Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Makam'

Makams are well-defined modes of classical Turkish music. They can be taken as the Turkish music counterparts of Western music tonal structures at a certain level. Nevertheless, makams have additional features such as the usage of specific notes resulting from their different architecture and the special use of scales (i.e. progression). The main goal of this study is to construct a platform for identifying makams through a computer program by proposing a machine learning mechanism. There are restrictionson the mechanism related to the characteristics of the task. Such a mechanism should represent real-time sequential input with continuous values, should handle possible errors in this input and show immediate learning with limited data. These restrictions are valid and necessary for an analogy with the act of listening to music. A Boltzmann machine, modified for this purpose is designed, implemented and used in this study as this learning mechanism. Two characteristics of this study define its significance. First, this study is on the structural features of makams of classical Turkish music. Second, the identifying mechanism is a Boltzmann machine having a different schema than statistical identification tasks in tonality induction.

This thesis addresses several shortcomings on the current state of the art methodologies in music information retrieval (MIR). In particular, it proposes several computational approaches to automatically analyze and describe music scores and audio recordings of Ottoman-Turkish makam music (OTMM). The main contributions of the thesis are the music corpus that has been created to carry out the research and the audio-score alignment methodology developed for the analysis of the corpus. In addition, several novel computational analysis methodologies are presented in the context of common MIR tasks of relevance for OTMM. Some example tasks are predominant melody extraction, tonic identification, tempo estimation, makam recognition, tuning analysis, structural analysis and melodic progression analysis. These methodologies become a part of a complete system called Dunya-makam for the exploration of large corpora of OTMM. The thesis starts by presenting the created CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music corpus. The corpus includes 2200 music scores, more than 6500 audio recordings, and accompanying metadata. The data has been collected, annotated and curated with the help of music experts. Using criteria such as completeness, coverage and quality, we validate the corpus and show its research potential. In fact, our corpus is the largest and most representative resource of OTMM that can be used for computational research. Several test datasets have also been created from the corpus to develop and evaluate the specific methodologies proposed for different computational tasks addressed in the thesis. The part focusing on the analysis of music scores is centered on phrase and section level structural analysis. Phrase boundaries are automatically identified using an existing state-of-the-art segmentation methodology. Section boundaries are extracted using heuristics specific to the formatting of the music scores. Subsequently, a novel method based on graph analysis is used to establish similarities across these structural elements in terms of melody and lyrics, and to label the relations semiotically. The audio analysis section of the thesis reviews the state-of-the-art for analysing the melodic aspects of performances of OTMM. It proposes adaptations of existing predominant melody extraction methods tailored to OTMM. It also presents improvements over pitch-distribution-based tonic identification and makam recognition methodologies. The audio-score alignment methodology is the core of the thesis. It addresses the culture-specific challenges posed by the musical characteristics, music theory related representations and oral praxis of OTMM. Based on several techniques such as subsequence dynamic time warping, Hough transform and variable-length Markov models, the audio-score alignment methodology is designed to handle the structural differences between music scores and audio recordings. The method is robust to the presence of non-notated melodic expressions, tempo deviations within the music performances, and differences in tonic and tuning. The methodology utilizes the outputs of the score and audio analysis, and links the audio and the symbolic data. In addition, the alignment methodology is used to obtain score-informed description of audio recordings. The scoreinformed audio analysis not only simplifies the audio feature extraction steps that would require sophisticated audio processing approaches, but also substantially improves the performance compared with results obtained from the state-of-the-art methods solely relying on audio data. The analysis methodologies presented in the thesis are applied to the CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music corpus and integrated into a web application aimed at culture-aware music discovery. Some of the methodologies have already been applied to other music traditions such as Hindustani, Carnatic and Greek music. Following open research best practices, all the created data, software tools and analysis results are openly available. The methodologies, the tools and the corpus itself provide vast opportunities for future research in many fields such as music information retrieval, computational musicology and music education.
Esta tesis aborda varias limitaciones de las metodologías más avanzadas en el campo de recuperación de información musical (MIR por sus siglas en inglés). En particular, propone varios métodos computacionales para el análisis y la descripción automáticas de partituras y grabaciones de audio de música de makam turco-otomana (MMTO). Las principales contribuciones de la tesis son el corpus de música que ha sido creado para el desarrollo de la investigación y la metodología para alineamiento de audio y partitura desarrollada para el análisis del corpus. Además, se presentan varias metodologías nuevas para análisis computacional en el contexto de las tareas comunes de MIR que son relevantes para MMTO. Algunas de estas tareas son, por ejemplo, extracción de la melodía predominante, identificación de la tónica, estimación de tempo, reconocimiento de makam, análisis de afinación, análisis estructural y análisis de progresión melódica. Estas metodologías constituyen las partes de un sistema completo para la exploración de grandes corpus de MMTO llamado Dunya-makam. La tesis comienza presentando el corpus de música de makam turcootomana de CompMusic. El corpus incluye 2200 partituras, más de 6500 grabaciones de audio, y los metadatos correspondientes. Los datos han sido recopilados, anotados y revisados con la ayuda de expertos. Utilizando criterios como compleción, cobertura y calidad, validamos el corpus y mostramos su potencial para investigación. De hecho, nuestro corpus constituye el recurso de mayor tamaño y representatividad disponible para la investigación computacional de MMTO. Varios conjuntos de datos para experimentación han sido igualmente creados a partir del corpus, con el fin de desarrollar y evaluar las metodologías específicas propuestas para las diferentes tareas computacionales abordadas en la tesis. La parte dedicada al análisis de las partituras se centra en el análisis estructural a nivel de sección y de frase. Los márgenes de frase son identificados automáticamente usando uno de los métodos de segmentación existentes más avanzados. Los márgenes de sección son extraídos usando una heurística específica al formato de las partituras. A continuación, se emplea un método de nueva creación basado en análisis gráfico para establecer similitudes a través de estos elementos estructurales en cuanto a melodía y letra, así como para etiquetar relaciones semióticamente. La sección de análisis de audio de la tesis repasa el estado de la cuestión en cuanto a análisis de los aspectos melódicos en grabaciones de MMTO. Se proponen modificaciones de métodos existentes para extracción de melodía predominante para ajustarlas a MMTO. También se presentan mejoras de metodologías tanto para identificación de tónica basadas en distribución de alturas, como para reconocimiento de makam. La metodología para alineación de audio y partitura constituye el grueso de la tesis. Aborda los retos específicos de esta cultura según vienen determinados por las características musicales, las representaciones relacionadas con la teoría musical y la praxis oral de MMTO. Basada en varias técnicas tales como deformaciones dinámicas de tiempo subsecuentes, transformada de Hough y modelos de Markov de longitud variable, la metodología de alineamiento de audio y partitura está diseñada para tratar las diferencias estructurales entre partituras y grabaciones de audio. El método es robusto a la presencia de expresiones melódicas no anotadas, desviaciones de tiempo en las grabaciones, y diferencias de tónica y afinación. La metodología utiliza los resultados del análisis de partitura y audio para enlazar el audio y los datos simbólicos. Además, la metodología de alineación se usa para obtener una descripción informada por partitura de las grabaciones de audio. El análisis de audio informado por partitura no sólo simplifica los pasos para la extracción de características de audio que de otro modo requerirían sofisticados métodos de procesado de audio, sino que también mejora sustancialmente su rendimiento en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por los métodos más avanzados basados únicamente en datos de audio. Las metodologías analíticas presentadas en la tesis son aplicadas al corpus de música de makam turco-otomana de CompMusic e integradas en una aplicación web dedicada al descubrimiento culturalmente específico de música. Algunas de las metodologías ya han sido aplicadas a otras tradiciones musicales, como música indostaní, carnática y griega. Siguiendo las mejores prácticas de investigación en abierto, todos los datos creados, las herramientas de software y los resultados de análisis está disponibles públicamente. Las metodologías, las herramientas y el corpus en sí mismo ofrecen grandes oportunidades para investigaciones futuras en muchos campos tales como recuperación de información musical, musicología computacional y educación musical.
Aquesta tesi adreça diverses deficiències en l’estat actual de les metodologies d’extracció d’informació de música (Music Information Retrieval o MIR). En particular, la tesi proposa diverses estratègies per analitzar i descriure automàticament partitures musicals i enregistraments d’actuacions musicals de música Makam Turca Otomana (OTMM en les seves sigles en anglès). Les contribucions principals de la tesi són els corpus musicals que s’han creat en el context de la tesi per tal de dur a terme la recerca i la metodologia de alineament d’àudio amb la partitura que s’ha desenvolupat per tal d’analitzar els corpus. A més la tesi presenta diverses noves metodologies d’anàlisi computacional d’OTMM per a les tasques més habituals en MIR. Alguns exemples d’aquestes tasques són la extracció de la melodia principal, la identificació del to musical, l’estimació de tempo, el reconeixement de Makam, l’anàlisi de la afinació, l’anàlisi de la estructura musical i l’anàlisi de la progressió melòdica. Aquest seguit de metodologies formen part del sistema Dunya-makam per a la exploració de grans corpus musicals d’OTMM. En primer lloc, la tesi presenta el corpus CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music. Aquest inclou 2200 partitures musicals, més de 6500 enregistraments d’àudio i metadata complementària. Les dades han sigut recopilades i anotades amb ajuda d’experts en aquest repertori musical. El corpus ha estat validat en termes de d’exhaustivitat, cobertura i qualitat i mostrem aquí el seu potencial per a la recerca. De fet, aquest corpus és el la font més gran i representativa de OTMM que pot ser utilitzada per recerca computacional. També s’han desenvolupat diversos subconjunts de dades per al desenvolupament i evaluació de les metodologies específiques proposades per a les diverses tasques computacionals que es presenten en aquest tesi. La secció de la tesi que tracta de l’anàlisi de partitures musicals se centra en l’anàlisi estructural a nivell de secció i de frase musical. Els límits temporals de les frases musicals s’identifiquen automàticament gràcies a un metodologia de segmentació d’última generació. Els límits de les seccions s’extreuen utilitzant un seguit de regles heurístiques determinades pel format de les partitures musicals. Posteriorment s’utilitza un nou mètode basat en anàlisi gràfic per establir semblances entre aquest elements estructurals en termes de melodia i text. També s’utilitza aquest mètode per etiquetar les relacions semiòtiques existents. La següent secció de la tesi tracta sobre anàlisi d’àudio i en particular revisa les tecnologies d’avantguardia d’anàlisi dels aspectes melòdics en OTMM. S’hi proposen adaptacions dels mètodes d’extracció de melodia existents que s’ajusten a OTMM. També s’hi presenten millores en metodologies de reconeixement de makam i en identificació de tònica basats en distribució de to. La metodologia d’alineament d’àudio amb partitura és el nucli de la tesi. Aquesta aborda els reptes culturalment específics imposats per les característiques musicals, les representacions de la teoria musical i la pràctica oral particulars de l’OTMM. Utilitzant diverses tècniques tal i com Dynamic Time Warping, Hough Transform o models de Markov de durada variable, la metodologia d’alineament esta dissenyada per enfrontar les diferències estructurals entre partitures musicals i enregistraments d’àudio. El mètode és robust inclús en presència d’expressions musicals no anotades en la partitura, desviacions de tempo ocorregudes en les actuacions musicals i diferències de tònica i afinació. La metodologia aprofita els resultats de l’anàlisi de la partitura i l’àudio per enllaçar la informació simbòlica amb l’àudio. A més, la tècnica d’alineament s’utilitza per obtenir descripcions de l’àudio fonamentades en la partitura. L’anàlisi de l’àudio fonamentat en la partitura no només simplifica les fases d’extracció de característiques d’àudio que requeririen de mètodes de processament d’àudio sofisticats, sinó que a més millora substancialment els resultats comparat amb altres mètodes d´ultima generació que només depenen de contingut d’àudio. Les metodologies d’anàlisi presentades s’han utilitzat per analitzar el corpus CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music i s’han integrat en una aplicació web destinada al descobriment musical de tradicions culturals específiques. Algunes de les metodologies ja han sigut també aplicades a altres tradicions musicals com la Hindustani, la Carnàtica i la Grega. Seguint els preceptes de la investigació oberta totes les dades creades, eines computacionals i resultats dels anàlisis estan disponibles obertament. Tant les metodologies, les eines i el corpus en si mateix proporcionen àmplies oportunitats per recerques futures en diversos camps de recerca tal i com la musicologia computacional, la extracció d’informació musical i la educació musical. Traducció d’anglès a català per Oriol Romaní Picas.

This thesis explores the interplay between repeatability and contingency in a series of instrumental and electro-instrumental compositions, through a practice that involves the devising and development of unique notational strategies and the use of bespoke real-time digital signal processing software. In particular, this study examines the praxis of comprovisation, i.e. practices situated between the poles of composition and improvisation, and it is framed by three main research topics: 1. An exploration of musical time and form as components of a dynamic system between events and musical gestures, involving structures of variable and/or indeterminate temporal durations. 2. An investigation of the ways in which the temporal organization and the in-time trópos (τρόπος - ”way, mode, modality, manner”) of an improvisational performance-practice for solo violin can be transduced into the symbolic level so as to be explored as compositional material. 3. An examination of the conditions in which Middle Eastern makam music composition and improvisation traditions can inform the development of contemporary notational devices for a comprovisation practice involving other performers. In addition to the scores, software, and recordings of the compositions, a relevant portfolio of recorded solo-violin improvisations and two published papers examining the above topics are included to further illustrate the discussion.

Prostatacancer är klassad som en av de vanligast förekommande tumörsjukdomarna bland äldre män. Sjukdomen kommer inte enbart påverka den drabbade utan hela familjen involveras. Detta ställer krav på att sjuksköterskan har kunskap gällande patienter och makar. Syftet med studien var att belysa omvårdnadsbehov hos makar när maken drabbats av prostatacancer. Metoden var en litteraturstudie baserad på forskningsartiklar från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Granskning av artiklarna utgick från Polit & Becks (2011) nio steg över en litteraturstudies upplägg. En urvalsprocess i tre steg utfördes där elva artiklar svarade på syftet och utgör litteraturstudiens resultat. Av de elva artiklarna var tio kvalitativa och en kvantitativ. Resultatet sammanfördes till fyra kategorier, behov av information, behov av samtalsstöd, behov av egentid och behov av Guds tro. Mer förekommande i resultatet var behov av information och behov av samtalsstöd. De ansågs viktiga för makarna för att orka handskas med och bearbeta makens sjukdom. Slutsats: Makar riskerar att hamna i en utsatt situation när maken får diagnosen prostatacancer. Det resulterar i flertalet omvårdnadsbehov som behöver tillfredställas där sjuksköterskan kan vägleda.

The diploma thesis describes the creation of a business plan for an existing company, which specializes in the manufacture of windows and doors, located in Slovakia. Its business objective is to establish, together with other shareholders, the new company abroad. The aim of this work is the evaluation of the business plan and a detailed description of all elements that are important in the process of its implementation. The theoretical part of work explains the purpose of the business plan, its goal is distribution basic requirements and description, which serves as a basis for the practical part. Practical part deals with creation of a specific business plan, focusing on its main components -- financial plan, marketing and business strategy.

This thesis proposes specific signal processing and machine learning methodologies for automatically aligning the lyrics of a song to its corresponding audio recording. The research carried out falls in the broader field of music information retrieval (MIR) and in this respect, we aim at improving some existing state-of-the-art methodologies, by introducing domain-specific knowledge. The goal of this work is to devise models capable of tracking in the music audio signal the sequential aspect of one particular element of lyrics - the phonemes. Music can be understood as comprising different facets, one of which is lyrics. The models we build take into account the complementary context that exists around lyrics, which is any musical facet complementary to lyrics. The facets used in this thesis include the structure of the music composition, structure of a melodic phrase, the structure of a metrical cycle. From this perspective, we analyse not only the low-level acoustic characteristics, representing the timbre of the phonemes, but also higher-level characteristics, in which the complementary context manifests. We propose specific probabilistic models to represent how the transitions between consecutive sung phonemes are conditioned by different facets of complementary context. The complementary context, which we address, unfolds in time according to principles that are particular of a music tradition. To capture these, we created corpora and datasets for two music traditions, which have a rich set of such principles: Ottoman Turkish makam and Beijing opera. The datasets and the corpora comprise different data types: audio recordings, music scores, and metadata. From this perspective, the proposed models can take advantage both of the data and the music-domain knowledge of particular musical styles to improve existing baseline approaches. As a baseline, we choose a phonetic recognizer based on hidden Markov models (HMM): a widely-used methodology for tracking phonemes both in singing and speech processing problems. We present refinements in the typical steps of existing phonetic recognizer approaches, tailored towards the characteristics of the studied music traditions. On top of the refined baseline, we device probabilistic models, based on dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) that represent the relation of phoneme transitions to its complementary context. Two separate models are built for two granularities of complementary context: the structure of a melodic phrase (higher-level) and the structure of the metrical cycle (finer-level). In one model we exploit the fact the syllable durations depend on their position within a melodic phrase. Information about the melodic phrases is obtained from the score, as well as from music-specific knowledge.Then in another model, we analyse how vocal note onsets, estimated from audio recordings, influence the transitions between consecutive vowels and consonants. We also propose how to detect the time positions of vocal note onsets in melodic phrases by tracking simultaneously the positions in a metrical cycle (i.e. metrical accents). In order to evaluate the potential of the proposed models, we use the lyrics-to-audio alignment as a concrete task. Each model improves the alignment accuracy, compared to the baseline, which is based solely on the acoustics of the phonetic timbre. This validates our hypothesis that knowledge of complementary context is an important stepping stone for computationally tracking lyrics, especially in the challenging case of singing with instrumental accompaniment. The outcomes of this study are not only theoretic methodologies and data, but also specific software tools that have been integrated into Dunya - a suite of tools, built in the context of CompMusic, a project for advancing the computational analysis of the world's music. With this application, we have also shown that the developed methodologies are useful not only for tracking lyrics, but also for other use cases, such as enriched music listening and appreciation, or for educational purposes.
La tesi aquí presentada proposa metodologies d’aprenentatge automàtic i processament de senyal per alinear automàticament el text d’una cançó amb el seu corresponent enregistrament d’àudio. La recerca duta a terme s’engloba en l’ampli camp de l’extracció d’informació musical (Music Information Retrieval o MIR). Dins aquest context la tesi pretén millorar algunes de les metodologies d’última generació del camp introduint coneixement específic de l’àmbit. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és dissenyar models que siguin capaços de detectar en la senyal d’àudio l’aspecte seqüencial d’un element particular dels textos musicals; els fonemes. Podem entendre la música com la composició de diversos elements entre els quals podem trobar el text. Els models que construïm tenen en compte el context complementari del text. El context són tots aquells aspectes musicals que complementen el text, dels quals hem utilitzat en aquest tesi: la estructura de la composició musical, la estructura de les frases melòdiques i els accents rítmics. Des d’aquesta prespectiva analitzem no només les característiques acústiques de baix nivell, que representen el timbre musical dels fonemes, sinó també les característiques d’alt nivell en les quals es fa patent el context complementari. En aquest treball proposem models probabilístics específics que representen com les transicions entre fonemes consecutius de veu cantanda es veuen afectats per diversos aspectes del context complementari. El context complementari que tractem aquí es desenvolupa en el temps en funció de les característiques particulars de cada tradició musical. Per tal de modelar aquestes característiques hem creat corpus i conjunts de dades de dues tradicions musicals que presenten una gran riquesa en aquest aspectes; la música de l’opera de Beijing i la música makam turc-otomana. Les dades són de diversos tipus; enregistraments d’àudio, partitures musicals i metadades. Des d’aquesta prespectiva els models proposats poden aprofitar-se tant de les dades en si mateixes com del coneixement específic de la tradició musical per a millorar els resultats de referència actuals. Com a resultat de referència prenem un reconeixedor de fonemes basat en models ocults de Markov (Hidden Markov Models o HMM), una metodologia abastament emprada per a detectar fonemes tant en la veu cantada com en la parlada. Presentem millores en els processos comuns dels reconeixedors de fonemes actuals, ajustant-los a les característiques de les tradicions musicals estudiades. A més de millorar els resultats de referència també dissenyem models probabilistics basats en xarxes dinàmiques de Bayes (Dynamic Bayesian Networks o DBN) que respresenten la relació entre la transició dels fonemes i el context complementari. Hem creat dos models diferents per dos aspectes del context complementari; la estructura de la frase melòdica (alt nivell) i la estructura mètrica (nivell subtil). En un dels models explotem el fet que la duració de les síl·labes depén de la seva posició en la frase melòdica. Obtenim aquesta informació sobre les frases musical de la partitura i del coneixement específic de la tradició musical. En l’altre model analitzem com els atacs de les notes vocals, estimats directament dels enregistraments d’àudio, influencien les transicions entre vocals i consonants consecutives. A més també proposem com detectar les posicions temporals dels atacs de les notes en les frases melòdiques a base de localitzar simultàniament els accents en un cicle mètric musical. Per tal d’evaluar el potencial dels mètodes proposats utlitzem la tasca específica d’alineament de text amb àudio. Cada model proposat millora la precisió de l’alineament en comparació als resultats de referència, que es basen exclusivament en les característiques acústiques tímbriques dels fonemes. D’aquesta manera validem la nostra hipòtesi de que el coneixement del context complementari ajuda a la detecció automàtica de text musical, especialment en el cas de veu cantada amb acompanyament instrumental. Els resultats d’aquest treball no consisteixen només en metodologies teòriques i dades, sinó també en eines programàtiques específiques que han sigut integrades a Dunya, un paquet d’eines creat en el context del projecte de recerca CompMusic, l’objectiu del qual és promoure l’anàlisi computacional de les músiques del món. Gràcies a aquestes eines demostrem també que les metodologies desenvolupades es poden fer servir per a altres aplicacions en el context de la educació musical o la escolta musical enriquida.

Les ecrits de massa makan diabate se caracterisent par une grande diversite thematique et formelle : ils s'inspirent a la fois des traditions orales malinke et de la litterature moderne
Massa makan diabate's writings are characterized by a great variety concerning the themes and the form : they are both inspired by malinke oral traditions and modern literature

Nuestro trabajo de investigación consiste en el desarrollo de un plan de negocio, en el que se ha creado la marca ‘Makao Coffee’ con el propósito de ofrecer un café peruano de calidad en tueste oscuro, medio oscuro y artesanal, con sabores y aromas intensos. A partir del uso de métodos de validación, como entrevistas, hemos podido determinar que nuestro producto responde a un nicho de mercado con una necesidad insatisfecha, la falta de café oscuro. La ventaja competitiva de nuestra marca es la calidad, ya que el café es producido a 1500 msnm en Jaén, Perú, obteniendo una calidad superior a otros cafés por el tipo de grano cultivado en esa zona. Además, como parte de la atención que brindamos, ofrecemos el molido del café a gusto del cliente para que lo utilice en la cafetera de su preferencia, y hacemos entrega del producto por medio de delivery a domicilio. Por otro lado, se ha logrado validar la aceptación del producto a través de nuestros canales de ventas, sobre todo en la modalidad de e-commerce. De ellos, el más importante son las redes sociales, ya que nos han generado las ganancias más significativas de la empresa hasta el momento, logrando recompras que generan ingresos recurrentes para el negocio. Con ello, se tiene proyectado en un mediano plazo ampliar la línea de productos, alianzas estratégicas y la adquisición de una tostadura propia.
Our research work is about the development of a business plan, in which the 'Makao Coffee' brand has been created with the purpose of offering quality Peruvian coffee in a dark, medium dark and artisan roast, with intense flavors and aromas. From the use of validation methods, such as interviews, we have been able to determine that our product responds to a market niche with an unmet need, the lack of dark coffee. The competitive advantage of our brand is the quality, since the coffee is produced at 1500 meters above sea level in Jaén, Peru, obtaining a superior quality to other coffees due to the type of grain grown in that area. In addition, as part of the attention that we provide, we offer the coffee grind to the client's taste so that they can use it in the coffee maker of their choice, and we deliver the product directly to the client. On the other hand, the acceptance of the product has been validated through our sales channels, especially in the e-commerce mode. Of all of them, the most important are the social networks, since they have generated the most significant profits of the company so far, achieving buybacks that generate recurring income for the business. With this, it is planned in the medium term to expand the product line, strategic alliances and the acquisition of an own roaster.
Trabajo de investigación

Nuestro trabajo de investigación consiste en el desarrollo de un plan de negocio, en el que se ha creado la marca ‘Makao Coffee’ con el propósito de ofrecer un café peruano de calidad en tueste oscuro, medio oscuro y artesanal, con sabores y aromas intensos. A partir del uso de métodos de validación, como entrevistas, hemos podido determinar que nuestro producto responde a un nicho de mercado con una necesidad insatisfecha, la falta de café oscuro. La ventaja competitiva de nuestra marca es la calidad, ya que el café es producido a 1500 msnm en Jaén, Perú, obteniendo una calidad superior a otros cafés por el tipo de grano cultivado en esa zona. Además, como parte de la atención que brindamos, ofrecemos el molido del café a gusto del cliente para que lo utilice en la cafetera de su preferencia, y hacemos entrega del producto por medio de delivery a domicilio. Por otro lado, se ha logrado validar la aceptación del producto a través de nuestros canales de ventas, sobre todo en la modalidad de e-commerce. De ellos, el más importante son las redes sociales, ya que nos han generado las ganancias más significativas de la empresa hasta el momento, logrando recompras que generan ingresos recurrentes para el negocio. Con ello, se tiene proyectado en un mediano plazo ampliar la línea de productos, alianzas estratégicas y la adquisición de una tostadura propia.
Our research work is about the development of a business plan, in which the 'Makao Coffee' brand has been created with the purpose of offering quality Peruvian coffee in a dark, medium dark and artisan roast, with intense flavors and aromas. From the use of validation methods, such as interviews, we have been able to determine that our product responds to a market niche with an unmet need, the lack of dark coffee. The competitive advantage of our brand is the quality, since the coffee is produced at 1500 meters above sea level in Jaén, Peru, obtaining a superior quality to other coffees due to the type of grain grown in that area. In addition, as part of the attention that we provide, we offer the coffee grind to the client's taste so that they can use it in the coffee maker of their choice, and we deliver the product directly to the client. On the other hand, the acceptance of the product has been validated through our sales channels, especially in the e-commerce mode. Of all of them, the most important are the social networks, since they have generated the most significant profits of the company so far, achieving buybacks that generate recurring income for the business. With this, it is planned in the medium term to expand the product line, strategic alliances and the acquisition of an own roaster.
Trabajo de investigación

Cette thèse analyse les jugements des crimes d’assassinat commis par des hommes qui ont tué des femmes et des femmes qui ont tué des hommes, faits dans le Forum Central de Porto Alegre/RS. On met en relief les discours des agents et on tente de comprendre quels sont les aspects des relations de genre qui sont mis en évidence pour soutenir la thèse de l’accusation et celle de la défense, en expliquant comment l’espace du grand jury contribue également à donner un sens de genre. Grace à des observations systématiques des jugements faits par le jury et l’enregistrement dans des journaux de terrain, on a observé une multiplicité de stratégies discursives des acteurs juridiques qui disputent la vérité dans cet espace du champ. La thèse montre qu’il existe une distinction fondamentale dans les discours produit dans cet espace que mettent les cas en rapport à un contexte de « crimes de trafique » ou de « crimes passionnels ». Cette distinction produit des crimes et des sujets plus acceptables que d’autres. Les discours prononcés dans le jury prennent la forme de récits par opposition et reprennent les rôles de genres de ceux qui sont impliqués, en produisant un changement constant entre les rôles des accusés et des victimes. Les rôles de genre utilisés dans ce discours constituent une ressource de pouvoir importante dans les luttes de pouvoir et les conflits que sont établies dans l’espace du champ, en légitimant ou en discréditant pas seulement le cas impliqués mais les versions des agents qui sont en litige dans cet espace du champ. D’une sociologie du champ juridique de Pierre Bordieu, cette thèse vise à montrer que le jury est constitué comme un espace unique dans le domaine, avec des règles, une dynamique, des enjeux et des acteurs qui appartient à cet espace de jugement pour essayer de reorganiser certaines règles et des relations de pouvoir qui résident dans le champ juridique.
Esta tese analisa julgamentos de homicídio de casos de homens que mataram mulheres e mulheres que mataram homens, realizados no Foro Central do Porto Alegre/RS. O foco da análise repousa nos discursos dos agentes, procurando compreender que aspectos das relações de gênero são trazidos à tona para fundamentar as teses de acusação e defesa, explicitando como o espaço do Tribunal do Júri também contribui para produzir sentidos de gênero. Através de observações sistemáticas das sessões de julgamento pelo Tribunal do Júri e do registro nos diários de campo, foi possível perceber uma multiplicidade de estratégias discursivas dos agentes jurídicos que disputam a verdade neste espaço do campo. A tese mostra que há uma distinção central nos discursos produzidos neste espaço que remetem os casos ou a um contexto dos “crimes do tráfico” ou dos “crimes da paixão”. Tal distinção produz crimes e sujeitos mais aceitáveis do que outros. Os discursos produzidos no júri assumem a forma das narrativas por oposição e retomam os papéis de gênero dos envolvidos, produzindo um deslocamento constante entre os papéis de réus/rés e vítimas. Os papéis de gênero utilizados nestes discursos constituem-se como importante recurso de poder nas lutas e disputas que se estabelecem nesse espaço do campo, legitimando ou desqualificando não apenas os envolvidos nos casos, mas as próprias versões dos agentes que estão em disputa neste espaço do campo. A partir de uma sociologia do campo jurídico de Pierre Bourdieu, esta tese busca mostrar que o Tribunal do Júri se constitui como um espaço diferenciado no campo, com regras, dinâmicas, disputas e atores próprios a este espaço de julgar reconfigurando algumas regras e relações de poder que se estabelecem no campo jurídico.
This dissertation analyses murder trials held at the Central Court of Porto Alegre/RS, in cases where men killed women and women killed men. The analysis focuses the agents’ discourses and tries to understand which aspects of gender relations are brought up to sustain the prosecution’s and defense’s allegations, explaining how the space of the Grand Jury also contributes to create gender meanings. Through systematic observations of the trial sessions by the Jury and field diary annotations, it is possible to perceive a multiplicity of discursive strategies by the legal agents who argue over the truth in this space of the field. The dissertation shows that there is a central distinction in the speeches produced in this space that refer the cases either to a “trafficking crimes” context, or to a “passion crimes” context. This distinction produces crimes and subjects more acceptable than others. The speeches produced within the jury assume the form of narratives through opposition and reclaim the gender roles involved, producing a constant shifting of defendant and victim roles. The gender roles used in these discourses constitute an important power resource in the struggles and disputes that are established in the field space, legitimizing or discrediting not only the people involved in the cases, but the agents’ own versions in dispute. Based on Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of the legal field, this dissertation aims to show that the jury constitutes itself as a distinct space of judgment in the field, with its own rules, dynamics and actors reconfiguring some of the rules and power relations established within the legal field.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Makar-Limanov invariant ML(B) of an a-ne k-algebra B (with k a -eld, which will be typically assumed to be of characteristic zero) is a very important invariant, defined in terms of the kernels of suitable derivations of B called locally nilpotent derivations. The theme has connections to various central problems in Commutative Algebra, for instance, the Jacobian Conjecture, the Fourteenth Hilbert's Problem, and the Cancellation Problem, and has been investigated by many authors. In this work, after the presentation of basic concepts and results, our main goal is the explicit obtainment of the structure of ML(B) (as a k-algebra) when B is the coordinate ring of certain special a-ne algebraic hypersurfaces, to wit, the so-called Danielewski surfaces, as well as the famous Makar-Limanov 3-fold defined by x + x2y + z2 + t3 = 0.
O invariante de Makar-Limanov ML(B) de uma k-álgebra afim B (com k corpo, que tipicamente será assumido de característica zero) é um invariante bastante importante, definido em termos dos núcleos de certas derivações especiais de B chamadas derivações localmente nilpotentes. O tema possui conexões com vários problemas centrais em Álgebra Comutativa, por exemplo, a Conjectura Jacobiana, o Décimo Quarto Problema de Hilbert, e o Problema do Cancelamento, e tem sido investigado por diversos autores. Neste trabalho, após a apresentação de conceitos e resultados básicos, nossa principal meta é a obtenção explícita da estrutura de ML(B) (como álgebra) quando B é o anel de coordenadas de certas hipersuperfícies algébricas afins especiais, a saber, as chamadas superfícies de Danielewski, bem como o famoso 3-fold de Makar-Limanov definido por x + x^2y + z^2 + t^3 = 0.

Microsporidia are an obligate, intracellular fungal pathogen that can cause devastating, disseminating infections in the immunocompromised. Because of the limitations of current medications, microsporidia’s abundant presence in the environment, and an increasing number of at-risk populations, investigation into decreasing microsporidia infectivity is needed. As an intracellular pathogen, microspridial attachment is a vital first step to infection, and if attachment is reduced, previous work shows that infectivity is mitigated. An in silico analysis of Encephalitozoon intestinalis revealed a predicted protein similar in sequence to ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase) proteins. This predicted protein is termed microsporidia ADAM or MADAM. ADAM proteins contain an integrin binding region, which is well known to bind to integrin proteins. Integrins are important receptors for attachment and cell signaling, and several pathogens utilize host integrins as a receptor to aid in attachment during infection. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrates that MADAM protein is found on the plasma membrane, anchoring disk, and polar tube of E. intestinalis spores. Our hypothesis is that MADAM is involved in the key role of host cell attachment. To this end, a 17 amino acid long section of the MADAM protein was generated that surrounded the integrin binding domain. During spore adherence assays, pretreating host cells with this small peptide protein, significantly decreased E. intestinalis spore attachment to host cells as compared to control samples. These results suggest E. intestinalis cleverly exploits host integrins as a means to bind to host cells before infection.

By comparing the European literary character Melusine with her Chinese counterpart Madam White, my thesis aims to demonstrate that the metamorphosis of females into snakes is presented in both myths as the literary reproduction of the social and historical process whereby men’s power oppressed women’s. The serpentine metamorphosis will be argued to have a mechanism, which consists of three key elements, namely a specific date, religious context, and forced metamorphosis. To do this, first, I will explore the symbolism of snakes in central European and far eastern Asian traditions. Second, in a close reading, I will analyze and compare the negative impact of serpentine metamorphoses of Melusine and Madam White in their stories. Finally, by addressing the connection to real-life contexts (social, cultural and religious) in the development of these characters, I will provide new insights into the role and status of women in China and German-speaking Europe since early modern times as well as the possible roots of their image as femmes fatales in modern literature.
Arts, Faculty of
Central Eastern Northern European Studies, Department of
Graduate

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This dissertation, based on an interdisciplinary study, search the thematic analysis of the act filicide, especially the one practiced only by the parent, as well as the penal framework (infanticide or homicide) given to the agent, their motivation and the legal and medical to be adopted. Initially, we sought to determine the criminal justice environment because the woman who threatens the life of your child, addressing the history, quirks and comparative law sees as the crime of infanticide (Article 123 of the Penal Code), illustrating the chapter with two real cases collected during the field survey, conducted in Forensic Psychiatric Institute Dr. Maurício Cardoso (IPF) in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil). Immediately thereafter, pointed out how the target of our discussion and the puerperium puerperal state, issues of accountability and unaccountability of the agents who kill their children, and we made some considerations about the Article 26 of the Criminal Code and the so-called mentally ill. Under the interdisciplinary approach, we seek to address the safety precautions, their generalities, species, its fundamentals (culpability and dangerousness), pointing out the paradox between security measures and imprisonment itself, and the question of the indeterminacy of its period of duration, emphasizing the important contribution of high progressive regime. Then, we outline briefly the history of IPF, which we performed field research and through the specialized literature, sought to identify the pathologies found in the initial research, talking about each individual mental disorder (baby blues, postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and acute and transient psychotic disorder), which have affected the mother found filicide (08 cases in total), either before or after delivery. Links to this work the line "Criminology and Social Control", the area of concentration "System and Criminal Violence" Program of Graduate Studies in Criminal Sciences, Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, with the principal supervisor Prof. Dr. Alfredo Cataldo Neto. This time, this paper addresses the need for interdisciplinary study and better understanding to the prevention of crimes against the person, in specific, the one practiced by the mother against her own son, is due to the puerperal state or a psychiatric disorder prior or later in pregnancy, this offense as complex and multifactorial that deserves greater attention in the fields of academic research criminological or psychiatric.
A presente dissertação, baseada num estudo interdisciplinar, busca a análise temática do ato filicida, em especial, aquele praticado tão somente pela genitora, bem como o enquadramento penal (infanticídio ou homicídio) dado a essa agente, sua motivação e as medidas legais e médicas a serem adotadas. Inicialmente, buscamos determinar qual o enquadramento penal brasileiro dado à mulher que atenta contra a vida de seu filho, abordando o histórico, as peculiaridades e como o direito comparado vê o crime de Infanticídio (Art. 123 do CP), ilustrando o capítulo com dois casos reais colhidos durante a pesquisa de campo, realizada no Instituto Psiquiátrico Forense Dr. Maurício Cardoso (IPF) da cidade de Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil). Ato contínuo, apontamos como alvo de nossa discussão o estado puerperal e o puerpério, as questões da imputabilidade e inimputabilidade das agentes que matam seus filhos, assim como fizemos algumas considerações acerca do Art. 26 do Código Penal e dos denominados doentes mentais. Sob o enfoque interdisciplinar, buscamos tratar das Medidas de Segurança, suas generalidades, espécies, seus fundamentos (culpabilidade e a periculosidade), alertando para o paradoxo entre medidas de segurança e pena de prisão propriamente dita, bem como a questão da indeterminação do seu prazo de duração, ressaltando a importante contribuição do regime da alta progressiva. Em seguida, delineamos de maneira breve o histórico do IPF, onde foi realizada a pesquisa de campo e, através da literatura médica especializada, buscamos identificar as patologias encontradas na referida pesquisa, discorrendo individualmente sobre cada transtorno mental (baby blues, depressão pós-parto, psicose pós-parto, transtorno afetivo bipolar, esquizofrenia e transtorno psicótico agudo e transitório), que verificamos ter afetado a mãe filicida (08 casos no total), seja antes ou após o parto. Vincula-se este trabalho à linha de “Criminologia e Controle Social”, da área de concentração “Sistema Penal e Violência”, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Criminais, da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo como orientador principal o Prof. Dr. Alfredo Cataldo Neto. Desta feita, o presente trabalho contempla a necessidade deste estudo interdisciplinar para a melhor compreensão e até a prevenção de crimes contra a pessoa, em especifico, aquele praticado pela mãe contra seu próprio filho, seja em razão do estado puerperal ou de algum transtorno psiquiátrico prévio ou posterior à gestação, delito este tão complexo e multifatorial que merece maior atenção nos campos da pesquisa acadêmica criminológica ou psiquiátrica.

This diploma thesis deals with application of wolfberry (Lycium chinense) and maca (Lepidium meyenii) in food products. Both plants have high nutrition content and are studied for their health benefits to humans. In case of wolfberry it’s mainly immune-stimulating and antioxidant properties. Maca is known for increasing fertility and there’s also reported lowering of cholesterol and blood sugar. In theoretic part are summarized findings about chemical composition, science studies about effects of these plants, situation on the Czech trade and project of use. Aim of this thesis was to create practical demonstration of use and consumption both plants and to evaluate it by methods of sensory analysis. For this purpose three samples of wolfberry cereal bars and three samples of chocolate with maca powder were produced. These samples were sensory evaluated using ranking test, scale test and profile test. Higher amount of maca in chocolate had worse rating, while use of wolfberry was rated quite well. Therefore three wolfberry cereal bars were produced as the final product in cooperation with bakery and chocolate factory Fikar – bar with fruit filling glazed with chocolate, classical bar glazed and classical bar not glazed with chocolate, as a demonstration of possible industrial use.

Poet, novelist, playwright, storyteller, traditionalist, Massa Makan Diabate is a griot-writer from Mali, and his relation to the griots shapes his entire work. Here, Diabate's work is situated within the Mandinka sociocultural framework to point out how the artist manipulates his knowledge of familial tools in his writing to create a new mode of expression in African literature. This dissertation examines Diabate's writing from two perspectives. It concentrates first on the period of his initiation to the Malinke oral traditions and the art of jaliya, the oral narratives used by the griots. The focus then turns to the Malian writer's individual creative works. The question for orality and writing on one hand, and the quest for the betterment of his characters on the other band, are Diabate's sustained use of fadenya, understood as "father-child-ness". Fadenya is a quest for social distinction. It encourages individuals to follow the path of their ancestors, and to surpass their ancestors' accomplishments. It defines the rivalry between siblings and, in a broader sense, conveys the competition among individuals seeking social recognition. This dissertation addresses these issues not only in the spirit of expanding on current research in Francophone nouvelle ecriture with its footing in the oral traditions, culture and civilization of West Africa, but also in Francophone studies in general.

Thesis (M.A.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 2009.
Thesis advisor: Matthew Warshauer. "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-62). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis advisor: Celeste Wells
This thesis examines the ways in which millennial women are prone to gender bias in their evaluations of female presidential candidates and the factors that contribute to millennial women’s gendered expectations for female presidential candidates. In order to respond to these areas of inquiry, the researcher applied social role theory and system- justification theory to survey and interview data collected from a population of Boston College undergraduate women. Ultimately, it was found that millennial women are prone to gender bias when evaluating female presidential candidates and that the gender beliefs that prompt this bias are so deeply ingrained that they appear almost inevitable
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Communication

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This dissertation, based on an interdisciplinary study, search the thematic analysis of the act filicide, especially the one practiced only by the parent, as well as the penal framework (infanticide or homicide) given to the agent, their motivation and the legal and medical to be adopted. Initially, we sought to determine the criminal justice environment because the woman who threatens the life of your child, addressing the history, quirks and comparative law sees as the crime of infanticide (Article 123 of the Penal Code), illustrating the chapter with two real cases collected during the field survey, conducted in Forensic Psychiatric Institute Dr. Maur?cio Cardoso (IPF) in Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil). Immediately thereafter, pointed out how the target of our discussion and the puerperium puerperal state, issues of accountability and unaccountability of the agents who kill their children, and we made some considerations about the Article 26 of the Criminal Code and the so-called mentally ill. Under the interdisciplinary approach, we seek to address the safety precautions, their generalities, species, its fundamentals (culpability and dangerousness), pointing out the paradox between security measures and imprisonment itself, and the question of the indeterminacy of its period of duration, emphasizing the important contribution of high progressive regime.Then, we outline briefly the history of IPF, which we performed field research and through the specialized literature, sought to identify the pathologies found in the initial research, talking about each individual mental disorder (baby blues, postpartum depression , postpartum psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and acute and transient psychotic disorder), which have affected the mother found filicide (08 cases in total), either before or after delivery. Links to this work the line "Criminology and Social Control", the area of concentration "System and Criminal Violence" Program of Graduate Studies in Criminal Sciences, Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, with the principal supervisor Prof.. Dr. Alfredo Cataldo Neto. This time, this paper addresses the need for interdisciplinary study and better understanding to the prevention of crimes against the person, in specific, the one practiced by the mother against her own son, is due to the puerperal state or a psychiatric disorder prior or later in pregnancy, this offense as complex and multifactorial that deserves greater attention in the fields of academic research criminological or psychiatric.
A presente disserta??o, baseada num estudo interdisciplinar, busca a an?lise tem?tica do ato filicida, em especial, aquele praticado t?o somente pela genitora, bem como o enquadramento penal (infantic?dio ou homic?dio) dado a essa agente, sua motiva??o e as medidas legais e m?dicas a serem adotadas. Inicialmente, buscamos determinar qual o enquadramento penal brasileiro dado ? mulher que atenta contra a vida de seu filho, abordando o hist?rico, as peculiaridades e como o direito comparado v? o crime de Infantic?dio (Art. 123 do CP), ilustrando o cap?tulo com dois casos reais colhidos durante a pesquisa de campo, realizada no Instituto Psiqui?trico Forense Dr. Maur?cio Cardoso (IPF) da cidade de Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil). Ato cont?nuo, apontamos como alvo de nossa discuss?o o estado puerperal e o puerp?rio, as quest?es da imputabilidade e inimputabilidade das agentes que matam seus filhos, assim como fizemos algumas considera??es acerca do Art. 26 do C?digo Penal e dos denominados doentes mentais. Sob o enfoque interdisciplinar, buscamos tratar das Medidas de Seguran?a, suas generalidades, esp?cies, seus fundamentos (culpabilidade e a periculosidade), alertando para o paradoxo entre medidas de seguran?a e pena de pris?o propriamente dita, bem como a quest?o da indetermina??o do seu prazo de dura??o, ressaltando a importante contribui??o do regime da alta progressiva.Em seguida, delineamos de maneira breve o hist?rico do IPF, onde foi realizada a pesquisa de campo e, atrav?s da literatura m?dica especializada, buscamos identificar as patologias encontradas na referida pesquisa, discorrendo individualmente sobre cada transtorno mental (baby blues, depress?o p?s-parto, psicose p?s-parto, transtorno afetivo bipolar, esquizofrenia e transtorno psic?tico agudo e transit?rio), que verificamos ter afetado a m?e filicida (08 casos no total), seja antes ou ap?s o parto. Vincula-se este trabalho ? linha de Criminologia e Controle Social, da ?rea de concentra??o Sistema Penal e Viol?ncia, do Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Criminais, da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo como orientador principal o Prof. Dr. Alfredo Cataldo Neto. Desta feita, o presente trabalho contempla a necessidade deste estudo interdisciplinar para a melhor compreens?o e at? a preven??o de crimes contra a pessoa, em especifico, aquele praticado pela m?e contra seu pr?prio filho, seja em raz?o do estado puerperal ou de algum transtorno psiqui?trico pr?vio ou posterior ? gesta??o, delito este t?o complexo e multifatorial que merece maior aten??o nos campos da pesquisa acad?mica criminol?gica ou psiqui?trica.

Stroke is one of the most common diseases in Sweden and every year 30 000 individuals are affected. Today it is possible for these persons to continue to live in their homes. Informal caregivers are often the ones who take over the caring responsibility. The aim of this literature study was to describe the spouse´s experience of being an informal carer to a person affected by stroke. The method used was a descriptive synthesis. The material consists of nine scientific research articles. In this study four themes emerged: The experience of change; The experience of loss of freedom and leisure time; The experience of gratefulness, hope and support; The experience of the future, anxiety and guilt and finally The experience of responsibility and control. The result of this study contributes to the nursing practice by highlighting the importance of awareness of these people’s experiences. Prevention is included in the nursing profession and as a nurse it is most important to prevent informal cares from being patients.

Stroke är en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna i Sverige och omkring 30 000 individer insjuknar varje år. För dessa personer är det idag möjligt att fortsätta leva i sitt hem. Informella vårdgivare får då ofta ta över ansvaret över vården. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva make/makas upplevelser av att vara informell vårdgivare till en person som insjuknat i stroke. Metoden som använts i denna litteraturstudie är beskrivande syntes. Materialet består av nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Fem olika teman framkom ur analysen: Upplevelsen av förändring; Upplevelsen av förlust av frihet och fritid; Upplevelsen av tacksamhet, hopp och stöd; Upplevelsen av framtiden, oro och skuld samt Upplevelsen av ansvar och kontroll. Förebyggande arbete ingår i sjuksköterskans profession och resultatet i denna studie visar att det är viktigt att uppmärksamma makens/makans upplevelser för att förebygga så att dessa individer inte själva blir patienter.

Researchers have given considerable attention to war crimes across nations. Numerous anthropologists, political scientists, and economists have conducted research on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka; however, there is scant literature exploring violations of international law as experienced by the minorities (i.e., Tamils) from sociological and criminological perspectives. The purpose of this study is to offer an insight into how masculinity and war crimes by the military and the paramilitary forces affected the Tamils from the Northern and the Eastern provinces in Sri Lanka. I explored victimization experienced by the Tamil Diaspora populations, the construction of victimization avoidance strategies, the social forces that motivated them to leave Sri Lanka, the short and the long-term effects of victimization (i.e., sexual, economic, physical, mental), the process the refugees adopted to assimilate themselves into new space, and the resources available from Sri Lanka and place of new residence to meet their needs. Finally, I explored within gender differences and similarities of victimization as experienced by the refugees. I employed qualitative methods to collect the data, where I gathered a sample of Tamils Diaspora population from Canada and the United States of America by way of snowball sampling via advocates who worked with refugees. I used open-ended questionnaires during the face-to-face interviews. I audio-taped most of the interviews and I manually transcribed them. I took written notes of a couple of the interviews when the participants did not permit audio recording. Finally, I analyzed the collected data and present the findings. This approach informs the scientific community of how people understand and give meanings to their life experiences (Orbuch, 1997; Mishler, 1986). The findings indicate that several types of social forces contributed to how families operated during the war. For instance, the war impacted the quality of available education, the quality of available shelter, and the social and family pressures for expected roles within the community. I specifically looked at victimization experiences, the social forces that motivated them to leave Sri Lanka, the short and long-term effects of war related victimization, the process of assimilation, resources available in Sri Lanka and their new place of residence, and gender differences or similarities of war crime victimization as experienced by the refugees. The research question I explored revealed that many faced financial/economic strain, secondary victimization, sexual abuse, mental/ emotional abuse, and physical abuse. When I explored victimization avoidance strategies, the data revealed that some participants submitted while others’ social bonds allowed them to evade victimization. Next, I explored the coping strategies employed by the participants during and post-civil war. The themes that emerged to explain their coping strategies were medical/counseling assistance, deference to God, and gendered roles. I also explored the social forces that drove the participants out of the country. The data revealed that it was the impact of the internal conflict on various infrastructures that stimulated the participants’ exodus from the country. I also explored the assistance the participants received in Sri Lanka and their new place of residence. The data revealed that many of the participants received most of their help from the paramilitary. All of the participants indicated they received aid from their new place of residence. Finally, I conclude by providing theoretical discussions of the findings, limitations of the study, future recommendations, and implications. This study unveils how the Sri Lankan Tamil refugees experienced and gave meaning to their lived experiences due to the war.

Nesta dissertação objetiva-se fazer uma análise das mudanças comportamentais da personagem feminina Clara na peça "Puesta en claro" (1974) da dramaturga argentina Griselda Gambaro. O foco principal dessa mudança se faz na peça por um viés paradoxalmente instituído: a morte pelas mãos femininas. Nesta análise pretende-se verificar a imagem da mulher construída na peça por uma linha que utilizará como uma de suas ferramentas de estudo a semiótica teatral, para a teorização da dramaturgia escrita por mulheres; o contexto histórico das décadas de sessenta, setenta e oitenta, fazendo referências e analogias com a realidade social da mulher latino-americana na mesma época; e a problemática dos estudos de gênero no contexto político e social da Argentina nas referidas décadas, tendo como aporte teórico os estudos feministas e a desconstrução derridiana.

Myocyte hypertrophy is the major compensatory response of the heart to chronic stress. It is induced by the activation of a network of interdependent, intracellular signaling pathways.1 An important pathway activated during the hypertrophic response is the calcineurin Abeta-NFATc transcription factor pathway.2 Our laboratory has recently discovered that calcineurin Abeta and NFATc transcription factors can associate with the scaffold protein mAKAPbeta.3 mAKAPbeta is a scaffold protein that forms a multimolecular signalosome located to the nuclear envelope of cardiac myocytes. Preliminary data demonstrate that calcineurin Abeta binds to a specific site on mAKAPbeta that lacks any of the consensus calcineurin binding sequences previously described. In this report, it is shown that a peptide, which contains the mAKAPbeta -calcineurin Abeta binding domain, associates with calcineurin Abeta in a calcium/calmodulin dependent manner. In addition, the binding of this mAKAPbeta peptide to calcineurin Abeta has no effect on calcineurin?s phosphatase activity. In fact, calcineurin Abeta bound to this mAKAPbeta peptide is catalytically active and capable of dephosphorylating NFAT. This is novel since other scaffold proteins that associate with calcineurin Abeta have been reported to inhibit its phosphatase activity. Furthermore, in our laboratory it has been shown that mAKAPbeta is required for both the nuclear translocation of NFATc and the induction of myocyte hypertrophy in vitro.4 In this report it is demonstrated that inhibition of calcineurin Abeta association to mAKAPbeta affects NFATc phosphorylation state and attenuates the norepinephrine induced hypertrophic response in primary neonatal cardiac myocytes. This study supports the hypothesis that the formation of multimolecular signaling complexes, like the mAKAPbeta signalosome, is necessary for the integration and fidelity of signal transduction involved in physiological processes like hypertrophy. Although hypertrophy is an adaptive response; it is often accompanied by maladaptive remodeling of the heart that can result in heart failure, a leading cause of death in the United States. Research in the signaling complexes involved in myocyte hypertrophy, like the mAKAPbeta signalosome, may lead to the development of novel treatments for pathologic hypertrophy and heart failure.

This dissertation examines the discussion that took place during the 19th century surrounding men’s violence against their wives, as well as the contemporary norms and ideas that shaped people’s understanding of, and ability to deal with the problem. The overall objective is to examine how cultural conceptions of gender, class, violence and power (relationships) were created and expressed during the period 1810–1880. I approach this objective through an examination of how men’s violence against their wives was reported and treated as marital conflict, both within local religious arenas (such as church councils and cathedral chapters) and in the Riksdag of the Estates. With a longer diachronic analysis of the discussions in the Riksdag of the Estates con-cerning propositions for changes in the law regarding marital conflict and divorce during the period 1828–1860, the dissertation shows that men’s violence against their wives as well as other forms of male misuse of power were neither made invisible, privatised nor marginalised in the public discussion in Sweden, which previous research has maintained. In contrast to previous research, the dissertation also shows that political attention to wife-beating and the reform work that took place in 19th century Sweden cannot be entirely characterised as a secularised project. The attention politicians directed towards the problem took place in a re-ligious context where the clergy, in practice, through their experience of dealing with wife-beating and other unsatisfactory conditions in marital relations, took the initiative and were instigators in the political process that after the middle of the century brought changes in the law on marital conflict and divorce. The dissertation’s investigations of how marital conflict and violence were dealt with by church councils and cathedral chapters also show how those involved talked about marital conflict based on competing ideas of gender, class, violence and marriage. The dissertation supports previous research that has demonstrated how men’s violence against their wives tended to be made invisible when it was interpreted and dealt with as marital conflict within the religious arenas. However, the results of the dissertation open up for other interpreta-tional perspectives regarding how violence was made invisible in the past, demonstrating that the prevailing understanding of violence that existed through concepts such as conflict and maltreatment may rather have resulted in an exposition of violence, which also included other forms of marital violence and oppression that were not physical. With a starting point in a marital ideology that perceived marriage as being in principle life-long, the intention of the church’s warnings during conflicts was to mediate, even in cases that included men’s vio-lence against their wives. The principal significance was not to make it easier for wives to remove themselves from their husbands’ violence, but to preserve the sanctity of marriage. Despite this, the study of praxis during the period shows that the church councils in particu-lar could assume more flexible and pragmatic attitudes towards the law. In their attempts to find solutions to their congregation’s unsatisfactory state of marital problems, they could even pursue actions that conflicted with legal provisions.

Le Sénégal est un pays pauvre, endetté, avec une population majoritairement jeune et rurale. Malgré les résultats macro-économiques satisfaisants (croissance de plus de 5% et une inflation inférieure à 3%),la décentralisation territoriale poussée et la démocratie affirmée par les scrutins de Mars 2000 ; la pauvreté reste galopante en milieu rural et péri-urbain. Et pour sortir de cette difficile situation, les jeunes ont opté pour l'émigration. Cette dernière est devenue une stratégie rationnelle de sortie de crise. L'émigration, qui traduit un mouvement de population vers un autre espace mieux nanti, est un phénomène ancien et complexe. La migration des jeunes a permis la survie de la vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Et ceci, nous l'avons constaté à travers des écrits, des ouvrages, des enquêtes ouvertes, des études de cas approfondies dans onze villages représentatifs de Matam, des questionnaires fermés et semi-ouverts, des parcours ou récits de vie et des séminaires et symposium. . .

Bakgrund: Då en anhörig insjuknar drabbas makan eller maken av sorg och en känsla av maktlöshet. Att kunna vårda och hjälpa sina nära och kära ger ofta känslan av välbefinnande men som anhörigvårdare är det lätt att ta på sig fler roller samtidigt. Problemformulering: Hur upplever anhöriga till personer med Alzheimers sjukdom att det är att leva med och vårda en anhörig i hemmet? Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva anhörigas upplevelse av att leva med och vårda en person med Alzheimers sjukdom i hemmet. Metod: Studien utfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningarna resulterade i nio artiklar vilka granskades med hjälp av en granskningsmall för kvalitativa artiklar. En analys av materialet genomfördes och resulterade i tre teman och elva kategorier.  Resultat: Anhöriga som vårdar en partner med Alzheimers sjukdom upplevde svårigheter i att behålla vardagen så normal som möjligt, de levde i en förändrad livssituation samt att de försökte finna mening i situationen. Slutsats: De centrala fynden i resultatet var förlust av relationen som kunde leda till ett lidande men att anhöriga ändå ville finna mening i situationen.

This thesis focuses on perceptions of butch privilege in the undergraduate student body at Georgia State University. Butch privilege is similar to traditional definitions of privilege, whether male, white or heterosexual. I define it as the unearned and unacknowledged privilege experienced by a butch lesbian (perceived or self-identified) due to her occupation of masculinity. In order to investigate this topic, an exploratory quantitative analysis of how perceptions of masculinity and status are associated with butch privilege was conducted. A survey consisting of questions regarding participants’ perceptions of how differential privileges are extended to masculine and feminine looking women were presented to undergraduate students during introductory sociology classes. I found that the privileges traditionally reserved for white males in society are perceived to be extended to white butch lesbians due to their occupation of masculinity.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2005.
1 electronic text (94 p.) : digital, PDF file. Title from title screen. Denise Donnelly, committee chair; Dawn Baunach, Elisabeth Sheff, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Apr. 3, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p.76-80).

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No Brasil, é assustador o número de pessoas mortas todos os anos. Porém, alguns aspectos nos chamam atenção neste cenário: os dados estatísticos mostram um colossal número de pessoas da mesma extração social, faixa etária e etnia sendo cotidianamente aniquilada. A juventude negra ou quase negra de tão pobre tem feito parte de mais da metade do número de mortos. A partir desse contexto, é praticamente inevitável não problematizarmos a prática do extermínio cotidiano contra esse segmento da população. A parte mais visível dessa prática de extermínio pode ser constatada na atuação do sistema penal, principalmente na intensa criminalização da juventude no atual estágio do neoliberalismo. Partindo do pressuposto de que não há extermínio sem a construção de discursos que o legitime (“discursos de verdade que podem matar”, segundo Foucault), a pesquisa tem como problema principal saber como a prática de extermínio da juventude negra se processa e é legitimado através dos discursos em torno da vida dos jovens no Brasil. Usando como chaves de leitura os aportes da criminologia crítica e do biopoder, pretendemos analisar como se (re)produzem esses discursos no corpo social e em uma instituição (justiça da infância e juventude), bem assim como operam na legitimação da morte, convertendo-se em “discursos que matam”. A partir disso, objetivamos problematizar essas mortes não como simples acontecimentos fortuitos e isolados, mas como parte de um permanente processo de criminalização e extermínio da juventude popular no Brasil.
In Brazil, it's terrifying the number of people killed every year. However, some aspects call the attention in this scenario: the statistics show a colossal number of people from the same social group, age group and ethnicity being annihilated daily. The black youth and or nearly black because it's too poor has been part of more than half the number of deaths. From this context it is practically inevitable not problematize the practice of the daily extermination against this segment of the population. The most visible part of that extermination practice can be seen in the performance of the criminal justice system, especially in the intense criminalization of the youth at the present stage of neoliberalism. Assuming that there is no extermination without the construction of discourses that legitimize it ( "truth discourses that can kill," according to Foucault), the research's main problem is to know how the practice of extermination of the black youth is performed and legitimized through speeches around the lives of young people in Brazil. Using as reading keys the contributions of critical criminology and biopower, we intend to analyze how these discourses in the social body and in an institution (childhood and youth justice) is (re)produced and how they operate in the legitimization of death, becoming "speeches that they kill". From this, we aim to discuss these deaths not as simple random and isolated events but as part of an permanent process of criminalization and extermination of popular youth in Brazil.

Civilrättsliga tvister om karaktärisering av rättshandlingar är vanligt förekommande i svensk rätt, då särskilt angående syftet med förmögenhetsrättsliga överföringar mellan parterna. För sådana dispositiva tvister är domstolen bunden av parternas respek­tive framställningar. Det kan dock tänkas uppstå en del bevissvårigheter för parterna att styrka det bakomliggande syftet med exempelvis en överföring mellan dem. Det inne­bär att tvistens utgång ofta blir avgörande av vem av parterna som ska bära risken för att ens framställda rättsfaktum inte kan bevisas, eller med andra ord vem som åläggs bevisbördan. Högsta domstolen (HD) har behandlat frågan i en rad rättsfall varav ett, NJA 2014 s. 364, har väckt en del frågor kring vad som faktiskt gäller i bevis­börde- och beviskravssammanhang. Detta problem blir särskilt aktuellt om parterna som tvistar med varandra är makar. När två personer ingår äktenskap med varandra sker ingen direkt ändring i makarnas förmögenhet. Det inträder dock en del rättigheter och skyldigheter. I portalparagraferna i äktenskapsbalken (ÄktB) 1:2 och 1:4 förklaras att makarna har en äktenskaplig lojalitetsplikt mot varandra som omfattar såväl ekonomiska som sociala hänseenden. Samtidigt förklaras det i ÄktB 1:3 att vardera maken råder över sin egendom och svarar för sina skulder. Makarna kan även träffa förmögenhetsrättsliga avtal med varandra och företa rättshandlingar sinsemellan. Eftersom makar har ekonomiska skyldigheter mot varandra uppkommer särskilda bevissvårigheter när rättshandlingar som företagits mellan just makar ska karaktäriseras. Med tanke på att makar ofta lever i nära relation till varandra och ofta har en gemensam ekonomi, kan det tänkas vara vanligt att makarna företar rättshandling utan att säkerställa någon bevisning om rättshandlingens faktiska innebörd. Dessutom finns ytterligare en aspekt att beakta vid överföringar mellan makar som inte finns mellan andra avtalsparter, nämligen den äktenskapliga underhållsplikten som ofta kan vara svår för en part att styrka.

Bakgrund: Demenssjukdom blir allt vanligare och räknas till våra största folksjukdomar. Vårdandet sker ofta i hemmet av maka/make trots att de själva har uppnått hög ålder. Deras upplevelser av vårdandet behöver uppmärksammas för att öka förståelsen för deras situation och behov. Syfte: Att belysa upplevelser av att vårda en maka/make med demenssjukdom. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie av 13 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades med innehållsanalys. Sju kategorier och fyra subkategorier framkom. Resultat: Vårdandet av maka/make med demenssjukdom innebar stora förändringar för vårdande makar, ansvaret upplevdes som överväldigande och förlusten av sociala kontakter negativt. De vårdande makar uttryckte känsla av ensamhet och behov av egen tid för andrum. Upplevelsen av närhet och behov av närhet ökade hos vissa men minskade hos andra. I många fall upplevdes mening med vårdandet. Det ansågs viktigt att hitta balans mellan att bevara den demensdrabbades autonomi och ta över. Slutsats: Demenssjukdom medför förändringar inom familjen som betraktas som ett system där medlemmarna befinner sig i ömsesidigt beroende av varandra. Att uppmärksamma vårdande makars upplevelser är betydelsefullt för att synliggöra deras behov som ofta åsidosätts både av sig själva och andra. För vårdpersonal är det viktigt att uppmärksamma och stötta vårdande makar.

Att möta närstående i vården som upplevt en omtumlande händelse då maken/makan drabbats av en hjärtinfarkt kan ibland kännas svårt. Denna upplevelse av maktlöshet för anhöriga medför ofta en känsla av rädsla, oro och stress. De är då i behov av information angående sjukdomen, även stöd och stöttning är av stor vikt för dem i en främmande situation. För att kunna skapa en bra relation till de närstående krävs empati, förmåga att lyssna och känna av det anhöriga förmedlar. Det är även av stor betydelse att de närstående får sin röst hörd i det som rör deras tankar och funderingar om situationen samt inför framtiden.Syftet med vår uppsats är att belysa upplevelser från närstående efter partnerns hjärtinfarkt med hjälp av studier som gjorts inom detta område. Arbetet är en litteraturstudie och grundas på både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar där tio artiklars resultat har granskats och sammanställts till ett resultat. Resultatet presenteras i 4 huvudteman, att känna rädsla, behov av stöd, behov av information och att uppleva stress. Respektive huvudtema har därefter delats in i 2-3 underteman. Resultatet visar på att närstående upplever en stor brist i bemötandet, informationen och ofta känner de sig inte inkluderade i vården av den drabbade, ibland inte ens välkomna på sjukhuset. Detta visar sig leda till stor stress och oro för den närstående. Diskussionen i uppsatsen har utarbetats med hjälp av aktuell forskning och vårdteoretisk litteratur. Där diskuteras tre av huvudtemana, fokus ligger på de närståendes upplevda brister gällande information. Även deras upplevelser av stress och rädsla berörs och diskuteras.
Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

Imersos no contexto complexo e desafiador da Era do Conhecimento, voltando a atenção aos contextos de ensino-aprendizagem dos cursos de Engenharias, observamos a necessidade da proposição de modelos avaliativos formativos, contextualizados e que apoiem um processo de ensino-aprendizagem continuado, ativo, autônomo e sustentável. Este trabalho tem, portanto, como objetivo propor um modelo formativo de avaliação do aprendizado de metacompetências, aplicável aos cursos de Engenharias, em contextos que utilizem metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem, entendendo aqui as metacompetências como um encontro sinérgico de competências que podem levar o indivíduo a alcançar e demonstrar resultados extraordinários. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que resultou em uma primeira versão do modelo, seguida por uma pesquisa quantitativa do tipo survey com uma amostra de 330 participantes, na qual por meio da PCA (Análise dos Componentes Principais) e do Alpha de Cronbach otimizamos o modelo e aferimos níveis aceitáveis de confiabilidade e validade; ademais, ainda em busca de uma validação qualitativa, realizamos uma entrevista semiestruturada com docentes universitários com notório saber. Uma vez concluído, o modelo foi testado em um grupo amostral de 31 aprendizes que representa uma amostra estratificada do público-alvo para o qual o modelo foi proposto, o que confirmou sua aplicabilidade e adequação. Os resultados são formados por um modelo de avaliação de aprendizado aplicável aos cursos de Engenharias composto por 12 metacompetências e 44 competências a elas associadas, proposições de aplicações no âmbito de três categorias avaliativas e rubricado de acordo com o contexto em que for inserido. O MAAM apresenta-se como um modelo útil, relevante e capaz de contribuir para um aprendizado sustentável e adequado ao contexto contemporâneo.
Immersed in the complex and challenging context of the Age of Knowledge, turning our attention to the learning contexts of higher engineering courses, we observe the need to propose formative evaluative models, contextualized and that support a process of continuous, active, autonomous and sustainable learning. The aim of this work is therefore to propose and test a formative model for evaluating the learning of meta-competences, applicable to engineering courses, in contexts that use active learning methodologies. Understanding meta-competencies as a synergistic meeting of competencies that can lead the individual to achieve and demonstrate extraordinary results. To do so, we performed a bibliographical and documentary research that resulted in a first version of the model, followed by a quantitative research of the survey type with a sample population of 330 participants, in which through PCA and Cronbach\'s Alpha we optimized the model and the we measure acceptable levels of reliability and validity; In addition, still in search of a qualitative validation, we conducted a semistructured interview with university professors with well-known recognition. Once completed, the model was tested in a sample group of 31 students representing a sample of the target audience for which the model was proposed, confirming its applicability and appropriateness. The results are formed by a learning evaluation model applicable to higher engineering courses composed of 12 meta-competences and 44 competences associated to it, propositions of applications within three evaluative categories and initialed according to the context in which it is inserted. The MAAM presents itself as a useful, relevant model capable of contributing to a sustainable learning that is relevant to the contemporary context.

Syftet med undersökningen är att utifrån begrepp som objektivitet, aktör, individ,struktur, kön och förmedlande, kunna åskådliggöra eventuella förändringar mellan olikaläroböcker. Undersökningen baserar sig på sex olika läroböcker tagna ifrån tre olikaläroplansperioder Lgr 69, Lgr 80 och Lpo 94. Undersökningen består av både enkvalitativ och kvantitativ analys. Frågeställningen för undersökningen är:Kan man i läroböckerna se ett samband mellan innehåll och gällande läroplanerutifrån nämnda begrepp?Metoden för undersökningen utgår ifrån begreppen, objektivitet, aktör, individ, struktur,kön och förmedlande. Utifrån dessa begrepp jämförs både läroböcker och gällandeläroplaner för att eventuellt kunna koppla ihop ett samband. Undersökningens resultatvisade att ett sådant samband inte kunde dras.Det visade sig att det fanns stora åtskillnader mellan läroplan och lärobok. Det varframförallt objektivitets och könsperspektivet som talade för detta. Det var Lgr 69 sombetonade objektiviteten starkast, men det var böckerna från denna period som tydligasthade värderingar. Det fanns i de olika läroplanerna en allt starkare betoning påkönsperspektivet, från Lgr 69 till Lpo 94. Läroböckerna gick däremot åt andra hålletoch visade ett allt mindre könsperspektiv. Syftet med att undersöka eventuellaförändringar infriades. Undersökningens resultat konstaterade att böckerna med tidenblev allt mer strukturinriktade, med allt färre inslag förklaringar i texten.
The purpose of this paper has been to examine changes in textbooks and curriculom,thru tree differents curriculoms. On the basis of notions as objectivity, structure,individuals, gender and narration is used to illustrate this changes. The examine arebased on six different textbooks taken from tree different curriculoms, Lgr 69, Lgr 80and Lpo 94. The examine are based on both a qualitative and a quantitative analysis.The qustion to attian the purpose is:Is it possible to make a connection between contents in textbooks and the curriculoms,on the basis of following notion, objectivity, structure, individuals, gender and narration.The method that is used is compare textbooks and curriculoms to see any connections,the examine showed that there was any connection between this two. On the contrarythe study showed that there was big differents between textbooks and curriculoms. Themost significant result was when it came to objectivity and gender. It was Lgr 69 thatemphasize the objectivity most, but the textbooks from Lgr 69 had the most clearestvaluations. There was also a growing emphasis from Lgr 69 to Lpo 94, when it came togender. But the textbooks was going at another direction and contain less and lessgenderperspective. The examine show also that the narrative element was more andmore decreased in the textbooks. The development whith the textbooks was also thatthey where more structure-concentrate and withold fewer explanations.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Alzheimers sjukdom är en av de stora folksjukdomarna och är den fjärde vanligaste dödsorsaken i Sverige. Alzheimers kan kallas för anhörigsjukdom, då det är vanligt att anhöriga vårdar sin familjemedlem under sjukdomens förlopp. Alzheimers är en sjukdom som på många sätt försämrar tillståndet hos den sjuka, vilket medför en stor belastning både fysiskt och psykiskt för de anhöriga som vårdar. Syfte Syftet är att undersöka anhörigas erfarenheter av att vårda sin make/maka med Alzheimers sjukdom i hemmet. Metod Arbetet är en systematisk litteraturstudie och både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier används för att få en helhetsbild av anhörigas erfarenheter av att vårda sin make/maka med Alzheimers. Tio artiklar utgör grunden för examensarbetets resultat. Resultat Resultatet består av tre kategorier: Anhörigas tankar om första tiden efter beskedet om diagnosen, anhörigas livskvalitet och sjukdomens påverkan på relationen. I resultatet framgick det att de anhörigas erfarenheter av att vårda sin make/maka skiljde sig mycket åt. Anhöriga beskrev att deras livskvalitet och relation med sin partner förändrades på flera sätt i takt med sjukdomens förlopp. Slutsats Examensarbetet visar tydligt på hur viktiga de anhöriga är för sin make/maka. För att kunna bedriva en god vård i hemmet åt sin partner bör vårdpersonal kontinuerligt uppmärksamma och bekräfta den insats de anhöriga gör. Män och kvinnors erfarenheter av att vårda skiljde sig på flera sätt, i form av stöd och bekräftelse från omgivningen. Författarna anser att de anhöriga idag, oberoende av kön, bör få det stöd de är i behov av.