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Journal articles on the topic 'Makwe language'
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1
Lefever, Els, and Véronique Hoste. "Parallel corpora make sense." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 333–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.19.3.02lef.
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We present a multilingual approach to Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), which automatically assigns the contextually appropriate sense to a given word. Instead of using a predefined monolingual sense-inventory, we use a language-independent framework by deriving the senses of a given word from word alignments on a multilingual parallel corpus, which we made available for corpus linguistics research. We built five WSD systems with English as the input language and translations in five supported languages (viz. French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish and German) as senses. The systems incorporate both binary translation features and local context features. The experimental results are very competitive, which confirms our initial hypothesis that each language contributes to the disambiguation of polysemous words. Because our system extracts all information from the parallel corpus, it offers a flexible language-independent approach, which implicitly deals with the sense distinctness issue and allows us to bypass the knowledge acquisition bottleneck for WSD.
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Vinogradov, Igor. "Linguistic corpora of understudied languages: Do they make sense?" Káñina 40, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rk.v40i1.24143.
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A corpus of an understudied language usually has documentary-linguistic nature and comprises all text material available in a particular language. However, without resorting to text selection, it is impossible to obtain a representative and balanced sample of language use. Lack of these two characteristics makes a corpus almost useless for any kind of quantitative research. Nevertheless, corpora of understudied languages comply with a wide range of language documentation objectives. Furthermore, they can serve as evidence of the existence of word forms or grammatical features in texts that meet specific search criteria. If such corpora have well-elaborated linguistic annotation, they can complement grammatical descriptions and dictionaries, standing out against common text collections due to their digital format. They are especially suitable for typological research, when one has to deal with a huge amount of data in different and unrelated languages.
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Xia, Fei, Carrie Lewis, and William Lewis. "Language ID for a Thousand Languages." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 1 (May 2, 2010): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.504.
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ODIN, the Online Database of INterlinear text, is a resource built over language data harvested from linguistic documents (Lewis, 2006). It currently holds approximately 190,000 instances of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) from over 1100 languages, automatically extracted from nearly 3000 documents crawled from the Web. A crucial step in building ODIN is identifying the languages of extracted IGT, a challenging task due to the large number of languages and the lack of training data. We demonstrate that a coreference approach to the language ID task significantly outperforms existing algorithms as it provides an elegant solution to the unseen language problem. We also discuss several issues that make automated Language ID and the maintenance of ODIN very difficult.
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Whittaker, Simon. "The Language or Languages of Consumer Contracts." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 8 (2006): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802731205.
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Does european community law make any requirement as to the language in which the terms of consumer contracts are to be expressed?At the outset, I need to explain that the significance of this question (and its answer) will differ according to what is meant by the word ‘language’ itself. A first meaning is found where one refers to English, French, or Chinese as a ‘language’, that is, to quote the Oxford English Dictionary, ‘a system of communication used by a particular country or community’. A second meaning of ‘language’, again as explained by the Oxford English Dictionary, refers to ‘the manner or style of a piece of writing or speech’; so, for example, one may describe a piece of prose as being written in simple or elaborate, verbose or laconic, language. To avoid confusion in the following discussion, I shall refer to these two different significances as ‘language type’ and ‘language style’.
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Whittaker, Simon. "The Language or Languages of Consumer Contracts." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 8 (2006): 229–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000004729.
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Does european community law make any requirement as to the language in which the terms of consumer contracts are to be expressed? At the outset, I need to explain that the significance of this question (and its answer) will differ according to what is meant by the word ‘language’ itself. A first meaning is found where one refers to English, French, or Chinese as a ‘language’, that is, to quote the Oxford English Dictionary, ‘a system of communication used by a particular country or community’. A second meaning of ‘language’, again as explained by the Oxford English Dictionary, refers to ‘the manner or style of a piece of writing or speech’; so, for example, one may describe a piece of prose as being written in simple or elaborate, verbose or laconic, language. To avoid confusion in the following discussion, I shall refer to these two different significances as ‘language type’ and ‘language style’.
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POLINSKY, MARIA. "When L1 becomes an L3: Do heritage speakers make better L3 learners?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000667.
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Heritage speakers who re-learn their childhood language in adulthood are an important group for the study of L3 acquisition. Such re-learners have selective advantages over other L2/L3 learners in phonetics/phonology, but lack a global advantage at re-learning the prestige variety of their L1. These learners show asymmetrical transfer effects in morphosyntax: transfer occurs only from the dominant language. Two tentative explanations for this asymmetry are suggested. First, re-learners may deploy the skills acquired in a classroom setting, where they have used only their dominant language. Second, re-learners may implicitly strive to increase the typological distance between their childhood language and the language of classroom instruction. These findings have implications for models of L3/Ln learning: the Cumulative Enhancement Model, the Typological Proximity Model, and the L2 Status Factor Model. The data discussed in this paper are most consistent with the latter model, but they also highlight the significance of the typological distance between languages under acquisition.
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Liantoni, Febri, and Amalia Yusincha. "Pemodelan UML Pada Sistem Pengajuan Dana Anggaran Untuk Peningkatan Produktivitas Perusahaaan." Digital Zone: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 9, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/digitalzone.v9i2.1763.
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Dunia teknologi informasi berkembang pesat dengan dukungan teknologi yang semakin canggih. Unified Modeling Languange salah satu sistem yang bisa digunakan untuk standar pembuatan sistem informasi. Dengan menggunakan Unified Modeling Languange perancangan dan pembuatan sistem dapat dikerjakan lebih cepat. Pada penelitian ini pemodelan Unified Modeling Languange digunakan untuk membuat sistem pengajuan dana anggaran. Pembuatan sistem ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas perusahaaan dalam menangani proyek yang dikerjakan. Berdasarkan analisa dan pengujian sistem diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa sistem yang dibuat dapat mempermudah para karyawan perusahaan dalam proses pengajuan dana anggaran dan pertanggungjawaban dana proyek. Sistem yang dibuat juga memberikan informasi mengenai pengajuan dana yang diterima atau ditolak suatu proyek, sehingga dapat membuat pekerjaan yang dikerjakan lebih efisien dan dapat mengurangi resiko kesalahan terhadap pengajuan dana proyek.
Kata kunci: Teknologi Informasi, Unified Modeling Languange, Sistem, Dana Anggaran
Abstract
The world of information technology is growing rapidly with the support of increasingly sophisticated technology. Unified Modeling Language one of the systems that can be used for the standard of making information systems. Using Unified Modeling Language the design and manufacture of the system can be done faster. In this study Unified Modeling Language modeling is used to create a system for submitting budget funds. The creation of this system aims to improve the productivity of companies in handling the projects being worked on. Based on the analysis and testing of the system, it can be concluded that the system created can make it easier for company employees in the process of submitting budget funds and accountability for project funds. The system created also provides information about the submission of funds received or rejected by a project, so as to make the work done more efficiently and can reduce the risk of errors in the submission of project funds.
Keywords: Information Technology, Unified Modeling Languages, Systems, Budget Funds
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Mugamat Mursaliyeva, Khayala. "Principles of compiling artificial languages." SCIENTIFIC WORK 56, no. 07 (August 4, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/56/40-46.
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The explosion of information and the ever-increasing number of international languages make the modern language situation very difficult. The interaction of languages ultimately leads to the creation of international artificial languages that operate in parallel with the world`s languages. The expansion of interlinguistic issues is a natural consequence of the aggravation of the linguistic landscape of the modern world. The modern interlinguistic dialect, which is defined as a field of linguistics that studies international languages and international languages as a means of communication, deals with the importance of overcoming the barrier.The problem of international artificial languages is widely covered in the writings of I.A.Baudouin de Courtenay, V.P.Qrigorev, N.L.Gudskov, E.K.Drezen, A.D.Dulchenko, M.I.Isayev, S.N.Kuznechov, A.D.Melnikov and many other scientists. Key words:the concept of natural language, the concept of artificial language, the degree of artificiality of language, the authenticity of language
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Kenner, Charmian. "Symbols Make Text." Written Language and Literacy 3, no. 2 (September 26, 2000): 235–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.3.2.03ken.
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Research on early script-learning has shown that young children produce a considerable variety of graphic forms in their spontaneous writing. Social semiotic theory aims to account for this variety by analysing the links between children’s sociocultural experience and their interpretation of written language as a visual sign system. This paper applies a social semiotic approach to a multilingual context, discussing texts produced by three- and four-year-olds in a nursery class, where the roleplay area was enriched with everyday literacy materials and parents were invited to write in different languages in the classroom. Evidence from a year’s fieldwork showed that children used a diversity of symbols throughout this period. Three factors were found to have explanatory significance: (a) awareness of the visual appearance of different types of text, (b) children’s current symbolic repertoire, and (c) their social identity as writers. Multilingual experience was incorporated into children’s exploration of how writing operated as a representational system.
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Jorgensen, Eleanor, Jennifer Green, and Anastasia Bauer. "Exploring Phonological Aspects of Australian Indigenous Sign Languages." Languages 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020081.
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Spoken languages make up only one aspect of the communicative landscape of Indigenous Australia—sign languages are also an important part of their rich and diverse language ecologies. Australian Indigenous sign languages are predominantly used by hearing people as a replacement for speech in certain cultural contexts. Deaf or hard-of-hearing people are also known to make use of these sign languages. In some circumstances, sign may be used alongside speech, and in others it may replace speech altogether. Alternate sign languages such as those found in Australia occupy a particular place in the diversity of the world’s sign languages. However, the focus of research on sign language phonology has almost exclusively been on sign languages used in deaf communities. This paper takes steps towards deepening understandings of signed language phonology by examining the articulatory features of handshape and body locations in the signing practices of three communities in Central and Northern Australia. We demonstrate that, while Australian Indigenous sign languages have some typologically unusual features, they exhibit the same ‘fundamental’ structural characteristics as other sign languages.
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Law, Danny. "Language mixing and genetic similarity." Diachronica 34, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 40–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.34.1.02law.
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Abstract Definitions of ‘mixed’ or ‘intertwined’ languages derive almost entirely from studies of languages that combine elements from genetically unrelated sources. The Mayan language Tojol-ab’al displays a mixture of linguistic features from two related Mayan languages, Chuj and Tseltal. The systematic similarities found in related languages not only make it methodologically difficult to identify the source of specific linguistic features but also mean that inherited similarity can alter the processes and outcomes of language mixing in ways that parallel observed patterns of code-switching between related languages. Tojol-ab’al, therefore, arguably represents a distinct type of mixed language, one that may only result from mixture involving related languages.
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Kirova, Alena, and Jose Camacho. "Can You Make Better Decisions If You Are Bilingual?" Languages 6, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010043.
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Studies have shown that “framing bias,” a phenomenon in which two different presentations of the same decision-making problem provoke different answers, is reduced in a foreign language (the Foreign Language effect, FLe). Three explanations have emerged to account for the difference. First, the cognitive enhancement hypothesis states that lower proficiency in the FL leads to more deliberate processing, reducing the framing bias. Second, contradicting the previous, the cognitive overload hypothesis, states that the cognitive load actually induces speakers to make less rational decisions in the FL. Finally, the reduced emotionality hypothesis suggests that speakers have less of an emotional connection to a foreign language (FL), causing an increase in rational language processing. Previous FLe research has involved both FL and non-FL speakers such as highly proficient acculturated bilinguals. Our study extends this research program to a population of heritage speakers of Spanish (HS speakers), whose second language (English) is dominant and who have comparable emotional resonances in both of their languages. We compare emotion-neutral and emotion-laden tasks: if reduced emotionality causes the FLe, it should only be present in emotion-laden tasks, but if it is caused by cognitive load, it should be present across tasks. Ninety-eight HS speakers, with varying degrees of proficiency in Spanish, exhibited cognitive biases across a battery of tasks: framing bias appeared in both cognitive-emotional and purely cognitive tasks, consistent with previous studies. Language of presentation (and proficiency) did not have a significant effect on responses in cognitive-emotional tasks, but did have an effect on the purely-cognitive Disjunction fallacy task: HS speakers did better in their second, more proficient language, a result consistent with neither the reduced emotionality hypothesis nor the cognitive enhancement hypothesis. Moreover, higher proficiency in Spanish significantly improved the rate of correct responses, indicating that our results are more consistent with the cognitive overload hypothesis.
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Verheggen, Claudine. "Stroud on Wittgenstein, Meaning, and Community." Dialogue 44, no. 1 (2005): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300003747.
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AbstractAccording to Barry Stroud, Wittgenstein thought that language is social only in this minimal way: we cannot make sense of the idea of someone having a language unless we can describe her as using signs in conformity with the linguistic practices of some community. Since a solitary person could meet this condition, Stroud concludes that, for Wittgenstein, solitary languages are possible. I argue that Wittgenstein in fact thought that language is social in a much more robust way. Solitary languages are not possible because we cannot make sense of the idea of someone having a language unless we can think of her as actively participating in the linguistic practices that fix the standards governing the applications of her words.
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Chen, Ching-In. "How to Make Language Lawless." ASAP/Journal 2, no. 2 (2017): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asa.2017.0038.
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De Swaan, Abram. "Language and culture in Transnational society." European Review 7, no. 4 (October 1999): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004440.
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The modern world system also comprises a global constellation of languages, arranged in hierarchies and linked by multilingual individuals. The communication value of a language depends on the proportion of the people who speak it, multiplied by the proportion of multilingual speakers. The special characteristics of languages make them into hypercollective goods. In the West language is identified with state. A language of supercentral communication will permit the nations of the European Union to communicate and will exist in a dynamic, precarious balance with the indigenous languages.
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Nursaleh, Nandang, Fira Pujia Nuraini, Bayu Sekar Sari, and Muhammad Zulfi Abdul Malik. "ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF EDUCATION RUBRIC ON ISLAMIC WEBSITE." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (June 22, 2020): 1158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83118.
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Purpose: Website translation requires an advanced translation to make the message transferred comprehensively. The purpose of this research was to analyze the translation quality of the Islamqa.info/id website in Indonesian as the Target Language (TL), translated from its original version in Arabic website, Islamqa.info/ar, as the Source Language (SL).
Methodology: To discover the quality of translation work, three aspects could be rated: accuracy, acceptance, and readability. The more accurate, acceptable, and readable the translated version is, the easier the text will be understood, according to Mangatur Nababan's theory.
Main Findings: The type of sentences and translation techniques were considered as the factors that could affect the translation quality. There were four types of sentences and seven techniques used in three articles from the "Education" section on Islamqa.info/id. From the analysis, it was found that the translation quality was scored 1.91 from the scale of 3.00.
Implications/Applications: The implication of this research for translators, language scientists, researchers, teachers, or students is to make a good quality translation with high accuracy, acceptance, and readability score, a translator should be aware of internal and external aspects of the target language--not the source language only, since this research found that one expression could be commonly used in one language yet strange for other language's use.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The results of this research could be considered for those who work on a website translation job, from Arabic to Indonesian, in particular. Since Arabic and Indonesian languages are very different from each other in terms of grammatical structure and form of expressions thus, this study has offered useful and practical suggestions for the translation of these languages.
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STOCKMAL, VERNA, DANNY R. MOATES, and ZINNY S. BOND. "Same talker, different language." Applied Psycholinguistics 21, no. 3 (September 2000): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400003052.
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When discriminating between unknown foreign languages, infants, young children, and adult listeners are able to make same-language/different-language discrimination judgments at better than chance levels. In these studies (Lorch & Meara, 1989; Mehler et al., 1988; Stockmal, 1995), foreign language samples have often been provided by different talkers, confounding voice characteristics and language characteristics. In Experiments 1 and 2, using the same talkers for different pairs of languages, we found that listeners were able to discriminate between languages they did not know, even when spoken by the same talker. That is, listeners were able to separate talker from language characteristics. Experiment 3 used multidimensional scaling to explore the bases of listener judgments. Listeners were attentive to prosodic properties and influenced by their familiarity with the test languages.
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Azpiazu, Ion Madrazo, and Maria Soledad Pera. "Hierarchical Mapping for Crosslingual Word Embedding Alignment." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 8 (July 2020): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00320.
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The alignment of word embedding spaces in different languages into a common crosslingual space has recently been in vogue. Strategies that do so compute pairwise alignments and then map multiple languages to a single pivot language (most often English). These strategies, however, are biased towards the choice of the pivot language, given that language proximity and the linguistic characteristics of the target language can strongly impact the resultant crosslingual space in detriment of topologically distant languages. We present a strategy that eliminates the need for a pivot language by learning the mappings across languages in a hierarchical way. Experiments demonstrate that our strategy significantly improves vocabulary induction scores in all existing benchmarks, as well as in a new non-English–centered benchmark we built, which we make publicly available.
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Sutton-Spence, Rachel, and Donna Jo Napoli. "How much can classifiers be analogous to their referents?" Gesture 13, no. 1 (December 5, 2013): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.13.1.01sut.
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Sign Language poetry is especially valued for its presentation of strong visual images. Here, we explore the highly visual signs that British Sign Language and American Sign Language poets create as part of the ‘classifier system’ of their languages. Signed languages, as they create visually-motivated messages, utilise categoricity (more traditionally considered ‘language’) and analogy (more traditionally considered extra-linguistic and the domain of ‘gesture’). Classifiers in sign languages arguably show both these characteristics (Oviedo, 2004). In our discussion of sign language poetry, we see that poets take elements that are widely understood to be highly visual, closely representing their referents, and make them even more highly visual — so going beyond categorisation and into new areas of analogue.
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Papa, Irena. "Culture and Language as Factors Related in the Process of Learning and Education." European Journal of Language and Literature 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v1i1.p16-19.
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Communicative language teaching has become a familiar part of the landscape of language teaching in the last three or four decades. Teachers who perceive the objectives of teaching foreign languages associated with learning intercultural competence will be more inclined to make the process of teaching foreign languages more intercultural than teachers who perceive objectives as related to the acquisition of communicative competence. In this paper the relationship between culture and language is going to be explored by focusing on their role and impact in the process of learning languages and education.
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Suryanto, Paulus, Andi Wahju Rahardjo Emanuel, and Pranowo Pranowo. "Design of Dayak Kanayatn Language Learning Mobile Applications Using Gamification." International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) 10, no. 4 (July 17, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v10i4.12899.
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Preservation of regional languages is very important in the current globalization era. The longer the erosion of regional languages will make the younger genera-tion do not know the language inherited from their ancestors. The fewer the speakers and interest in learning will make the Regional Language endangered. The purpose of this study is to design the learning of regional languages, espe-cially for children aged 9-10 years with the principles of pedagogy. The method of gamification uses a mobile-based application in the form of video, quiz games, and visual images. This regional language learning design is called Enggang Ka-nayatn Quiz (EKQ). The lesson material will be given first, then continued with a quiz. The material in the form of daily sentences and the introduction of cultural wisdom. The result is a mobile-based application that can be used by children for the learning of regional languages with the pedagogy principle. The collected points will get an attractive reward. The contribution made through this paper is to motivate children to learn regional languages so that they will maintain cultural wisdom and regional language dances, especially Dayak Kanayatn.
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Dmitriev, Mikhail. "Language-specific make technology for the Java programming language." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 37, no. 11 (November 17, 2002): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/583854.582453.
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Coblenz, Michael, Gauri Kambhatla, Paulette Koronkevich, Jenna L. Wise, Celeste Barnaby, Joshua Sunshine, Jonathan Aldrich, and Brad A. Myers. "PLIERS." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 1–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3452379.
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Programming language design requires making many usability-related design decisions. However, existing HCI methods can be impractical to apply to programming languages: languages have high iteration costs, programmers require significant learning time, and user performance has high variance. To address these problems, we adapted both formative and summative HCI methods to make them more suitable for programming language design. We integrated these methods into a new process, PLIERS, for designing programming languages in a user-centered way. We assessed PLIERS by using it to design two new programming languages. Glacier extends Java to enable programmers to express immutability properties effectively and easily. Obsidian is a language for blockchains that includes verification of critical safety properties. Empirical studies showed that the PLIERS process resulted in languages that could be used effectively by many programmers and revealed additional opportunities for language improvement.
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Lee, Chanhee, Kisu Yang, Taesun Whang, Chanjun Park, Andrew Matteson, and Heuiseok Lim. "Exploring the Data Efficiency of Cross-Lingual Post-Training in Pretrained Language Models." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 1974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11051974.
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Language model pretraining is an effective method for improving the performance of downstream natural language processing tasks. Even though language modeling is unsupervised and thus collecting data for it is relatively less expensive, it is still a challenging process for languages with limited resources. This results in great technological disparity between high- and low-resource languages for numerous downstream natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we aim to make this technology more accessible by enabling data efficient training of pretrained language models. It is achieved by formulating language modeling of low-resource languages as a domain adaptation task using transformer-based language models pretrained on corpora of high-resource languages. Our novel cross-lingual post-training approach selectively reuses parameters of the language model trained on a high-resource language and post-trains them while learning language-specific parameters in the low-resource language. We also propose implicit translation layers that can learn linguistic differences between languages at a sequence level. To evaluate our method, we post-train a RoBERTa model pretrained in English and conduct a case study for the Korean language. Quantitative results from intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations show that our method outperforms several massively multilingual and monolingual pretrained language models in most settings and improves the data efficiency by a factor of up to 32 compared to monolingual training.
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Quay, Suzanne. "The bilingual lexicon: implications for studies of language choice." Journal of Child Language 22, no. 2 (June 1995): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900009831.
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ABSTRACTLexical gaps in vocabulary development have been acknowledged as a reason for language mixing in young bilingual children. In spite of this, most studies do not take into account whether young bilinguals have the lexical resources to make a choice between their two languages. Inferences are nevertheless still being made about whether or not young bilinguals differentiate between their two languages based on language choice. It is widely believed, however, that young bilinguals do not have the resources to make lexical choices at a pre-syntactic stage of development before age two. A bilingual case study of an infant acquiring Spanish and English from birth to age 1;10 is used to address this issue. Daily diary records and weekly video recordings in the two language contexts are used to construct the child's lexicon and to establish that translation equivalents that make possible language choice are available from the beginning of speech. The results are used to discuss the importance of translation equivalents in the bilingual lexicon for viable interpretations of language choice.
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Tarif, Julie. "“Hey Guys , Once Upon a Time was Sexist Language ...”." TranscUlturAl: A Journal of Translation and Cultural Studies 7, no. 1 (June 15, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21992/t9zp7h.
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This article adopts a contrastive approach and focuses on sexist practices in language – in French and in English – affecting women. It investigates the extent to which these practices are embedded in both languages, along with the recommendations the communities speaking those languages make to encourage the use of a more inclusive language. It also centers on the use of non-sexist language by James Finn Garner in his politically correct bedtime stories and their translations, as a practical case study revealing the challenge that reformulating sexist language into non-sexist language poses, not only on an intralingual level, but also on an interlingual level.
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Araki, Naoki. "Saussure and Chomsky. Langue and I-language." Entornos 29, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25054/01247905.1581.
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Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky are considered to be the most influential linguists. In this paper, we contrast their accounts concerning the following issues of language and try to make clear differences between them, mainly referring to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s I-language: 1) How concepts emerge, 2) How phonemes appear, 3) How languages change, 4) Where syntax belongs to, 5) Whether language is social or biological, 6) What parts of speech are, and 7) Whether languages are delimited or not. By doing so, it will be understood that in what ways the two linguists have common or different ideas about language.
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HAO, BAILIN, and HUIMIN XIE. "FACTORIZABLE LANGUAGE REVISITED FROM DYNAMICS TO BIOLOGY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 23n24 (September 30, 2007): 4077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207045244.
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A formal language is called factorizable if any substring of a word in it also belongs to the language. Symbolic sequences from symbolic dynamics make factorizable languages by definition. In studying avoided and under-represented strings in bacterial genomes we have defined a factorizable language for each complete genome. Recently, in studying the problem of uniqueness of reconstruction of a protein sequence from its constituent K -peptides we encounter again factorizable language which helps to build a finite state automaton to recognize the uniqueness of reconstruction. We present a brief review of these applications of factorizable languages from dynamics to biology.
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Cong, Phan Tran. "Lexical equevalance and the relationship between languages in South Bahnaric group." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 1, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v1i4.460.
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The close relationship between the languages in the language family is expressed in the corresponding proportions between the primary words of languages. Comparison of vocabulary to verify linguistic relations also helps to identify the source of the language under question, which is Ta Mun. With the latest collection of materials we have collected, using the historical-comparative approach, we review the relationships among the languages in the South Bahnaric group and make adjustments and rearrangements to gain better completion than the previous research results. In particular, the subdivision of the two subgroups and the relationship between the Mnong and other languages in the group are also re-seen. In addition, the appearance of the Ta Mun language in this group also made the pedigree diagram significantly changed.
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Houtkamp, Christopher, and László Marácz. "Are traditional minority languages a bench marking for the rights of migrant languages in the European Union?" Belvedere Meridionale 30, no. 4 (2018): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2018.4.3.
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In this paper a normative position will be defended. We will argue that minimal territorial minority language rights formulated in terms of the personality principle referring to traditional minority languages granted in the framework of the European Union (EU) are a benchmark for non-territorial linguistic rights. Although territorial minority languages should be granted collective rights this is in large parts of Europe not the case. Especially in the Central and Eastern European Member States language rights granted to territorial languages are assigned on the basis of personal language rights. Our argumentation will be elaborated on the basis of a comparative approach discussing the status of a traditional territorial language in Romania, more in particular Hungarian spoken in the Szeklerland area with the one of migrant languages in the Netherlands, more in particular Turkish. In accordance with the language hierarchy implying that territorial languages have a higher status than non-territorial languages both in the EUs and Member States’ language regimes nonterritorial linguistic rights will be realized as personal rights in the first place. Hence, the use of non-territorial minority languages is conditioned much as the use of territorial minority languages in the national Member States. So, the best possible scenario for mobile minority languages is to be recognized as a personal right and receive full support from the states where they are spoken. It is true that learning the host language would make inclusion of migrant language speakers into the host society smoother and securing a better position on the labour market. This should however be done without striving for full assimilation of the speakers of migrant languages for this would violate the linguistic rights of migrants to speak and cultivate one’s own heritage language, violate the EUs linguistic diversity policy, and is against the advantages provided by linguistic capital in the sense of BOURDIEU (1991).
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Bachate, Ravindra Parshuram, and Ashok Sharma. "Acquaintance with Natural Language Processing for Building Smart Society." E3S Web of Conferences 170 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017002006.
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Natural Language Processing (NLP) deals with the spoken languages by using computer and Artificial Intelligence. As people from different regional areas using different digital platforms and expressing their views in their spoken language, it is now must to focus on working spoken languages in India to make our society smart and digital. NLP research grown tremendously in last decade which results in Siri, Google Assistant, Alexa, Cortona and many more automatic speech recognitions and understanding systems (ASR). Natural Language Processing can be understood by classifying it into Natural Language Generation and Natural Language Understanding. NLP is widely used in various domain such as Health Care, Chatbot, ASR building, HR, Sentiment analysis etc.
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Cusen, Gabriela. "In Between Languages Narrative Research into Learners’ Language “Space”." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2019-0016.
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AbstractNarrative has been one of the major concerns in social science research ever since the mid-twentieth century, and the area of second language acquisition (SLA) is no exception. Researchers have turned to the investigation of learner-produced narratives to extend the understanding of many key concepts in SLA theory. This type of research approach takes language learning beyond the acquisition/assimilation of linguistic structures and is meant to focus on learners as social selves actively involved in the construction of a linguistic identity. In this paper, I investigate how learners of English as a foreign language, whose first languages are Arabic, Chinese, French, Hindi, Hungarian, Kurdish, Parsi (Farsi), Romanian, Russian, and Spanish, narrate their own experiences of learning this language. This investigation is based on a dataset of language learning experience written accounts with reference to learner life events. In the analysis, I apply two analytical frameworks for the examination of the data: a) grounded theory procedures (Corbin and Strauss 2007), which are often employed with narrative data, and b) a “positioning approach to narratives” (Bamberg 1997) in order to detect the learners’ positioning strategies in the hope of revealing their linguistic identity claims in relation to who they are and how they make sense of their language learning experience. Results show how the learners position themselves in relation to “the other” (teachers, family, fellow learners, and the researcher), to themselves as learners, and to the language they learn.
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Novika Stri Wrihatni and Hermina Sutami. "Low Malay Language as A Stimulant for Bahasa Indonesia Development." International Journal of Culture and Art Studies 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijcas.v2i1.938.
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Bahasa Indonesia, which is the national and official language in Indonesia, is the result of the development of the High Malay Language (High Malay) in Riau. As the language used in the literature published by Balai Pustaka, the High Malay is respected as a language that is higher; than other languages used by the people of the Archipelago in the period before Indonesian independence in 1945. One of the lower languages is Low Malay Language (Low Malay). Some literary works written in this language were printed by printing presses belonging to individuals consisting of indigenous and Chinese groups. The Low Malay style was used in writing romance to make the stories feel more alive. This language of conversation should be counted as one type of language that contributes to the Indonesian language. The range of its uses is vast. However, with the development of politics in Indonesia, the Low Malay is once again marginalized. The language now only lives in conversation, yet it remains alive and developed along with the development of the times and the many influences of foreign languages on Indonesian language.
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Bley-Vroman, Robert. "THE EVOLVING CONTEXT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE HYPOTHESIS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 31, no. 2 (June 2009): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263109090275.
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Foreign language learning contrasts with native language development in two key respects: It is unreliable and it is nonconvergent. At the same time, it is clear that foreign languages are languages. The fundamental difference hypothesis (FDH) was introduced as a way to account for the general characteristics of foreign language learning. The FDH was originally formulated in the context of the theory of rich Universal Grammar, and this theory has guided much foreign language acquisition research over the past two decades. However, advances in the understanding of language have undermined much of the supporting framework.The FDH—indeed all of SLA research—must be rethought in light of these advances. It is proposed here that (a) foreign language grammars make central use of patches, which are also seen as peripheral phenomena in native languages; (b) non-domain-specific processes are used in foreign language acquisition, but that these are also employed—although more effectively because they are integrated into the language system—by native language development; and (c) foreign language online processing relies heavily on the use of shallow parses, but these are also available in native language processing, although less crucially.
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Harutyunyan, Kristine. "Kinship Terms: Universality and Ethnolinguistic Saliance." Armenian Folia Anglistika 4, no. 1-2 (5) (October 15, 2008): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2008.4.1-2.016.
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The article attempts to examine the characteristic features of kinship terms in Armenian, English and Russian. Kinship terms make up a solid system with closely interconnected constituents. Kinship terms, which can be found in all languages, act as universalities. However, being universalities kinship terms may be different in different languages in terms of ethnolinguistic salience. The existence of certain kinship terms in a given language is, of course, connected with the kinship relations existing in the given society. Language affects the world perception of the language bearers. It reflects the notions and phenomena that are of prime importance for the speakers of the given language.
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Azlan, Ulfatmi. "Pemertahanan dan Pergeseran Bahasa pada Anak dari Keluarga Multietnis (Studi Kasus Pada Mahasiswa Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Fakultas Adab UIN STS Jambi)." Nazharat: Jurnal Kebudayaan 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30631/nazharat.v25i2.22.
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This research discusses language maintenance and language shift among children from intermarriage family. It could be found in a society that many children who grow up from intermarriage family have bilingual and multilingual. But in some cases, this condition also become the factors that cause them losing their cultural identity due to their parents do not introduce and teach them their mother tongue language. This condition will be affected the existence of those local languages because it could make them appear or even the worst thing that it could make them become death. Those effects have been found in many local languages in Indonesia in which many local languages have extinct and some of them are going to be extinct. The aims of this research are to describe the phenomenon that appears within the students of English Language and Literature Adab and Humanities Faculty UIN STS Jambi who have intermarriages family’s background. Besides that, it also aims to find out the role of parents to decide the language choice used by their children. Since this research lay down from the previous researchers that find out parents are the important role in deciding language choice for their children. Observation and questionnaire are the techniques used in collecting the data. The results show that parents have a role that causes the shift and the maintenance of local languages. In addition, the factors such as bilingual, language’s choosing and using at home and migration are the causes of language shift found in English Language and Literature students. But the researcher found that code switching and code mixing are only used by the students for a specific situation where they should elaborate their language with their listeners.
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Holmes, Bob. "Without language, numbers make no sense." New Scientist 209, no. 2799 (February 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(11)60306-0.
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SMITHSON, LISA, JOHANNE PARADIS, and ELENA NICOLADIS. "Bilingualism and receptive vocabulary achievement: Could sociocultural context make a difference?" Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 4 (March 4, 2014): 810–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000813.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate receptive vocabulary achievement among French–English bilinguals in Canada. Standardized test scores of receptive vocabulary were measured in both languages from preschool, early-elementary, and late-elementary French–English bilingual children, and French–English bilingual adults. Mean vocabulary scores across all bilingual age groups were statistically equivalent to or above the standard mean in French and English with the exception of the early-elementary bilinguals who scored below the standard mean on the English vocabulary assessment. Mean vocabulary scores of the preschool and adult bilingual groups were not significantly different from those of their monolingual peers in either language. However, early-elementary and late-elementary bilingual children scored significantly lower than monolinguals on the English vocabulary assessment. The positive sociocultural context for French–English bilingualism in Canada as well as language input changes in school are discussed as underlying reasons for these findings.
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Askarova, G., and G. Temenova. "PHRASEOLOGY: SOMATISM IN KAZAKH AND TURKISH LANGUAGES." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 74, no. 4 (June 12, 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-4.1728-7804.06.
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Somatic phraseology is one of the oldest and most frequently used language units of the general phraseological fund in any language, which has a deep cognitive function. Issues related to the general lexical and grammatical features of somatic phraseology in the Kazakh and Turkish languages were considered. The vast majority of somatic phraseologies in the Kazakh and Turkish languages belong to the verb lexicon. Somatisms in the Kazakh and Turkish languages were formed from the ancient Turkic language and have not lost their ancient elements to this day. The aim of the article is to collect somatic phraseologies in the Kazakh and Turkish languages, to identify their features, to compare their features, to make a connection about the worldview, feelings and general culture of the people based on common semantic fields.
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Mateescu, Alexandru, Grzegorz Rozenberg, and Arto Salomaa. "Geometric Transformations of Language Families: The Power of Symmetry." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 08, no. 01 (March 1997): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054197000021.
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We consider certain isomorphisms between language families. When viewed as a group, the isomorphisms reduce to well-known geometric transformations. We obtain new characterizations for linear, simple matrix, simple contextual and trace languages. Our results make it possible to transfer results concerning languages in one family into results concerning languages in another family.
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Fashoto, Stephen Gbenga, Gabriel Ogunleye, Patrick Okullu, Akeem Shonubi, and Petros Mashwama. "Development Of A Multilingual System To Improved Automated Teller Machine Functionalities In Uganda." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 1, no. 4 (November 4, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.1.4.52.
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This paper presented a new multilingual language for Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in Uganda which serves as an extension to the existing Languages. The existing ATMs have only English, Kiswahili and Luganda as the only available languages. Hence, findings revealed that there are still some prevalent languages e.g. Ateso language that are widely spoken among the people of Uganda which the present ATMs in the country have not captured. The objective of this paper was to propose the integration of the new language (Ateso language) to the existing languages. In this paper, a new language was adopted when it was realized that some people especially in the Buganda region could not manage to interact with the ATMs because they were illiterate. The developed multilingual system prototype was tested using some empirical data and was found to successfully imitate ATM transactions in the local Uganda languages. The results of the study supported the positive impacts on customers that reside in the rural areas since its improved interaction of more users on the ATMs. This paper demonstrated the use of Ateso language for different transactions on the ATM system. The implementation by the banking institutions can aid the ATM users to make more flexible decisions on the usage of the ATM machines.
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Leng, Jing, Yuqi Guo, and K. P. Shum. "On f-Disjunctive Languages, f-Disjunctive Domains and Solid Codes." Algebra Colloquium 27, no. 02 (May 7, 2020): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1005386720000279.
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Every language is either the disjoint union or the intersection of two disjunctive languages. The family of f-disjunctive languages is a natural generalization of the family of disjunctive languages. Disjunctive domains (f-disjunctive domains) are defined as the languages which can be checked whether a given language is disjunctive (f-disjunctive) or not. The f-disjunctive domains were first studied by Guo et al. around 1986–1989. We continue their study on f-disjunctive domains. Some new results for f-disjunctive domains, containing a relation between disjunctive domains and f-disjunctive domains, are introduced. In this respect, we also make an appropriate opening for the completely dense languages and solid codes.
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Westergaard, Marit, and Tanja Kupisch. "Stable and vulnerable domains in Germanic heritage languages." Oslo Studies in Language 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 503–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.8515.
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This paper provides an overview of Germanic languages as heritage languages, i.e. languages acquired naturalistically by children in parts of the world where these languages are not the majority language. Summarizing research on different types of heritage speakers of Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish, we identify certain stable and vulnerable domains. We focus on the so far best studied areas, word order and grammatical gender, adding evidence from other lesser studied domains, such as definiteness and phonology. We propose that in addition to the linguistic make-up of the phenomena in question, the size of the heritage community and, relatedly, opportunities to use the language need to be taken into account. The latter may explain, for example, why moribund varieties of German and the Scandinavian languages in North America appear to be less stable than the language of second-generation heritage speakers in Europe.
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Nettle, Daniel. "Social scale and structural complexity in human languages." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1597 (July 5, 2012): 1829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0216.
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The complexity of different components of the grammars of human languages can be quantified. For example, languages vary greatly in the size of their phonological inventories, and in the degree to which they make use of inflectional morphology. Recent studies have shown that there are relationships between these types of grammatical complexity and the number of speakers a language has. Languages spoken by large populations have been found to have larger phonological inventories, but simpler morphology, than languages spoken by small populations. The results require further investigation, and, most importantly, the mechanism whereby the social context of learning and use affects the grammatical evolution of a language needs elucidation.
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Kapoor, Raghav, Yaman Kumar, Kshitij Rajput, Rajiv Ratn Shah, Ponnurangam Kumaraguru, and Roger Zimmermann. "Mind Your Language: Abuse and Offense Detection for Code-Switched Languages." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 9951–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019951.
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In multilingual societies like the Indian subcontinent, use of code-switched languages is much popular and convenient for the users. In this paper, we study offense and abuse detection in the code-switched pair of Hindi and English (i.e, Hinglish), the pair that is the most spoken. The task is made difficult due to non-fixed grammar, vocabulary, semantics and spellings of Hinglish language. We apply transfer learning and make a LSTM based model for hate speech classification. This model surpasses the performance shown by the current best models to establish itself as the state-of-the-art in the unexplored domain of Hinglish offensive text classification. We also release our model and the embeddings trained for research purposes.
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Kumar, M. Anand, B. Premjith, Shivkaran Singh, S. Rajendran, and K. P. Soman. "An Overview of the Shared Task on Machine Translation in Indian Languages (MTIL) – 2017." Journal of Intelligent Systems 28, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2018-0024.
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Abstract In recent years, the multilingual content over the internet has grown exponentially together with the evolution of the internet. The usage of multilingual content is excluded from the regional language users because of the language barrier. So, machine translation between languages is the only possible solution to make these contents available for regional language users. Machine translation is the process of translating a text from one language to another. The machine translation system has been investigated well already in English and other European languages. However, it is still a nascent stage for Indian languages. This paper presents an overview of the Machine Translation in Indian Languages shared task conducted on September 7–8, 2017, at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India. This machine translation shared task in Indian languages is mainly focused on the development of English-Tamil, English-Hindi, English-Malayalam and English-Punjabi language pairs. This shared task aims at the following objectives: (a) to examine the state-of-the-art machine translation systems when translating from English to Indian languages; (b) to investigate the challenges faced in translating between English to Indian languages; (c) to create an open-source parallel corpus for Indian languages, which is lacking. Evaluating machine translation output is another challenging task especially for Indian languages. In this shared task, we have evaluated the participant’s outputs with the help of human annotators. As far as we know, this is the first shared task which depends completely on the human evaluation.
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Marowka, Ami. "Execution Model of Three Parallel Languages: OpenMP, UPC and CAF." Scientific Programming 13, no. 2 (2005): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/914081.
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The aim of this paper is to present a qualitative evaluation of three state-of-the-art parallel languages: OpenMP, Unified Parallel C (UPC) and Co-Array Fortran (CAF). OpenMP and UPC are explicit parallel programming languages based on the ANSI standard. CAF is an implicit programming language. On the one hand, OpenMP designs for shared-memory architectures and extends the base-language by using compiler directives that annotate the original source-code. On the other hand, UPC and CAF designs for distribute-shared memory architectures and extends the base-language by new parallel constructs. We deconstruct each language into its basic components, show examples, make a detailed analysis, compare them, and finally draw some conclusions.
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Milanovic, Milan, Dragan Gasevic, Adrian Giurca, Gerd Wagner, Sergey Lukichev, and Vladan Devedzic. "Model transformations to bridge concrete and abstract syntax of web rule languages." Computer Science and Information Systems 6, no. 2 (2009): 47–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis0902047m.
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This paper presents a solution to bridging the abstract and concrete syntax of a Web rule languages by using model transformations. Current specifications of Web rule languages such as Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) or RuleML define their abstract syntax (e.g., metamodel) and concrete syntax (e.g., XML schema) separately. Although the recent research in the area of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) demonstrates that such a separation of two types of syntax is a good practice (due to the complexity of languages), one should also have tools that check validity of rules written in a concrete syntax with respect to the abstract syntax of the rule language. In this study, we use the REWERSE I1 Rule Markup Language (R2ML), SWRL, and Object Constraint Language (OCL), whose abstract syntax is defined by using metamodeling, while their textual concrete syntax is defined by using either XML/RDF schema or Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) syntax. We bridge this gap by a bi-directional transformation defined in a model transformation language (ATLAS Transformation Language, ATL). This transformation allowed us to discover a number of issues in both web rule language metamodels and their corresponding concrete syntax, and thus make them fully compatible. This solution also enables for sharing web rules between different web rule languages.
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Blackwood, Janet. "Language Choice Motivations in a Bribri Community in Costa Rica." International Journal of Literacy, Culture, and Language Education 2 (January 1, 2013): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/ijlcle.v2i0.26841.
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A growing body of research has been undertaken in a variety of contexts worldwide to explore language preference and use as well as the attitudes and beliefs that may impact the maintenance and revitalization of endangered languages. There has also been considerable examination of the motivations that impact second language learning and the choices speakers make regarding second language learning and use. However this research has rarely extended to exploring the motivations influencing language choices in contexts where one of the languages is an endangered mother‐tongue language. Analyzing a portion of the data gathered from a larger study on language attitudes and practices, this study explores the language choices of members of an indigenous community in Costa Rica and the motivations that appear to influence those choices. An analysis is also made of the relationship between the language choice motivations that are present and current indigenous language revitalization efforts in the community.
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Wildsmith-Cromarty, Rosemary, and Robert J. Balfour. "Language learning and teaching in South African primary schools." Language Teaching 52, no. 3 (July 2019): 296–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444819000181.
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South Africa's history of segregation and the privileging of English and Afrikaans as the only languages of teaching and learning beyond primary schooling, make the post-apartheid period a complex one, especially in light of the Constitutional commitment to multilingualism in the 11 official languages. Research on literacy and language teaching contextualises the impact of curriculum and language policy initiatives aimed at improving learner performance. We review research concerning the transition from the study of first additional language (FAL) as subject, to the use of FAL as the language of learning and teaching (LoLT). Also considered are major studies on learner performance nationally and South Africa's comparability globally. The impact of home language (HL) literacy development on performance in English as the LoLT links to research on language development in teacher education programmes, and shows connections between the capacity of teachers to develop languages for literacy and LoLT and learner success. Research on the development of early childhood literacy in the HL demonstrates the positive impact on literacy development in the LoLT.