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Academic literature on the topic 'Malabar Coast'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Malabar Coast"

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Sourajit Mal. "Evaluation of socio economic status in Malabar Coast in India: An in-depth analysis of socio-economic factors shaping society." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, no. 2 (August 30, 2023): 1281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.2.1714.

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The Malabar Coast in India comprises of two distinct regions, the North Malabar Coast and the South Malabar Coast. The North Malabar Coast is located in the state of Kerala and stretches from Kasargod in the north to Kannur in the south. The South Malabar Coast is located in the state of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and stretches from Kannur in the north to Kanyakumari in the south. The North Malabar Coast is known for its scenic beauty, greenery, and pristine beaches. It is also home to several wildlife sanctuaries and historic sites, such as the Bekal Fort and the Ananthapura Lake Temple. All over the study I mainly worked on the socio economic status of Malabar Coast and used some method after that I mainly found the Malabar Coast has the highest literacy per capita income, and highest sex ratio. For more accurately I considered urban population of different district to measure the status of urban population one district to another. After the analysis we find out the total entire area has more or less equal distribution of urban population that indicate less regional disparity and high development.

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Cardoso, Hugo C. "Convergence in the Malabar." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 36, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 298–335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00077.car.

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Abstract The Indo-Portuguese creole languages that formed along the former Malabar Coast of southwestern India, currently seriously endangered, are arguably the oldest of all Asian-Portuguese creoles. Recent documentation efforts in Cannanore and the Cochin area have revealed a language that is strikingly similar to its substrate/adstrate Malayalam in several fundamental domains of grammar, often contradicting previous records from the late 19th-century and the input of its main lexifier, Portuguese. In this article, this is shown by comparing Malabar Indo-Portuguese with both Malayalam and Portuguese with respect to features in the domains of word order (head-final syntax and harmonic syntactic patterns) and case-marking (the distribution of the oblique case). Based on older records and certain synchronic linguistic features of the Malabar Creoles, this article proposes that the observed isomorphism between modern Malabar Indo-Portuguese and Malayalam has to be explained as the product of either a gradual process of convergence, or the resolution of historical competition between Dravidian-like and Portuguese-like features.

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Subramanian, Swathy V. "The Architectural Tradition of Ponnani, Kerala: A Historic Malabar Port Town." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.526.

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Ponnani, a historic port town located at the mouth of the Bharathappuzha River on the Arabian Sea, was a prominent trading center on the Malabar coast of Kerala, India, in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is one of Malabar’s few surviving historic towns, with its heritage sites intact along with its building types, historic streets and alleys, local culture, and traditions. But some of its historic buildings are on the verge of dereliction and need immediate attention. This study attempts to convey an understanding of Ponnani, with an analysis based on field visits and existing literature. The relationship between the region’s architecture and landscape and current threats to its heritage is explored. Its vanishing traditional knowledge systems and vernacular architectural types are also discussed, in what may serve as a reference for adaptive use by future generations.

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SABU, THOMAS K., S. NITHYA, and K. V. VINOD. "Faunal survey, endemism and possible species loss of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India." Zootaxa 2830, no. 1 (April 22, 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2830.1.3.

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Species composition, distribution patterns and endemism are outlined for the dung beetles in the ecoregions of the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India. Among the 142 dung beetle species known, 35 are endemic to the Western Ghats; 29 are endemic to the moist South Western Ghats; 25 are regionally endemic to the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion; and one each to the Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion and the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Five species, including the 3 flightless species, are local endemics to the upper montane tropical montane cloud forests. The montane rain forests ecoregion has the highest number of endemics in the moist south Western Ghats and the moist deciduous forests ecoregion and Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion have the lowest levels of endemism. Of the 137 dung beetle species known prior to the deforestation and habitat modification of the region, only 87 have been collected recently.

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Gabriel, Theodore. "Caste conflict In Kalpeni Island." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 51, no. 3 (October 1988): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00116489.

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Kalpeni is one of the islands of the enchantingly beautiful small archipelago known as Lakshadweep, a group of diminutive coral islands lying off the southwest coast of India, scattered on the Arabian sea 200 to 400 kilometres off the Kerala Coast. The islands, though small, are densely populated-inhabited by an interesting tribal people, who are engaged mainly in cultivation of the coconut tree, and as a side-line, in fishing. The archipelago is part of the Republic of India, and is ruled directly by the Central Government since 1958. The events narrated in this article, however, took place when the islands were attached for administrative purposes to the districts of Malabar and South Kanara of the Madras Presidency (as most of British South India was called in the colonial days). Kalpeni Island was situated in that part of this territory of which the District Collector of Malabar was the supreme authority.

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Shafeeque, K. P. Abdul. "Contesting authentic Islam: Ahlul Quran movements and performance of debates in the religious sphere of Kerala." Performing Islam 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pi_00005_1.

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Abstract Ahlul Quran movements introduced the debates on the question of the authority of tradition as the second source of Islamic knowledge and critiqued the existing notions of Islam among the Malabar Muslims in Kerala. These intra-Islamic factions attempted to reinterpret Islam according to their interpretations solely based on the Quran and developed their take on what constitutes 'authentic Islam'. This article uses Ahlul Quran as a generic term for the two main Ahlul Quran movements that developed in the Malabar Coast during the early and late half of the twentieth century. These two movements were the Ahlul Quran movement of Pazhayangadi by B. Kunjahamed Haji and Khuran Sunnath Society of Abul Hasan (popularly known as Chekanur Moulavi). They initiated numerous oral debates and discussions with various Islamic groups existing in the Malabar region such as Sunnis, Mujahids, Ahmediyyas and Jamaat-e-Islami, challenging and contesting different notions of 'authentic Islam'. Along with oral debates, it also gave birth to textual contestations, with voluminous books, articles and pamphlets challenging each other. This article traces the intra-religious debates that developed among the Malabar Muslims after the emergence of Ahlul Quran thoughts. It analyses how the existing Islamic groups upholding different versions of 'authentic Islam' in the Malabar region, located in the northern part of Kerala, South India, challenged the growth of these Ahlul Quran movements. In short, during the numerous debates and contestations that happened between the Islamic groups within the Malabar region the article explores how these debates are a constant performance of Islam and its tradition.

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Kooria, Mahmood. "Politics, Economy and Islam in ‘Dutch Ponnāni’, Malabar Coast." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341473.

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AbstractPonnāni was a port in southwestern India that resisted the Portuguese incursions in the sixteenth century through the active involvement of religious, mercantile and military elites. In the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Ponnāni was the only place where the Dutch East India Company had commercial access into the kingdom of the Zamorins of Calicut. When the Dutch gained prominence in the coastal belt, this port town became the main centre for their commercial, diplomatic, and political transactions. But as a religious centre it began to recede into oblivion in the larger Indian Ocean and Islamic scholarly networks. The present article examines this dual process and suggests important reasons for the transformations. It argues that the port town became crucial for diplomatic and economic interests of the Dutch East India Company and the Zamorins, whereas its Muslim population became more parochial as they engaged with themselves than with the larger socio-political and scholarly networks.

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Mann, M. "Timber Trade on the Malabar Coast, c. 1780-1840." Environment and History 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734001129342531.

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Sobhana, K. A., T. K. Viswanath, and V. D. Hegde. "Distributional records of Onthophagus germanus Gillet, 1927 and Onthophagus orissanus Arrow, 1931(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) from south India." ENTOMON 48, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v48i3.951.

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Distribution records of two dung beetle species, Onthophagus orissanus Arrow, 1931 and O. germanus Gillet, 1927, from south India is provided. O. orissanus is reported for first time from south India and O. germanus is reported for the first time outside the moist south Western Ghats from the Malabar Coast region in Kerala.

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Odegard, Erik. "Construction at Cochin: Building ships at the VOC-yard in Cochin." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 3 (August 2019): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419860696.

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The port of Cochin on the Malabar Coast of India had always been a centre of shipbuilding. After the Dutch conquest in the port in 1663, the Dutch East India Company (VOC), too, established a shipyard there. At this yard, the VOC experimented with building ocean-going ships until the management of the company decreed that these were to be built solely in the Dutch Republic itself. During the first half of the eighteenth century, the yard focused on the repair of passing Indiamen and the construction of smaller vessels for use in and between the VOC commands in Malabar, Coromandel, Bengal and Sri Lanka. For most of the vessels built during the 1720s and 1730s, detailed accounts exist, allowing for a reconstruction of the costs of the various shipbuilding materials in Malabar, as well as the relative cost of labour. From the 1750s onwards, operations at the yard again become more difficult to discern. Likely, the relative decline of the VOC’s presence in Malabar caused a reduction in operations at the yard, but the shipyard was still in existence when Cochin was captured by British forces in 1795. However, this did not mean the end of Cochin as a shipbuilding centre, as a number or Royal Navy frigates were built at Cochin during the early nineteenth century.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Malabar Coast"

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Prange, Sebastian Raphael. "The social and economic organization of muslim trading communities on the Malabar coast : twelfth to sixteenth centuries." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.706281.

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Asokan, P. K. "Biology and fishery of cephalopods (mollusca: cephalopoda) along the Malabar coast." Thesis, 2000. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7111/1/TH-87_Aso.pdf.

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Cephalopoda - the octopuses, squids and cuttlefishes - comprise one of the most significant components of marine life. All are large, fast-growing, and active predators with highly evolved and specialized qualities of great inherent interest. There are approximately 650 recognized species of cephalopods alive today and more than 10,000 fossil forms. Cephalopod translates literally into "head footed" which explains why squid, as well as the nautilus, cuttle.fish and octopus among others, with their arms and tentacles attached directly to their heads, is so named. Cephalopods are found in all of the world's oceans, from the warm water of the tropics to the near freezing water at the poles. They are found from the wave swept intertidal region to the dark, cold abyss. All species are marine, and with a few exceptions which tolerate brackish water. Large populations of cephalopods are found in all the world's oceans from the surface to the deep sea. They are major food resources for many top predators such as whales, dolphins, seals, birds and large fish. Worldwide, between 1990 and 1997, cephalopod landings increased steadily from 2.4 million tonnes to 3.3 million tonnes. Japan accounted for 20010 of the world cephalopod landings in 1997 (Globefish, 1997). Squids are by far the main cephalopod species caught in the world representing 73% of the cephalopod world catches. During 1997, the world total squid landings were 2.4 million tonnes. Squids represent a major fishery resource widely distributed throughout the oceans of the world. Of the several hundred species harvested around the world, only the Indian squid (Loligo duvauceli) has been of major commercial importance to the Malabar area. This species is common throughout the East and West Coast of India The needle squid (Doryteuthis sibogae) also occurs, but only in very low abundance. The other squid is the big fin squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana found in the Palk Bay area where a fishery exists.

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Gopalakrishna, K. "Study of ostracoda from shore and off shore areas of malabar coast, Kerala South India." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/2867.

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Gopalakrishana, K. "Study of ostracoda from shore and off shore areas of Malabar coast, Kerala South India." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/3053.

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Books on the topic "Malabar Coast"

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Traditional architectural forms of Malabar Coast. Kozhikode: Vastuvidyapratishthanam Academic Centre, 2001.

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Warriar, Nalini. Blues from the Malabar Coast: Stories. Toronto: TSAR Publications, 2002.

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S, Mathew K., Université de Lyon II. Institut de recherche et d'intervention en sciences humaines., and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (Calcutta, India), eds. Maritime Malabar and the Europeans, 1500-1962. Gurgaon: Hope India Publications, 2003.

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The Malabar Muslims: A different perspective. Delhi: Foundation Books, 2012.

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John, Binoo K. The curry coast: Travels in Malabar 500 years after Vasco da Gama. Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1999.

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P, Radhakrishnan. PEASANT STRUGGLES, LAND REFORMS AND SOCIAL CHANGE: Malabar, 1836-1982. Delhi: Sage, 1989.

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Maritime trade of the Malabar Coast and the Portuguese in the sixteenth century. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers, 2016.

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Menon, Dilip M. Caste, nationalism, and communism in South India: Malabar, 1900-1948. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Description of the coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the beginning of the sixteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Baldaeus, Philippus. A true and exact description of the most celebrated East-India coasts of Malabar and Coromandel and also of the Isle of Ceylon. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Malabar Coast"

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Rammohan, K. T. "Cashewnut Processing on the Malabar Coast." In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1064–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9723.

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Rosa, Fernando. "The Malabar Coast (Kerala) and Cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism." In The Portuguese in the Creole Indian Ocean, 57–87. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56626-3_3.

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Varghese, Baby. "Christian-Muslim Relationships on the Malabar Coast." In Syriac Churches Encountering Islam, edited by Dietmar W. Winkler, 158–70. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463220624-013.

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Arafath, P. K. Yasser. "Saints, Serpents, and Terrifying Goddesses: Fertility Culture on the Malabar Coast (c. 1500–1800)." In Histories of Medicine and Healing in the Indian Ocean World, 99–124. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137567574_4.

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Panakkal, Abbas. "Transformation of Admiral to the Sainthood and Sacred Stories of Chinese Sanctum Sanctorum from Malabar Coast." In Sacred Sites and Sacred Stories Across Cultures, 355–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56522-0_13.

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Riedel, Barbara. "Old and Emerging Cosmopolitan Traditions at the Malabar Coast of South India: A Study with Muslim Students in Kozhikode, Kerala." In Beyond Cosmopolitanism, 257–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5376-4_14.

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Bharadwaj, Sushma S., and M. Geetha Priya. "Shoreline Change Detection and Coastal Erosion Monitoring: A Case Study in Kappil–Pesolikal Beach Region of the Malabar Coast, Kerala." In Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies, 301–10. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8338-2_24.

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Yarbrough, Luke. "Cheraman Perumal and Islam on the Malabar Coast." In Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age, 256–62. University of California Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1b742qw.51.

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"COCHIN: AN INDIAN STATE ON THE MALABAR COAST." In Habitat, Economy and Society, 280–304. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315017440-19.

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"Accommodationist Strategies on the Malabar Coast: Competition or Complementarity?1." In The Rites Controversies in the Early Modern World, 191–232. BRILL, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004366299_010.

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Conference papers on the topic "Malabar Coast"

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Izzo, Dominic, and Edward J. Schmeltz. "Rock Dredging on the Malabar Coast of India." In Third Specialty Conference on Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40680(2003)29.

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Lukose, Anna Mariya, and Naerra Ali. "Re-Imagining Tea Carts in Calicut." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.9.

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Calicut, situated along the Coast of Malabar in Kerala, India, is known as the “city of spices” due to its significance as a trading port in the 13th century.1 With the city’s evolution, infrastructure upgrades have left behind void and inactive urban spaces with issues around hygiene, safety and inclusivity in the public realm. In this light, we identified tea carts as a microscale inter-vention to study and intervene upon.

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Anuar, Nor Hafizah, Musfika Gul Akdeniz, and Nazende Yilmaz. "Evolution of A Type; A Case Study of Station Buildings in West Coastline, Malaysia During the British Era (1885-1957)." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 6-8 May 2020. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021170n7.

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The British intervention in Malaya resulted in the development of the railways as urgency of the expanding tin and rubber industries. This paper attempted to emphasize on the evolution of the station buildings’ plan types and its train-sheds. Railways were the pioneers of modern transportation introduced by the British in 1885 in Malaya. Although the terrain was the main difficulties in railway developments, they managed to connect the lines through West Coast and East Coast lines until Singapore on the southern part and Bangkok on the northern part in the year 1931. Case studies have been conducted and the analysis on plan type evolution will be made between the station buildings in Malaysia in parallel with station buildings around the world during that time. Together with the growth of the railway, the city blooms where it allows road constructions and buildings with different functions such as administrative buildings, railway station buildings and others started to fill major urban places.

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Íñiguez Sánchez, Carmen. "Las fortificaciones de la línea de costa de Málaga en época nazarí, algo más que un sugerente quinteto defensivo." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11382.

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The fortifications of the coast of Malaga in the Nasrid period, more than a suggestive defensive quintetIn this article we deal with the unique coastal defensive belt that the city of Malaga has in Nasrid times, about the origin of it and its process of building as well as its functionalities that exceed the purely defensive ones. The first constructions aimed at defending the city from the sea correspond to the dynasty, with the construction of the alcazaba and the defensive fence of the medina, as well as incipient atarazanas, a cast of works of political propaganda. The Almoravid and Almohad empires do not stand out for the execution of new plant works, but rather for maintenance, adequacy and repair work. Its peak will be reached during the Nasrid sultanate, with the buildings of the castle of Gibralfaro, a terrestrial coracha, the castil of the Genoese and the atarazanas, all of them distributed and adapted with great skill to the coastal topography, as well as also by suggestive refortification works. All this reflects the various political and economic situations that aretransformed throughout the Islamic period during the caliphate, as the caliphate and the Nazarí headquarters, of which Malaga is the second city in importance and its main port. Our methodology has taken into account the contributions of textual sources, historiographic sources and, above all, archaeological actions.

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Wei, Peng, Guoliang Hua, Weibo Huang, Fanyang Meng, and Hong Liu. "Unsupervised Monocular Visual-inertial Odometry Network." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/325.

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Recently, unsupervised methods for monocular visual odometry (VO), with no need for quantities of expensive labeled ground truth, have attracted much attention. However, these methods are inadequate for long-term odometry task, due to the inherent limitation of only using monocular visual data and the inability to handle the error accumulation problem. By utilizing supplemental low-cost inertial measurements, and exploiting the multi-view geometric constraint and sequential constraint, an unsupervised visual-inertial odometry framework (UnVIO) is proposed in this paper. Our method is able to predict the per-frame depth map, as well as extracting and self-adaptively fusing visual-inertial motion features from image-IMU stream to achieve long-term odometry task. A novel sliding window optimization strategy, which consists of an intra-window and an inter-window optimization, is introduced for overcoming the error accumulation and scale ambiguity problem. The intra-window optimization restrains the geometric inferences within the window through checking the photometric consistency. And the inter-window optimization checks the 3D geometric consistency and trajectory consistency among predictions of separate windows. Extensive experiments have been conducted on KITTI and Malaga datasets to demonstrate the superiority of UnVIO over other state-of-the-art VO / VIO methods. The codes are open-source.

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Navarro Luengo, Ildefonso, Adrián Suárez Bedmar, and Pedro Martín Parrado. "El castillo de San Luis (Estepona Málaga): Origen y evolución de una fortificación abaluartada. Siglos XVI-XXI." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11552.

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The castle of San Luis (Estepona Málaga): Origin and evolution of a bastion fort. Sixteenth to twenty-first centuriesThe results of the investigation prior to the excavation work in the Castle of San Luis, in Estepona (Málaga, Spain) are presented. It is a coastal fortress built in the last quarter of the sixteenth century, in the context of the reorganisation of the defense of the western coast of Malaga after the Moorish rebellion of 1568. After analysing the available literature, we propose that it was designed by the Engineer Juan Ambrosio Malgrá, Maestro Mayor de obras del Reino de Granada. The Castle of San Luis is devised as an add-on construction on the southern front of the walls of Islamic origin, dominating the natural anchorage of the Rada beach. Its most prominent elements are three bastions, two of them with casemates, and a large main square. However, various defects in the design and execution of the works, added to the insufficient provision of artillery and garrison, affected the effectiveness of the fortification throughout its history. In the middle of the eighteenth century, part of the Castle of San Luis is restructured as a cannons’ battery. Following the damage caused by the Lisbon Earthquake, in 1755, and by the French and English blastings in 1812, during the second half of the nineteenth century much of the castle disappears, leaving only the cannons’ battery, which is incorporated as a courtyard in height as an add-on to a house built at the end of the nineteenth century. At present, after several decades of abandonment, excavation works have been undertaken on the remains of the battery, after which the site will be prepared to be used as a museum.

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Reports on the topic "Malabar Coast"

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Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.

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