historical narratives and communal contemporary reinterpretations of the figure of St. Olav, the first Christian king who was a major impulse toward conversion to Christianity and the unification of regions of Norway in a nation unified by a Christian law and faith. This initially medieval pilgrimage network, which originated after the death of Olav Haraldsson and his proclamation as saint in 1030, became repressed after the Reformation, which had a great influence on Scandinavia and shaped Norwegian Christianity overwhelmingly. Since the late 1990s, the Church of Norway participated in a renaissance that has grown into a remarkable infrastructure supported by national and local authorities. The contemporary pilgrimage by land and by sea to Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim is one site where this negotiation is paramount. The study maps how pilgrims, hosts, church officials, and government officials are renegotiating and reshaping narratives of landscape, sacrality, pilgrimage as a symbol of life journey, nation, identity, Christianity, and Protestant reflections on the durability of medieval Catholic saints. The redevelopment of this instance of pilgrimage in a majority-Protestant context negotiates various societal concerns, all of which are addressed by various groups of pilgrims or other actors in the network. One part of the network is the annual festival Olavsfest, a culture and music festival that actively and critically engages the contested heritage of St. Olav and the Church of Norway through theater, music, lectures, and discussions, and features theological and interreligious conversations. This festival is a platform for creative and critical engagement with the contested, violent heritage of St. Olav, the colonial history of Norway in relation to the Sami indigenous population, and many other contemporary social and religious issues. The study highlights facets of critical, constructive engagement of these majority-Protestant actors engaging legacy through forms of theological and ritual creativity rather than mere repetition.
32
Meryl, James-Bryan, and Commonwealth Youth Programme. Caribbean Centre., eds. The forgotten majority: A study of rural support systems and youth in seven Caribbean countries. Georgetown, Guyana: Commonwealth Youth Programme, Caribbean Centre, 1997.
Find full text
33
Asifa, Quraishi. Part 1 Constitutionalism and Islam: Conceptual Issues, 1.3 The Separation of Powers in the Tradition of Muslim Governments. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199759880.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Unlike the relationship between executive, judicial, and legislative powers in modern democracies, the classical Muslim balance of power was not between government entities but rather between the government as a whole and the nongovernmental forces of scholarly academia. Neither had absolute power over the law, and each institution recognized the other's presence and role in the system. This chapter offers a brief overview of this classical Muslim balance of power, summarizing how it is both similar to and different from the contemporary constitutional concept of a separation of powers. It suggests the ways in which classical Muslim structure of authority might provide useful insights for rule of law questions in Muslim majority countries today.
34
Cohen, Jeffrey A., Justin J. Mowchun, Victoria H. Lawson, and Nathaniel M. Robbins. A 68-Year-Old Female with Progressive Pain and Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190491901.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
Statin myopathy can occur at anytime during use. This chapter discusses an approach to diagnosis, and emphasizes management considerations, including awareness of statin metabolism by the cytochrome P-450 system. A statin must be discontinued in any patient with evidence of myopathy or myalgias. A muscle biopsy should be done in cases that do not improve clinically or by creatine kinase level. It is important to note that there are cases of apparent statin myopathy which transform into a chronic autoimmune inflammatory myopathy. Antibodies to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase have recently been identified in the majority of patients with autoimmune statin myopathy and this test may give further weight to treat with immunotherapy.
35
Mars, Maurice. Telemental Health in South Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190622725.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa is a large and diverse nation with the majority of the population living in rural areas. It was an early leader in telemedicine on the African continent, but telemedicine stagnated for nearly ten 10 years after failure of a National Telemedicine System. This chapter reviews the provision of mental health services through videoconference-based telemental health and mHealth in South Africa. The use of this technology to provide Tele-education to improve staff knowledge and raise awareness, and the provision of forensic services are also discussed. In addition, obstacles to implement these services in south African context, including political will, infrastructure, and legal and ethical issues discussed with possible solutions.
36
Marsh, Leslie L. Developments under Democracy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037252.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the current shape of filmmaking and how women directors have positioned themselves in the new context of film production in which it is increasingly difficult to realize aesthetically and ideologically challenging works. The period starting in the mid-1990s have been termed the Retomada or “rebirth” of filmmaking. However, not everyone has boldly celebrated the increased film output, and some have commented that filmmakers are now more tied to the state than ever before. Indeed, the vast majority of feature length films released from 1995 to the mid-2000s relied on monies collected from fiscal incentive laws, creating what has been referred to as a system of “incentivized patronage.”
37
Levien, Michael. Differentiation by Speculation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859152.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter shows how the SEZ’s major contribution to the local economy, dramatic real estate speculation, transformed Rajpura. It demonstrates how pre-existing inequalities—rooted in the failures of land reform and a patriarchal system of landownership—shaped the ability of dispossessed farmers to profit from real estate. Rather than uniformly proletarianizing the dispossessed, the result was differentiation by speculation. A small fraction of the village became neo-rentiers; a majority of the lower-caste semi-proletariat became further proletarianized; a significant and mixed-caste intermediate stratum emerged as petty asset managers; and the landless and women were excluded altogether. Real estate speculation, it concludes, is a poor basis for inclusive development.
38
Senior, Jane, Adrian Hayes, and Jenny Shaw. UK health policy in relation to mentally disordered offenders in the community. Edited by Alec Buchanan and Lisa Wootton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738664.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The majority of mentally disordered offenders are never treated within forensic mental health services. Instead, they remain within the criminal justice system, where care and treatment for complex and co-morbid mental health, substance-misuse, and personality disorder issues remain secondary to justice and punishment. In this chapter, we explore the policy, practice, and legislative drivers influencing healthcare delivery throughout the criminal justice pathway. Firstly, we consider the current liaison and diversion programme in England, which aims to identify people with mental health issues at the point of entry into the criminal justice system. Secondly, we review the state of mental healthcare in prisons, a quarter of a century after the clinical improvement partnership between the National Health Service and HM Prison Service. Thirdly, we discuss issues around court mandated mental health treatment in the community. Finally, we consider initiatives designed to meet the discrete needs of offenders with personality disorders.
39
Bartenev, Dmitri, and Ekaterina Evdokimova. Russia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786627.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter analyses how Russian courts have approached principles and standards of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) since its ratification by Russia in 2012. Given the monist features of the Russian legal system, the Convention has been used in a relatively large number of judgments. In the majority of cases the CRPD has been used only to reinforce the standards already provided by domestic laws. In a few cases, however, judges interpreted the Convention provisions to establish new legal concepts or to apply progressively Russian laws concerning human rights of people with disabilities. The chapter provides a critical insight into different ways of interpreting (or failing to interpret) CRPD provisions used by Russian courts and it concludes that the impact of the CRPD on case law has so far been limited despite its implementation in the Russian legal system.
40
Emyr Jones, Parry. Book IV Multilateral Diplomacy, Human Rights, and International Organizations, 18 The United Nations—I the Charter and its Operation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the charter, structures, organs, and operations that govern the inner workings of the United Nations. It also attempts to show how over more than 60 years a number of events and developments have affected the character and practices of the United Nations. Undoubtedly, the most important single development has seen the total membership grow nearly fourfold (50 to 193) in number. Of this latest number, a majority are former dependent territories. In addition, diplomats working within the UN system usually belong to a national mission in New York and elsewhere. This entails a specialized role, invariably concentrating on a particular topic or committee, and being the basic source of advice to the ambassador, and hence to the capital.
41
Campbell, Andrea Louise, and Michael W. Sances. Constituencies and Public Opinion. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.015.
Full textAbstract:
Public opinion alone cannot explain the trajectory of American social policy, but it is crucial in explaining the nature of social provision. Although most Americans are not highly knowledgeable about or interested in politics, and although their opinions are often shaped by misinformation, misperception, and framing effects, public opinion can offer broad guidance to politicians. Indeed, American social policy reflects majority preferences in a variety of ways: in the differential generosity of programs for "deserving" and "undeserving" target populations; in the extensive use of hidden and obscured modes of social provision such as tax expenditures; and in the modest degree of redistribution the American welfare state achieves. In addition, attentive and well-resourced members of the public, who receive the largest benefits from the system, have successfully prevented retrenchment attempts. Public opinion typically operates in conjunction with other factors, such as interest group influence or the institutional structure of the American system, to shape social policy outcomes.
42
Matwijkiw, Anja, and Bronik Matwijkiw. Bahrain Anno 2017: Peace or Regime-Change? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Transitional justice addresses conflicts and their resolution with the use of a conceptual and normative apparatus that captures, clarifies and, wherever possible, corrects failed states. These undermine values that derive from humanity, the conditio sine qua non for social cohesiveness. Notwithstanding, the six-year anniversary of the 2011 civil unrest in Bahrain is a reminder of the fact that post-conflict success—which entails compliance with the United Nations rule of law standards—is still a contentious issue. Thus, the national rulers’ interest in maintaining the system may continue to compete with the international stake in legitimate statehood without thereby compelling those in power to consider the constituency that primarily depends upon them for their freedom and welfare: the majority of people in Bahrain. Logically, system-conservation requires peace. Ethically, peace is problematic for the same reason. This accentuates the need for change, especially since (so-called) conflict-resolution has resulted in strict(er) law-and-order measures.
43
Brummer, Julie, Lars Møller, and Stefan Enggist. Preventing Drug-Related Death in Recently Released Prisoners. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
The mortality risk for recently released prisoners is alarmingly high. These individuals, especially in the first 2 weeks following release, are at an increased risk for death compared with an age- and gender-matched general population, with the majority of fatalities attributed to overdoses. Although a number of factors contribute to these incidents, the decreased tolerance resulting from a period of abstinence during incarceration is believed to be especially important. Other important factors are the concurrent use of multiple drugs, the lack of pre-release counseling and post-release follow-up, and the failure to identify those at greatest risk. This chapter describes studies conducted in various countries on post-release drug-related deaths. The literature review supports the finding that there is a significantly heightened risk of overdose death during the initial post-release period and suggests a number of prevention and harm reduction responses that may be applied at various levels of the criminal justice system to reduce drug-related deaths in ex-prisoners. Some identified potential preventive responses are the provision of opioid substitution therapy delivered in combination with psychosocial intervention for opioid-dependent prisoners and a continuity of care and stability of treatment through all stages of the criminal justice system, including during community integration, which can be supported by close linkages between prison-health and public-health systems. Take-home naloxone programs are another promising strategy to prevent overdose deaths among people recently released from prison.
44
Croskerry, Pat. The Cognitive Autopsy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190088743.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Behind heart disease and cancer, medical error is now listed as one of the leading causes of death. Of the medical errors that lead to injury and death, diagnostic failure is regarded as the most significant. Generally, the majority of diagnostic failures are attributed to the clinicians directly involved with the patient, and to a lesser extent, the system in which they work. In turn, the majority of errors made by clinicians is due to decision making failures manifested by various departures from rationality. Of all the medical environments in which patients are seen and diagnosed, the emergency department is the most challenging. It has been described as a ‘wicked’ environment where illness and disease may range from minor ailments and complaints to severe, life-threatening disorders. The Cognitive Autopsy is a novel strategy towards understanding medical error and diagnostic failure in 42 clinical cases with which the author was directly involved or became aware of at the time. Essentially, it describes a cognitive approach towards root cause analysis of medical adverse events or near misses. Whereas root cause analysis typically focuses on the observable and measurable aspects of adverse events, the cognitive autopsy attempts to identify covert cognitive processes that may have contributed to outcomes. In this clinical setting, no cognitive process is directly observable but must be inferred from the behaviour of the individual clinician. The book illustrates unequivocally that chief among these cognitive processes are cognitive biases and other flaws in decision making, rather than knowledge deficits.
45
García, María Cristina. The New Asylum Seekers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655303.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 4 discusses the US asylum bureaucracy. The number of asylum petitions increased in the post–Cold war era, creating a backlog of cases. This backlog, as well as growing concerns over the permeability of US borders, led to several reforms of the asylum system in the interest of national security. By the first decade of the twenty-first century, asylum seekers navigated a complex and impersonal bureaucracy that seemed more intent on deterring and deporting than in granting refuge. Today, the majority of asylum seekers navigate this complex bureaucracy without the benefit of legal counsel or even translators, minimizing their chances of a successful outcome. Many asylum seekers fall outside the defined categories of persecution, and their struggles to secure asylum raise important ethical and moral questions about who is deserving of protection.
46
Shin, Doh Chull. Popular Understanding of Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.80.
Full textAbstract:
How well do people around the world understand democracy? Do they support democracy with an informed understanding of what it is? To address these questions, which have largely been overlooked in the literature on democratization, the World Values Survey and three regional barometer surveys are analyzed according to a two-dimensional notion of democratic knowledge. Their analyses reveal that a vast majority of global citizenries especially in post-authoritarian and authoritarian countries are either uninformed or misinformed about the fundamental characteristics of democracy and its alternatives. These findings contradict the popular theses that democracy is emerging as a universal value and it is also becoming the universally preferred system of government. For much of the world today, democracy represents little more than an appealing political symbol that still retains authoritarian practices.
47
Koehler, Philipp, and Oliver A. Cornely. Fungal infections in haemato-oncology. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0032.
Full textAbstract:
Invasive fungal infections on haemato-oncology wards present a major challenge. Patients at risk for invasive fungal infection usually have a compromised immune system due to bone marrow failure caused by underlying disease, prolonged neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy, or immunosuppression after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation to avoid graft-versus-host disease. Three major entities—invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, and mucormycosis—account for the majority of fungal infections. Here, we describe specific host and therapeutic factors predisposing to invasive fungal infection in the haemato-oncology setting. Clinical presentation is highly variable and dependent on the underlying pathogen, organ involvement, and site of infection. Diagnosis is mainly based on radiographic imaging combined with microbiological and histopathological work-up. Various prophylaxis and treatment strategies have been developed, and the evidence for these is discussed.
48
Merry, Alan F., Simon J. Mitchell, and Jonathan G. Hardman. Hazards in anaesthetic practice: body systems and occupational hazards. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0045.
Full textAbstract:
“Can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate” crises and aspiration of gastric contents are important hazards in anaesthesia, and may result in the death of relatively young and healthy patients. Airway difficulties may manifest at the end of anaesthesia as well as at induction and are commoner in emergency departments and intensive care settings than during anaesthesia in operating rooms. Elements of poor management characterize the majority of airway complications. Emergency cricothyroidotomy performed by anaesthetists is associated with a high rate of failure. Other important hazards associated with anaesthesia may involve excessive or inadequate levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood, hypertension or hypotension, hypothermia or hyperthermia (including malignant hyperpyrexia), hypovolaemia, embolism of gas or thrombus, awareness, infection, and injury to the peripheral or central nervous system, or the eyes. Stroke and postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be particularly devastating for patients. These hazards are typically increased in low- and middle-income countries. The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists and the World Health Organization have endorsed international standards for a safe practice of anaesthesia, which are structured to reflect different levels of resource. The Lifebox Foundation seeks to improve the safety of surgery and anaesthesia in resource-constrained areas, notably by closing the substantial global gap in pulse oximetry. Several hazards are integral to the occupation of anaesthesia, including certain infections, increased rates of suicide, and medico-legal risks. In the end, the best way to mitigate these risks is through focusing on the safety of our patients.
49
Djajadiningrat, Rosa, and Simon Horenblas. Penile cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0093.
Full textAbstract:
Penile cancer is a rare malignancy in the Western world, but in Asia, Africa, and South Africa the incidence is much higher. Risk factors, including phimosis, human papillomavirus (HPV), smoking, chronic inflammatory conditions, psoralen ultraviolet photochemotherapy, genital warts, and HIV infection play a role in the pathogenesis of penile cancer. Approximately 95% of all penile tumours are squamous cell carcinomas (PSCC) and the large majority arise from the prepuce or glans. PSCC has a strong tendency for lymphatic dissemination, but cure can still be attained in patients with inguinal involvement. The most commonly used staging system is the 2009 TNM classification for penile cancer. Surgical resection has been the mainstay of treatment in penile carcinoma, including penile-preserving techniques, partial and total penectomy. The aim of surgery is minimizing loss of anatomy and function, without jeopardizing oncological results.
50
Patisaul, Heather B., and Scott M. Belcher. Receptor and Enzyme Mechanisms as Targets for Endocrine Disruptors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199935734.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter, the current understanding of the mechanisms of endocrine disruption on the brain and nervous system are presented. Because the overwhelming majority of mechanistic studies on EDCs have focused on the actions mediated by nuclear hormone receptors, this mechanisms is described in detail. The chapter also discusses the classic transcriptional mechanisms of steroid action and the impact of EDCs on rapid signaling (non-genomic) mechanisms. It presents an overview of the enzymes and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, which are critical to proper functioning of the HPA and HPG axis, and the neuroactive steroids synthesized and active in the mammalian brain. The potential for EDCs to alter metabolic enzymes, with a focus on possible targets in the metabolic blood-brain barrier, is presented as a potential, though largely unexplored, mode of EDC action in the brain.