Journal articles: 'Making fire'

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Ritchie, Genevieve B. "Making Revolutionary Fire." Historical Materialism 25, no. 4 (February 14, 2017): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341546.

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Abstract The edited collection Marxism and Feminism traces both the conceptual divides and political affinities between feminism and Marxism. Utilising a keywords-, or core-concepts approach, the book fleshes out the tensions and contradictions that organise and orient Marxist and feminist theories and practices of social transformation. The concepts discussed in Marxism and Feminism do not try to bridge divergent theories of exploitation or oppression; rather the tensions between feminism and Marxism are used to generate new terrains of investigation. Although the topics discussed vary widely, the book is held together by a commitment to dialectical-materialist investigation and revolutionary social transformation.

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Torigoe, Chihiro, and Toshio Shudo. "Research on making fire with fire piston." Proceedings of the Tecnology and Society Conference 2016 (2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetsd.2016.112.

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Williams, Kathryn R. "Fire Making, Part I." Journal of Chemical Education 79, no. 4 (April 2002): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed079p408.

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Williams, Kathryn R. "Fire Making, Part 2." Journal of Chemical Education 79, no. 5 (May 2002): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed079p540.

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Watts, John M. "Fire safety decision making." Fire Technology 31, no. 2 (May 1995): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01040707.

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Petrovic, N., and J. M. Carlson. "A decision-making framework for wildfire suppression." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 8 (2012): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11140.

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This paper addresses two fundamental issues that arise broadly in human response to natural hazards: the effect on overall costs of the high variability (power laws) in event size statistics and complexities associated with combining disparate sources of information in decision-making. To address these issues in a series of concrete scenarios, we analyse data for California wildfires. We also develop a modelling framework that projects costs based on the combination of a dynamic fire spread model, an economic cost model and population data. Our study uses model-generated fire catalogues to estimate the effect of suppression strategies on fire size, and our cost function incorporates both suppression costs and loss of assets. Together, these yield statistical estimates of the average economic impact of fire response policies. Tradeoffs between resource costs and assets at risk determine the optimal response for an individual fire. We also compare the costs of different policies for division of limited resources between multiple fires using scenarios motivated by the 2003 and 2007 California wildfire seasons.

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Хасанов, Ирек Равильевич, Софья Федоровна Лобова, Наталья Вячеславовна Петрова, and Татьяна Дмитриевна Теплякова. "Modeling of fire dynamics when making judicial normative fire-technical expertise." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 2(99) (June 18, 2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.2020.99.2.005.

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Проанализирована нормативная база, регламентирующая проведение расчетов по оценке параметров срабатывания автоматической установки пожарной сигнализации (АУПС), а также компьютерных программ моделирования динамики пожара и математических моделей, описывающих срабатывание пожарных извещателей. Сформулированы и структурированы вопросы нормативного характера, для решения которых необходимо применение компьютерного моделирования динамики пожара с учетом работы АУПС. Предложен алгоритм компьютерного моделирования пожара в ходе проведения пожарно-технической экспертизы с учетом возможных расчетных ошибок и получения неоднозначных результатов. It is often necessary to assess the parameters of fire development taking into account the influence of fire protection systems by making the regulatory fire-technical expertise. It may also be necessary to carry out an expert examination of the technical solutions adopted at the site for their compliance with fire safety requirements. These practical studies, in particular, are necessary to analyse the consequences of fire safety violations and establish causal links between violations of requirements and the consequences of fire, both past and theoretically possible. A modern way to estimate fire parameters is by field modeling. Field modeling of fire dynamics can be used to answer questions in two expert situations: after fire and before fire (in particular, within the framework of supervisory measures). When making fire-technical expertise on the fire occurred, the expert needs to restore the pre-fire situation and model the real fire dynamics taking into account the established fire information contained in the case file. In a situation before a fire, the expert needs to model a potentially possible fire under the most unfavourable conditions. In accordance with fire safety requirements, each object of protection must have a fire safety system aimed at preventing fire, ensuring the safety of people and property in case of fire. Compliance of design values and characteristics of the building or structure with safety requirements shall be justified by calculations or tests performed according to certified technique. On the basis of the analysis of the regulatory framework and the formulated groups of regulatory questions there have been developed the procedure of the expert‘s actions and the algorithm for simulating fire dynamics when answering questions related to automatic fire alarm. The impact of input data on the possibility of forming categorical or probabilistic outputs was evaluated. The proposed detailed algorithm of field simulation of fire dynamics during the regulatory fire-technical examination is drawn up taking into account possible calculated errors and obtaining ambiguous results.

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Saut Situmorang. "Application of Roboduino ATMega 2560 in the Making of the Fire Extinguisher Beetle Robot." Journal of Science Technology (JoSTec) 2, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55299/jostec.v2i1.53.

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Rapid technological advances, especially in technology such as robots, provide a lot of help for humans in tasks that are difficult for humans to do. As in the case of fire disasters that often occur, it has caused many casualties and property losses. When the fire is extinguished, there is a risk that must be borne by the firefighting team when extinguishing the fire inside something. Risks that can occur, such as being hit by objects falling from the roof of a building or fires that are getting worse grow up. In this study, a prototype fire fighting beetle robot will be made where the simulation is carried out by making a fire in an area. Implementation is done by controlling the robot with applications that include the ability to move, detect hotspots and extinguish fires. Prototype of Fire Detection using Infrared Flame Sensor Based on Arduino Atmega 2560 consists of 3 main blocks, namely: Infrared Flame Sensor, Notification, and Fire Extinguisher. This prototype was made so that later it can be realized so that it can help the firefighters in the event of a fire, especially in areas that are difficult to reach by fire engines.

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Cruz, Miguel G., Martin E. Alexander, and Ronald H. Wakimoto. "Development and testing of models for predicting crown fire rate of spread in conifer forest stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1626–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-085.

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The rate of spread of crown fires advancing over level to gently undulating terrain was modeled through nonlinear regression analysis based on an experimental data set pertaining primarily to boreal forest fuel types. The data set covered a significant spectrum of fuel complex and fire behavior characteristics. Crown fire rate of spread was modeled separately for fires spreading in active and passive crown fire regimes. The active crown fire rate of spread model encompassing the effects of 10-m open wind speed, estimated fine fuel moisture content, and canopy bulk density explained 61% of the variability in the data set. Passive crown fire spread was modeled through a correction factor based on a criterion for active crowning related to canopy bulk density. The models were evaluated against independent data sets originating from experimental fires. The active crown fire rate of spread model predicted 42% of the independent experimental crown fire data with an error lower then 25% and a mean absolute percent error of 26%. While the models have some shortcomings and areas in need of improvement, they can be readily utilized in support of fire management decision making and other fire research studies.

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LI, Hong, and Yang GAO. "Escape Decision-Making under Real Fire and Simulated Fire Conditions." Acta Psychologica Sinica 45, no. 9 (December 13, 2013): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2013.00993.

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Noonan-Wright, Erin K., Tonja S. Opperman, Mark A. Finney, G. Thomas Zimmerman, Robert C. Seli, Lisa M. Elenz, David E. Calkin, and John R. Fiedler. "Developing the US Wildland Fire Decision Support System." Journal of Combustion 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/168473.

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A new decision support tool, the Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS) has been developed to support risk-informed decision-making for individual fires in the United States. WFDSS accesses national weather data and forecasts, fire behavior prediction, economic assessment, smoke management assessment, and landscape databases to efficiently formulate and apply information to the decision making process. Risk-informed decision-making is becoming increasingly important as a means of improving fire management and offers substantial opportunities to benefit natural and community resource protection, management response effectiveness, firefighter resource use and exposure, and, possibly, suppression costs. This paper reviews the development, structure, and function of WFDSS, and how it contributes to increased flexibility and agility in decision making, leading to improved fire management program effectiveness.

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Valiev, R. R., I. F. Khafizov, F. Sh Khafizov, and A. A. Sharafutdinov. "Methodology for Multi-Criteria Assessment of the Efficiency of Decision-Making when Extinguishing Fires at the Objects of Oil and Gas Industry." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 4 (April 2021): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-4-63-69.

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For successful fighting large fires, it is required to develop new and improve existing decision-making mechanisms with the objective to increase the efficiency of actions of the involved fire-fighting units. When making decisions, the fire extinguishing manager must consider the efficiency of possible solutions. Assessment of the efficiency of each possible option is predictive and depends on the system of criteria used. The decision-making process in such conditions is associated with the use of formalized multi-criteria selection procedures, which, in fact, implement multi-criteria optimization. When choosing a multi-criteria solution, the fire extinguishing manager proceeds from his subjective ideas about the importance of the tasks to be solved at each site. Therefore, it is advisable for each fire protection object to develop its own management decision support system that allows to implement multi-criteria optimization based on the preferences of the fire extinguishing manager. The chosen solution option should ensure that several goals of the fire control system are achieved at once. Methodology is considered related to multi-criteria assessment, which can be used for an objective study of the actions of personnel to extinguish a fire for using them rationally in future. The proposed multi-criteria model for making managerial decisions makes it possible to study a wide class of problems of supporting the control of the fire extinguishing process based on the results of monitoring the actions of fire-fighting units. Practical application of the theoretical results in the form of a management information support system allows reducing the subjectivity and improving the efficiency of the management decision-making process when extinguishing fires.

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Lan, Kaixin, Bohao Duan, Shichao Qiu, Yang Xiao, Meng Liu, and Haocen Dai. "Task Allocation and Traffic Route Optimization in Hybrid Fire-fighting Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Network." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 9 (September 30, 2022): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v9i.1864.

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With the increase of extreme weather conditions in the world, the probability of forest fires is increasing. How the forest fire management decision-making system can monitor and control the fire quickly and effectively is the key of forest fire fighting work. This paper uses SSA drones carrying high-definition and thermal imaging cameras and telemetry sensors in conjunction, as well as Repeater drones used to greatly expand the frontline low-power radio range, to support fire management decision-making systems. At the same time, explore a drone cooperation plan to deal with different fire terrains and different scales of fire conditions. The aim of this paper is to improve the existing fire management decision system in order to quickly respond to the emergency fire. Research object for the Australian state of Victoria on October 1, 2019 to January 7, 2020 wildfires, explore SSA drones and Repeater drones in the application of the forest fire, ensure that fire management decision-making system to provide the optimal number deployment scheme of fire task quickly and efficiently, and achieve the maximum efficiency and economic optimal compatibility.

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Maslov, A. V., A. V. Surovegin, D. V. Tarakanov, and M. O. Bakanov. "Modeling the reliability of decision-making in the management structure of fire and rescue units in large fires." Technology of technosphere safety 89 (2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.3.89.43-52.

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Introduction. The specifics of extinguishing fires in buildings and open spaces on the territory of the Russian Federation determines that a fire that has taken on a scale that allows it to be attributed to a large one is extinguished with the help of the forces and means of several fire and rescue units. In this case, a developed structure of the control system is created in order to improve the quality of management of a large number of fire and rescue units of different subordination. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze the structure of the control system created at large fires requiring the a significant number of fire and rescue units. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) to identify the dependence of the dynamics of reliability of decision making on the experience of the operational work of fire and rescue garrison officials who perform the duties of the fire extinguishing driver.; 2) to determine the stage of accumulation of operational experience at which information, methodological and analytical support will bring maximum effect to potential fire extinguishing managers. Methods. To build the dependence of work experience and the probability of error when directing forces and means on fires, the Hala training model was used. Results and its discussion. An increase in the growth rate of decision reliability in a potential fire extinguishing supervisor is observed at the interval of operational work from 0 to 4 years, after which the growth rate decreases. Conclusions. In the characteristic dependence of the reliability of decision making on the experience of the operational work of the official performing the duties of the fire extinguishing manager, at the stage of exponential growth, the maximum effect of the positive change in the operational work experience on increasing the values of the reliability of decision making occurs. Key words: fire extinguishing, control structure, decision-making reliability.

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Bendak, Salaheddine, and Ahlam A. Alhammadi. "A multi-criteria decision-making approach to minimising fire risk in detached house designs." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 17, no. 6 (December 4, 2019): 1146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-10-2018-0195.

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Purpose House fire risk would be minimised if fire safety principles were incorporated at the design stage. This issue is rarely addressed in the literature. The purpose of this study is to propose a multi-criteria decision-making framework to evaluate fire risk of detached house designs in the United Arab Emirates and countries of similar cultural background. Design/methodology/approach The framework was developed based on function areas where (detached) house fires start, expert opinion and recommendations derived from the published literature on residential fire safety. This framework was applied to a sample of ten public detached house designs to check the applicability of the framework and to determine how safe these designs are from a fire safety perspective. Findings The proposed framework is proven to be an effective preliminary fire risk evaluation tool of detached house designs, and more research is needed in this area. Research limitations/implications The proposed framework is an encouraging first step in incorporating fire risk minimisation at the design stage of detached houses based on determining the preferred location of function areas but requires further development and validation, especially in other design settings. Practical implications The proposed framework is an initial endeavour in helping designers of detached houses to minimise fire risk and its potential effects on residents. Originality/value This research proposes a way to minimise fire risk at the design stage of detached houses.

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Clayton, Helena, Melinda R. Mylek, Jacki Schirmer, Geoffrey J. Cary, and Stephen R. Dovers. "Exploring the use of economic evaluation in Australian wildland fire management decision-making." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 4 (2014): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13140.

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Wildland fire managers make daily decisions about ways to allocate scarce resources to meet policy objectives. Making these decisions has become more challenging as the frequency and size of fires increase, as does associated risk to assets and costs of management. There is growing interest in using economic evaluation to inform resource allocation decisions, but little work has examined the economic evaluation needs of wildland fire managers, their current use of economic information and the factors that aid or hinder use. This study examined these issues through a survey of Australian wildland fire managers in fire management and policy roles. We found that despite strong interest in economic evaluation, managers have limited familiarity with most evaluation methods or use of the information derived. Several actions can improve the use and usefulness of economic evaluation for wildland fire managers: first, building capacity of managers to both commission and use economic information; second, integrating analysis of market and non-market benefits and costs as part of economic evaluation and third, better integrating economic evaluation with the broader context of decision-making processes.

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Hankins, William B., Anna‐Leigh Stone, Chak Hung Jack Cheng, and Ching‐Wai (Jeremy) Chiu. "Corporate decision making in the presence of political uncertainty: The case of corporate cash holdings." Financial Review 55, no. 2 (May 26, 2019): 307–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fire.12205.

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Popejoy, Michael W., and Daniel P. Popejoy. "Fire Surfing." Public Voices 9, no. 2 (January 5, 2017): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.219.

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This is a short story of fiction developed to illustrate teamwork, leadership,camaraderie, the impact of uncontrolled urban growth and poor budget planning. Italso demonstrates the darker side of public bureaucracy in decision making and how it can result in tragic consequences.

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DENISOV, ALEXEI, MIKHAIL DANILOV, IRINA TSOKUROVA, and SERGEI ANIKIN. "MODELS AND ALGORITHMS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FIRE AND RESCUE UNITS IN EXTINGUISHING FIRES AT METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES WHEN UNLOADING RAW MATERIALS FROM ROLLING STOCK." Computational Nanotechnology 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2021-8-1-59-67.

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The approbation of the application of models and algorithms for supporting the control of forces and means of a fire and rescue garrison based on optimal decision-making models (stochastic or probabilistic) within the framework of the existing conditions for achieving the main task of fire departments, based on the theory of finite Markov chains, has been carried out. Study of the consequences of fires at metallurgical enterprises, namely, fires that occur on conveyor belts, including when unloading raw materials from a transport rolling stock, as well as the process of optimizing the management of fire departments when extinguishing these fires. Researchers have considered a model for managing fire and rescue units using a method that includes a process of discrete sequential conditions for making managerial decisions (Markov chains). To achieve the set goals, a practical experiment was carried out on burning samples of conveyor belts in a muffle furnace and a calorimetric installation, the results obtained were assessed, and a model for managing fire and rescue units was described. The subject of the research is support for the management of fire and rescue units in extinguishing a fire at metallurgical enterprises when unloading raw materials from rolling stock onto conveyor belts of the enterprise. Results. The destructiveness and scale of the possible consequences of a fire at metalworking enterprises have been experimentally confirmed, and the need to apply preventive measures and extinguish fires at facilities of this type has been determined. The results obtained can be used to control fire and rescue units when extinguishing fires at metallurgical enterprises when unloading raw materials from rolling trains onto conveyor belts of the enterprise. This work is intended for persons who make managerial decisions and who manage forces and means when extinguishing fires at metallurgical enterprises.

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Stepanov, O. I., and S. A. Khudyakova. "APPLICATION OF MODELS OF INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS FIRE FIGHTING RESCUE UNITS." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 2 (August 28, 2019): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-2-108-117.

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Objectives It was proposed to review the structure of the fire and rescue divisions management system, based on the decomposition of the forces and means of the subdivisions into fire extinguishing positions and ensuring fire extinguishing actions.Method The structural and functional model of the development of the fire and rescue divisions management system has been clarified, which allows to present the stages of the development of the system as components of a single fire extinguishing process. The reasons for the lack of information about the situation at the site of a fire in a person who makes management decisions regarding the forces and means of fire and rescue units are given.Result The analysis of information about the situation at the place of fire consumed by the person making management decisions. The structure of the database of the object of possible fire as a source of design parameters for the system of information and analytical support for the management of fire and rescue units is given. The structure of the settlement module of the system of information and analytical support for the management of fire and rescue units in the organization of extinguishing fires in buildings is proposed. The conditions for the interaction of the person making management decisions in relation to the forces and means of fire and rescue divisions with the software of management support systems and documents of preliminary planning of actions of the divisions for fighting fires and conducting rescue operations are given.Conclusion The software implementation of the models of information and analytical support systems for the management of fire and rescue units makes it possible to formalize the process of researching the fires that have occurred. The direction of perspective integration of models of information and analytical systems support systems for fire and rescue units in their activities is given.

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Olsen, Christine S., and Bruce A. Shindler. "Trust, acceptance, and citizen - agency interactions after large fires: influences on planning processes." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 1 (2010): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08168.

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Wildfires have increased in number and size in recent years, making post-fire forest management an increasingly important topic. Citizen–agency interactions, citizen trust, and citizen acceptance of management strategies are central to successful planning and decision-making in these settings. In this study, citizen opinions from the attentive public are evaluated in two locations near recent fires in Oregon: the 2003 Bear and Booth Complex Fires and the 2002 Biscuit Fire. Results suggest an agency’s commitment to long-term interactions with citizens influences citizen trust in the agencies and acceptance of post-fire management strategies. There is broad acceptance for several post-fire management strategies (i.e. erosion control, replanting, reseeding). However, acceptance is highly dependent on trustworthy relations. Further, results suggest it is not enough to simply offer opportunities for public engagement; citizens need to feel that these activities were meaningful opportunities to participate. Although results differed between locations, overall the majority of respondents did not agree with how the local Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management handled forest planning after recent fires. Findings from this research indicate that positive citizen–agency relations need to be long-term and developed well before a fire occurs if post-fire actions are to be supported by communities.

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Cardil, Adrián, Santiago Monedero, Gavin Schag, Sergio de-Miguel, Mario Tapia, Cathelijne R. Stoof, Carlos A. Silva, Midhun Mohan, Alba Cardil, and Joaquin Ramirez. "Fire behavior modeling for operational decision-making." Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 23 (October 2021): 100291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100291.

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Hamzi, R., H. Londiche, and N. Bourmada. "Fire-LCA model for environmental decision-making." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2008.05.004.

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Klein, Gary A., Roberta Calderwood, and Anne Clinton-Cirocco. "Rapid Decision Making on the Fire Ground." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 6 (September 1986): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000616.

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The objective of this study was to examine the way decisions are made by highly proficient personnel, under conditions of extreme time pressure, and where the consequences of the decisions could affect lives and property. Fire Ground Commanders (FGCs), who are responsible for allocating personnel and resources at the scene of a fire, were studied using a critical incident protocol analysis. The major finding was that in less than 12% of the decision points was there any evidence of simultaneous comparisons and relative evaluation of two or more options. Instead the FGCs most commonly relied on their experience to directly identify the situation as typical and to identify a course of action as appropriate for that prototype. A Recognition Primed Decision (RPD) model is proposed which emphasizes the use of recognition rather than calculation or analysis for rapid decision making.

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Werrett, Simon. "Making fire work: pyrotechnics and natural philosophy." Endeavour 32, no. 1 (March 2008): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.01.007.

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DENISOV, ALEXEI, MIKHAIL DANILOV, SERGEI ANIKIN, and IRINA TSOKUROVA. "MULTI-TASK CONDITIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FIRE AND RESCUE UNITS DURING ROLLING STOCK EXTINGUISHING AT METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES." Computational Nanotechnology 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2313-223x-2022-9-1-39-46.

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The article defines algorithms for assessing the cognitive capabilities of the head of a fire and rescue unit and also considers the managerial task of minimizing the decision-making time of the head in the field of extinguishing fires of railway trains at a metallurgical enterprise based on the conditions of multitasking, the factors of decision-making in the conditions of operational multitasking are considered. The results obtained can be used to adjust the existing model of fire and rescue units management when extinguishing fires of rolling stock at metallurgical enterprises. This work is intended for those who make managerial decisions and manage forces and means when extinguishing fires.

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Ketsakorn, Arroon, and W. Meethom. "Using AHP Multiple Criteria Decision Making Approach for Selecting a Type of Industrial Plant at Risk on Fire." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.613.

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Fire can cause death, serious injury, and significant damage to properties. Industrial plants are dangerous places for fires. In the past, industrial fires have occurred more often than they should. Many industries are at high risk of fire due to the nature of work, and unfortunately it only takes one mistake to cause a serious life-threatening fire. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is particularly suitable for modeling qualitative criteria and has found extensive applications in a wide variety of areas. In this paper we will focus on the AHP multiple criteria decision making approach for selecting a type of industrial plant at risk of fire in Thailand. The data were analyzed using Expert Choice11 software. Results showed that the type of 53 (Business related to plastic products) is reasonable for selection as a pilot plant for fire safety measurement with a corresponding consistency ratio of 0.06 C.R.≤0.09 for 4×4 pairwise comparison matrix. The pairwise comparison matrix is thought to have acceptable consistency and its normalized principle right eigenvector can be used as the weights of criteria. Limitations and future work of this study are also discussed.

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Jurnal, Redaksi Tim. "FIRE SENSING SYSTEM." Sutet 7, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33322/sutet.v7i2.78.

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The current fire hazard is increasingly common, not only from human error or also gas leakage and the use of electrical equipment that does not detect earlier the possibility of fire and this tool is a fire sensing system. The work system is meant by some of the same ways and the occurrence of fire that exist in a room, and provide it with a buzzer. The purpose of making this tool is for an alarm system that can share a fire and explain how the process works. The result of making this tool, the sensor managed to detect the heat caused by the fire and buzzer issued an alarm sound.

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Inglis, Nicole C., and Jelena Vukomanovic. "Visualizing When, Where, and How Fires Happen in U.S. Parks and Protected Areas." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050333.

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Fire management in protected areas faces mounting obstacles as climate change alters disturbance regimes, resources are diverted to fighting wildfires, and more people live along the boundaries of parks. Evidence-based prescribed fire management and improved communication with stakeholders is vital to reducing fire risk while maintaining public trust. Numerous national fire databases document when and where natural, prescribed, and human-caused fires have occurred on public lands in the United States. However, these databases are incongruous and non-standardized, making it difficult to visualize spatiotemporal patterns of fire and engage stakeholders in decision-making. We created interactive decision analytics (“VISTAFiRe”) that transform fire history data into clear visualizations of the spatial and temporal dimensions of fire and its management. We demonstrate the utility of our approach using Big Cypress National Preserve and Everglades National Park as examples of protected areas experiencing fire regime change between 1980 and 2017. Our open source visualizations may be applied to any data from the National Park Service Wildland Fire Events Geodatabase, with flexibility to communicate shifts in fire regimes over time, such as the type of ignition, duration and magnitude, and changes in seasonal occurrence. Application of the tool to Everglades and Big Cypress revealed that natural wildfires are occurring earlier in the wildfire season, while human-caused and prescribed wildfires are becoming less and more common, respectively. These new avenues of stakeholder communication are allowing the National Park Service to devise research plans to prepare for environmental change, guide resource allocation, and support decision-making in a clear and timely manner.

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Viegas, Domingos X., Jorge R. Raposo, David A. Davim, and Carlos G. Rossa. "Study of the jump fire produced by the interaction of two oblique fire fronts. Part 1. Analytical model and validation with no-slope laboratory experiments." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 7 (2012): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10155.

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When two fires approach each other, convective and radiative heat transfer processes are greatly enhanced. The interaction between two linear fire fronts making an angle θoi between them is of particular interest as it produces a very rapid advance of their intersection point with intense radiation and convection activity in the space between the fire lines. This fire is designated here as a ‘jump fire’ for when the value of θoi is small, the intersection point of the fire lines can reach unusually high rate of spread values that decrease afterwards in the course of time. A very simple analytical model based on the concept of energy concentration between the fire lines is proposed to explain this behaviour, which in large-scale fires can be of great concern to personnel and property safety. Experimental tests performed at laboratory scale on a horizontal fuel bed confirmed the basic assumptions of the model and provide a framework to extend the present analysis to more general conditions, namely to explain the behaviour of real fires. Given the rapid changes in fire behaviour, ‘jump fires’ can be considered as a form of extreme fire behaviour.

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Boychuk, Den, Colin B. McFayden, Jordan Evens, Jerry Shields, Aaron Stacey, Douglas G. Woolford, Mike Wotton, Dan Johnston, Dan Leonard, and Darren McLarty. "Assembling and Customizing Multiple Fire Weather Forecasts for Burn Probability and Other Fire Management Applications in Ontario, Canada." Fire 3, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3020016.

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Weather forecasts are needed in fire management to support risk-based decision-making that considers both the probability of an outcome and its potential impact. These decisions are complicated by the large amount of uncertainty surrounding many aspects of the decision, such as weather forecasts. Wildland fires in Ontario, Canada can burn and actively spread for days, weeks, or even months, or be naturally limited or extinguished by rain. Conventional fire weather forecasts have typically been a single scenario for a period of one to five days. These forecasts have two limitations: they are not long enough to inform some fire management decisions, and they do not convey any uncertainty to inform risk-based decision-making. We present an overview of a method for the assembly and customization of forecasts that (1) combines short-, medium-, and long-term forecasts of different types, (2) calculates Fire Weather Indices and Fire Behaviour Predictions, including modelling seasonal weather station start-up and shutdown, (3) resolves differing spatial resolutions, and (4) communicates forecasts. It is used for burn probability modelling and other fire management applications.

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Renkas, Arthur. "Fire Cause Analysis in Religious Sites." Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 73, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0764.

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Annually fires destroy many buildings, and among them are religious properties. This paper is related to the dynamics of fires on religious sites and to causes of fires in churches. The main dangers of fires in churches are large number of people, flammable structures, using furnaces for heating and the absence of the second emergency exit. The main causes of fires in churches arise from violations of the rules of installation and power grid, operation careless handling of fire. In order to prevent fires, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the Fire Safety Rules, to keep the electrical and furnace equipment in good working order, and to carry out their inspections and maintenance in a timely manner. Also the building should only be left after making sure that all ignition sources are eliminated.

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Sari, Sindi Permata, Oriza Candra, and Jhefri Asmi. "Alat Pendeteksi Kebakaran Menggunakan SMS." JTEIN: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Indonesia 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jtein.v1i2.69.

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Lately, there are frequent fires caused by human factors. Because we cannot predict the process of fire in advance. And the delay in knowing the occurrence of a fire is very fatal to the safety of human life and property. With advances in technology, we can overcome fires by making early fire detection devices. With the presence of temperature and smoke detectors, we can detect fires as early as possible and be delivered quickly via alarms and SMS gateways. The main component of this fire detector is the Arduino Uno. This Arduino uno acts as the brain of the fire detection device. This tool works based on the detection of the temperature condition by the DHT11 temperature sensor, which is when the temperature is above normal, an alert notification will be sent via the SMS gateway and so will the MQ2 smoke and the buzzer will sound as a warning alarm.

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Stephens, Scott L., Carl N. Skinner, and Samantha J. Gill. "Dendrochronology-based fire history of Jeffrey pine - mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1090–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-031.

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Conifer forests in northwestern Mexico have not experienced systematic fire suppression or logging, making them unique in western North America. Fire regimes of Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. mixed conifer forests in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico, were determined by identifying 105 fire dates from 1034 fire scars in 105 specimens. Fires were recorded between 1521 and 1980 and median fire return intervals were less than 15 years at all compositing scales. Significant differences in mean fire return intervals were detected from 1700 to 1800, 1800 to 1900, and 1900 to 1997, most often at intermediate spatial compositing scales, and the proportion of trees scarred in the fires of the 1700s was significantly different from the fires of either the 1800s, the 1900s, or the combined post-1800 period. Superposed epoch analysis determined that moderate and large spatial scale fires occurred on significantly dry years during the length of the record, but before 1800, these fires were preceded by significantly higher precipitation 1 year before the fire. The dominance of earlywood fires in the Sierra San Pedro Martir is similar to the seasonality found in the southwest United States and is different from the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains of California.

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Tyechia L. Thompson. "The Making of a Collective (re)Memory: James Emanuel's Drafting of “DEADLY JAMES (For All the Victims of Police Brutality)”." Fire!!! 4, no. 1 (2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5323/fire.4.1.0055.

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Andison, David W., and Kris McCleary. "Detecting regional differences in within-wildfire burn patterns in western boreal Canada." Forestry Chronicle 90, no. 01 (January 2014): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2014-011.

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Under the auspices of ecosystem-based management (EBM), using historical range of variation (HRV) knowledge to help guide forest management decision-making is becoming commonplace. In support of this evolution, we hypothesized that historical fire-scale wildfire burn patterns in western boreal Canada could be differentiated by major ecological zones. We tested 10 fine-scale burn pattern metrics for 129 natural wildfires across more than 100 million ha of western boreal Canada against existing Canadian and provincial ecological classification schemes. The results showed some evidence of two historic disturbance regimes. Fires in the Foothills and Rocky Mountain ecoregions tended to have more disturbed patches, a smaller dominant disturbed patch, and less area in partially disturbed island remnants relative to fires in the Boreal Forest and Boreal Shield. However, several key metrics such as event shape and total remnant area were zone-invariant. Fire regime parameters such as fire size and frequency may not be linked to more detailed fire behaviour parameters such as remnant patterns. The moderate, yet highly variable levels of remnant pattern variation we found across the study area represents a natural, and potentially universal source of structural and compositional diversity for the boreal that may be critical to its sustainability.

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Adolf, I., A. Havryliuk, and V. Tovarianskyi. "FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE PROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUST." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.01.

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Introduction. Garment enterprises belong to the objects of light industry of Ukraine. Fires that occur at such enterprises, lead to damage of production equipment, to destructions and deformations of building structures, to destruction of finished products and raw materials and to injuries and deaths of the peoples. Elimination of fires at garment enterprises is difficult, and with large areas of combustion, this requires the involvement of a large number of forces and means. Therefore, the urgent task is to prevent fires, which will minimize human and material losses.Purpose . is to substantiate the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving the methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of fires.Methods. The main task of the garment industry is to provide the population with a wide range of clothing and other textiles. Together with that, due to the large number of staff working in such enterprises, the process of making clothes must be fire protected. A number of studies are devoted to the study of fire danger, including garment enterprises, but the issues of taking into account fire risk factors that arise at all stages of the production process, where high-performance equipment, semi-automatic machines, computer-aided clothing designing systems, mechanized workplaces, production lines is not studied. The issue of fire danger of textile manufacturing technology is also insufficiently studied. In order to perceive the process of fire it is necessary to take into account the most common causes of fires, which include: internal and fire regulations violation, disregard for the rules of operation of electrical equipment and electrical networks, violation of technological modes.Results. This paper substantiates the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence fire spread.

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Adolf, I., A. Havryliuk, and V. Tovarianskyi. "FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE FIRE PROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISESPROTECTION CONDITION ANALYSIS IN GARMENT INDUST." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.01.

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Introduction. Garment enterprises belong to the objects of light industry of Ukraine. Fires that occur at such enterprises, lead to damage of production equipment, to destructions and deformations of building structures, to destruction of finished products and raw materials and to injuries and deaths of the peoples. Elimination of fires at garment enterprises is difficult, and with large areas of combustion, this requires the involvement of a large number of forces and means. Therefore, the urgent task is to prevent fires, which will minimize human and material losses.Purpose . is to substantiate the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving the methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of fires.Methods. The main task of the garment industry is to provide the population with a wide range of clothing and other textiles. Together with that, due to the large number of staff working in such enterprises, the process of making clothes must be fire protected. A number of studies are devoted to the study of fire danger, including garment enterprises, but the issues of taking into account fire risk factors that arise at all stages of the production process, where high-performance equipment, semi-automatic machines, computer-aided clothing designing systems, mechanized workplaces, production lines is not studied. The issue of fire danger of textile manufacturing technology is also insufficiently studied. In order to perceive the process of fire it is necessary to take into account the most common causes of fires, which include: internal and fire regulations violation, disregard for the rules of operation of electrical equipment and electrical networks, violation of technological modes.Results. This paper substantiates the need to increase the effectiveness of fire protection of garment industry enterprises by improving methods, principles, technical solutions aimed at preventing the occurrence fire spread.

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Ari Kukuh Sentanu, I. G. A., I. Gst A. Komang Diafari Djuni, and Nyoman Pramaita. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PENDETEKSI KEBAKARAN HUTAN BERBASIS NODE MCU ESP8266." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2021.v08.i01.p32.

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The problem that often occurs so far is the delay in the presence of the fire departmentat the fire site. So the authors make an early detection tool for forest fires based on the Internetof Things because forest fires occur in very large forests so that supervision from officers is notenough. This study aims to design a forest fire extinguishing system based on ESP8266NodeMCU. The research was conducted by designing a system and making it happen by usinga board and several sensors to obtain data. From the results of the design carried out in thisstudy, the prototype of forest fire detection systems based on NodeMCU ESP8266 andtemperature, fire and smoke sensors has been realized, which can send notifications ontelegram. And the pump can put out the fire. The actual application in the forest still needschanges to the pump construction and the addition of several sensors.

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Cole, H. P., C. Vaught, W. J. Wiehagen, J. V. Haley, and M. J. Brnich. "Decision making during a simulated mine fire escape." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 45, no. 2 (May 1998): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.669762.

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TEREBNEV, V. V., A. O. SEMENOV, and D. V. TARAKANOV. "Decision Making Theoretical Basis of Management on Fire." Пожаровзрывобезопасность 21, no. 10 (August 2013): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18322/pvb.2012.21.10.14-17.

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Kinsey, M. J., S. M. V. Gwynne, E. D. Kuligowski, and M. Kinateder. "Cognitive Biases Within Decision Making During Fire Evacuations." Fire Technology 55, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 465–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0708-0.

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Gallego Arrubla, Julián A., Lewis Ntaimo, and Curt Stripling. "Wildfire initial response planning using probabilistically constrained stochastic integer programming." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 6 (2014): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13204.

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This paper presents a new methodology for making strategic dozer deployment plans for wildfire initial response planning for a given fire season. This approach combines a fire behaviour simulation, a wildfire risk model and a probabilistically constrained stochastic integer programming model, and takes into account the level of risk the decision-maker is willing to take when making deployment and dispatching plans. The new methodology was applied to Texas District 12, a Texas A&M Forest Service fire planning unit located in East Texas. This study demonstrates the effect of the decision-maker’s risk attitude level on deployment decisions in terms of the dozers positioned at each operations base, fires contained and their associated wildfire risk, and total containment cost. The results show that the total number of fires contained and their associated total expected cost increase when the tolerance towards risk decreases. Thus, more dozers are deployed to operations bases in areas with high wildfire risk and a high need for initial response.

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Podur, Justin, and B. Mike Wotton. "Defining fire spread event days for fire-growth modelling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 4 (2011): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09001.

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Forest fire managers have long understood that most of a fire’s growth typically occurs on a small number of days when burning conditions are conducive for spread. Fires either grow very slowly at low intensity or burn considerable area in a ‘run’. A simple classification of days into ‘spread events’ and ‘non-spread events’ can greatly improve estimates of area burned. Studies with fire-growth models suggest that the Canadian Forest Fire Behaviour Prediction System (FBP System) seems to predict growth well during high-intensity ‘spread events’ but tends to overpredict rate of spread for non-spread events. In this study, we provide an objective weather-based definition of ‘spread events’, making it possible to assess the probability of having a spread event on any particular day. We demonstrate the benefit of incorporating this ‘spread event’ day concept into a fire-growth model based on the Canadian FBP System.

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Pan, Ligong. "Preventing forest fires using a wireless sensor network." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 3 (March 30, 2020): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/151/2019-jfs.

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Forest fire is a natural phenomenon in many ecosystems across the world. The forecasting of fire danger conditions resembles one of the most important parts in forest fire management. A ZigBee-based wireless sensor network was proposed for monitoring fire danger and predicting the behaviour of fire after occurrence. This technique is intended for real-time operation, given the urgent need for forest protection against fires. The architecture of a wireless sensor network for forest fire detection is described. From the information collected by the system, decisions on firefighting or fire prevention can be made more quickly by the relevant government departments. We believe that by making the sensor network able to reconfigure rapidly in response to changes in the local conditions upon which the network is dependent, we will generate an adaptable weather monitoring and fire detection system.

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O'Brien, Joseph J., E. Louise Loudermilk, Benjamin Hornsby, Andrew T. Hudak, Benjamin C. Bright, Matthew B. Dickinson, J. Kevin Hiers, Casey Teske, and Roger D. Ottmar. "High-resolution infrared thermography for capturing wildland fire behaviour: RxCADRE 2012." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 1 (2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14165.

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Wildland fire radiant energy emission is one of the only measurements of combustion that can be made at wide spatial extents and high temporal and spatial resolutions. Furthermore, spatially and temporally explicit measurements are critical for making inferences about fire effects and useful for examining patterns of fire spread. In this study we describe our methods for capturing and analysing spatially and temporally explicit long-wave infrared (LWIR) imagery from the RxCADRE (Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research Experiment) project and examine the usefulness of these data in investigating fire behaviour and effects. We compare LWIR imagery captured at fine and moderate spatial and temporal resolutions (from 1 cm2 to 1 m2; and from 0.12 to 1 Hz) using both nadir and oblique measurements. We analyse fine-scale spatial heterogeneity of fire radiant power and energy released in several experimental burns. There was concurrence between the measurements, although the oblique view estimates of fire radiative power were consistently higher than the nadir view estimates. The nadir measurements illustrate the significance of fuel characteristics, particularly type and connectivity, in driving spatial variability at fine scales. The nadir and oblique measurements illustrate the usefulness of the data for describing the location and movement of the fire front at discrete moments in time at these fine and moderate resolutions. Spatially and temporally resolved data from these techniques show promise to effectively link the combustion environment with post-fire processes, remote sensing at larger scales and wildland fire modelling efforts.

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Sanchez, Andrew. "Canon Fire." Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 36, no. 2 (September 1, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cja.2018.360202.

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Despite sustained critical attention to the politics of knowledge, contemporary anthropology disproportionately engages with ideas produced by academics based in European and North American universities. The ‘decolonizing the curriculum’ movement speaks to core areas of anthropological interest while making a critical comment on the academic structures in which anthropologists produce their work. The articles in this collection interrogate the terms on which academic work engages with its own history, and ask how the production of knowledge relates to structures of race, gender and location. The collection considers the historical, political and institutional context of the ‘decolonizing the curriculum’ movement, the potential impact that the movement might make on education and research, and the major challenges facing it.

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Zhang, Lin, Mingyang Wang, Yujia Fu, and Yunhong Ding. "A Forest Fire Recognition Method Using UAV Images Based on Transfer Learning." Forests 13, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13070975.

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Timely detection of forest wildfires is of great significance to the early prevention and control of large-scale forest fires. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) with cameras has the characteristics of wide monitoring range and strong flexibility, making it very suitable for early detection of forest fire. However, the visual angle/distance of UAV in the process of image sampling and the limited sample size of UAV labeled images limit the accuracy of forest fire recognition based on UAV images. This paper proposes a FT-ResNet50 model based on transfer learning. The model migrates the ResNet network trained on an ImageNet dataset and its initialization parameters into the target dataset of forest fire identification based on UAV images. Combined with the characteristics of the target data set, Adam and Mish functions are used to fine tune the three convolution blocks of ResNet, and focal loss function and network structure parameters are added to optimize the ResNet network, to extract more effectively deep semantic information from fire images. The experimental results show that compared with baseline models, FT-ResNet50 achieved better accuracy in forest fire identification. The recognition accuracy of the FT-ResNet50 model was 79.48%; 3.87% higher than ResNet50 and 6.22% higher than VGG16.

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Wu, Jiansong, Zhuqiang Hu, Jinyue Chen, and Zheng Li. "Risk Assessment of Underground Subway Stations to Fire Disasters Using Bayesian Network." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 3810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103810.

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Subway station fires often have serious consequences because of the high density of people and limited number of exits in a relatively enclosed space. In this study, a comprehensive model based on Bayesian network (BN) and the Delphi method is established for the rapid and dynamic assessment of the fire evolution process, and consequences, in underground subway stations. Based on the case studies of typical subway station fire accidents, 28 BN nodes are proposed to represent the evolution process of subway station fires, from causes to consequences. Based on expert knowledge and consistency processing by the Delphi method, the conditional probabilities of child BN nodes are determined. The BN model can quantitatively evaluate the factors influencing fire causes, fire proof/intervention measures, and fire consequences. The results show that the framework, combined with Bayesian network and the Delphi method, is a reliable tool for dynamic assessment of subway station fires. This study could offer insights to a more realistic analysis for emergency decision-making on fire disaster reduction, since the proposed approach could take into account the conditional dependency in the fire propagation process and incorporate fire proof/intervention measures, which is helpful for resilience and sustainability promotion of underground facilities.

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Hesseln, Hayley, John B. Loomis, and Armando González-Cabán. "The Effects of Fire on Recreation Demand in Montana." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.1.47.

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Abstract Wildfire and prescribed fire have the potential to affect user demand and value for recreation, making such information important to the decision-making process for fire managers. However, such information is not always readily available. We conducted surveys on 22 sites within four national forests in western Montana to determine fire effects on recreation demand for hiking and biking, and net economic benefits to visitors. Net value per trip for hikers was $37. There was no statistical difference for consumer surplus between hiking and biking. Although there were differences in existing visitation between hikers and bikers, there were no statistical differences between the two groups as a result of fire effects. We found that hikers' demand decreased slightly in areas recovering from crown fire and increased in areas recovering from prescribed fire. Bikers' response to both types of fire was the opposite of hikers; for example, bikers showed a slight decrease in annual trips as areas recovered from prescribed fire. Individual value per trip was unaffected by both wild and prescribed fire for both activity groups. Although our recreation demand shifts in response to fire were statistically significant, the magnitude of the predicted changes in demand were not substantial from a managerial perspective suggesting that recreation users in Montana are not affected by fire characteristics resulting from prescribed burns or crown fires. Demand, however, decreased by both user groups as area burned increased and the amount of burn viewed from trails increased, suggesting that the size and extent of burns do affect visitation. West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):47–53.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Making fire'

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