Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladie d’Alzheimer – Aspect moléculaire'
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Brault, Marie Ève. "Développement d'un essai in vivo pour mesurer l'activité de BACE et son implication dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24433/24433.pdf.
Full textLeclerc-Blain, Jessica. "Étude du rôle putatif de la neural-plakophilin-related armadillo protein dans la signalisation cellulaire de la maladie d'alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27598/27598.pdf.
Full textLessard, Christian. "Étude sur la régulation et de la voie moléculaire de la Béta-sécrétase et de préséniline." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21906.
Full textGuilloreau, Luc. "Le complexe CuII-Amyloïde-bêta lié à la Maladie d’Alzheimer : étude structurale, thermodynamique et réactivité." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30263.
Full textA peptide called amyloid-beta (Aβ) seems to play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is present in healthy humans in a soluble form, but forms aggregates in AD (amyloid plaques). According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, these aggregates are toxic to neurons and hence lead to their degeneration and the development of AD. The degeneration occurs via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Copper ions play an important role in these processes, because they can bind to Aβ and they are highly accumulated in the plaques. Moreover, copper ions influence the aggregation of amyloid-beta and are supposed to be involved in the ROS production. Our studies focused on the soluble complex CuII-Aβ. They revealed new insights : (i) Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) showed two CuII binding sites, with an apparent Kd of 10-7 M and 10-5 M, respectively. (ii) It is know that the three histidine (position 6,13,14) are involved in the complex. EPR showed a 3N/1O environment and 1H-NMR suggests that the Asp in position 1 is involved in the ligation to CuII. So, we propose the carboxylate of the Asp1 as the fourth ligand of copper. (iii) We have shown than CuII-Aβ peptide could generate hydroxyl radicals HO• in the presence of ascorbate. This production has been linked to the redox potentials of complexes. (iv) The influence of copper on the aggregation (kinetic, oligomers formation, type of aggregates) was also studied
Proulx, Marie-Claude. "Identification de facteurs régulant le complexe γ-sécrétase dans le contexte de la maladie d'alzheimer." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19313.
Full textLabbé, Jean-François. "Études biophysiques d'un peptide amyloïde et de ses interactions avec des membranes modèles." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27344/27344.pdf.
Full textGrimm, Amandine. "Mitochondria, neurosteroids and biological rhythms : implications in health and disease states." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ002/document.
Full textMitochondria play a paramount role in cell survival and death because they are orchestrating both energy metabolism and apoptotic pathways, while impaired mitochondrial function leads inevitably to disease, especially neurodegeneration. The purpose of the present thesis was therefore to deepen our understanding of the regulation of mitochondrial function, with a focus on mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics. Our key findings were that: i) neurosteroids represent promising molecules which are able to increase mitochondrial bioenergetics via enhancement of mitochondrial respiration in healthy condition; ii) neurosteroids are able to alleviate Alzheimer’s disease-related bioenergetic deficits; iii) the circadian clock is able to regulate mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics, and vice versa. Collectively, our results contribute to a better understanding of how mitochondria function, and could have multiple implications with regard to the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in health and disease states associated with mitochondrial impairments and/or circadian disruption
Lejri, Imane. "Characterization of novel mitochondrial modulators for the development of neuroprotective strategies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ019/document.
Full textThis PhD work allowed the characterization of two families of mitochondrial modulators: novel analogues of allopregnanolone, and novel synthetic ligands of translocator protein (TSPO) implicated in the neurosteroidogenesis. Our key findings showed that: i) in vitro, BR297, an analog of allopregnanolone alleviated Alzheimer’s disease-related bioenergetics deficits and exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species and decreasing death in a cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease,with a higher effectiveness compared to allopregnanolone; ii) in vivo, firstly the protective effect of BR297 was confirmed in the transgenic Tg2576 mouse model by alleviating the mitochondrial deficits, secondly BR297and another analog BR351 demonstrated neuroprotective effects on age-related mitochondrial dysfunctions via enhancement of cellular bioenergetics and complex activities; and iii) in vitro, TSPO ligands represent promising molecules which are able to increase cellular bioenergetics with similar/ or higher effects compared to different reference molecules in a cellular model of Alzheimer’s disease
Wendt, Guillaume. "Assessment of neuroprotective effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and neurosteroids on cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ120/document.
Full textThis PhD work showed that GHB and neurosteroids efficiently protect against nerve cell death caused by Alzheimer's disease etiological factors including amyloid precursor protein overexpression and oxidative stress. Interestingly, we identified an additive action of GHB and allopregnanolone that may result from the combination of partial stimulations of anti-apoptotic protein expression induced by both compounds. GHB protective effect was blocked by aromatase inhibitor, suggesting that GHB may also induce neuroprotection via the activation of neurosteroidogenesis. Finally, we have used a yeast-based MMP activity assay to check whether GHB and neurosteroids regulate MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities which control Aβ peptide degradation. We cannot yet conclude from our preliminary results but their improvement and combination with RT-qPCR analyzes will help to determine the modulatory action of GHB and neurosteroids on MMP activity and/or expression. Together, our data suggest that GHB and neurosteroids may be used to develop combined neuroprotective strategies against neuronal loss in AD
Cam, Morgane. "Contribution à l'étude de la maladie d'Alzheimer : induction de la production d'amyloïdes beta-42/43 par le fipronil, un pesticide de la famille des phenylpyrazoles : effets cellulaires des Leucettines, une famille d'inhibiteurs des kinases DYRKs/CLKs." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ060/document.
Full textIn the screening of ‘human chemical exposome’ compounds, triazine herbicides and pyrazole insecticides, especially fipronil, have shown their ability to induce β-amyloid -42 and -43 peptide production. As they tend to aggregate into oligomers then into plaques, they are a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This discovery informs about the potential danger of these products and provides tools to decipher the mechanisms leading to the alteration of the ratio of the different forms of amyloid.Moreover, dysregulation of DYRK1A, involved in trisomy 21, also affects these amyloid peptides, as well as the Tau protein which is then hyperphosphorylated and tends to aggregate into neurofibillar tangles, another characteristic of AD. This same effect on Tau is observed with CDK5 in AD, stroke and brain injury. The development of specific pharmacological inhibitors of these two kinases is therefore an issue for ManRos Therapeutics
Gilson, Virginie. "Interaction du peptide beta amyloïde avec les membranes plasmiques cellulaires." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ020/document.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system which is characterized in particular by the accumulation of beta amyloïde peptide (Aβ) in nerve tissues. In the first part of this thesis we showed that the interaction of high molecular weight Aβ1-42 oligomers with the plasma membrane of differenciated PC12 or nerve cells (neurons and astrocytes) triggers variations of their depending on the activation of the NMDA receptors. In the second part we showed that a pre-exposure of PC12 and nerve cells with low concentrations Aβ1-42 of modulates the later interaction of oligomers with the plasma membrane. Finally in collaboration with the company Innovative Health Diagnostics (IHD) we participated in the characterization of a fluorescent amyloid probe developed to realize detection test of AD from blood samples
Blanchard, Orphée. "Régulation post-traductionnelle de p73 par les calcium calmoduline dépendantes kinases dans le système neuronal." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ032/document.
Full textThe transcription factor p73 is implicated in neurodegenerativ diseases (Alzheimer disease, neuroblastoma…) by regulating cell cycle, neuronal apoptosis and differenciation.Identifying the post-translationnal modifications on p73 would allow to better understand the p73 biological functions and regulations. Bioinformatic analyses predict amongst others, three potential phosphorylation sites on p73 for the calcium-calmodulin dependant kinase 2 (CamKII), which is also implicated in cell cycle, neuronal apoptosis and differenciation. After showing the p73 phosphorylation by CamKII in vitro, we demonstrated that CamKII favors the p73 transcriptional activity and modulates the proteic expression of the p73 isoforms. The study to identify the sites implicated in these CamKII effects highlights cooperation between the sites instead of the prevalence of a specific site.. Besides this molecular approach, we also investigate the implication of this regulation in a physiologic context. Our results reveal that the neuronal death triggered by a calcic homeostasis alteration could be mediated by the p73-CamKII signalization
Hébert, Sébastien. "Analyse structurale et fonctionnelle de la préséniline-1 humaine : implications dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17870.
Full textKoutras, Carolina. "Étude de l'interaction PS1/NPRAP et implications pour la maladie d'alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23041.
Full textMoldoveanu, Ina. "Pour une clinique des souffrances subjectives dans la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20027/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to show that the suffering that surrounds Alzheimer’s disease is by no means uniform without nuances. This is especially true for patients, their loved ones and carers. This particular suffering which we have named ‘Alzheimer suffering’ may occur at different stages of the disease in different persons. Neither is it always linked directly to the disease, even if the disease can favour its emergence. Alzheimer suffering is not isolated , being related to an overall context of psychological and social suffering. A number of different solutions to relieve or diminish suffering may be employed. These may be individual (each person does his or her best to cope) or collective (associations, group counselling), subjective (creation) or scientific (treatments) as well as political or societal
Julien, Carl. "Lipides alimentaires et marqueurs neuropathologiques de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27571/27571.pdf.
Full textHamm, Haouari Valentine. "Implication des métabolites de l'APP dans les troubles mnésiques précoces chez la souris TgCRND8, un modèle de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ116/document.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology commonly characterized by a progressive memory loss. To these days, AD’s etiology has remained unclear which complicates the development of therapeutic strategies enabling to eradicate the pathology. The accumulation of therapeutic failures could partly be explained by the fact that the amyloid hypothesis, which highlights the leading involvement of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) in the physiopathology of AD, could be incomplete. Using a transgenic mouse model of AD, the TgCRND8 mice strain, I expanded the amyloid hypothesis, suggesting the involvement of the beta carboxy-terminal fragment (β-CTF), in addition to Aβ. These two amyloidogenic metabolites could be responsible for the alteration of different forms of memory. The dosage of these metabolites, after mice chronic treatment with either a β- or a γ-secretase inhibitor, highlighted the fact that β-CTF could be responsible for the deterioration of the memory involved in the detection of the replacement of an object. As for Aβ, it could disrupt the memory allowing the detection of the displacement of an object. This work suggests that it would be judicious to develop therapeutic strategies reducing brain levels of both amyloid fragments, β-CTF and Aβ
Dessay, Mariam. "Hétérogénéité clinique et moléculaire de la maladie osseuse de Paget." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/70363.
Full textPaget's disease of bone (PDB) is the second most common bone disease after osteoporosis. It affects approximately 3% of the Caucasian population after the age of 55 years old. Thep.Pro392Leu mutation in the gene called SQSTM1, linked to PDB has been identified in halfof the familial forms in the French-Canadian population with an autosomal dominant modeof inheritance. However, this mutation does not fully explain the disease, in particular the cellular phenotype of osteoclasts. The objectives of this study were to better understand the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of PDB, by studying the early factors contributing to the development of the clinical phenotype of PDB in relative carriers of the p.Pro392Leumutation, by looking for a second modifier gene of p.Pro392Leu mutation in some families in our cohort and by studying the modulating effect of miR-16 on the expression of the SQSTM1 gene We reviewed research records from adult offspring carriers of the p.Pro392Leu mutation aged <90 years and their affected parent. In parents, we collected data on sex, age at diagnosis, number of affected bones, total serum alkaline phosphatase levels (tALPs). PDB extended phenotype assessment relying on tALPs, total body bone scan and skull and pelvis radiographs, was performed in offspring at inclusion in 1996 to 2009. An extended phenotypereassessment of these offspring by bone imaging and biochemical markers assay was carriedout between 2016 and 2018. The quantification of miR-16 and SQSTM1 was carried out respectively in plasma (97 participants) and in whole blood (83 participants) by quantitativeRT-PCR in carriers of the p.Pro392Leu mutation (patients with PDB or healthy carriers), innot mutated patients with PDB and healthy controls not mutated. MiR-16 expression was correlated with SQSTM1 gene expression and associations with age atdiagnosis, sex, tALPs and the number of affected bones were searched. Whole exome sequencing was performedusing a HiSeq 2500 with the Agilent XT protocol on four patients from two different families with PDB not carriers of any SQSTM1 mutation in which at least one other sibling with PDB was carrier of the p.Pro392Leu mutation. The clinical phenotype was defined by the age at diagnosis, tALPs level, number of affected bones in patients carrying the p.Pro392Leu and/orp.Val45Ile variant in two families (n=14 participants). The impact of the p.Val45Ile varianton the osteoclastic phenotype (osteoclastogenesis, number of nuclei per osteoclast and bone resorption) was evaluated by in vitro differentiation of monocytes from peripheral blood intomature osteoclasts with RANKL and hMCSF for 21 days, in pagetic patient carriers of one and/or two variants, healthy carriers of these variants, pagetic patients not mutated and healthy controls not mutated. The complete clinical phenotyping to search for asymptomatic PDB in 36 healthy offspring carriers of the p.Pro392Leu mutation showed that among the 36 offspring with an updated phenotype, four of them developed a clinical phenotype of PDB characterized by monostoticor polyostotic increased bone uptake associated with typical radiographic lesions in the affected sites, representing an incidence of 1.83 per 1000 person-years. Moreover, the age at PDB diagnosis was delayed by 10 years in average in the adult offspring carriers thep.Pro392Leu mutation versus their affected parents. Our findings support the utility of a regular monitoring of the adult healthy offspring carriers of this mutation. The modulating effect of miR-16 on the expression of the SQSTM1 gene by gene expression quantificationled a non significant negative correlation of the expression of the SQSTM1 gene by miR-16in participant carriers of the p.Pro392Leu mutation, in patients mutated and not mutated butnot in healthy controls (-0.17103, -0.11583 vs 0.05624, NS). This result suggests a possible role for miR-16 as an epigenetic modifier in PDB. An analysis of the whole exome in two ofour large families with digenic inheritance allowed us to identify a new variant p.Val45Ile inthe DOCK6 gene which could be a modifier gene for the p.Pro392Leu mutation. This rare variant p.Val45Ile could reduce the severity of the clinical phenotype of PDB caused by the mutation in the SQSTM1 gene when the two variants are carried by the same patient. On the other hand, this new variant alone gives rise to a pagetic osteoclastic phenotype but lesss evere than the one observed with the p.Pro392Leu mutation alone. This thesis project thus provided a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of PDB which could lead to better clinical management of patients with PDB and to the identification of new diagnostic or therapeutic possibilities, to regulate bone remodeling
Chouraki, Vincent. "Études d’association pangénomique appliquées à la recherche de nouveaux facteurs de risque génétique de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S011/document.
Full textDementia is a syndrom caused by several brain diseases progressively deteriorating cognitivefunctions and occurs more frequently in the elderly. The increased number of patients withdementia due to the ageing of the general population and the high cost of care add up tomake dementia a concerning public health issue.Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. It is often diagnosedafter 65 years old and has a strong genetic component. Familial forms exist and are mainlycaused by mutations in the amyloid-b protein precursor, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 genes.However, the vast majority of cases result from the complex interaction of environmental factors with susceptibility genes.Using a candidate gene approach, numerous genes associated with AD risk were identified,but due to technical and methodological problems, only the apoliprotein E (APOE) genewas replicated. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aim to identify frequent geneticvariants associated with disease risk in a hypothesis-free manner. Starting 2009, severalconsortia aiming to perform this type of analyses in the field of AD robustly identified fournew genes associated with AD risk, CLU, PICALM, CR1 and BIN1. However, these genes puttogether only explain a small proportion of the total genetic variance of AD and the searchfor new susceptibility genes remains an important goal for AD research.In this work, we first tried to replicate the results of the top genes reported using thecandidate gene approach, using GWAS data from the European Alzheimer’s Disease Initiative(EADI). Most of these genes showed weak levels of association. Using GWAS, we were ableto identify 19 new genes associated with AD risk besides APOE, including 11 that had notbeen reported by previous studies, first through an informal collaboration between consortia,then under the name of International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Disease Project (IGAP).Assuming that use of endophenotypes related to AD would be relevant for the discoveryof genetic variants involved in the early pathophysiology of AD, we then performed aGWAS of plasma amyloid-b (Ab) concentrations. This study showed suggestive asssociationsbetween the CTXN3 gene on chromosome 5 and Ab1−42 plasma levels.To sum up, using GWAS enabled us to identify new genes associated with AD risk. Thesegenes point to interesting new research hypotheses and hopefully, to a better understandingof AD pathophysiology and development of effective drugs
Breton, Marika. "Maladie d’Alzheimer et évaluation économique : quel cadre d'analyse pour l'évaluation médico-économique d'un traitement médicamenteux ?" Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T035.
Full textDauphin, Gwenaëlle. "Développement d'outils sérologiques et moléculaires pour le diagnostic et l'étude de la prévalence de la maladie de Borna en France." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T065.
Full textChapalain-Politi, Valérie. "Le syndrome des cheveux anagènes caducs est-il une maladie des kératines ? : Etude clinique et moléculaire." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23028.
Full textBen, Aissa Manel. "Développement de nouvelles stratégies anti-amyloïdes ciblant la protéine précurseur amyloïde pour le traitement de la maladie d'alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29049/29049.pdf.
Full textLamontagne, Maxime. "Approches en génomique et bio-informatique afin de comprendre les bases moléculaires de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35445.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Currently, no treatment existsto reverse COPD, which is predicted to be the third leading cause of mortality in the world by the year 2030. Important discoveries were made in the last decade, but the pathophysiology of the disease remains largely unknown. The aim of this thesis is to study the genetic component of COPD and more specifically 1) identify genes involved in the development of airflow obstruction, 2) identify lung eQTL in the major histocompatibility complex and find causal genes for lung function and respiratory diseases in this region, 3) find new susceptibility loci for COPD, and 4) evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of DNA sequencing of the SERPINA1 gene as a single test to diagnose alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and test the frequencies of AATD alleles in a Canadian COPD population. In the first study, we identified genes (CST3 and CD22) and signalling pathways (xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, protease–antiprotease and oxidant–antioxidant balance) involved in the development of airflow obstruction. We combined lung gene expression, whole genotyping data and clinical information’s from 1,111 subjects to identify potential causal genesand pathways. This study has identified underlying mechanisms implicated in the development of airflow obstruction. In the second study, westudied a critical genomic region for the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Previous studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located inside this locus with lung diseases and phenotypes (asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, lung cancer and lung function). We have identified new susceptibility genes for lung cancer (BTN3A2 and ZFP57), asthma (AGPAT1 and CDSN), lung function (MICB) and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (AGPAT1). Results from this study provide important biological insights about previously associated SNPsin the MHC. We were also involved in the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on COPD. This GWAS was performed by the International COPD Genetics Consortium (ICGC) and identified 22 loci associated at genome-wide significance. Genotypes of 63,192 subjects (15,256 cases and 47,936 controls) from 26 studies were used in the meta-analysis. Results were further replicated in 9,498 cases and 9,748 controls from the UK Biobank. Among the 22 associated loci, 9 were previously associated with COPD, 15 with lung function and 4 (EEFSEC, DSP, MTCL1and SFTPD) werenovel loci. Our findings highlight new loci associated with COPD and demonstrate the genetic overlap between lung function and COPD. Finally, the frequencies of deficient SERPINA1 alleles were evaluated in Canadian patients with COPD and DNA sequencing was evaluated as a single test strategy to detect AATD. DNA sequencing of the coding regions of SERPINA1 was performed in 400 individuals from the CanCOLD study (Canadian Cohort of Obstructive Lung Disease). Nineteen genetic variants were identified, including 15 missense mutations and one new mutation. DNA sequencing of SERPINA1 revealed the true genetic nature of AATD and was demonstrated has an effective, fast, and inexpensive single test strategy to detect AATD. Studies presented in this thesis have identified genes and pathways involved in the development of COPD, which are new targetsfor future studies.
Fontaine-Lavallée, Catherine. "Étude des mécanismes moléculaires précoces de la réponse neuro-immunitaire dans des modèles de la maladie de Parkinson." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26605.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of the mechanisms of action of the neurotoxin MPTP and the process leading to innate immune cells activation. In the first part, a study of the chronology of immune events taking place in this experimental context was performed using the transgenic mice cis-NF-ĸBeGFP, CX3CR1GFP and lysMeGFP showing very early inflammatory activities in the myenteric plexus. In a second phase, a mechanistic study on immune cells ability to carry the toxin was conducted using the fluorescent analog of MPP+, APP+. Immune cells can indeed carry this analog, and therefore may be modulated by the neurotoxin. Finally, in a third aspect, an in vitro conditioning assay with monocytes and dopaminergic neurons showed the importance of a combination of the effect of MPP+ on dopaminergic neurons and a pro-inflammatory environment to generate alterations in these neurons.
Larfeil, Carine. "La maladie des tâches noires du tournesol causée par Phoma macdonaldii Boerema : variabilité phénotypique et moléculaire : évaluation de la sensibilité des génotypes à la maladie : modalités de l'infection." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT001A.
Full textBost, Muriel. "Étude de la céruloplasmine (chromosome 3) et de la maladie de Wilson (chromosome 13) par génétique moléculaire." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1W273.
Full textDumanchin-Njock, Cécile. "Les Formes autosomiques dominantes de la maladie d'Alzheimer et des démences frontotemporales associées à un syndrome parkinsonien : analyse moléculaire et fonctionnelle des gènes PS1 et tau." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES063.
Full textPhivilay, Alix. "Approches nanotechnologiques et nutraceutiques dans le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25317/25317.pdf.
Full textTrapp-Fragnet, Laëtitia. "Etude comparative de l'interaction de la sous-unité vTR de MDV et de la sous-unité cTR du poulet avec la télomérase." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4001.
Full textThe Marek's disease is a T lymphoma induced by a herpesvirus, the Marek's disease virus. The aim of my phD consisted of the characterization of the first viral RNA telomerase component identified in the very virulent MDV-RB1B strain. The telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that is involved in telomere lengthening and that is detected at least in 85% of human cancers. In order to characterize vTR, I made a comparative study of this gene with its avian ortholog cTR, which is 88%. Homologous to vTR. We realized an expression study of vTR, which led us to hypothesize that the promoter region of vTR could be a combination of a promoter similar to cTR and a promoter, which could be induced during tumorigenesis. Otherwise, we demonstrated the fonctionnality of vTR, which thus seems to be more efficient than cTR. We also confirmed by a mutagenesis study that the CR1 domain of vTR is the template sequence, that the integrity of the pseudonoeud domain is essential for the telomerase activity and that the H box of vTR permits the nucleolar localisation of vTR in cells. According to the telomerase involvement in cancers, vTR could be considered as a determinant factor in the tumorigenesis induced by MDV
Goizet, Cyril. "Etude du gène de la connexine 32 chez des patients atteints de maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23003.
Full textRoustaee, Ali Mohammad. "La maladie des taches noires du tournesol causée par Phoma macdonaldii Boerema L. : variabilité et mode d'infection de l'agent pathogène : étude génétique de la résistance du tournesol." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT013A.
Full textArsenault, Dany. "L'effet des lipides alimentaires sur la physiologie des neurones du cortex entorhinal et le rôle de la protéine P21-actived kinase (PAK) dans le développement de la maladie d'Alzheimer : les effets physiologiques des lipides alimentaires et le rôle de PAK dans la MA." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28118/28118.pdf.
Full textGauthier, Marie-Krystel. "Génétique moléculaire de la maladie de Stargardt : étude des mutations du gène ABCA4 dans la population canadienne-française." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27579/27579.pdf.
Full textLamontagne, Maxime. "Marqueurs génétiques influençant l'expression des gènes dans les poumons et susceptibilité à la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29782/29782.pdf.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified four susceptibility loci robustly associated with COPD. However, the genetic mechanisms mediating the risk within these loci remain to be found. In this study, genome-wide gene expression profiles of non-tumor lung specimens and blood-DNA from the same patients were genotyped for 1,2 million SNPs. The analyses were performed on 1111 subjects from three cohorts. Genetics variations influencing gene expression levels in lung samples, i.e. lung expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), were identified in the COPD susceptibility regions (4q22, 4q31, 19q13). The results of this thesis demonstrated that HHIP is the most likely causal gene at 4q31, while the evidences supported the contribution of the FAM13A and EGLN2 genes at 4q22 and 19q13, respectively.
Petit, François Mickael. "Aspects moléculaires des maladies rares du métabolisme hépatique : à propos de la maladie de Crigler-Najjar." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=5dcfa87e-f2cb-468d-8a87-767381d67fe9.
Full textCrigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare hepatic disorder due to partial or total deficiency of enzymatic activity of UGT1A1 involved in bilirubin conjugation. The disease manifests itself during the first hours of life by intense and persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Affected children are at high risk to develop brain non-reversible damages (kernicterus) due to bilirubin encephalopathy. Since 1952 and the description of this syndrome by Crigler and Najjar, molecular studies allowed to identify the gene. UGT1A1 gene is located on the terminal part of the chromosome 2 and is composed of 5 exons. Crigler-Najjar syndrome can take two forms: type I with complete and non-inducible enzymatic deficiency and type II with non-complete and inducible enzymatic deficiency. In this work, we have described new mutations responsible for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or II and we have analysed them in terms of phenotype-genotype correlations. Secondly we have studied two families with non-canonical presentation (first description of paternal isodisomy for chromosome 2, molecular characterisation of a large deletion in UGT1A1 gene), highlighting the importance of familial investigations in this syndrome. In the last part, we have molecularly characterised a founder effect for the mutation c. 1070A>G in the Tunisian population, in whom Crigler-Najjar syndrome is particularly frequent
Dion-Côté, Anne-Marie. "PALB2, une protéine à la croisée de l'anémie de Fanconi, du cancer du sein et de la réparation de l'ADN : caractérisation biochimique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26990/26990.pdf.
Full textGuérin, Antoine. "Identification et caractérisation moléculaire de la première étiologie génétique responsable de la maladie de Whipple chez l’homme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB057/document.
Full textWhipple's disease (WD) is a rare, severe and chronic infectious disease that affects only a small minority of individuals infected with Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei). The chronic and asymptomatic carriage of T. whipplei is less rare. The pathogenesis of WD remains largely unknown. Using a genetic approach combining genome-wide linkage and whole exon sequencing, we tested the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition to WD. We studied a multiplex family containing four otherwise healthy WD patients and five asymptomatic T. whipplei carriers. We tested the hypothesis that WD follows autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance with age-dependent incomplete penetrance. We showed that the c.292 C> T mutation (p.R98W) of IRF4 gene was the only heterozygote variant that was very rare and non-synonymous for all four patients. In mice, the Irf4 gene is a transcription factor that plays pleiotropic roles in immunity. Molecular characterization of the mutated allele showed a deleterious effect by a haplo-insufficiency mechanism for the transcription factor function of the protein. Increase localization of the protein in the cytoplasmic has also been observed. In addition, the defect IRF4 studied confers a distinct transcriptomic response in leukocytes stimulated by BCG or T. whipplei. In conclusion, we identified the first genetic etiology associated with WD. The mode of inheritance is AD with incomplete penetrance, chronic carriage probably preceding WD for several decades in heterozygous individuals infected with T. whipplei. This work will help to better understand the pathogenesis of WD, to better define the mechanisms of immunity against T. whipplei and to be able to offer a molecular and genetic adapted diagnosis to families
Lemire, Bruno. "Métabolisme et signalisation cellulaire dans le quadriceps des patients atteints de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30022/30022.pdf.
Full textPeripheral muscle dysfunction is one of the most important systemic manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This dysfunction brings many muscle abnormalities at the clinical, structural, metabolic and biochemical levels. These abnormalities contribute to the exercise intolerance, loss of muscle mass and force as well as diminishing quality of life of patients with COPD. This thesis as for general objective the investigation of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD, more precisely 1) the study of signalling pathways involved in muscle atrophy 2) the study of muscle metabolism in response to endurance exercise involved in exercise intolerance and 3) the study of muscle cellular adaptations to resistance exercise involved in the less than optimal response following resistance training in patients with COPD. First, we showed the possible contribution of the MAPKs, more precisely p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK, to the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. The phosphorylation levels as well as the mRNA expression of these key proteins are elevated in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls. We also demonstrated that SAA1 could have a possible role in the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. Secondly, we observed that patients with COPD have a greater reliance on the muscle glycolytic metabolism during an endurance exercise done until exhaustion, therefore possibly contributing to the exercise intolerance seen in patients with COPD. Lastly, we demonstrated that the cellular adaptation in response to resistance exercise training is different for proteins involved in muscle mass regulation in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls, thus possibly contributing to the less-than-optimal response to resistance exercise training in patients with COPD. This thesis puts at the forefront the signalling pathways and inflammatory markers contributing to the inherent peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD, as well as the investigation of exercise response in patients with COPD. These results will add to the scientific knowledge of the metabolic and cellular aspects of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD.
Drapeau, Karine. "Caractérisation biochimique et cellulaire de la protéine FANCD2, une protéine mutée dans l'anémie de fanconi." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29163/29163.pdf.
Full textBensidhoum, Morad. "Analyse moléculaire de patients atteints de porphyrie érythropoi͏̈étique congénitale et développement d'un modèle murin de la maladie en vue de thérapie génique." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28533.
Full textBoralevi, Franck. "Huitième virus herpès humain (HHV-8) et maladie de Kaposi : une étude d'épidémiologie moléculaire menée sur 48 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23075.
Full textMedehouenou, Thierry Comlan Marc. "Exposition aux organochlorés et démence dans la population âgée du Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30243/30243.pdf.
Full textFew studies have investigated relationships between exposure to organochlorines (OCs) [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides], which are persistent and neurotoxic environmental contaminants, and the risk for dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most frequent type of dementia. The first objective of this thesis was to describe the OC concentrations in plasma of Canadians aged 65 and over, and to identify associated factors. The second objective was to evaluate the association between these concentrations and the prevalence of dementia and AD. The third objective was to evaluate the association between these concentrations and the incidence of dementia and AD. Analyses were performed using data from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Reported plasma lipid-weight PCB 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 163, 170, 180, 183, and 187 and OC pesticide and their metabolite [β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), oxychlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT), and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE)] concentrations are similar to those from other older populations; age and sex were the main determinants of these concentrations. After adjustment for several conventional risk factors or confounders, PCB concentrations were not associated with the prevalence of dementia and AD. Except for HCB, cis-nonachlor and p,p'-DDT, no other pesticide or metabolite was associated with the prevalence of dementia and AD. Elevations of HCB, cis-nonachlor and p,p'-DDT concentrations were significantly associated with a reduced prevalence of dementia; only those of HCB were significantly associated with a reduced prevalence of AD. After a mean follow-up of five years, OC concentrations were not associated with the incidence of dementia and AD. However, additional analysis showed that elevations of PCB 153, 156 and 163 concentrations were associated with lower dementia-related cognitive performances. Overall, the results of the present thesis suggest that PCBs and OC pesticides and their metabolites were not related to clinically diagnosed dementia, in particular AD.
Girault, Guillaume. "Développement d'outils de typage moléculaire de haute résolution pour la détection et la différenciation de Bacillus anthracis." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0007.
Full textBacillus anthracis is a pathogenic bacterium with a worldwide repartition. It is the causative agent of a zoonosis named Anthrax. Belonging to the Bacillus genus, B. anthracis has the ability to sporulate: this particularity allows the bacterium to stay as quiescent spores into the soils and to resist against different kind of stresses (UV, heat treatment…). Mammals are principally infected and human or animal outbreaks are reported annually in the world. Several regions are endemic while some others, like France, report more sporadic cases. Even if Anthrax incidence is in constant decrease all over the world, B. anthracis is still a pathogen of interest for many countries because of its potential use as a biological weapon. The study of this bacterium has a two-tier purpose: first, it is the cause of a relative mortality in livestock and wildlife, and second it is potentially used as a weapon of mass destruction. This bacterial species is considered highly monomorphic and all strains are extremely closed genetically. In order to precisely identify strains during outbreaks or bioterrorism attempt and track the source of infection, several diagnosis and typing methods are available. However, not all of these methods have the discrimination power, the robustness or the ease of use that is required in the laboratory. During this work, I have studied the diversity of European isolates of B. anthracis. A whole genome sequencing approach for approximately 250 strains has been done with a great diversity into strains (France, Europe). A comparative bioinformatic analysis allowed genomes reconstruction and polymorphisms identification among European isolates (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism = SNP). These markers leaded to establish a precise phylogeny among 292 B. anthracis isolates at a world level. Several hypotheses concerning the origins and the evolution of this pathogen have been proposed. A new sublineage has been potentially discovered. A panel of sixty SNPs has been identified and confirmed to genotype the major groups and lineages phylogenetically related in Europe. Two molecular typing approaches based on PCR amplification have been developed. Using the identified SNP, they can be used to discriminate strains between each others. The first one is a quick and low cost approach (PCR HRM) whereas the second can be used to multiplex a lot of analyses (Luminex). My work allowed a significative increase into B. anthracis knowledge. The typing tools developed will allow traceability and quick identification of the strains involved in an Anthrax outbreak or in a suspected bioterrorist attempt in France
Roques, Céline. "Interrelation entre le complexe MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 et FANCD2, une protéine de l'anémie de Fanconi." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26460/26460.pdf.
Full textTuffery-Giraud, Sylvie. "Les myopathies de Duchenne et de Becker : contribution à l'étude de la pathologie moléculaire du gène de la dystrophine (délétions et mutations ponctuelles)." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T031.
Full textLeclère, Mariel. "Evolution de la capacité à sélectionner la meilleure stratégie au cours du vieillissement normal et pathologique : Effet de la répétition stratégique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3101.
Full textThe main goals of this thesis were (a) to study the strategy repetition phenomenon and its evolution during normal and pathological aging and (b) to highlight mechanisms involved in the strategy selection. To achieve these purposes, we collected strategy selection data from young, healthy older adults, and patients with Alzheimer's disease (i.e., AD). Our main results showed that (a) older adults repeated strategies significantly more than young adults, and especially when this strategy was highly active in working memory, however, (b) they were able to change strategies in a comparable way to young adults when latencies between their response and the next stimulus increased, and (c) AD patients had more difficulties selecting the best strategy than healthy older adults, especially on the most difficult problems (i.e., heterogeneous problems). This work helped in clarifying cognitive processes involved in strategy selection and in understanding effects of normal and pathological aging. We also discuss the implications of these results for theoretical models of strategyselection
Mazère, Joachim. "Interactions acétylcholine-dopamine dans les maladies neurodégénératives : approche d’imagerie moléculaire." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21873/document.
Full textThe question of how acetylcholine (ACh) and dopamine (DA) could be involved together in the pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative disorders is essential, particularly in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The present study aims at assessing an in vivo molecular imaging method of both ACh and DA brain systems using single photon emission computed tomography. In the first part of the present study, a method based on pharmacokinetic analysis making it possible to quantify ACh neurons in vivo, using [123I]-IBVM, a specific radioligand of vesicular acetylcholine transporter, was developed and validated in healthy subjects and Alzheimer’s disease patients. Then, we showed the ability of our method to demonstrate a differential alteration of ACh pathways in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Multiple System Atrophy patients. In the last part of this study, we imaged for the first time both ACh and DA systems in DLB patients, using not only [123I]-IBVM, but also [123I]-FP-CIT, a specific radioligand of dopamine transporter. Concomitantly, a behavioral exploration of hallucinations, fluctuating cognition and disturbances of circadian rhythms was achieved in these patients, as well as a neuropsychological examination. This study is currently in progress. The first results show consistent links between imaging and clinical data
Gonzalez-Monge, Louis. "Pertubations de la fonction symbolique dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et leurs consequences cognitives et affectives." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20017/document.
Full textStarting from the observation and experimental study of Alzheimer's disease early situations with association of hippocampal amnesia, anomia and constructive apraxia for projective space (S3A syndrome), we propose that the co-occurrence of cognitive and psychopathological disorders may be linked to a stiffening of the symbolic function, namely the reduction of the span of substitution of a signified item by signifiers. We examine this hypothesis about the cognitive impairment on the basis of the symbolic function as defined by Piaget. We extend it to psychopathological aspects starting with the symbolization and its transformations. The concept of symbolic distance is mentioned as a common denominator for all these processes, as a target for the stiffening of the symbolic function. It could be related to working memory impairment, causing:_ Proactively, a destructuration of atributional elements in the “broad semantic network”, contributing to the genesis of cognitive impairment._ Retroactively, because of the erosion of secondary mechanisms, an activation of archaic phenomena - including the anxiety of non-representation - and of the archaic defenses.Some psychotherapeutic implications are considered
Perron, Kathleen. "Rôle fonctionnel de l'interaction entre HES1 et les protéines de Fanconi." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26834/26834.pdf.
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