Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'MAKAP'

Myocyte hypertrophy is the major compensatory response of the heart to chronic stress. It is induced by the activation of a network of interdependent, intracellular signaling pathways.1 An important pathway activated during the hypertrophic response is the calcineurin Abeta-NFATc transcription factor pathway.2 Our laboratory has recently discovered that calcineurin Abeta and NFATc transcription factors can associate with the scaffold protein mAKAPbeta.3 mAKAPbeta is a scaffold protein that forms a multimolecular signalosome located to the nuclear envelope of cardiac myocytes. Preliminary data demonstrate that calcineurin Abeta binds to a specific site on mAKAPbeta that lacks any of the consensus calcineurin binding sequences previously described. In this report, it is shown that a peptide, which contains the mAKAPbeta -calcineurin Abeta binding domain, associates with calcineurin Abeta in a calcium/calmodulin dependent manner. In addition, the binding of this mAKAPbeta peptide to calcineurin Abeta has no effect on calcineurin?s phosphatase activity. In fact, calcineurin Abeta bound to this mAKAPbeta peptide is catalytically active and capable of dephosphorylating NFAT. This is novel since other scaffold proteins that associate with calcineurin Abeta have been reported to inhibit its phosphatase activity. Furthermore, in our laboratory it has been shown that mAKAPbeta is required for both the nuclear translocation of NFATc and the induction of myocyte hypertrophy in vitro.4 In this report it is demonstrated that inhibition of calcineurin Abeta association to mAKAPbeta affects NFATc phosphorylation state and attenuates the norepinephrine induced hypertrophic response in primary neonatal cardiac myocytes. This study supports the hypothesis that the formation of multimolecular signaling complexes, like the mAKAPbeta signalosome, is necessary for the integration and fidelity of signal transduction involved in physiological processes like hypertrophy. Although hypertrophy is an adaptive response; it is often accompanied by maladaptive remodeling of the heart that can result in heart failure, a leading cause of death in the United States. Research in the signaling complexes involved in myocyte hypertrophy, like the mAKAPbeta signalosome, may lead to the development of novel treatments for pathologic hypertrophy and heart failure.

Prostatacancer är klassad som en av de vanligast förekommande tumörsjukdomarna bland äldre män. Sjukdomen kommer inte enbart påverka den drabbade utan hela familjen involveras. Detta ställer krav på att sjuksköterskan har kunskap gällande patienter och makar. Syftet med studien var att belysa omvårdnadsbehov hos makar när maken drabbats av prostatacancer. Metoden var en litteraturstudie baserad på forskningsartiklar från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Granskning av artiklarna utgick från Polit & Becks (2011) nio steg över en litteraturstudies upplägg. En urvalsprocess i tre steg utfördes där elva artiklar svarade på syftet och utgör litteraturstudiens resultat. Av de elva artiklarna var tio kvalitativa och en kvantitativ. Resultatet sammanfördes till fyra kategorier, behov av information, behov av samtalsstöd, behov av egentid och behov av Guds tro. Mer förekommande i resultatet var behov av information och behov av samtalsstöd. De ansågs viktiga för makarna för att orka handskas med och bearbeta makens sjukdom. Slutsats: Makar riskerar att hamna i en utsatt situation när maken får diagnosen prostatacancer. Det resulterar i flertalet omvårdnadsbehov som behöver tillfredställas där sjuksköterskan kan vägleda.

Les ecrits de massa makan diabate se caracterisent par une grande diversite thematique et formelle : ils s'inspirent a la fois des traditions orales malinke et de la litterature moderne
Massa makan diabate's writings are characterized by a great variety concerning the themes and the form : they are both inspired by malinke oral traditions and modern literature

Nuestro trabajo de investigación consiste en el desarrollo de un plan de negocio, en el que se ha creado la marca ‘Makao Coffee’ con el propósito de ofrecer un café peruano de calidad en tueste oscuro, medio oscuro y artesanal, con sabores y aromas intensos. A partir del uso de métodos de validación, como entrevistas, hemos podido determinar que nuestro producto responde a un nicho de mercado con una necesidad insatisfecha, la falta de café oscuro. La ventaja competitiva de nuestra marca es la calidad, ya que el café es producido a 1500 msnm en Jaén, Perú, obteniendo una calidad superior a otros cafés por el tipo de grano cultivado en esa zona. Además, como parte de la atención que brindamos, ofrecemos el molido del café a gusto del cliente para que lo utilice en la cafetera de su preferencia, y hacemos entrega del producto por medio de delivery a domicilio. Por otro lado, se ha logrado validar la aceptación del producto a través de nuestros canales de ventas, sobre todo en la modalidad de e-commerce. De ellos, el más importante son las redes sociales, ya que nos han generado las ganancias más significativas de la empresa hasta el momento, logrando recompras que generan ingresos recurrentes para el negocio. Con ello, se tiene proyectado en un mediano plazo ampliar la línea de productos, alianzas estratégicas y la adquisición de una tostadura propia.
Our research work is about the development of a business plan, in which the 'Makao Coffee' brand has been created with the purpose of offering quality Peruvian coffee in a dark, medium dark and artisan roast, with intense flavors and aromas. From the use of validation methods, such as interviews, we have been able to determine that our product responds to a market niche with an unmet need, the lack of dark coffee. The competitive advantage of our brand is the quality, since the coffee is produced at 1500 meters above sea level in Jaén, Peru, obtaining a superior quality to other coffees due to the type of grain grown in that area. In addition, as part of the attention that we provide, we offer the coffee grind to the client's taste so that they can use it in the coffee maker of their choice, and we deliver the product directly to the client. On the other hand, the acceptance of the product has been validated through our sales channels, especially in the e-commerce mode. Of all of them, the most important are the social networks, since they have generated the most significant profits of the company so far, achieving buybacks that generate recurring income for the business. With this, it is planned in the medium term to expand the product line, strategic alliances and the acquisition of an own roaster.
Trabajo de investigación

Nuestro trabajo de investigación consiste en el desarrollo de un plan de negocio, en el que se ha creado la marca ‘Makao Coffee’ con el propósito de ofrecer un café peruano de calidad en tueste oscuro, medio oscuro y artesanal, con sabores y aromas intensos. A partir del uso de métodos de validación, como entrevistas, hemos podido determinar que nuestro producto responde a un nicho de mercado con una necesidad insatisfecha, la falta de café oscuro. La ventaja competitiva de nuestra marca es la calidad, ya que el café es producido a 1500 msnm en Jaén, Perú, obteniendo una calidad superior a otros cafés por el tipo de grano cultivado en esa zona. Además, como parte de la atención que brindamos, ofrecemos el molido del café a gusto del cliente para que lo utilice en la cafetera de su preferencia, y hacemos entrega del producto por medio de delivery a domicilio. Por otro lado, se ha logrado validar la aceptación del producto a través de nuestros canales de ventas, sobre todo en la modalidad de e-commerce. De ellos, el más importante son las redes sociales, ya que nos han generado las ganancias más significativas de la empresa hasta el momento, logrando recompras que generan ingresos recurrentes para el negocio. Con ello, se tiene proyectado en un mediano plazo ampliar la línea de productos, alianzas estratégicas y la adquisición de una tostadura propia.
Our research work is about the development of a business plan, in which the 'Makao Coffee' brand has been created with the purpose of offering quality Peruvian coffee in a dark, medium dark and artisan roast, with intense flavors and aromas. From the use of validation methods, such as interviews, we have been able to determine that our product responds to a market niche with an unmet need, the lack of dark coffee. The competitive advantage of our brand is the quality, since the coffee is produced at 1500 meters above sea level in Jaén, Peru, obtaining a superior quality to other coffees due to the type of grain grown in that area. In addition, as part of the attention that we provide, we offer the coffee grind to the client's taste so that they can use it in the coffee maker of their choice, and we deliver the product directly to the client. On the other hand, the acceptance of the product has been validated through our sales channels, especially in the e-commerce mode. Of all of them, the most important are the social networks, since they have generated the most significant profits of the company so far, achieving buybacks that generate recurring income for the business. With this, it is planned in the medium term to expand the product line, strategic alliances and the acquisition of an own roaster.
Trabajo de investigación

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The Makar-Limanov invariant ML(B) of an a-ne k-algebra B (with k a -eld, which will be typically assumed to be of characteristic zero) is a very important invariant, defined in terms of the kernels of suitable derivations of B called locally nilpotent derivations. The theme has connections to various central problems in Commutative Algebra, for instance, the Jacobian Conjecture, the Fourteenth Hilbert's Problem, and the Cancellation Problem, and has been investigated by many authors. In this work, after the presentation of basic concepts and results, our main goal is the explicit obtainment of the structure of ML(B) (as a k-algebra) when B is the coordinate ring of certain special a-ne algebraic hypersurfaces, to wit, the so-called Danielewski surfaces, as well as the famous Makar-Limanov 3-fold defined by x + x2y + z2 + t3 = 0.
O invariante de Makar-Limanov ML(B) de uma k-álgebra afim B (com k corpo, que tipicamente será assumido de característica zero) é um invariante bastante importante, definido em termos dos núcleos de certas derivações especiais de B chamadas derivações localmente nilpotentes. O tema possui conexões com vários problemas centrais em Álgebra Comutativa, por exemplo, a Conjectura Jacobiana, o Décimo Quarto Problema de Hilbert, e o Problema do Cancelamento, e tem sido investigado por diversos autores. Neste trabalho, após a apresentação de conceitos e resultados básicos, nossa principal meta é a obtenção explícita da estrutura de ML(B) (como álgebra) quando B é o anel de coordenadas de certas hipersuperfícies algébricas afins especiais, a saber, as chamadas superfícies de Danielewski, bem como o famoso 3-fold de Makar-Limanov definido por x + x^2y + z^2 + t^3 = 0.

This diploma thesis deals with application of wolfberry (Lycium chinense) and maca (Lepidium meyenii) in food products. Both plants have high nutrition content and are studied for their health benefits to humans. In case of wolfberry it’s mainly immune-stimulating and antioxidant properties. Maca is known for increasing fertility and there’s also reported lowering of cholesterol and blood sugar. In theoretic part are summarized findings about chemical composition, science studies about effects of these plants, situation on the Czech trade and project of use. Aim of this thesis was to create practical demonstration of use and consumption both plants and to evaluate it by methods of sensory analysis. For this purpose three samples of wolfberry cereal bars and three samples of chocolate with maca powder were produced. These samples were sensory evaluated using ranking test, scale test and profile test. Higher amount of maca in chocolate had worse rating, while use of wolfberry was rated quite well. Therefore three wolfberry cereal bars were produced as the final product in cooperation with bakery and chocolate factory Fikar – bar with fruit filling glazed with chocolate, classical bar glazed and classical bar not glazed with chocolate, as a demonstration of possible industrial use.

Poet, novelist, playwright, storyteller, traditionalist, Massa Makan Diabate is a griot-writer from Mali, and his relation to the griots shapes his entire work. Here, Diabate's work is situated within the Mandinka sociocultural framework to point out how the artist manipulates his knowledge of familial tools in his writing to create a new mode of expression in African literature. This dissertation examines Diabate's writing from two perspectives. It concentrates first on the period of his initiation to the Malinke oral traditions and the art of jaliya, the oral narratives used by the griots. The focus then turns to the Malian writer's individual creative works. The question for orality and writing on one hand, and the quest for the betterment of his characters on the other band, are Diabate's sustained use of fadenya, understood as "father-child-ness". Fadenya is a quest for social distinction. It encourages individuals to follow the path of their ancestors, and to surpass their ancestors' accomplishments. It defines the rivalry between siblings and, in a broader sense, conveys the competition among individuals seeking social recognition. This dissertation addresses these issues not only in the spirit of expanding on current research in Francophone nouvelle ecriture with its footing in the oral traditions, culture and civilization of West Africa, but also in Francophone studies in general.

The abundance of a given mRNA is a function of its rates of synthesis and degradation. The regulation of mRNA stability is therefore an important means of modulating gene expression. Control of mRNA stability is mediated by cisacting sequences within 5’ or 3’ untranslated regions (UTR), such as adenosine/uridine-rich elements (ARE) contained in the 3’ UTRs of many inflammatory mediator mRNAs, and by the action of trans-acting RNA-binding factors that interact with these cis-acting elements. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an ARE-binding protein that destabilises inflammatory mRNAs by promoting their deadenylation. TTP is phosphorylated and inactivated in the cell by MAPKactivated protein kinase (MK)-2, a kinase downstream of p38, which is activated by pro-inflammatory stimuli. I have successfully set up an in vitro assay to investigate TTP-directed deadenylation of ARE-containing mRNAs (IVDA, in vitro deadenylation assay) and this assay was used to investigate different aspects of the deadenylation mechanism. I show that a TTP-directed deadenylase activity is present in HeLa and RAW 264.7 cells and that the mechanism whereby TTP promotes deadenylation of ARE-containing RNA is regulated by MK2 in vitro. In fact, phosphorylation of Ser-52 and Ser-178 of TTP by MK2 resulted in inhibition of TTP-directed deadenylation of AREcontaining RNA. The use of 14-3-3 protein antagonists showed that regulation of TTP-directed deadenylation by MK2 is independent of 14-3-3 binding to TTP. To investigate the mechanism whereby TTP promotes deadenylation, it was necessary to identify the deadenylases involved. The carbon catabolite repressor protein (CCR)4-CCR4-associated factor (CAF)1 complex was identified as the major source of deadenylase activity in HeLa cells responsible for TTP-directed deadenylation. CAF1a and CAF1b were found to interact with TTP in an RNA-independent fashion. MK2 phosphorylation was found to reduce the ability of TTP to promote deadenylation by inhibiting the recruitment of CAF1 deadenylase in a mechanism that does not involve sequestration of TTP by 14-3-3.

Stroke is one of the most common diseases in Sweden and every year 30 000 individuals are affected. Today it is possible for these persons to continue to live in their homes. Informal caregivers are often the ones who take over the caring responsibility. The aim of this literature study was to describe the spouse´s experience of being an informal carer to a person affected by stroke. The method used was a descriptive synthesis. The material consists of nine scientific research articles. In this study four themes emerged: The experience of change; The experience of loss of freedom and leisure time; The experience of gratefulness, hope and support; The experience of the future, anxiety and guilt and finally The experience of responsibility and control. The result of this study contributes to the nursing practice by highlighting the importance of awareness of these people’s experiences. Prevention is included in the nursing profession and as a nurse it is most important to prevent informal cares from being patients.

Stroke är en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna i Sverige och omkring 30 000 individer insjuknar varje år. För dessa personer är det idag möjligt att fortsätta leva i sitt hem. Informella vårdgivare får då ofta ta över ansvaret över vården. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva make/makas upplevelser av att vara informell vårdgivare till en person som insjuknat i stroke. Metoden som använts i denna litteraturstudie är beskrivande syntes. Materialet består av nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Fem olika teman framkom ur analysen: Upplevelsen av förändring; Upplevelsen av förlust av frihet och fritid; Upplevelsen av tacksamhet, hopp och stöd; Upplevelsen av framtiden, oro och skuld samt Upplevelsen av ansvar och kontroll. Förebyggande arbete ingår i sjuksköterskans profession och resultatet i denna studie visar att det är viktigt att uppmärksamma makens/makans upplevelser för att förebygga så att dessa individer inte själva blir patienter.

Researchers have given considerable attention to war crimes across nations. Numerous anthropologists, political scientists, and economists have conducted research on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka; however, there is scant literature exploring violations of international law as experienced by the minorities (i.e., Tamils) from sociological and criminological perspectives. The purpose of this study is to offer an insight into how masculinity and war crimes by the military and the paramilitary forces affected the Tamils from the Northern and the Eastern provinces in Sri Lanka. I explored victimization experienced by the Tamil Diaspora populations, the construction of victimization avoidance strategies, the social forces that motivated them to leave Sri Lanka, the short and the long-term effects of victimization (i.e., sexual, economic, physical, mental), the process the refugees adopted to assimilate themselves into new space, and the resources available from Sri Lanka and place of new residence to meet their needs. Finally, I explored within gender differences and similarities of victimization as experienced by the refugees. I employed qualitative methods to collect the data, where I gathered a sample of Tamils Diaspora population from Canada and the United States of America by way of snowball sampling via advocates who worked with refugees. I used open-ended questionnaires during the face-to-face interviews. I audio-taped most of the interviews and I manually transcribed them. I took written notes of a couple of the interviews when the participants did not permit audio recording. Finally, I analyzed the collected data and present the findings. This approach informs the scientific community of how people understand and give meanings to their life experiences (Orbuch, 1997; Mishler, 1986). The findings indicate that several types of social forces contributed to how families operated during the war. For instance, the war impacted the quality of available education, the quality of available shelter, and the social and family pressures for expected roles within the community. I specifically looked at victimization experiences, the social forces that motivated them to leave Sri Lanka, the short and long-term effects of war related victimization, the process of assimilation, resources available in Sri Lanka and their new place of residence, and gender differences or similarities of war crime victimization as experienced by the refugees. The research question I explored revealed that many faced financial/economic strain, secondary victimization, sexual abuse, mental/ emotional abuse, and physical abuse. When I explored victimization avoidance strategies, the data revealed that some participants submitted while others’ social bonds allowed them to evade victimization. Next, I explored the coping strategies employed by the participants during and post-civil war. The themes that emerged to explain their coping strategies were medical/counseling assistance, deference to God, and gendered roles. I also explored the social forces that drove the participants out of the country. The data revealed that it was the impact of the internal conflict on various infrastructures that stimulated the participants’ exodus from the country. I also explored the assistance the participants received in Sri Lanka and their new place of residence. The data revealed that many of the participants received most of their help from the paramilitary. All of the participants indicated they received aid from their new place of residence. Finally, I conclude by providing theoretical discussions of the findings, limitations of the study, future recommendations, and implications. This study unveils how the Sri Lankan Tamil refugees experienced and gave meaning to their lived experiences due to the war.

This dissertation examines the discussion that took place during the 19th century surrounding men’s violence against their wives, as well as the contemporary norms and ideas that shaped people’s understanding of, and ability to deal with the problem. The overall objective is to examine how cultural conceptions of gender, class, violence and power (relationships) were created and expressed during the period 1810–1880. I approach this objective through an examination of how men’s violence against their wives was reported and treated as marital conflict, both within local religious arenas (such as church councils and cathedral chapters) and in the Riksdag of the Estates. With a longer diachronic analysis of the discussions in the Riksdag of the Estates con-cerning propositions for changes in the law regarding marital conflict and divorce during the period 1828–1860, the dissertation shows that men’s violence against their wives as well as other forms of male misuse of power were neither made invisible, privatised nor marginalised in the public discussion in Sweden, which previous research has maintained. In contrast to previous research, the dissertation also shows that political attention to wife-beating and the reform work that took place in 19th century Sweden cannot be entirely characterised as a secularised project. The attention politicians directed towards the problem took place in a re-ligious context where the clergy, in practice, through their experience of dealing with wife-beating and other unsatisfactory conditions in marital relations, took the initiative and were instigators in the political process that after the middle of the century brought changes in the law on marital conflict and divorce. The dissertation’s investigations of how marital conflict and violence were dealt with by church councils and cathedral chapters also show how those involved talked about marital conflict based on competing ideas of gender, class, violence and marriage. The dissertation supports previous research that has demonstrated how men’s violence against their wives tended to be made invisible when it was interpreted and dealt with as marital conflict within the religious arenas. However, the results of the dissertation open up for other interpreta-tional perspectives regarding how violence was made invisible in the past, demonstrating that the prevailing understanding of violence that existed through concepts such as conflict and maltreatment may rather have resulted in an exposition of violence, which also included other forms of marital violence and oppression that were not physical. With a starting point in a marital ideology that perceived marriage as being in principle life-long, the intention of the church’s warnings during conflicts was to mediate, even in cases that included men’s vio-lence against their wives. The principal significance was not to make it easier for wives to remove themselves from their husbands’ violence, but to preserve the sanctity of marriage. Despite this, the study of praxis during the period shows that the church councils in particu-lar could assume more flexible and pragmatic attitudes towards the law. In their attempts to find solutions to their congregation’s unsatisfactory state of marital problems, they could even pursue actions that conflicted with legal provisions.

Bakgrund: Då en anhörig insjuknar drabbas makan eller maken av sorg och en känsla av maktlöshet. Att kunna vårda och hjälpa sina nära och kära ger ofta känslan av välbefinnande men som anhörigvårdare är det lätt att ta på sig fler roller samtidigt. Problemformulering: Hur upplever anhöriga till personer med Alzheimers sjukdom att det är att leva med och vårda en anhörig i hemmet? Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva anhörigas upplevelse av att leva med och vårda en person med Alzheimers sjukdom i hemmet. Metod: Studien utfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningarna resulterade i nio artiklar vilka granskades med hjälp av en granskningsmall för kvalitativa artiklar. En analys av materialet genomfördes och resulterade i tre teman och elva kategorier.  Resultat: Anhöriga som vårdar en partner med Alzheimers sjukdom upplevde svårigheter i att behålla vardagen så normal som möjligt, de levde i en förändrad livssituation samt att de försökte finna mening i situationen. Slutsats: De centrala fynden i resultatet var förlust av relationen som kunde leda till ett lidande men att anhöriga ändå ville finna mening i situationen.

Civilrättsliga tvister om karaktärisering av rättshandlingar är vanligt förekommande i svensk rätt, då särskilt angående syftet med förmögenhetsrättsliga överföringar mellan parterna. För sådana dispositiva tvister är domstolen bunden av parternas respek­tive framställningar. Det kan dock tänkas uppstå en del bevissvårigheter för parterna att styrka det bakomliggande syftet med exempelvis en överföring mellan dem. Det inne­bär att tvistens utgång ofta blir avgörande av vem av parterna som ska bära risken för att ens framställda rättsfaktum inte kan bevisas, eller med andra ord vem som åläggs bevisbördan. Högsta domstolen (HD) har behandlat frågan i en rad rättsfall varav ett, NJA 2014 s. 364, har väckt en del frågor kring vad som faktiskt gäller i bevis­börde- och beviskravssammanhang. Detta problem blir särskilt aktuellt om parterna som tvistar med varandra är makar. När två personer ingår äktenskap med varandra sker ingen direkt ändring i makarnas förmögenhet. Det inträder dock en del rättigheter och skyldigheter. I portalparagraferna i äktenskapsbalken (ÄktB) 1:2 och 1:4 förklaras att makarna har en äktenskaplig lojalitetsplikt mot varandra som omfattar såväl ekonomiska som sociala hänseenden. Samtidigt förklaras det i ÄktB 1:3 att vardera maken råder över sin egendom och svarar för sina skulder. Makarna kan även träffa förmögenhetsrättsliga avtal med varandra och företa rättshandlingar sinsemellan. Eftersom makar har ekonomiska skyldigheter mot varandra uppkommer särskilda bevissvårigheter när rättshandlingar som företagits mellan just makar ska karaktäriseras. Med tanke på att makar ofta lever i nära relation till varandra och ofta har en gemensam ekonomi, kan det tänkas vara vanligt att makarna företar rättshandling utan att säkerställa någon bevisning om rättshandlingens faktiska innebörd. Dessutom finns ytterligare en aspekt att beakta vid överföringar mellan makar som inte finns mellan andra avtalsparter, nämligen den äktenskapliga underhållsplikten som ofta kan vara svår för en part att styrka.

Bakgrund: Demenssjukdom blir allt vanligare och räknas till våra största folksjukdomar. Vårdandet sker ofta i hemmet av maka/make trots att de själva har uppnått hög ålder. Deras upplevelser av vårdandet behöver uppmärksammas för att öka förståelsen för deras situation och behov. Syfte: Att belysa upplevelser av att vårda en maka/make med demenssjukdom. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie av 13 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades med innehållsanalys. Sju kategorier och fyra subkategorier framkom. Resultat: Vårdandet av maka/make med demenssjukdom innebar stora förändringar för vårdande makar, ansvaret upplevdes som överväldigande och förlusten av sociala kontakter negativt. De vårdande makar uttryckte känsla av ensamhet och behov av egen tid för andrum. Upplevelsen av närhet och behov av närhet ökade hos vissa men minskade hos andra. I många fall upplevdes mening med vårdandet. Det ansågs viktigt att hitta balans mellan att bevara den demensdrabbades autonomi och ta över. Slutsats: Demenssjukdom medför förändringar inom familjen som betraktas som ett system där medlemmarna befinner sig i ömsesidigt beroende av varandra. Att uppmärksamma vårdande makars upplevelser är betydelsefullt för att synliggöra deras behov som ofta åsidosätts både av sig själva och andra. För vårdpersonal är det viktigt att uppmärksamma och stötta vårdande makar.

Att möta närstående i vården som upplevt en omtumlande händelse då maken/makan drabbats av en hjärtinfarkt kan ibland kännas svårt. Denna upplevelse av maktlöshet för anhöriga medför ofta en känsla av rädsla, oro och stress. De är då i behov av information angående sjukdomen, även stöd och stöttning är av stor vikt för dem i en främmande situation. För att kunna skapa en bra relation till de närstående krävs empati, förmåga att lyssna och känna av det anhöriga förmedlar. Det är även av stor betydelse att de närstående får sin röst hörd i det som rör deras tankar och funderingar om situationen samt inför framtiden.Syftet med vår uppsats är att belysa upplevelser från närstående efter partnerns hjärtinfarkt med hjälp av studier som gjorts inom detta område. Arbetet är en litteraturstudie och grundas på både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar där tio artiklars resultat har granskats och sammanställts till ett resultat. Resultatet presenteras i 4 huvudteman, att känna rädsla, behov av stöd, behov av information och att uppleva stress. Respektive huvudtema har därefter delats in i 2-3 underteman. Resultatet visar på att närstående upplever en stor brist i bemötandet, informationen och ofta känner de sig inte inkluderade i vården av den drabbade, ibland inte ens välkomna på sjukhuset. Detta visar sig leda till stor stress och oro för den närstående. Diskussionen i uppsatsen har utarbetats med hjälp av aktuell forskning och vårdteoretisk litteratur. Där diskuteras tre av huvudtemana, fokus ligger på de närståendes upplevda brister gällande information. Även deras upplevelser av stress och rädsla berörs och diskuteras.
Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

Les Malformations Adénomatoïdes Kystiques du Poumon (MAKP) sont les malformations pulmonaires congénitales les plus fréquentes. Leur diagnostic est anatomopathologique. Elles sont classées en type I si elles comportent de larges kystes (>2cm), en type II si elles contiennent de multiples kystes plus petits (<1cm). Les MAKP de type III ont un aspect plus solide et contiennent des structures immatures ressemblant au poumon en développement. En général asymptomatiques, les MAKP peuvent se compliquer in utero d'hydramnios ou d'anasarque, à la naissance de détresse respiratoire, et plus tardivement d'infections ou de pneumothorax. Leur potentielle dégénérescence maligne reste débattue. L'origine des MAKP est inconnue. Les avancées récentes suggèrent une anomalie transitoire et focale du développement pulmonaire, qui pourrait être secondaire à une obstruction des voies aériennes. Le rôle du Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10), facteur indispensable à la formation des ramifications pulmonaires, est supporté par différents modèles animaux. La surexpression localisée du FGF10 pourrait induire des dilatations kystiques des voies aériennes.L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les anomalies moléculaires à l'origine des MAKP.Dans une approche molécule candidate, nous avons comparé par immunohistochimie l'expression du FGF10, de son récepteur le FGFR2b, et d'un de ses inhibiteurs, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), entre MAKP et tissus témoins. Nous avons également comparé l'expression de l'ARNm du FGF10 dans des cultures de fibroblastes isolés à partir de MAKP et de tissus témoins. Nous avons enfin élaboré un modèle de ligature trachéale in-utéro de lapins fœtaux, afin de modéliser les MAKP et d'étudier in-vivo en fin de gestation (J29/31) les conséquences morphologiques et moléculaires d'une obstruction trachéale précoce (J23/31). Dans une approche sans à-priori, nous avons microdissequé des MAKP et des tissus témoins, afin de séparer les compartiments épithélial et mésenchymateux et de comparer les transcriptomes issus de ces 2 compartiments entre MAKP et tissus sains. Nous avons également recherché l'existence d'anomalies génétiques in-situ, en comparant par CGH array le génome du tissu pathologique à celui obtenu à partir du sang périphérique provenant du même patient.Aucune différence d'expression du FGF10, du FGFR2b et de SHH n'était observée en immunohistochimie, entre MAKP et témoins. L'expression ARNm du FGF10 était cependant plus élevée dans les fibroblastes de MAKP que dans les fibroblastes de tissus témoins. Nous n'avons pas observé de dilatation des voies aériennes de conduction chez les fœtus ligaturés, mais une augmentation du nombre des alvéoles pulmonaires. La voie de signalisation FGF10 n'était pas surexprimée à J29 dans le poumon des fœtus ligaturés. Les premiers résultats de l'analyse CGH array ne montrent pas de différence entre le génome provenant de la lésion et le génome provenant du sang périphérique. L'analyse transcriptomique est en cours.Le FGF10 n'est pas surexprimée de façon permanente dans les MAKP, mais il est possible que sa surexpression soit transitoire, et que notre analyse ait été trop tardive. L'occlusion trachéale précoce n'affecte pas les voies aériennes de conduction, notre modèle animal n'est pas un modèle de MAKP. Un modèle fondé sur une occlusion bronchique précoce, sur des explants de poumon fœtal serait probablement plus adapté à l'étude des MAKP. L'absence d'anomalie génétique confirme l'hypothèse d'une anomalie localisée et transitoire du développement pulmonaire à l'origine des MAKP
Les Malformations Adénomatoïdes Kystiques du Poumon (MAKP) sont les malformations pulmonaires congénitales les plus fréquentes. Leur diagnostic est anatomopathologique. Elles sont classées en type I si elles comportent de larges kystes (>2cm), en type II si elles contiennent de multiples kystes plus petits (<1cm). Les MAKP de type III ont un aspect plus solide et contiennent des structures immatures ressemblant au poumon en développement. En général asymptomatiques, les MAKP peuvent se compliquer in utero d'hydramnios ou d'anasarque, à la naissance de détresse respiratoire, et plus tardivement d'infections ou de pneumothorax. Leur potentielle dégénérescence maligne reste débattue. L'origine des MAKP est inconnue. Les avancées récentes suggèrent une anomalie transitoire et focale du développement pulmonaire, qui pourrait être secondaire à une obstruction des voies aériennes. Le rôle du Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10), facteur indispensable à la formation des ramifications pulmonaires, est supporté par différents modèles animaux. La surexpression localisée du FGF10 pourrait induire des dilatations kystiques des voies aériennes.L'objectif de ce travail était de déterminer les anomalies moléculaires à l'origine des MAKP.Dans une approche molécule candidate, nous avons comparé par immunohistochimie l'expression du FGF10, de son récepteur le FGFR2b, et d'un de ses inhibiteurs, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), entre MAKP et tissus témoins. Nous avons également comparé l'expression de l'ARNm du FGF10 dans des cultures de fibroblastes isolés à partir de MAKP et de tissus témoins. Nous avons enfin élaboré un modèle de ligature trachéale in-utéro de lapins fœtaux, afin de modéliser les MAKP et d'étudier in-vivo en fin de gestation (J29/31) les conséquences morphologiques et moléculaires d'une obstruction trachéale précoce (J23/31). Dans une approche sans à-priori, nous avons microdissequé des MAKP et des tissus témoins, afin de séparer les compartiments épithélial et mésenchymateux et de comparer les transcriptomes issus de ces 2 compartiments entre MAKP et tissus sains. Nous avons également recherché l'existence d'anomalies génétiques in-situ, en comparant par CGH array le génome du tissu pathologique à celui obtenu à partir du sang périphérique provenant du même patient.Aucune différence d'expression du FGF10, du FGFR2b et de SHH n'était observée en immunohistochimie, entre MAKP et témoins. L'expression ARNm du FGF10 était cependant plus élevée dans les fibroblastes de MAKP que dans les fibroblastes de tissus témoins. Nous n'avons pas observé de dilatation des voies aériennes de conduction chez les fœtus ligaturés, mais une augmentation du nombre des alvéoles pulmonaires. La voie de signalisation FGF10 n'était pas surexprimée à J29 dans le poumon des fœtus ligaturés. Les premiers résultats de l'analyse CGH array ne montrent pas de différence entre le génome provenant de la lésion et le génome provenant du sang périphérique. L'analyse transcriptomique est en cours.Il semble donc que la voie du FGF10 ne soit pas surexprimée dans les MAKP, mais il est possible que la surexpression de ce facteur soit transitoire, et que notre analyse ait été trop tardive. L'occlusion trachéale précoce n'affecte pas les voies aériennes de conduction, notre modèle animal n'est pas un modèle de MAKP. Un modèle fondé sur une occlusion bronchique précoce, sur des explants de poumon fœtal serait probablement plus adapté à l'étude des MAKP. L'absence d'anomalie génétique confirme l'hypothèse d'une anomalie localisée et transitoire du développement pulmonaire à l'origine des MAKP

Syftet med undersökningen är att utifrån begrepp som objektivitet, aktör, individ,struktur, kön och förmedlande, kunna åskådliggöra eventuella förändringar mellan olikaläroböcker. Undersökningen baserar sig på sex olika läroböcker tagna ifrån tre olikaläroplansperioder Lgr 69, Lgr 80 och Lpo 94. Undersökningen består av både enkvalitativ och kvantitativ analys. Frågeställningen för undersökningen är:Kan man i läroböckerna se ett samband mellan innehåll och gällande läroplanerutifrån nämnda begrepp?Metoden för undersökningen utgår ifrån begreppen, objektivitet, aktör, individ, struktur,kön och förmedlande. Utifrån dessa begrepp jämförs både läroböcker och gällandeläroplaner för att eventuellt kunna koppla ihop ett samband. Undersökningens resultatvisade att ett sådant samband inte kunde dras.Det visade sig att det fanns stora åtskillnader mellan läroplan och lärobok. Det varframförallt objektivitets och könsperspektivet som talade för detta. Det var Lgr 69 sombetonade objektiviteten starkast, men det var böckerna från denna period som tydligasthade värderingar. Det fanns i de olika läroplanerna en allt starkare betoning påkönsperspektivet, från Lgr 69 till Lpo 94. Läroböckerna gick däremot åt andra hålletoch visade ett allt mindre könsperspektiv. Syftet med att undersöka eventuellaförändringar infriades. Undersökningens resultat konstaterade att böckerna med tidenblev allt mer strukturinriktade, med allt färre inslag förklaringar i texten.
The purpose of this paper has been to examine changes in textbooks and curriculom,thru tree differents curriculoms. On the basis of notions as objectivity, structure,individuals, gender and narration is used to illustrate this changes. The examine arebased on six different textbooks taken from tree different curriculoms, Lgr 69, Lgr 80and Lpo 94. The examine are based on both a qualitative and a quantitative analysis.The qustion to attian the purpose is:Is it possible to make a connection between contents in textbooks and the curriculoms,on the basis of following notion, objectivity, structure, individuals, gender and narration.The method that is used is compare textbooks and curriculoms to see any connections,the examine showed that there was any connection between this two. On the contrarythe study showed that there was big differents between textbooks and curriculoms. Themost significant result was when it came to objectivity and gender. It was Lgr 69 thatemphasize the objectivity most, but the textbooks from Lgr 69 had the most clearestvaluations. There was also a growing emphasis from Lgr 69 to Lpo 94, when it came togender. But the textbooks was going at another direction and contain less and lessgenderperspective. The examine show also that the narrative element was more andmore decreased in the textbooks. The development whith the textbooks was also thatthey where more structure-concentrate and withold fewer explanations.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Alzheimers sjukdom är en av de stora folksjukdomarna och är den fjärde vanligaste dödsorsaken i Sverige. Alzheimers kan kallas för anhörigsjukdom, då det är vanligt att anhöriga vårdar sin familjemedlem under sjukdomens förlopp. Alzheimers är en sjukdom som på många sätt försämrar tillståndet hos den sjuka, vilket medför en stor belastning både fysiskt och psykiskt för de anhöriga som vårdar. Syfte Syftet är att undersöka anhörigas erfarenheter av att vårda sin make/maka med Alzheimers sjukdom i hemmet. Metod Arbetet är en systematisk litteraturstudie och både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier används för att få en helhetsbild av anhörigas erfarenheter av att vårda sin make/maka med Alzheimers. Tio artiklar utgör grunden för examensarbetets resultat. Resultat Resultatet består av tre kategorier: Anhörigas tankar om första tiden efter beskedet om diagnosen, anhörigas livskvalitet och sjukdomens påverkan på relationen. I resultatet framgick det att de anhörigas erfarenheter av att vårda sin make/maka skiljde sig mycket åt. Anhöriga beskrev att deras livskvalitet och relation med sin partner förändrades på flera sätt i takt med sjukdomens förlopp. Slutsats Examensarbetet visar tydligt på hur viktiga de anhöriga är för sin make/maka. För att kunna bedriva en god vård i hemmet åt sin partner bör vårdpersonal kontinuerligt uppmärksamma och bekräfta den insats de anhöriga gör. Män och kvinnors erfarenheter av att vårda skiljde sig på flera sätt, i form av stöd och bekräftelse från omgivningen. Författarna anser att de anhöriga idag, oberoende av kön, bör få det stöd de är i behov av.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Com este trabalho pretende-se conhecer as relações que se estabelecem entre a actividade empresarial formal e a informalidade no mercado de Luanda. Uma vez reconhecida a dimensão e a importância do mercado informal na sociedade angolana, o presente estudo tem como fim analisar o modo como a informalidade é incorporada na actividade empresarial formal. Partindo de duas proposições iniciais, que guiarão todo o trabalho desenvolvido ao nível exploratório, sendo elas, as relações a existirem são fruto de um certo grau de dependência entre a formalidade e a informalidade ou, por outro lado, recorrer à informalidade é uma questão de necessidade do mercado formal. Pretende-se perceber se são actos que surgem naturalmente ou são resultado do contexto do mercado em que as actividades empresariais se desenrolam. O nosso mercado alvo é o contexto luandense. No sentido de responder à problemática descrita far-se-á uma análise dos resultados obtidos em entrevistas a empresários levadas a cabo em Luanda.
This work aims to highlight the relationships between formal business activity and the informal market existing in Luanda, Angola. Once recognized the dimension and importance of the informal market in the Angolan economy, the present work intends to focus on how the informality is integrated in the formal business activity. This work is based on two initial assumptions which will comprise its development guidelines, namely should the above mentioned link exist, is it a result of a certain degree of dependence between formal and informal markets; or, on the other hand, the use of informal practice is, in fact, imposed by the formal market. The purpose is to understand if these realities coexist in a natural manner or if the same are the result of the market environment where the business activity operates. This work is based on data gathered from Luanda market entrepreneurs. With the purpose of answering to this matter it will be made an analysis of the results obtained by the meetings to be held in Luanda with the entrepreneurs selected.

A Schizosaccharomyces pombe, la citocinesi està mediada per l’assemblatge i la constricció de l’anell contràctil d’actomiosiona. Pertorbacions petites en aquesta estructura activen un conjunt de mecanismes de control que tenen com a objectiu tant endarrerir el progrés de la fase G2/M com l’estabilització de l’anell en sí mateix. Els components crítics encarregats de monitoritzar aquest sistema inclouen la septation initiation network (SIN), el membre de la família de les fosfatases Cdc14 Clp1 i el domini carboxi-terminal de la quinasa Lsk1. El checkpoint de citocinesi s’activa en mutants que afecten a diversos components de l’anell d’actomiosina, així com pel tractament amb drogues com la latrunculina B (LatB), la qual interromp la polimerització del citoesquelet d’actina. El checkpoint d’endarreriment de la G2 s’associa amb l’activació de Wee1 de manera dependent de Clp1 i la desestabilització de Cdc25. Alhora, el mecanisme molecular que porta al manteniment de l’anell contràctil s’associa amb l’activitat quinasa Lsk1. En aquest estudi es demostra que la deleció de la MAPKAP quinasa Srk1 provoca la hipersensibilitat a LatB en concentracions que no afecten a la viabilitat de les cèl·lules wild-type. Tant Srk1 com la MAPK upstream Sty1 s’activen en exposar les cèl·lules a LatB. Hem observat que Srk1 és necessària per mantenir l’estabilitat de l’anell contràctil i completar la citocinesi, com es dedueix de l’exposició de soques amb srk1 delecionat exposades a LatB. En una aproximació per identificar el mecanisme pel que Srk1 regula la citocinesi, es va realitzar un screening de les proteïnes d’unió a la nostra quinasa. Aquesta va identificar la quinasa Lsk1 com a possible substat de Srk1. Aquest treball confirma la unió d’aquestes dues proteïnes, així com la capacitat de Srk1 de fosforilar Lsk1 en el seu domini amino-terminal. Finalment, hem estudiat el possible paper de Sid2 com a regulador negatiu de la via de les SAPK.
In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, cytokinesis is accomplished by the assembly and constriction of the contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Minor perturbations on this structure activate a set of control mechanisms which major goal is to delay G2/M phase as well as stabilize the CAR. Critical components in monitoring this system include the septation initiation network (SIN), the member of the Cdc14 phosphatase family Clp1 and the carboxyl-terminal domain of the Lsk1 kinase. Cytokinesis checkpoint is activated in mutants affecting different components of the CAR, as well as in cultures exposed to drugs such as latrunculin B (LatB). LatB is responsible of interrupting the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. G2/M transition delay is associated with the Clp1-dependant activation of Wee1 and Cdc25 destabilization. Simultaneously, molecular mechanisms involved in CAR maintenance are related to Lsk1 activity. Here we prove that the deletion of the MAPKAP kinase Srk1 causes hypersensibility to LatB in concentrations that do not affect wild type cells. Both Srk1 and its upstream kinase Sty1 are activated after exposing those cells lo LatB. Moreover, we have observed that Srk1 is necessary in maintaining the CAR stability and completing cytokinesis. To identify the mechanism of action of Srk1 upon cytokinesis, we performed a screening on proteins that bind this kinase. Of these, we selected Lsk1 as a possible substrate of Srk1. This thesis proves the binding of these two kinases. Srk1 can also phosphorylate Lsk1 in its amino-terminal domain. We also studied the possibility of Sid2 regulating negatively the SAPK network.

Bakgrund: Alzheimers sjukdom är en demenssjukdom som har kommit att bli en folksjukdom då antalet insjuknade ökar stadigt i takt med att befolkningen blir allt äldre. De anhöriga får ofta inträda som vårdare i hemmet och sjukdomen ger minst lika mycket lidande för den anhörige som för den sjuke. Detta kan leda till både psykisk och fysisk ohälsa hos de anhöriga. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa anhörigas upplevelser av att leva med en person med Alzheimers sjukdom. Metod: Metoden för studien var en litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats. Fyra självbiografier analyserades utifrån en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet sammanställdes i tre kategorier: Sorg, en förändrad livssituation och ljuspunkter i vardagen. Resultatet visade att de anhöriga gick igenom ett sorgearbete när deras livskamrat drabbades av sjukdomen och de hade svårt att acceptera sjukdomen. De anhöriga upplevde en radikal förändring av livssituationen på grund av sjukdomen och de fick inträda som vårdare för att ständigt finnas där för den sjuke. Trots detta upplevde de anhöriga att det fortfarande förekom ljuspunkter i livet, stöd från vänner och familj visade sig vara viktigt. Slutsats: Resultatet kan öka sjuksköterskans förståelse för hur de anhöriga upplever sin situation vilket kan göra att stöd erbjuds i ett tidigt skede.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 45-46).
Like many developing nations in Africa, Uganda has a very high reliance on solid fuels such as firewood and charcoal. These solid fuels are used in conjunction with a variety of cooking methods, ranging from three stone fires to improved cookstoves. Appropriate Energy Saving Technologies (AEST) is a social business enterprise that manufactures and distributes the Makaa charcoal cookstove and a long-time partner of MIT's D-Lab. This work is a collaboration with AEST to improve the performance, usability, and manufacturability of the Makaa stove. A one-day co-design workshop was held at the AEST site in Soroti to engage users, fabricators, and AEST employees in brainstorming and investigating opportunities to improve the design of the Makaa stove. While the designs researched at the workshop primarily addressed concerns with usability and manufacturability, two additional designs were selected to be prototyped and tested using the water boil test (WBT) procedure developed by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC), which measures the efficiency and emissions of a cookstove. The two prototyped designs used aluminum foil and vermiculite for insulation and were compared to the two Makaa stoves currently in production, the clay and metal grate models. The results from the WBTs were used to calculate the stoves' tier ratings according to the IWA Tiers of Performance, set by the GACC. Detailed techno-economic analyses were also performed in order to calculate the total cost of production for each of the four stove models. Combining the results from the performance testing with the cost analyses revealed that the most cost-effective design is a combination of the metal grate and vermiculite models. This design maximized performance and usability while also minimizing the time and cost of production. Recommendations were made for further prototyping and testing, and a cost-analysis spreadsheet was made available for future techno-economic analysis.
by Lauren E. Bustamante.
S.M.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 45-46).
Like many developing nations in Africa, Uganda has a very high reliance on solid fuels such as firewood and charcoal. These solid fuels are used in conjunction with a variety of cooking methods, ranging from three stone fires to improved cookstoves. Appropriate Energy Saving Technologies (AEST) is a social business enterprise that manufactures and distributes the Makaa charcoal cookstove and a long-time partner of MIT's D-Lab. This work is a collaboration with AEST to improve the performance, usability, and manufacturability of the Makaa stove. A one-day co-design workshop was held at the AEST site in Soroti to engage users, fabricators, and AEST employees in brainstorming and investigating opportunities to improve the design of the Makaa stove. While the designs researched at the workshop primarily addressed concerns with usability and manufacturability, two additional designs were selected to be prototyped and tested using the water boil test (WBT) procedure developed by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC), which measures the efficiency and emissions of a cookstove. The two prototyped designs used aluminum foil and vermiculite for insulation and were compared to the two Makaa stoves currently in production, the clay and metal grate models. The results from the WBTs were used to calculate the stoves' tier ratings according to the IWA Tiers of Performance, set by the GACC. Detailed techno-economic analyses were also performed in order to calculate the total cost of production for each of the four stove models. Combining the results from the performance testing with the cost analyses revealed that the most cost-effective design is a combination of the metal grate and vermiculite models. This design maximized performance and usability while also minimizing the time and cost of production. Recommendations were made for further prototyping and testing, and a cost-analysis spreadsheet was made available for future techno-economic analysis.
by Lauren E. Bustamante.
S.M.

The aim of this thesis is to examine and analyze what discourses about women can be found in three Swedish textbooks in social studies, and to identify the different social roles that are being attributed to the woman in these textbooks. The theoretical and methodological background used is Discourse Theory by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. Additional theory used is post strucutral feminism, intersectionality, and critical discourse theory as described by Norman Fairclough. Three questions are asked: Which subject positions are assigned to the women in the material examined? What discourse/s can be found in the textbooks? Do the results change over time? Five subject positions are identified: woman as mother and wife, the teenage girl, woman as a public actor, the vulnerable woman and the other woman. Hence – five different discourses are identified: the caring woman, the teenage girl, the active woman, the vulnerable woman and the other woman. The analysis shows that the discourse about the caring women is reproduced over time. Women are attributed characteristics such as caring whose primary focus is to attend to the needs of others. Particularly noticeable is the fact that the language does not rest solely on a heterosexual binary, but also on ethnocentric beliefs where the ‘other women’ is used to strengthen the community of the Western group – a group in which the other woman can never participate.

The Makah whale hunt was one of the most heavily covered mainstream media events involving Native Americans in the 1990s. This event was characterized by active protests from environmental and animal rights organizations. The Seattle Times coverage presented the issues, conflicts, and controversies in a manner that supported the Makah tribe's efforts. Given the often-deplorable history of Native Americans and the mainstream news media, this may seem to suggest a positive development for Native American tribes. However, it is necessary to ask what factors influenced the Seattle Times decision to portray the event from a pro-Makah angle. Analyzing this coverage provides an understanding of how ideological and commercial considerations influence the news media. This thesis examines how the presentation of the legal and technical issues as well as the character and personalities of the participants was influenced by the new media's commercial and ideological priorities.

La présente thèse propose une étude comparative des langues bantu A80 (aussi appelées « makaa-njem »). Celle-ci répond à un double objectif : proposer une synthèse des connaissances linguistiques (et des disciplines connexes) sur les langues du groupe A80, en apportant des données et analyses nouvelles pour le bekwel du Gabon, d’une part et présenter les résultats d’une étude comparative sur deux niveaux – synchronique et diachronique – d’autre part. La comparaison prend en compte huit langues A80 : le shiwa, le kwasio, le bekol, le makaa, le konzime, le njem, le bekwel et le mpiemo. Cette étude comparative adopte en premier lieu une perspective synchronique (correspondances « horizontales ») pour ensuite aborder les données sous un angle diachronique (correspondances « verticales », reconstructions et réflexes). Elle porte sur la phonologie et plus marginalement sur la morphologie nominale et verbale. L’étude se base également sur un lexique de 1029 cognats établis à partir de données de premières mains pour le bekwel et de données issues de la littérature spécialisée pour les autres langues. Les données ont été traitées à l’aide des outils du site du projet RefLex. La première partie de la thèse constitue une synthèse globale des connaissances sur les langues A80 et sur le bekwel en particulier. La deuxième partie présente le corpus (modalités de constitution, puis nature, provenance et traitement des données) et une série d’esquisses phonologiques (et morphologiques) synthétiques pour les huit langues élaborées sur la base des données collectées et/ou rassemblées. La troisième et dernière partie présente les résultats de l’étude comparative. Celle-ci met en lumière les processus morphologiques et phonologiques qui ont façonné les langues du groupe makaa-njem au cours de leur évolution. Au niveau morphologique, on relève une simplification du système des classes nominales (due à l’intégration de plusieurs anciens préfixes aux bases démultipliant le nombre de préfixe zéro), de nombreux cas de reclassement, le rôle d’anciens préfixes nasals dans le dévoisement des occlusives en initiale de base nominale ainsi que l’émergence de mi-voisées en bekwel. Au niveau de la phonologie, on observe une tendance au monosyllabisme plus ou moins avancé selon les langues. Celle-ci s’explique par l’étude diachronique qui met en évidence que les langues A80 ont souvent subi la chute de la voyelle finale (V2) ou parfois même de la syllabe finale. La voyelle initialement en V2 est généralement maintenue d’une manière ou d’une autre par des anticipations qui peuvent prendre plusieurs formes : diphtongaisons, séquences V11-V12 (parfois avec dévocalisation de V11), nouveaux timbres par coalescence, etc. Enfin, la conclusion de la thèse récapitule les principaux résultats concernant la morphologie, la phonologie et le lexique, et montre comment ces résultats pourront être utiles pour l’analyse et la description (futures) des langues A80
This thesis presents a comparative study of the Bantu languages of the A80 group (also known as Makaa-Njem). The goal of the thesis is two-fold: (i) offer a synthesis of the state of knowledge in linguistics (and related disciplines) about the languages of the Bantu A80 group by adding new data and analysis for the Bekwel language of Gabon ; (ii) present the results of a comparative study at the synchronic and diachronic levels. The comparative study includes eight A80 languages: Shiwa, Kwasio, Bekol, Makaa, Konzime, Njem, Bekwel and Mpiemo. The study adopts in the first place a synchronic perspective ("horizontal" correspondences) then approaches the same data from a diachronic point of view ("vertical" correspondences, reconstructions and reflexes), focusing mainly on phonology, and to a lesser extent, on nominal and verbal morphology. It is based on a 1029 cognate lexicon established on the basis of first-hand data for Bekwel and published data for the other languages. Data was processed using the online tools of the RefLex project.The first part of the thesis establishes a general summary of the knowledge on the Bantu A80 languages and on Bekwel in particular. The second part presents the corpus (gathering methods then nature of the data, sources and processing) and a series of concise phonological (and morphological) sketches for all eight languages constituted on the basis of the collected and/or compiled data. The third and final part presents the results of the comparative study. It brings into light the morphological and phonological processes that have shaped the languages of the Makaa-Njem group through their evolution. At the morphological level, it reveals a process of simplification of the noun class system (due to the assimilation of old prefixes into the stems leading to an increase in the number of zero prefixes), numerous cases of re-classification and the role of old nasal prefixes in occlusive devoicing stem initially as well as the mergence of semi-voiced consonants in Bekwel. At the phonological level, a tendency to monosyllabicity can be observed, at a greater or lesser extent depending on the language. This finds an explanation in the diachronic analysis that shows that the languages of the A80 group often were subject to final vowel dropping (V2), in some cases even the whole final syllable. The vowel originally in V2 is generally preserved thanks to anticipations of various types: emergence of diphthongs, V11-V12 sequences (sometimes including devocalization of V11), new vowel quality by fusion, etc. Finally, the conclusion of the thesis summarizes the main results with regards to morphology, phonology and the lexicon, illustrating how these results will be useful for (future) analyses and descriptions of languages of the A80 group

This master's thesis is an investigation and evaluation of MELCOR (a software tool for severe accident analyses regarding nuclear power plants), or more correctly of the (ASEA-Atom BWR 75) reactor model developed for version 1.8.6 of MELCOR. The main objective was to determine if MELCOR, with the reactor model in question, is able to produce satisfactory results in severe accident analyses compared to results made by MAAP, which is currently the only official software tool for this application in Sweden. The thesis work is related to the RASTEP project. This project has been carried out in several stages on behalf of SSM since 2009, with a number of specific issues explored within an NKS funded R&D project carried out 2011-2013. This investigation is related to the NKS part of the project. The purpose with the RASTEP project is to develop a method for rapid source term prediction that could aid the authorities in decision making during a severe accident in a nuclear power plant. A software tool, which also gave the project its name, i.e. RASTEP (RApid Source TErm Prediction), is therefore currently under development at Lloyd's Register Consulting. A software tool for severe accident analyses is needed to calculate the source terms which are the end result from the predictions made by RASTEP. A set of issues have been outlined in an earlier comparison between MAAP and MELCOR. The first objective was therefore to resolve these pre-discovered issues, but also to address new issues, should they occur. The existing MELCOR reactor model also had to be further developed through the inclusion of various safety systems, since these systems are required for certain types of scenarios. Subsequently, a set of scenarios was simulated to draw conclusions from the additions made to the reactor model. Most of the issues (pre-discovered as well as new ones) could be resolved. However the work also rendered a set of issues which are in need of further attention and investigation. The overall conclusion is that MELCOR is indeed a promising alternative for severe accident analyses in the Swedish work with nuclear safety. Several potential benefits from making use of MELCOR besides MAAP have been identified. In conclusion, they would be valuable assets to each other, e.g. since deviations in the results (between the two codes) would highlight possible weaknesses of the simulations. Finally it is recommended that the work on improving the MELCOR reactor model should continue.
RASTEP

This thesis addresses several shortcomings on the current state of the art methodologies in music information retrieval (MIR). In particular, it proposes several computational approaches to automatically analyze and describe music scores and audio recordings of Ottoman-Turkish makam music (OTMM). The main contributions of the thesis are the music corpus that has been created to carry out the research and the audio-score alignment methodology developed for the analysis of the corpus. In addition, several novel computational analysis methodologies are presented in the context of common MIR tasks of relevance for OTMM. Some example tasks are predominant melody extraction, tonic identification, tempo estimation, makam recognition, tuning analysis, structural analysis and melodic progression analysis. These methodologies become a part of a complete system called Dunya-makam for the exploration of large corpora of OTMM. The thesis starts by presenting the created CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music corpus. The corpus includes 2200 music scores, more than 6500 audio recordings, and accompanying metadata. The data has been collected, annotated and curated with the help of music experts. Using criteria such as completeness, coverage and quality, we validate the corpus and show its research potential. In fact, our corpus is the largest and most representative resource of OTMM that can be used for computational research. Several test datasets have also been created from the corpus to develop and evaluate the specific methodologies proposed for different computational tasks addressed in the thesis. The part focusing on the analysis of music scores is centered on phrase and section level structural analysis. Phrase boundaries are automatically identified using an existing state-of-the-art segmentation methodology. Section boundaries are extracted using heuristics specific to the formatting of the music scores. Subsequently, a novel method based on graph analysis is used to establish similarities across these structural elements in terms of melody and lyrics, and to label the relations semiotically. The audio analysis section of the thesis reviews the state-of-the-art for analysing the melodic aspects of performances of OTMM. It proposes adaptations of existing predominant melody extraction methods tailored to OTMM. It also presents improvements over pitch-distribution-based tonic identification and makam recognition methodologies. The audio-score alignment methodology is the core of the thesis. It addresses the culture-specific challenges posed by the musical characteristics, music theory related representations and oral praxis of OTMM. Based on several techniques such as subsequence dynamic time warping, Hough transform and variable-length Markov models, the audio-score alignment methodology is designed to handle the structural differences between music scores and audio recordings. The method is robust to the presence of non-notated melodic expressions, tempo deviations within the music performances, and differences in tonic and tuning. The methodology utilizes the outputs of the score and audio analysis, and links the audio and the symbolic data. In addition, the alignment methodology is used to obtain score-informed description of audio recordings. The scoreinformed audio analysis not only simplifies the audio feature extraction steps that would require sophisticated audio processing approaches, but also substantially improves the performance compared with results obtained from the state-of-the-art methods solely relying on audio data. The analysis methodologies presented in the thesis are applied to the CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music corpus and integrated into a web application aimed at culture-aware music discovery. Some of the methodologies have already been applied to other music traditions such as Hindustani, Carnatic and Greek music. Following open research best practices, all the created data, software tools and analysis results are openly available. The methodologies, the tools and the corpus itself provide vast opportunities for future research in many fields such as music information retrieval, computational musicology and music education.
Esta tesis aborda varias limitaciones de las metodologías más avanzadas en el campo de recuperación de información musical (MIR por sus siglas en inglés). En particular, propone varios métodos computacionales para el análisis y la descripción automáticas de partituras y grabaciones de audio de música de makam turco-otomana (MMTO). Las principales contribuciones de la tesis son el corpus de música que ha sido creado para el desarrollo de la investigación y la metodología para alineamiento de audio y partitura desarrollada para el análisis del corpus. Además, se presentan varias metodologías nuevas para análisis computacional en el contexto de las tareas comunes de MIR que son relevantes para MMTO. Algunas de estas tareas son, por ejemplo, extracción de la melodía predominante, identificación de la tónica, estimación de tempo, reconocimiento de makam, análisis de afinación, análisis estructural y análisis de progresión melódica. Estas metodologías constituyen las partes de un sistema completo para la exploración de grandes corpus de MMTO llamado Dunya-makam. La tesis comienza presentando el corpus de música de makam turcootomana de CompMusic. El corpus incluye 2200 partituras, más de 6500 grabaciones de audio, y los metadatos correspondientes. Los datos han sido recopilados, anotados y revisados con la ayuda de expertos. Utilizando criterios como compleción, cobertura y calidad, validamos el corpus y mostramos su potencial para investigación. De hecho, nuestro corpus constituye el recurso de mayor tamaño y representatividad disponible para la investigación computacional de MMTO. Varios conjuntos de datos para experimentación han sido igualmente creados a partir del corpus, con el fin de desarrollar y evaluar las metodologías específicas propuestas para las diferentes tareas computacionales abordadas en la tesis. La parte dedicada al análisis de las partituras se centra en el análisis estructural a nivel de sección y de frase. Los márgenes de frase son identificados automáticamente usando uno de los métodos de segmentación existentes más avanzados. Los márgenes de sección son extraídos usando una heurística específica al formato de las partituras. A continuación, se emplea un método de nueva creación basado en análisis gráfico para establecer similitudes a través de estos elementos estructurales en cuanto a melodía y letra, así como para etiquetar relaciones semióticamente. La sección de análisis de audio de la tesis repasa el estado de la cuestión en cuanto a análisis de los aspectos melódicos en grabaciones de MMTO. Se proponen modificaciones de métodos existentes para extracción de melodía predominante para ajustarlas a MMTO. También se presentan mejoras de metodologías tanto para identificación de tónica basadas en distribución de alturas, como para reconocimiento de makam. La metodología para alineación de audio y partitura constituye el grueso de la tesis. Aborda los retos específicos de esta cultura según vienen determinados por las características musicales, las representaciones relacionadas con la teoría musical y la praxis oral de MMTO. Basada en varias técnicas tales como deformaciones dinámicas de tiempo subsecuentes, transformada de Hough y modelos de Markov de longitud variable, la metodología de alineamiento de audio y partitura está diseñada para tratar las diferencias estructurales entre partituras y grabaciones de audio. El método es robusto a la presencia de expresiones melódicas no anotadas, desviaciones de tiempo en las grabaciones, y diferencias de tónica y afinación. La metodología utiliza los resultados del análisis de partitura y audio para enlazar el audio y los datos simbólicos. Además, la metodología de alineación se usa para obtener una descripción informada por partitura de las grabaciones de audio. El análisis de audio informado por partitura no sólo simplifica los pasos para la extracción de características de audio que de otro modo requerirían sofisticados métodos de procesado de audio, sino que también mejora sustancialmente su rendimiento en comparación con los resultados obtenidos por los métodos más avanzados basados únicamente en datos de audio. Las metodologías analíticas presentadas en la tesis son aplicadas al corpus de música de makam turco-otomana de CompMusic e integradas en una aplicación web dedicada al descubrimiento culturalmente específico de música. Algunas de las metodologías ya han sido aplicadas a otras tradiciones musicales, como música indostaní, carnática y griega. Siguiendo las mejores prácticas de investigación en abierto, todos los datos creados, las herramientas de software y los resultados de análisis está disponibles públicamente. Las metodologías, las herramientas y el corpus en sí mismo ofrecen grandes oportunidades para investigaciones futuras en muchos campos tales como recuperación de información musical, musicología computacional y educación musical.
Aquesta tesi adreça diverses deficiències en l’estat actual de les metodologies d’extracció d’informació de música (Music Information Retrieval o MIR). En particular, la tesi proposa diverses estratègies per analitzar i descriure automàticament partitures musicals i enregistraments d’actuacions musicals de música Makam Turca Otomana (OTMM en les seves sigles en anglès). Les contribucions principals de la tesi són els corpus musicals que s’han creat en el context de la tesi per tal de dur a terme la recerca i la metodologia de alineament d’àudio amb la partitura que s’ha desenvolupat per tal d’analitzar els corpus. A més la tesi presenta diverses noves metodologies d’anàlisi computacional d’OTMM per a les tasques més habituals en MIR. Alguns exemples d’aquestes tasques són la extracció de la melodia principal, la identificació del to musical, l’estimació de tempo, el reconeixement de Makam, l’anàlisi de la afinació, l’anàlisi de la estructura musical i l’anàlisi de la progressió melòdica. Aquest seguit de metodologies formen part del sistema Dunya-makam per a la exploració de grans corpus musicals d’OTMM. En primer lloc, la tesi presenta el corpus CompMusic Ottoman- Turkish makam music. Aquest inclou 2200 partitures musicals, més de 6500 enregistraments d’àudio i metadata complementària. Les dades han sigut recopilades i anotades amb ajuda d’experts en aquest repertori musical. El corpus ha estat validat en termes de d’exhaustivitat, cobertura i qualitat i mostrem aquí el seu potencial per a la recerca. De fet, aquest corpus és el la font més gran i representativa de OTMM que pot ser utilitzada per recerca computacional. També s’han desenvolupat diversos subconjunts de dades per al desenvolupament i evaluació de les metodologies específiques proposades per a les diverses tasques computacionals que es presenten en aquest tesi. La secció de la tesi que tracta de l’anàlisi de partitures musicals se centra en l’anàlisi estructural a nivell de secció i de frase musical. Els límits temporals de les frases musicals s’identifiquen automàticament gràcies a un metodologia de segmentació d’última generació. Els límits de les seccions s’extreuen utilitzant un seguit de regles heurístiques determinades pel format de les partitures musicals. Posteriorment s’utilitza un nou mètode basat en anàlisi gràfic per establir semblances entre aquest elements estructurals en termes de melodia i text. També s’utilitza aquest mètode per etiquetar les relacions semiòtiques existents. La següent secció de la tesi tracta sobre anàlisi d’àudio i en particular revisa les tecnologies d’avantguardia d’anàlisi dels aspectes melòdics en OTMM. S’hi proposen adaptacions dels mètodes d’extracció de melodia existents que s’ajusten a OTMM. També s’hi presenten millores en metodologies de reconeixement de makam i en identificació de tònica basats en distribució de to. La metodologia d’alineament d’àudio amb partitura és el nucli de la tesi. Aquesta aborda els reptes culturalment específics imposats per les característiques musicals, les representacions de la teoria musical i la pràctica oral particulars de l’OTMM. Utilitzant diverses tècniques tal i com Dynamic Time Warping, Hough Transform o models de Markov de durada variable, la metodologia d’alineament esta dissenyada per enfrontar les diferències estructurals entre partitures musicals i enregistraments d’àudio. El mètode és robust inclús en presència d’expressions musicals no anotades en la partitura, desviacions de tempo ocorregudes en les actuacions musicals i diferències de tònica i afinació. La metodologia aprofita els resultats de l’anàlisi de la partitura i l’àudio per enllaçar la informació simbòlica amb l’àudio. A més, la tècnica d’alineament s’utilitza per obtenir descripcions de l’àudio fonamentades en la partitura. L’anàlisi de l’àudio fonamentat en la partitura no només simplifica les fases d’extracció de característiques d’àudio que requeririen de mètodes de processament d’àudio sofisticats, sinó que a més millora substancialment els resultats comparat amb altres mètodes d´ultima generació que només depenen de contingut d’àudio. Les metodologies d’anàlisi presentades s’han utilitzat per analitzar el corpus CompMusic Ottoman-Turkish makam music i s’han integrat en una aplicació web destinada al descobriment musical de tradicions culturals específiques. Algunes de les metodologies ja han sigut també aplicades a altres tradicions musicals com la Hindustani, la Carnàtica i la Grega. Seguint els preceptes de la investigació oberta totes les dades creades, eines computacionals i resultats dels anàlisis estan disponibles obertament. Tant les metodologies, les eines i el corpus en si mateix proporcionen àmplies oportunitats per recerques futures en diversos camps de recerca tal i com la musicologia computacional, la extracció d’informació musical i la educació musical. Traducció d’anglès a català per Oriol Romaní Picas.

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The paper discusses the school library in the unit school construction process, with the general assumption the library definition as an alternative instrument of power and freedom can make significant contributions in the education process. Its theoretical framework in support of the main argument, the theoretical formulations of Antonio Gramsci, Pierre Bourdieu, Althusser and Luis Milanesi. We identify and demonstrate how the library can act in the Federal Institute of Amap? education system - campus Macap?, in contrast to the bourgeois system of reproduction logic, helping to change the political hegemony of the ruling classes? element. We undertook a review of its assets, its structure and its universe of users and present performance methods for the library to act in support of research, reading, training players and the general and humanistic education of students, as well as democratization of access to culture and knowledge built by mankind. educational intervention of the library was performed by experimental research that applied questionnaire to students to check their social vision and understanding in relation to the issue of agrarian reform; They were later made available to students information resources: videos that have been produced by the Movement of Landless Rural Workers - Terra - MST and by people and organizations that defend popular agrarian reform, as well as the text with the title "The agrarian question in Brazil: a historical and social approach" to bring them information on the proposed theme; after the use of these resources, we return to submit the questionnaire in order to compare the results of textual production. The results of experimental research has confirmed that the availability to students, information through activities developed by the school library, can influence the worldview of students and that this educational practice is able to counteract the homogenized and homogenizing training practiced by the ideological apparatuses State, as well as bridge the gap between existing information and information that are denied to students by education systems. In addition, distributed forms of writing to students that aimed to identify the significance of the school library for students of IFAP - campus of Macap?. We realize that students can understand very well the relationship between the school library and its formation process, seeing this as a multifaceted space.
O trabalho discute a biblioteca escolar no processo de constru??o da escola unit?ria, tendo como pressuposto geral a defini??o da biblioteca como instrumento alternativo de poder e de liberdade podendo dar contribui??es significativas no processo de educa??o. Tem como aporte te?rico, na sustenta??o do argumento principal, as formula??es te?ricas de Antonio Gramsci, Pierre Bourdieu, Althusser e Luis Milanesi. Identificamos e demonstramos de que forma a biblioteca pode atuar no sistema de ensino do Instituto Federal do Amap? ? c?mpus Macap?, contrapondo-se ? l?gica de reprodu??o do sistema burgu?s, contribuindo para alterar o elemento de hegemonia pol?tica das classes dominantes. Realizamos uma an?lise do seu acervo, da sua estrutura e do seu universo de usu?rios e apresentamos m?todos de atua??o para que a biblioteca atue no apoio ? pesquisa, ? leitura, ? forma??o de leitores e a forma??o geral e humanista dos educandos, assim como no processo de democratiza??o de acesso ? cultura e aos saberes constru?dos pela humanidade. Foi realizada a interven??o educativa da biblioteca atrav?s da pesquisa experimental que aplicou question?rio aos alunos para verificar a sua vis?o social e compreens?o em rela??o ao tema da reforma agr?ria; posteriormente foram disponibilizados aos alunos recursos informacionais: v?deos que foram produzidos pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem - Terra - MST e por pessoas e organiza??es que defendem a reforma agr?ria popular, assim como o texto com o t?tulo ?A quest?o agr?ria no Brasil: um enfoque hist?rico e social? para levar a eles informa??es sobre o tema abordado; ap?s o uso destes recursos, voltamos a submeter o question?rio a fim de comparar os resultados da produ??o textual. O resultado da pesquisa experimental confirmou que a disponibiliza??o aos alunos de informa??es por meio de atividades desenvolvida pela biblioteca escolar, pode influenciar na vis?o de mundo dos educandos e que esta pr?tica educativa ? capaz de contrabalan?ar a forma??o homogeneizada e homogeneizante praticada pelos aparelhos ideol?gicos de Estado, assim como diminuir o fosso entre as informa??es existentes e as informa??es que s?o negadas aos educandos pelos sistemas de ensino. Al?m disto, distribu?mos formul?rios de reda??o aos educandos que teve por finalidade identificar qual a significa??o da biblioteca escolar para os educandos do IFAP ? c?mpus de Macap?. Percebemos que os educandos conseguem compreender muito bem a rela??o existente entre a biblioteca escolar e o seu processo de forma??o, vendo esta como um espa?o multifacetado.

Makams are well-defined modes of classical Turkish music. They can be taken as the Turkish music counterparts of Western music tonal structures at a certain level. Nevertheless, makams have additional features such as the usage of specific notes resulting from their different architecture and the special use of scales (i.e. progression). The main goal of this study is to construct a platform for identifying makams through a computer program by proposing a machine learning mechanism. There are restrictionson the mechanism related to the characteristics of the task. Such a mechanism should represent real-time sequential input with continuous values, should handle possible errors in this input and show immediate learning with limited data. These restrictions are valid and necessary for an analogy with the act of listening to music. A Boltzmann machine, modified for this purpose is designed, implemented and used in this study as this learning mechanism. Two characteristics of this study define its significance. First, this study is on the structural features of makams of classical Turkish music. Second, the identifying mechanism is a Boltzmann machine having a different schema than statistical identification tasks in tonality induction.

Bakgrund Mer än hälften av all vård och omsorg utförs av anhöriga i hemmet. De flesta som vårdar en person med demens är dennes make eller maka och det har visat sig vara en överväldigande roll. Att sedan gå ifrån att vara anhörigvårdare till att bli lämnad ensam kvar när den demenssjuke avlider innebär en transition från en roll till en annan. Syfte Syftet med studien var att belysa livssituationen för de anhörigvårdare som vårdat sin demenssjuke maka eller make. Metod En allmän litteraturöversikt enligt Friberg (2017) genomfördes. Fyra kvalitativa och fyra kvantitativa artiklar valdes ut efter kvalitetsgranskningen. Resultat Analysen resulterade i fem underområden; känslomässiga reaktioner, hälsopåverkan, strategier för att ta sig vidare, hinder för att ta sig vidare samt förändring av rollen. De sammanställdes sedan under två huvudområden Att släppa taget och Att ta sig vidare. I resultatet framkom olika aspekter av vad förlusten och livssituationen som änka/änkeman innebar för den före detta anhörigvårdaren. Slutsats Det finns ett samband mellan hur anhörigvårdaren mår under vårdtiden och efter förlusten. Förlusten är förknippad med både lättnad och sorg och anhörigvårdaren kan därmed vara i behov av stöd även efter förlusten. Sjuksköterskan får här en viktig roll i att kunna identifiera vilket stöd anhörigvårdaren är i behov av både under och efter vårdtiden.