Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladie d'Alzheimer – Modèles animaux'
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Alata, Wael, and Wael Alata. "Étude de la barrière hématoencéphalique dans des modèles animaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26149.
Full textTableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2015-2016
La barrière hématoencéphalique (BHE) est une barrière biologique qui protège le cerveau de molécules potentiellement toxiques pour le SNC. Plusieurs études laissent penser que des modifications de la BHE ont lieu au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Ainsi, la BHE demeure un grand défi dans le développement de médicaments pour les maladies cérébrales. Cependant, des systèmes de transport biologique au niveau de la BHE pourraient être ciblés par des anticorps afin d’améliorer la disponibilité cérébrale de différents médicaments. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la BHE dans la MA et de quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps monoclonal ciblant le récepteur de la transferrine (RTf). Dans la première partie du projet, nous avons évalué la BHE chez deux modèles de souris de la MA, des souris doubles (APP/PS1) et triples (3xTg-AD) transgéniques. Une diminution du volume vasculaire a été observée dans l’hippocampe des souris 3xTg-AD âgées de 6 à 18 mois par rapport aux souris témoins. Ces souris ont démontré une diminution du transport cérébral du glucose et de l'expression de GLUT1 à l’âge de 18 mois. En revanche, aucune différence n’a été observée chez les souris APP/PS1. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’allèle ε4 de l’apolipoprotéine E, un facteur de risque génétique majeur de la MA, sur la BHE. Les souris APOE4 ont démontré une réduction de la vascularisation cérébrale et du transport cérébral du glucose de manière dépendante de l’âge. De plus, une réduction de l’épaisseur de la lame basale, une augmentation de l’expression de RAGE et une diminution du passage cérébral du DHA ont été observées chez les souris APOE4 par rapport aux souris APOE2 et APOE3. Finalement, nous avons développé la technique de la perfusion cérébrale in situ pour quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps fluorescent (Ri7) ciblant le RTf. Ainsi, nous avons confirmé l’accumulation cérébrale de Ri7 au niveau des cellules endothéliales en utilisant un mécanisme saturable et sans affecter l’intégrité physique de la BHE. Cet anticorps pourrait donc être utilisé pour modifier l’expression capillaire de différents récepteurs/transporteurs, ce qui pourrait être efficace dans le traitement de la MA.
La barrière hématoencéphalique (BHE) est une barrière biologique qui protège le cerveau de molécules potentiellement toxiques pour le SNC. Plusieurs études laissent penser que des modifications de la BHE ont lieu au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). Ainsi, la BHE demeure un grand défi dans le développement de médicaments pour les maladies cérébrales. Cependant, des systèmes de transport biologique au niveau de la BHE pourraient être ciblés par des anticorps afin d’améliorer la disponibilité cérébrale de différents médicaments. Notre objectif était d’évaluer la BHE dans la MA et de quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps monoclonal ciblant le récepteur de la transferrine (RTf). Dans la première partie du projet, nous avons évalué la BHE chez deux modèles de souris de la MA, des souris doubles (APP/PS1) et triples (3xTg-AD) transgéniques. Une diminution du volume vasculaire a été observée dans l’hippocampe des souris 3xTg-AD âgées de 6 à 18 mois par rapport aux souris témoins. Ces souris ont démontré une diminution du transport cérébral du glucose et de l'expression de GLUT1 à l’âge de 18 mois. En revanche, aucune différence n’a été observée chez les souris APP/PS1. Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’allèle ε4 de l’apolipoprotéine E, un facteur de risque génétique majeur de la MA, sur la BHE. Les souris APOE4 ont démontré une réduction de la vascularisation cérébrale et du transport cérébral du glucose de manière dépendante de l’âge. De plus, une réduction de l’épaisseur de la lame basale, une augmentation de l’expression de RAGE et une diminution du passage cérébral du DHA ont été observées chez les souris APOE4 par rapport aux souris APOE2 et APOE3. Finalement, nous avons développé la technique de la perfusion cérébrale in situ pour quantifier l’accumulation cérébrale d’un anticorps fluorescent (Ri7) ciblant le RTf. Ainsi, nous avons confirmé l’accumulation cérébrale de Ri7 au niveau des cellules endothéliales en utilisant un mécanisme saturable et sans affecter l’intégrité physique de la BHE. Cet anticorps pourrait donc être utilisé pour modifier l’expression capillaire de différents récepteurs/transporteurs, ce qui pourrait être efficace dans le traitement de la MA.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier which protects the brain from potential toxic molecules. Several studies suggest that changes in the BBB occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, the BBB is a major challenge in the development of drugs for cerebral diseases. However, biological transport systems at the BBB, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR), could be targeted with monoclonal antibodies to develop the technology of Trojan horse and improve the brain availability of different drugs. The aim of my PhD project was to assess the BBB in AD and quantify the brain uptake of a monoclonal antibody targeting the TfR. In the first part of the project, we evaluated the BBB in two mouse models of AD, doubles (APP / PS1) and triple (3xTg-AD) transgenic mice. A reduction of the vascular volume was observed in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice aged 6-18 months compared to control mice. These mice showed a decrease in glucose cerebral transport and expression of GLUT1 at the age of 18 months. However, no difference was observed in APP/PS1 mice. In the second part of the project, we studied the effect of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, a major genetic risk factor of AD, on the BBB. The APOE4 mice showed a reduction of the cerebral vascularization and glucose cerebral transport in age dependent manner. Moreover, a reduction in the thickness of the basement membrane, an increase in the expression of RAGE and a decrease in cerebral passage of DHA were observed in APOE4 mice compared to APOE2 and APOE3 mice. Finally, we developed the in situ brain perfusion technique to quantify the brain uptake of a fluorescent antibody (RI7) targeting the TfR. In this section, we confirmed the cerebral accumulation of RI7 in the endothelial cells. This accumulation was made without affecting the physical integrity of the BBB and using a saturable mechanism. Hence, this antibody could be used to modify the expression of various receptors/transporters in the cerebral capillary, which may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a biological barrier which protects the brain from potential toxic molecules. Several studies suggest that changes in the BBB occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, the BBB is a major challenge in the development of drugs for cerebral diseases. However, biological transport systems at the BBB, such as the transferrin receptor (TfR), could be targeted with monoclonal antibodies to develop the technology of Trojan horse and improve the brain availability of different drugs. The aim of my PhD project was to assess the BBB in AD and quantify the brain uptake of a monoclonal antibody targeting the TfR. In the first part of the project, we evaluated the BBB in two mouse models of AD, doubles (APP / PS1) and triple (3xTg-AD) transgenic mice. A reduction of the vascular volume was observed in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice aged 6-18 months compared to control mice. These mice showed a decrease in glucose cerebral transport and expression of GLUT1 at the age of 18 months. However, no difference was observed in APP/PS1 mice. In the second part of the project, we studied the effect of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, a major genetic risk factor of AD, on the BBB. The APOE4 mice showed a reduction of the cerebral vascularization and glucose cerebral transport in age dependent manner. Moreover, a reduction in the thickness of the basement membrane, an increase in the expression of RAGE and a decrease in cerebral passage of DHA were observed in APOE4 mice compared to APOE2 and APOE3 mice. Finally, we developed the in situ brain perfusion technique to quantify the brain uptake of a fluorescent antibody (RI7) targeting the TfR. In this section, we confirmed the cerebral accumulation of RI7 in the endothelial cells. This accumulation was made without affecting the physical integrity of the BBB and using a saturable mechanism. Hence, this antibody could be used to modify the expression of various receptors/transporters in the cerebral capillary, which may be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
Gzil, Fabrice. "Problèmes philosophiques soulevés par la maladie d'Alzheimer : (histoire des sciences, épistémologie, éthique)." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010673.
Full textGosselin, Thomas. "ANIMAL Antidépresseurs, neuroinflammation et maladie d'alzheimer." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR3305/document.
Full textToday, despite the description of the mechanisms underlying the development of depression and AD (Alzheimer’s disease), no cure exists for these diseases suggesting the involvement of another phenomenon. One of the processes commonly found in these pathologies is neuroinflammation. However, clinical trials undertaken in the AD to reduce neuroinflammation have not led to a significant improvement of symptoms. One reason for this failure could be a bad therapeutic window which would result in the increase of deleterious effects of neuroinflammation. This highlights the lack of understanding of the kinetics of neuroinflammation in AD
Ouellet, Mélissa. "La barrière hémato-encéphalique, les transporteurs ABC et la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25310/25310.pdf.
Full textVirgili, Jessica. "Caractérisation d'un modèle murin transgénique de la maladie d'Alzheimer et de vieillissement accéléré." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29574.
Full textAging is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia during the elderly. The incidence of sporadic AD is low before 65 years old; it then doubles every 5 to 6 years to surpass 8 cases per 100 personyears after 85. To model AD, numerous transgenic mice have been produced and characterized in the last decades. It was found that mice overexpressing mutated forms of the human amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (hAPP) develop Aβ deposits in their brain, along with quantifiable memory deficits. Since the diagnosis of AD is dependent upon the histological visualization of both Aβ plaques and tau-laden neurofibrillary tangles, Dr LaFerla’s group (University of California, Irvine, USA) has developed the triple-transgenic model (3xTg-AD) expressing three mutant transgenes: Aβ precursor protein (APPSwe), presenilin-1 (PS1M146V), and tauP301L. This mouse line progressively develops both Aβ and tau pathologies in AD-relevant brain regions as well as deficits in synaptic plasticity and cognitive performance. However, the 3xTg-AD mouse does not develop frank neuronal loss as found in AD brain. A likely simple explanation is that, within the lifespan of a mouse, AD-relevant aging factors do not have the time to be fully expressed. To that aim, we crossed senescence-accelerated prone 8 mice (SAMP8) with 3xTgAD mice to produce senescence-accelerated 3xTg-AD mice with the hope to generate a model closer to the human disease. Our results indicate that senescence acceleration amplifies memory deficits and several AD-related neuropathological features -particularly the amyloid pathology- in female 3xTg-AD mice. Overall, the present data suggest that the SAMP8/3xTg-AD mouse is a valuable model combining aging factors and AD neuropathology, but also evidence complex interactions between genetic backgrounds, aging- and sex-related factors.
Michaud, Jean-Philippe. "Phagocytes mononucléaires dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : caractérisation et stimulation de mécanismes cellulaires promouvant l'élimination de bêta-amyloïde." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25913.
Full textLa maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est la plus fréquente cause de démence mondialement et son incidence augmente en parallèle au vieillissement de la population. La pathogenèse de cette maladie neurodégénérative, actuellement sans traitement curatif, est associée à l’accumulation de bêta-amyloïde (Aβ) dans le parenchyme et la vasculature du cerveau en réponse à l’élimination déficiente de ce peptide neurotoxique. Des évidences épidémiologiques et expérimentales soulignent le rôle crucial du système immunitaire inné dans la MA. Plus précisément, plusieurs études suggèrent que les phagocytes mononucléaires (microglies, monocytes et macrophages cérébraux) constituent des cellules pivots pour combattre l’accumulation d’Aβ. Les études incluses dans cette thèse de doctorat avaient comme objectif d’accroitre les connaissances concernant le rôle des phagocytes mononucléaires dans la pathologie du modèle murin APP/PS1 de la MA. Un nombre croissant d’études indique que les Toll-like receptors (TLRs) seraient critiques pour la clairance d’Aβ par les phagocytes mononucléaires. Nous avons donc étudié le rôle de la protéine adaptatrice myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), qui permet la transduction du signal intracellulaire de la plupart des TLRs. Nous avons observé une augmentation des niveaux d’Aβ solubles et une aggravation des déficits cognitifs dans les souris APP/PS1 avec une signalisation MyD88 défectueuse, vraisemblablement suite à une réduction de la phagocytose des phagocytes mononucléaires et une coordination défaillante de la réponse immunitaire innée. La stimulation des TLRs pourrait ainsi avoir un grand potentiel thérapeutique pour la MA. Nous avons démontré que des injections systémiques répétées du ligand TLR4 monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) dans les souris APP/PS1 ont mené à une réduction significative des niveaux d’Aβ et une amélioration des fonctions cognitives. Le MPL induit une forte réponse phagocytique des phagocytes mononucléaires tout en générant une réaction inflammatoire modérée. Finalement, en utilisant la microscopie intravitale biphotonique, nous avons dévoilé que les monocytes patrouilleurs en état basal sont attirés et rampent sur la face luminale de veines contenant de l’Aβ, capturent l’Aβ et ont la capacité de regagner à nouveau la circulation sanguine. L’ablation sélective des monocytes patrouilleurs dans les souris APP/PS1 a induit une augmentation significative des niveaux d’Aβ dans le cortex et l’hippocampe. Ensemble, ces données démontrent que les phagocytes mononucléaires sains et fonctionnels peuvent promouvoir l’élimination d’Aβ et constituent une cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour la MA.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and its incidence is rising in parallel with the aging population. The pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disease, currently without curative treatment, is associated with the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain parenchyma and cerebral vasculature in response to the impaired clearance of this neurotoxic peptide. Epidemiological and experimental evidence underline the crucial role of the innate immune system in AD. More precisely, several studies suggest that mononuclear phagocytes (microglia, monocytes and cerebral macrophages) constitute pivotal cells to fight the accumulation of Aβ. The studies enclosed in this doctoral thesis intended to better understand the role of mononuclear phagocytes on the pathology of the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Accumulating evidence indicates a critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the clearance of Aβ by mononuclear phagocytes. We thus investigated the role of the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which is the adaptor protein for most of these innate immune receptors, transducing the intracellular signal from TLRs to the nucleus. We observed increased soluble levels of A oligomers and enhanced cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice with impaired MyD88 signalling, likely through reduced phagocytosis of mononuclear phagocytes and an impaired coordination of the innate immune response. Compounds that stimulate TLRs to clear Aβ may therefore have great therapeutic potential in AD patients. We demonstrated that repeated systemic injections of the TLR4 ligand monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) in APP/PS1 mice led to a significant reduction in Aβ load and improved cognitive function. MPL induced a potent phagocytic response by mononuclear phagocytes while triggering a moderate inflammatory reaction. Finally, using live intravital two-photon microscopy, we discovered that patrolling monocytes in steady state are attracted and crawl onto the luminal walls of Aβ-positive veins, uptake Aβ and are able to circulate back into the bloodstream. Selective removal of patrolling monocytes in APP/PS1 mice induced a significant increase of Aβ load in the cortex and hippocampus. Overall, these studies demonstrate that healthy and functional mononuclear phagocytes can promote the elimination of Aβ and constitute a promising therapeutic target for AD.
Phivilay, Alix. "Approches nanotechnologiques et nutraceutiques dans le traitement de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25317/25317.pdf.
Full textBelarbi, Karim Ali. "Caractérisation d'un modèle murin de dégénérescence neurofibrillaire : étude de conséquences fonctionnelles de la pathologie tau potentiellement impliquées dans les phases précoces de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S018.
Full textGervais, Etienne, and Etienne Gervais. "Évaluation de l'interaction entre les interneurones et la microglie dans la région CA1 de l'hippocampe de souris présentant les symptômes de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37352.
Full textLa maladie d’Alzheimer est la forme de démence qui affecte le plus de gens mondialement. Les mécanismes associés à cette maladie neurodégénérative ne sont pas complètement connus et considérant le phénomène de vieillissement de la population, il devient impératif de développer de nouveaux outils de diagnostic et de nouvelles thérapies pour cette pathologie. Il y a de plus en plus de preuves qui associent les déficits cognitifs de l’Alzheimer à un dysfonctionnement de l’équilibre entre l’excitation et l’inhibition de l’hippocampe, mais aussi à un niveau soutenu de neuroinflammation par l’activation exagérée de la microglie. Malgré les nombreuses études sur l’interaction fonctionnelle entre les neurones principaux et la microglie, aucune étude ne s’est concentrée sur l’interaction de la microglie avec les interneurones GABAergiques de l’hippocampe. En utilisant l’immunofluorescence et la microscopie confocale, nous avons étudié l’interaction structurelle de la microglie avec deux sous-types d’interneurones inhibiteurs impliqués dans les processus de la mémoire : les cellules exprimant la somatostatine (SOM+) et celles exprimant la parvalbumine (PV+). Nos résultats ont montré que la quasi-totalité de ces interneurones interagissaient avec la microglie en conditions contrôles et que ce niveau d’interaction était maintenu chez des souris présentant les symptômes de la maladie d’Alzheimer (APP/PS1). Nous avons aussi montré que la microglie interagissait avec tous les domaines structurels des interneurones. Le soma des interneurones était contacté différemment chez les cellules SOM+ et celles PV+ suggérant un contrôle différent selon le type de neurones contacté. La microglie interagissait préférentiellement avec le domaine proximal des dendrites suggérant un rôle de ces contacts dans l’intégration synaptique. Nos résultats n’ont montré aucun changement structurel majeur chez les souris imitant la maladie d’Alzheimer indiquant que les dysfonctionnements observés pendant la maladie seraient causés par des modifications fonctionnelles de ces contacts ou que ces contacts ne sont pas impliqués dans la pathologie.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The mechanisms associated to this neurodegenerative disease are not completely understood and with the aging population it is now imperative to develop new diagnosis tools and therapies for this pathology. There is growing evidence associating AD cognitive deficits to a dysregulation of the excitation/inhibition balance in the hippocampus, but also to a sustained level of neuroinflammation caused by exaggerated microglia activation. While numerous studies have assessed the functional interaction between principal neurons and microglia, much less is known about the specific interaction between microglia and hippocampal GABAergic interneurons. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we studied the structural interaction between microglia and two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons involved in memory processes: somatostatin- (SOM+) and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV+). Our results showed that almost all of these interneurons were interacting with microglia in control conditions and that this high level of interaction was maintained in mice presenting AD symptoms (APP/PS1 mice). We also reported that microglia interacted with every neuronal structural domain. Interneurons somata were contacted differently in each subtype suggesting a different control depending on the type of interneuron contacted. Microglia was preferentially interacting with proximal dendrites suggesting a role of these contacts in synaptic integration. Our results showed no major structural changes in AD mice indicating that the observed functional impairments during AD may be caused by functional modifications in these contacts or that these interactions are not involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The mechanisms associated to this neurodegenerative disease are not completely understood and with the aging population it is now imperative to develop new diagnosis tools and therapies for this pathology. There is growing evidence associating AD cognitive deficits to a dysregulation of the excitation/inhibition balance in the hippocampus, but also to a sustained level of neuroinflammation caused by exaggerated microglia activation. While numerous studies have assessed the functional interaction between principal neurons and microglia, much less is known about the specific interaction between microglia and hippocampal GABAergic interneurons. Using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we studied the structural interaction between microglia and two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons involved in memory processes: somatostatin- (SOM+) and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV+). Our results showed that almost all of these interneurons were interacting with microglia in control conditions and that this high level of interaction was maintained in mice presenting AD symptoms (APP/PS1 mice). We also reported that microglia interacted with every neuronal structural domain. Interneurons somata were contacted differently in each subtype suggesting a different control depending on the type of interneuron contacted. Microglia was preferentially interacting with proximal dendrites suggesting a role of these contacts in synaptic integration. Our results showed no major structural changes in AD mice indicating that the observed functional impairments during AD may be caused by functional modifications in these contacts or that these interactions are not involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
Kraska, Audrey. "Développement d'un nouveau modèle Primate non-humain de la maladie d'Alzheimer, Microcebus murinus, par approche toxique avec la Streptozotocine." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066329.
Full textRichard, Karine. "Étude de l'activation microgliale via les récepteurs TLR dans le contexte de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26955/26955.pdf.
Full textAuffret, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des dysfonctionnements synaptiques précoces sur des modèles animaux de maladies d'Alzheimer exprimant une mutation de la présénilile 1." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T016.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly characterized by amyloid plaques. Mutations in Presenilin or Amyloid Precursor Protein genes cause early-onset familial forms of AD. Familial mutations led to the creation of several transgenic mice. PS1 mutations cause the most agressive forms of Familial Alzheimer's disease. My PhD project was to study age-dependent synaptic dysfunctions on transgenic mice expressing human Presenilin 1 familial Alzheimer's disease mutations L286V or M146V. Taken together, these results support the view that PS1 mutations promote synaptic dysfunctions and underline the crucial role of PS1 during both normal and pathological aging
Chavant, François. "Inhibition pharmacologique du TNF-alfa dans des modèles expérimentaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer : prévention des déficits mnésiques et de la neurotoxicité amyloïde." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT1801.
Full textEl, Hajj Hassan. "Spatial heterogeneity in microglial ultrastructural alterations in the APP-PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease amyloid pathology." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35424.
Full textThe main hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are the deposition of extracellular amyloid (A)β plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. As the disease progresses, neuronal death and decreased synaptic density is observed, concurrent with an increase of neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction. The process of neuroinflammation is tightly linked to the presence of Aβ plaques and may affect microglial interactions with neuronal structures throughout disease progression. Substantial and chronic microglial activation triggered by the presence of Aβ is suspected to affect brain homeostasis due to an alteration of microglial physiological actions, notably at synapses. Here we aim to generate new insights regarding microglial implication in AD pathophysiology by combining light and electron microscopy to study microglial ultrastructure and neuronal/synaptic interactions with relation to Aβ plaque deposition. 14 months old APP-PS1 mice were studied alongside age-matched controls. Also, postmortem human AD sections were examined in our study. In our experiments, Aβ plaques were visualized using Methoxy-XO4 which binds selectively and irreversibly to Aβ sheets and allows their detection under light microscopy. Furthermore, post-mortem immunostaining of microglia with the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) marker and additional processing for transmission electron microscopy allowed the study of microglia at different proximities to the plaques. Our ultrastructural analyses revealed significant differences in phagocytic activities and morphological features. Microglial cell bodies in APP-PS1 were significantly larger in area and perimeter compared to wild-type controls and displayed signs of stress and decreased phagocytic activity. These signs of stress and impaired phagocytosis were also found in microglial processes in the APP-PS1 samples. Additionally, microglia showed diverse morphological phenotypes and physiological cell reactions dependent on their proximity to plaques. Microglial cell bodies near plaques were larger in area and perimeter compared to wild-type controls and other APP-PS1 regions located farther from plaques. Microglia near plaques were more were more likely to contain Aβ and less likely to contain or encircle neuronal elements. Also, they presented signs of stress characterized by darkened cell bodies and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. All these findings define the drastic changes that are taking place at ultrastructural level in the brain in response to Aβ deposition.
Burnouf, Sylvie. "Etude in vivo des relations entre la pathologie Tau et le système neurotrophique BDNF/TRKB." Lille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL2S026.
Full textMemory is the ability of our brain to encode, store and recall our experiences. It holds our personal history and is required for an appropriate interaction with the environment. Such events require a high level of plasticity in the hippocampus and the cortex. At the molecular level, neurotrophins are important modulators of structural and functional plasticity. Among them, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor TrkB (Tropomyosine-related kinase B) are highly expressed in these cerebral regions, where beyond their role in trophic supply they can modulate synaptic transmission and synaptogenesis. Their role in memory processes has been shown in various studies. When memory is lost, as in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), people lose the ability to comprehend the world and as a result, they lose connections with themselves and with others. The main risk factor of AD being age, this neurodegenerative disease is becoming a major public health problem due to population ageing. AD patients brain exhibit two pathological hallmarks : extracellular amyloid deposits made of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) made of aggregated hyper- and abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins. In addition, BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic system has been shown to be impaired in AD patients’ cortex and hippocampus, suggesting a role in the disease physiopathology. In vivo studies using amyloid models of AD have pointed out a correlation between Aβ accumulation and BDNF decreased expression. However, whether Tau pathology impacts on BDNF/TrkB system signaling is unknown. Yet, in AD, Tau pathology follows a stereotyped and sequential pathway correlated with ognitive deficits. The lesions first appear in the hippocampal region, even before the first symptoms, and then reach the whole cortex at later stages. Therefore, in the laboratory we are most interested in Tau pathology, the mechanisms leading to its aggregation and the consequences on cellular physiology. We have developed the THY-Tau22 transgenic mouse model overexpressing a double-mutated human Tau transgene, which is under the control of a neuronal promoter. This model exhibits progressive learning and memory deficits, starting from the age of 3 months, in parallel to hippocampal Tau pathology, without major neuronal loss thereby mimicking early stages of AD. These characteristics make it a relevant model to study Tau pathology effects on hippocampal BDNF/TrkB system. Using biochemical techniques we have shown that BDNF/TrkB mRNA and protein levels were not decreased in THY-Tau22 mice hippocampus until the age of 12 months, suggesting no major influence of Tau pathology on BDNF/TrkB expression. However, electrophysiological experiments performed on hippocampal slices pointed out the fact that BDNF facilitating effects on synaptic transmission, known as synaptic facilitation, were abolished in hippocampal CA1 region of THYTau22 mice, as early as 3 months of age. This form of synaptic plasticity requires coupling of TrkB with NMDA glutamate receptor (NMDAR). In agreement with biochemical experiments showing a decreased expression of hippocampal NMDAR subunits, electrophysiological assessments on hippocampal slices uncovered impairment of NMDAR-mediated response. Overall, these data suggest that a form of BDNF-mediated synaptic plasticity is impaired in an early manner by Tau pathology, through functional alterations of NMDAR, thereby potentially contributing to memory alterations observed in AD. To further evaluate relationships between BDNF/TrkB signaling and Tau pathology, we investigated whether BDNF modulation had an impact on Tau pathology. Several studies suggest that physical activity prevents cognitive decline in AD. Yet, one major central effect of exercise is to induce a chronic increase of hippocampal BDNF. To study long-term effects of voluntary exercise on Tau pathology, 3 month-old THY-Tau22 mice and controls were given free access to a running wheel during 9 months. Our results show a decrease of Tau pathology in running THY-Tau22 mice hippocampus, together with prevention of spatial memory deficits and increase of hippocampal BDNF levels, suggesting beneficial effects of long-lasting modulation of BDNF/TrkB system on Tau pathology and its physiopathological consequences. Overall, results gathered during this thesis suggest a bilateral relationship between Tau pathology and BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic system, thereby highlighting the importance of neurotrophin modulation for AD treatment
Gary, Charlotte. "Experimental Transmission of Alzheimer's Disease Endophenotypes to Murine and Primate Models." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS412/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded β-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau proteins. There has been longstanding interest as to whether AD might be transmissible similarly to prion diseases. Our objective was to study the transmissibility of AD endophenotypes after AD brain intracerebral inoculation in mice and primates.First, we showed that AD experimental transmission accelerated Aβ pathology in two rodent models of early or late genetic β-amyloidosis. Then, we focused on a primate model of sporadic AD, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). AD-inoculated adult lemurs progressively developed cognitive impairments, neuronal activity alterations and cerebral atrophy. AD-inoculated mouse lemurs also developed subtle β-amyloidosis in the absence of Tau pathology, 18 months after inoculation. The transmission of an AD-like pathology in the absence of severe neuropathological lesions is striking. Such observations have already been reported for prion diseases but never in the context of AD. Our results suggest that agents leading to AD-like alterations may be not immunohistopathological-detectable forms of Aβ or Tau proteins and transmitted experimentally.In conclusion, our results support the “prion-like” hypothesis of AD and provide further arguments for a dichotomy between the toxicity of deposited and soluble assemblies of Aβ or Tau proteins. Finally, they complement recent evidence supporting iatrogenic β-amyloidosis in humans and provide strong arguments to evaluate functional outcomes in potentially contaminated individuals
Bellavance, Marc-André. "Rôles des monocytes patrouilleurs en contextes neuropathologiques : élucidation de nouvelles fonctions neuroprotectrices." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25311.
Full textThe functional interplay between the central and peripheral immune systems is instrumental for preserving the CNS homeostasis. In neuropathological contexts, the reciprocal actions of peripheral and central immune cells orchestrate adaptive changes allowing the CNS to cope with the encountered stress, and eventually restore the homeostatic state. During the last decade, myeloid cells have emerged as key therapeutic targets for many autoimmune, neurodegenerative and even psychiatric diseases. Many disease susceptibility variants associated to myeloid cells were identified, but the precise functions assumed by monocytes have remained mostly elusive. The two studies described herein report on the pivotal role of patrolling monocytes in supporting neuronal surival during excitotoxicity, as well as eliminating Ab peptides from the CNS in a transgenic murine model of Alzheimer’s disease. In the first study, we show in mice that monocytes temporarily engraft the brain following a local excitotoxic insult induced by the glutamate analog kainate. Circulating levels of patrolling monocytes are also profoundly altered following the administration of the excitotoxin, and the targeted deletion of patrolling monocytes significantly compromised neuronal survival. Moreover, the extent of neuronal death negatively correlated with levels of patrolling monocytes in the blood. In the second study, we demonstrate that patrolling monocytes are selectively attracted to Ab-laden veins in the cerebral cortex of adult APP/PS1 mice. These monocytes do not crawl on the luminal side of Ab-positive arteries or Ab-free blood vessels. Interestingly, patrolling monocytes carry intracellular loads of Ab in veins, and eventually circulate back to the bloodstream. The selective removal of patrolling monocytes significantly increased Ab load in the brain. Therefore, our results indicate that patrolling monocytes are strategically positionned to promote neuronal survival following kainate administration and abate cerebral levels of Ab in APP/PS1 mice. These findings open new research and therapeutic avenues for Alzheimer’s disease as well as neuropathological disorders implicating excitotoxicity.
Lalande, Julie. "Biomarqueurs prédictifs de la maladie d'Alzheimer dans un modèle de souris : approche métabolomique par spectroscopies RMN et études comportementales." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU30121.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder that causes a progressive decline in cognitive functions. Current treatments are only symptomatic. So, there is an urgent need for diagnostic tools able to detect AD prior to the onset of signs of cognitive impairment. A metabolomic study by 1H NMR was first carried out on five brain regions of control (Tg-) or amyloidopathy-developing mice (Tg+) aged 1 to 11 months to characterize the metabolic alterations linked to the development of AD. The hippocampus (Hipp) is metabolically affected early during the progression of AD. Taurine (Tau) and creatine (Cr), two neuroprotective and osmoregulatory metabolites, increase in the Hipp of Tg+ from the age of 6 months. 1H SRM and NMR were then coupled to analyze the Hipp of young mice treated with clioquinol (CQ). CQ increases the formation of Tau and Cr before the first signs of cognitive decline. Finally, behavioral tests were performed on 13 month-old mice in an enriched environment (EE) or treated by CQ. The metabolic profiles were analyzed by 1H NMR. The EE and CQ improved episodic memory of Tg+ when they were in a familiar environment. No metabolic difference between control and transgenic mice could be demonstrated in the Hipp. The statistical coupling of metabolomic and behavioral data showed that untreated-CQ and non-EE Tg+ mice developed disorders of episodic memory associated with higher Cr and Tau concentrations. Thus, an early EE or a late CQ treatment would improve cognitive functions even at an age when amyloid plaques have started to form
Audrain, Mickaël. "Modélisation des phases précoces de la maladie d’Alzheimer par transfert de gènes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB010/document.
Full textEvaluation of biomarkers and new innovative therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) suffers from a misunderstanding of early phases and lack of appropriate animal models close to the human physiopathology. Most available rodent models reproduce hallmarks of AD such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in a few months, while it takes many years to be achieved in human. My PhD work consisted to develop a new modelling strategy of AD early phases without major overexpression of transgenes. To do so, we used gene transfer of human APPSL and PS1M146L using viral vectors injection in the hippocampus of 8 weeks old mice and rats. We characterized these models and showed peptides production, such as betaCTF and abeta42 from APP processing, similar to what is observed in AD patients hippocampi. We also highlighted a hyperphosphorylation of Tau followed by a synaptic failure characterized by a decrease of PSD-95 and GLT-1 levels and by an increase of the tonic current mediated by glutamate. These changes have been finally associated with behavioral deficits. My results suggest that many events appear well before the formation of amyloid plaques or tangles and lead to the disruption of the synapse and the early onset of behavioral defects. Thus, we now have relevant tools to understand the early stages of AD, which will allow us to test new drug compounds on these models with a wide therapeutic window and discover new early biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
Bertrand, Anne. "Etude morphologique et fonctionnelle par IRM à très haut champ de modèles animaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer : micro-IRM du cerveau du primate Microcebus Murinus, et caractérisation par MEMRI du transport neuronal chez différents modèles murins transgéniques." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066011.
Full textArnaud, Karen. "Sécrétion du précurseur de la protéine amyloïde par les plexus choroïdes : implications dans la neurogenèse adulte et la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066214/document.
Full textAging and degeneration of the brain with cognitive decline and neurologic symptoms are major individual and societal problems. The major age-related brain degeneration disease is Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with about 40 million people affected in 2015.Physiologically, the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is cleaved by an alpha-secretase, releasing soluble APP (sAPP) an important regulator of adult neurogenesis. This cleavage prevents two others in positions beta and gamma that generate the ßA4 toxic peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer Disease.Next generation RNA-sequencing has revealed that APP is the 16th most expressed genes in the choroid plexus (CP), suggesting that it may be a major source of sAPP and ßA4 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If so, adult neurogenesis in the SVZ and hippocampus may be regulated by the choroid plexus and impeded in mutations favoring ßA4 production. My thesis project fell under the possibility to regulate App expression in the CP, and follow consequences on adult neurogenesis and plaques formation in AD. Using viral vectors to modulate App expression in the CP, we confirmed the importance of sAPP coming from CP in adult neurogenesis. With so, CP seems to be an important source of APPin the brain, and could have a key role in AD
Maleysson, Vincent. "Développement et caractérisation d'un nouveau modèle expérimental de la maladie d'Alzheimer chez le rat non transgénique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT1401/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function with a memory impairment, a brain atrophy, and two histological hallmarks observed from post-mortem examination: extracellular β-amyloid plaques and intracellular tangles of the Tau protein abnormally phosphorylated. Numerous animal models of AD have been developed to understand and to test drugs against this pathology. However, any non-transgenic model of rodent developing amyloid plaques and the neurofibrilary pathology is currently available. The aim of this study is to develop the first non-transgenic model producing the two histopathological features of AD in the rat. The principle is to perform a concomitant intrahippocampal injection of a recombinant AAV (Adeno-Associated Virus) containing the human transgene tau with the P301L mutation, and of Aβ1-42 peptide, the main component of the amyloid plaques. After several experiments, we have obtained an animal model representative of the early steps of AD, i.e. with lesions focalized in one of the first affected brain structures in the AD: the hippocampus. The presence of the two histopathological hallmarks has been observed by immunohistofluorescence and associated with an astrogliosis. A memory impairment concerning more particulary the working memory, and abnormalities of the electrical activity of the brain and of the rapid eye movement sleep recorded by electroencephalography, are also characterized
Dujardin, Simon. "De la cellule au primate, propagation physiopathologique de la protéine Tau." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S019/document.
Full textTau is a microtubule-associated protein mainly expressed in neurons. There are six different isoforms of this protein bearing either 3 or 4 microtubule-binding domains and called 3R-Tau or 4R-Tau. During the course of tauopathies, Tau proteins are abnormally modified and aggregate in specific intracellular lesions called neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). According to tauopathies, the morphology of lesions, their isoforms’ composition and the spatiotemporal evolution of the pathology are different. Moreover, tauopathies are mostly sporadic but some mutations on Tau gene (MAPT) induce rare forms of familial fronto-temporal dementia. In some sporadic tauopathies like Alzheimer’s disease, the NFD is initiated in specific brain areas and evolves stereotypically in well-defined neuropathological stages. The mechanisms underlying such evolutions are mainly unknown but recently, different studies had proposed that some pathological species of Tau protein are able to actively move from region-to-region following neuro-anatomical connections and to spread the Tau pathology intra-cerebrally by this way.Within this context, we have demonstrated either in vitro using a microfluidic chamber system or in vivo using a new rat model, that Tau proteins are actively and physiologically transferred from cell-to-cell. Interestingly, in this model we could also follow the development of the Tau pathology inside the rats’ hippocampus but also its propagation from region-to-region. This model is based on a viral vector technology; therefore, we were able to test different construct and to show that surprisingly, Tau pathology induced by mutated or 3R-Tau species is restricted to the vicinity of the initiation site and do not propagate as far as the wild-type 4R-Tau species.Tau proteins as well as NFD are cell-to-cell propagating but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still unknown. In order to address this point and knowing the significance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the intercellular communication mechanisms, we analysed their implication in the transfer of Tau proteins. We purified EVs in vitro from culture supernatants but also in vivo from primates’ cerebrospinal fluid samples and rats’ cerebral interstitial fluid samples. We demonstrated that Tau proteins are secreted physiologically in a free form but also within specific EVs named ectosomes and coming from a budding of the plasma membrane. Also, it seems that when Tau is overexpressed and when NFD is present, Tau proteins are retrieved within EVs named exosomes and derived from the endosomes/lysosomes pathway.These results clearly show that Tau proteins are propagating from neuron to neuron physiologically but also during pathological processes. It seems also that some specific Tau species are more prone to propagate than others. These differences could partly contribute to the different phenotypes observed among tauopathies. We have also demonstrated that Tau proteins are secreted via several pathways of secretion that could reflect different pathophysiological stages. Some complementary studies are needed particularly to 1- clearly identify the cellular mechanisms of Tau exit and entry. 2- to understand if some Tau species will specifically induce Tau pathology in secondary neurons and if it is possible to block this phenomenon thanks to targeted therapy. And 3- to identify the reasons that explain the vulnerability of some specific cell populations to Tau pathology propagation
Guedjdal, Sarah. "Le rôle d’une nouvelle forme tronquée de la protéine Tau dans le développement de la maladie d’Alzheimer et son potentiel thérapeutique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S021.
Full textTau protein is involved in the pathophysiology of more than twenty neurodegenerative diseases referred to as Tauopathies. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common Tauopathy, Tau is found aggregated in neurons. These pathological aggregates of Tau called neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are the hallmarks of AD brains. The progression of NFT in AD brain is correlated with cognitive impairment. The mechanisms underlying this pathophysiological process are not well understood yet. Nevertheless, post-translational modifications of Tau protein seem to play an etiopathological role. Furthermore, these post-translational modifications may provide early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for AD. Our team has recently identified a new truncated Tau protein starting at methionine 11 and bearing a modification that has never been described for the Tau: N-α-acetylation (AcMet11-Tau). In addition, our team has developed a monoclonal antibody, 2H2D11, which specifically targets the AcMet11-Tau form. The first studies from AD brains indicate that AcMet11-Tau protein is present in degenerating neurons and that it is part of pathological Tau proteins. The present thesis work aims to establish the role of AcMet11-Tau in the development of Tau pathology linked to AD and its associated dysfunctions, using a transgenic model mimicking the Tau side of AD (THY-Tau22 model). These THY-Tau22 mice reproduce with age several aspects of Tau pathology associated with memory loss. We have showed in these mice that AcMet11-Tau form appears early before the onset of memory impairment. One of my thesis objectives was to evaluate an in vivo modeling approach, based on stereotaxic injections of lentiviral vectors, in the hippocampus of wild and THY-Tau transgenic mice, to express the Met11-Tau protein. Our immunohistochemical analyzes show that this protein is stably expressed throughout the hippocampus as an N-α-acetylated form. More particularly, AcMet11-Tau is detected in brain regions having an important role in synaptic plasticity and memory. In addition, our preliminary results suggest that AcMet11-Tau is likely a seeding factor that promotes the aggregation of Tau proteins. Thus, AcMet11-Tau appears to be an important player in the pathological process, representing hence a good candidate for therapeutic targeting. To date, there are several therapeutic strategies aiming to treat Tau pathology, including immunotherapy. The second objective of my thesis aims to establish the proof of concept of a passive immunotherapy approach targeting AcMet11-Tau. We have showed that immunization of THY-Tau22 mice against the truncated AcMet11-Tau form prevents the alteration of working memory in the Y-maze test and improves animal learning during the evaluation of the spatial reference memory by the Barnes maze at the age of 8 months. This beneficial effect is associated with a decrease in abnormal Tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus and a significant reduction in insoluble Tau species. We have also showed that targeting AcMet11-Tau exerts anti-inflammatory effects in this model of Tauopathy. Together, our data demonstrate that the new truncated form AcMet11-Tau plays an instrumental role in Tau pathology development; its targeting by passive immunotherapy is likely a promising therapeutic strategy for AD treatment
Rey, Christophe. "Dysfonctionnement de l'aire CA2 de l'hippocampe et déficits de mémoire sociale dans un modèle murin de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30091.
Full textOne of the most excruciating cognitive problems observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is their inability to recognize others. To date, the neural mechanisms underlying this form of memory, called social memory, are partly unknown. This cognitive function requires the integration of numerous sensory information and elaborated memory processes, suggesting that the hippocampal circuit may be involved. Very recently, the area CA2 sub-region of the hippocampus, has aroused a great deal of interest, particularly in its major involvement in the processing of social memory. For the hippocampus to function properly, the balance between excitation and inhibition is essential. The area CA2 has the particularity of exhibiting a very high density of inhibitory parvalbumin (PV) interneurons which express unique properties. In patients and mouse models (Tg2576) of AD, dysfunction of PV interneurons leads to abnormal activity of the hippocampal neural network. Furthermore, this alteration of PV interneurons in the CA2 area is associated with the reduction of their extracellular matrix called perineuronal net (PNN). In this thesis, we hypothesized that PNNs around PV neurons are necessary for social memory and that their disappearance in the area CA2 is responsible for the social memory deficit observed in AD. Indeed, we show that the alteration of PNN around PV neurons in the area CA2 is sufficient to induce specific alterations in social memory in healthy mice. On the other hand, a specific improvement of social memory capacities is obtained in AD mice by stimulating the formation of PNNs in the area CA2. Finally, we report that Tg2576 mice exhibit an aberrant brain activity during a social task and this perturbation may be dependent on the disappearance of PNNs in the area CA2. Thus, our results reveal that the area CA2 of the hippocampus plays a major role in the social memory deficits associated with AD. Our work also identifies PV neurons and their extracellular matrix, the PNN, as crucial elements in the formation of social memory
Chen, Yaohua. "Maladie d’Alzheimer : influence des microhémorragies, du sexe et de la modulation pharmacologique : données cliniques et expérimentales." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S043/document.
Full textThe physiopathology of Alzheimer disease (AD) is complex. Associated factors, in particular at the vascular level with damaged small blood vessels, might be involved. Cerebral microbleeds(CMB) in particular, could be one of the key contributing factor in AD. The cumulative evidence suggested a sex-specific patterns of disease. Furthermore, statins might be interesting by pleitropic effects. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the interaction between vascular and neurodegenerative lesions in Alzheimer, the influence of sex, and the pharmacological modulation by atorvastatin. This experimental model is designed in a multimodal approach to ensure its scientific relevance and to fit with clinical research. The third objective is indeed to confront theresulting experimental data to the clinical data of cohorts of Alzheimer patients. With an original model of CMB in female mice, we folio wed-up them from 1.5 months to 12 months postsurgery.For the clinical part, we studied patients with AD from a database of a tertiary memory center, with standardized framework. In a translational way, we observed a cognitive and a non cognitiveimpact of CMBs, differently in wild-type mice and in diseased mice. Different outcome was noticed for young female mice. And Atorvastatine offered a mild neuroprotection particularly in presymptomatic stage. Finally, the mechanism implied will be studied, in particular the inflammatory pathway, and will help to propose targeted pharmacological modulation in order to prevent or limit the impact of CMB on AD, by offering a personalized approach
Hamm, Haouari Valentine. "Implication des métabolites de l'APP dans les troubles mnésiques précoces chez la souris TgCRND8, un modèle de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ116/document.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology commonly characterized by a progressive memory loss. To these days, AD’s etiology has remained unclear which complicates the development of therapeutic strategies enabling to eradicate the pathology. The accumulation of therapeutic failures could partly be explained by the fact that the amyloid hypothesis, which highlights the leading involvement of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) in the physiopathology of AD, could be incomplete. Using a transgenic mouse model of AD, the TgCRND8 mice strain, I expanded the amyloid hypothesis, suggesting the involvement of the beta carboxy-terminal fragment (β-CTF), in addition to Aβ. These two amyloidogenic metabolites could be responsible for the alteration of different forms of memory. The dosage of these metabolites, after mice chronic treatment with either a β- or a γ-secretase inhibitor, highlighted the fact that β-CTF could be responsible for the deterioration of the memory involved in the detection of the replacement of an object. As for Aβ, it could disrupt the memory allowing the detection of the displacement of an object. This work suggests that it would be judicious to develop therapeutic strategies reducing brain levels of both amyloid fragments, β-CTF and Aβ
Krezymon, Alice. "Altérations cellulaires hippocampiques liées à l'âge et récupération cognitive induite par un enrichissement environnemental chez les souris Tg2576 modèles de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1923/.
Full textTo understand the cellular mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we used transgenic mice (Tg2576) that develop phenotypic alterations mimicking some aspects of AD. We found that during the development of AD, hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in young Tg2576 mice and a remodeling of the neural network of the hippocampus may contribute to memory deficits. On the other hand, environmental factors have been suggested to impact the risk and development of AD. The "cognitive reserve" hypothesis proposes protective effects of complex experiences, such as sustained cognitive engagement, against dementia. We found that transient enriched housing of young mice to an enriched environment restores memory performance and decreases senile plaque formation in neo-cortical areas
Albert, Marie. "Prévention du phénomène de nucléation et de la propagation des tauopathies par immunothérapie passive utilisant un anticorps ciblant une région centrale de la protéine tau." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S030/document.
Full textIn tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease, tau protein becomes abnormally hyperphosphorylated which leads to its accumulation and intracellular aggregation. This process gradually leads to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Anti-tau immunotherapy is increasingly considered as a potential treatment to block tauopathies’s progression.UCB BioPharma recently showed that antibody D, targeting an epitope in the central region of tau (aa 235-250), is able to block, in vitro, the intracellular seeding of tau proteins induced by PHFs purified from the brain of Alzheimer's patients. The antibody A, same isotype and associated with similar binding properties but recognizing the N-terminal region of tau (aa 15 to 24) is not able to prevent tau seeding in this cell based assay. This observation underlines the importance of the targeted epitope on tau protein in order to neutralize pathological species contained in Alzheimer's brains (Courade et al., 2018).In order to study the properties of antibody D in vivo, we developed two murine models of tauopathies. First, a seeding model based on a unilateral injection of Alzheimer's brain homogenate into the hippocampus of young Tg30tau mice. Secondly, a spreading model to study the propagation of pathological tau seeds, based on unilateral hippocampal injection of P301L-K18 fibrils in hTauP301L transgenic mice. Tauopathies induced in these models were quantified in the ipsi and contralateral hippocampus in the presence of immunotherapeutic treatments with anti-tau antibodies (D, A) or a negative control antibody. Quantification of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau was performed by immunohistochemical or biochemical analyses.In the seeding model, antibody D significantly reduces the appearance of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau both in the ipsi and contralateral CA1 regions of hippocampus. In contrast, antibody A is not able to prevent the appearance of pathological tau in this model. In the spreading model, immunotherapeutic treatments with antibody D significantly reduces the spread of pathological tau seeds in the contralateral hippocampus.From these two murine models of tauopathies, we confirmed in vivo the ability of antibody D to neutralize the pathological tau species contained in an Alzheimer's brains homogenate and demonstrated its capacity to reduce the intercellular propagation of tauopathies. In the seeding model, antibody A wasn’t able to affect the onset of tauopathy. These results confirm those described by UCB BioPharma based on their in vitro aggregation assay and confirm the importance of the targeted epitope in order to effectively prevent the development of tauopathies in vivo
Verdurand, Mathieu. "Vers l'imagerie TEP de la neurotransmission sérotoninergique dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : du radiotraceur au modèle animal." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348975.
Full textUne première partie, méthodologique, a consisté à automatiser et à optimiser la radiosynthèse du [11C]PIB, un radiotraceur pouvant détecter l'accumulation des peptides amyloïdes dans le cerveau de patients atteints de la MA.
Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'imagerie TEP de la neurotransmission sérotoninergique. Les antagonistes des récepteurs 5-HT6 ont démontré des propriétés procognitives et des études post-mortem ont montrées leur modification dans la MA. Cependant, aucun centre ne dispose encore d'un radiotraceur spécifique. Nous rapportons l'évaluation biologique d'un radiotraceur antagoniste des 5-HT6, le [18F]12ST05. D'autre part, une étude récente en imagerie TEP au [18F]MPPF, un antagoniste des récepteurs 5-HT1A, a révélé une diminution de sa fixation chez des patients Alzheimer alors qu'une augmentation pouvait être constatée chez des patients MCI. Nous sommes parvenus à reproduire une surexpression transitoire des 5-HT1A dans un modèle animal de la MA et nous proposons différents mécanismes compensatoires à l'origine de cette augmentation. Ces résultats apportent des hypothèses sur la nature des phénomènes compensatoires précoces stimulés et pourraient avoir des conséquences sur les thérapeutiques ciblant les 5-HT1A.
Verdurand, Mathieu. "Vers l'imagerie TEP de la transmission sérotoninergique dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : du radiotraceur au modèle animal." Lyon 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/34/89/75/PDF/These_MV.pdf.
Full textEarly diagnostic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is facing difficulties that PET imaging (Positron Emission Tomography) could overcome. The first part of our work was dedicate to the automation and optimization of [11C]PIB synthesis, a radioligand that allows visualizing amyloid load in patients with AD. In a second part, we studied serotoninergic neurotransmission in AD. 5-HT6 receptors antagonists display pro-cognitive properties and post-mortem studies showed their modulation in AD. However, no PET 5-HT6 receptors radioligand is available yet. We report the biological evaluation of [18F]12ST05, a 5-HT6 receptors antagonist radiotracer. A recent clinical PET study using [18F]MPPF (5-HT1A antagonist) demonstrated an increase in 5-HT1A receptors in patients with MCI whereas a decrease could be seen in patients with AD. We could reproduce such a transient up-regulation in a rat model of AD and were able to propose several mechanisms underlying these effects. Our results bring new hypothesis on early stimulated phenomenon in AD and could have potential implication in the therapeutics targeting 5-HT1A receptors
Dournaud, Pascal. "Etude des systemes somatostatinergiques centraux dans la maladie d'alzheimer. Recherche de modeles animaux." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066102.
Full textBoutajangout, Allal. "Pathogénie des dégénérescences neurofibrillaires de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210900.
Full text1° Une hypothèse étiopathogénique de la MA est la “cascade amyloïde”, selon laquelle le peptide amyloïde Ab exercerait un effet toxique entraînant la phosphorylation de tau et la formation de DNF. Certaines formes familiales de MA sont dues à des mutations du gène du précurseur du peptide amyloïde (APP) ou des présénilines et nous avons voulu déterminer si la surexpression de ces protéines pouvait entraîner la formation de DNF. Nous avons d’abord étudié une lignée murine double transgénique surexprimant l’isoforme 0N3R de protéine tau humaine “sauvage” et une forme mutée de préseniline 1 (M146L). Nous y avons démontré une co-expression neuronale des deux protéines et une augmentation de la phosphorylation de tau mais nous n’y avons pas observé de formation de DNF, chez des animaux examinés jusqu’à 17 mois. Nous avons ensuite étudié une lignée murine triple transgénique surexprimant l’isoforme 0N3R de protéine tau “sauvage”, une forme mutée de préseniline 1 (M146L) et une forme mutée de l’APP 751 (mutations Swedish K670N, M671L et London V717I). Ces animaux ont développé précocement (2.5 mois) des dépôts extracellulaires de peptide Ab. Nous y avons observé une augmentation de la phosphorylation de tau dans les prolongements neuronaux en contact avec les dépôts amyloïdes et des anomalies de l’organisation du cytosquelette, mais pas de DNF, chez des animaux examinés jusqu’à 18 mois.
2° Certaines mutations du gène de tau sont responsables de formes familiales de démence frontotemporales dans lesquelles se développent des DNF. Ces mutations favoriseraient l’agrégation de tau où entraîneraient un déséquilibre de l’expression relative des isoformes de tau. Un tel déséquilibre pourrait également être induit dans les formes sporadiques de MA, en l’absence de mutations de tau. Afin d’investiguer cette hypothèse, nous avons étudié le profil d’expression des ARNm de tau et des isoformes de protéines tau dans plusieurs régions cérébrales de sujets contrôles ou atteints de MA. Un même profil d’expression a été observé dans les deux groupes. Une augmentation relative de l’expression de l’isoforme 0N3R de tau dans le cortex temporal pourrait être liée à la sensibilité de cette région au développement de DNF. Nous avons également étudié des lignées stables de cellules CHO exprimant des formes mutées (P301L, R406W) et non-mutées de protéines tau. Nous n’avons cependant pas observé d’augmentation de l’agrégation de tau dans les lignées exprimant les formes mutées de tau.
Nos résultats indiquent que la simple surexpression de formes mutées de l’APP et des présénilines, même en présence d’une protéine tau humaine, ne suffit pas à entraîner la formation de DNF. En outre, l’absence de différence dans le profil d’expression cérébrale des isoformes de tau entre sujets contrôles et atteints de MA suggère que les modifications post-traductionnelles de cette protéine jouent un rôle plus important dans la genèse des DNF.
Doctorat en sciences biomédicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Brulin-Fardoux, Peggy. "Cadasil : contribution apportée par l'ultrastructure, l'immunohistochimie des vaisseaux et l'analyse du modèle animal." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2MT25.
Full textIn the field of vascular dementia which correspond to the second cause of dementia after Alzheimer disease in occidental countries, CADASIL is an autosomal dominant hereditary vascular dementia secondary to mutations of the gene Notch3. CADASIL is a systemic alteration of the vascular smooth muscle cells leading to an exclusive neurological disease. The neuroimagery is one main point in the diagnosis and discloses lesions in the deep white matter and in the deep gray matter. The main purpuse of this study us a better understanding of the CADASIL physiopathology. Three lines were developped : i) A morphological and morphometrical evaluation of the vessel wall alterations and their functional consequences, ii) a biochemical analysis of the specific deposits (GOMs) and iii) a study of a CADASIL murin model in order to observe the time course of the disease
Delcasso, Sebastien. "Conception d'une nouvelle chambre opérante pour l'étude des capacités cognitives des souris modélisant la maladie d'Alzheimer." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13552.
Full textGirardot, Nadège. "Membranes cellulaires et externalisation du peptide Aβ dans la maladie d'Alzheimer et ses modèles transgéniques, aspects morphologiques." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05N35S.
Full textAβ peptide results from the cleavage of the APP, localised in cholesterol enriched domains of the plasma membrane called "lipid rafts". The mechanisms which allow its externalisation remain badly known. Our objective was to highlight them in Alzheimer disease of and its transgenic models by using markers of the lipid rafts like flotillin-1 and GM1 ganglioside. In APPxPS1 mice we observed a intracellular production of Aβ peptide in multivesicular bodies. The analysis of the distribution of flotilin-1 revealed that it accumulated in granules, in the soma of neurons which contained a DNF. Ganglioside GM1 accumulates in the periphery of the senile plaques in APP dystrophic neurites. In SH-SY5Y cells transfected with mutated APP, a colocalisation between GM1 and Aβ but also with the C99 fragment of APP were observed into the membrane. This membrane interaction seems to be necessary to the externalisation of Aβ peptide since the inhibition of the GM1.
Lafay-Chebassier, Claire. "Etude du contrôle traductionnel dans des modèles de la maladie d'Alzheimer : recherche de cibles thérapeutiques." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT1802.
Full textKruczek, Elisabeth. "Le rôle des animaux de compagnie chez les personnes atteintes de la maladie d'Alzheimer ou de syndrome apparentés." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR1M230.
Full textCallizot, Noelle. "Validation de trois nouveaux modèles animaux de maladies neurologiques humaines et réflexions sur la modélisation." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13172.
Full textJazi, Rozat. "La mutation PS1 : caractérisation phénotypique neurochimique et neuropathologique de souris transgéniques, modèles de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10063/document.
Full textIn addition to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, predominant in Alzheimer's disease research, other hypotheses have been proposed to explain its pathogenesis. Among those, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinergic alterations were suggested, based on early onset signs contributing in an important way to the physiopathology. Our project studied these factors via phenotypic evaluation in the context of histopathology and neurochemistry in two PS-1 mutations: PS1/A246E transgenic and PS1/I213T knock-in mice, characterized by overexpressed Aß-42 peptide without amyloidosis, together with mild behavioral impairments mimicking early onset Alzheimer's disease. Both mutants showed oxidative damage, as measured by DNA oxidation in regions with increased Aß. Brain regional cartographies of cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase reflected respectively neuronal metabolism and cholinergic innervation. There was no intrinsic modulation of cytochrome oxidase but rather compensatory phenomena independent of oxidative damage. Cholinergic alterations were important in each mutation, particularly in circuits associated with selective attention and memory
Gibrat, Claire. "Propriétés thérapeutiques de la cystamine pour la maladie de Parkinson : étude chez divers modèles animaux de la maladie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29809/29809.pdf.
Full textCurrent treatments for Parkinson disease (PD) are only symptomatic, that means that they relieve symptoms of the disease without intervening in its underlying functional disorders and therefore cannot prevent the neurodegenerative progression of PD. There is therefore a huge interest in developing ways to prevent the loss of neurons that characterizes this disease or otherwise change the pathology’s evolutionary course when it is already initiated. From this interest, we have chosen to focus our research on a compound suspected to possess neuroprotective properties in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. This compound is the cystamine. This molecule has already been recognized as a neuroprotective agent in animal models of Huntington disease (HD), another neurodegenerative disease resulting in motor problems. It is in this context that fits my thesis, which aims to address the issue of cystamine’s therapeutic effects and mechanisms for PD. First, my work focused on the study of neuroprotective properties of cystamine and the identification of some mechanisms of action responsible for the beneficial effects observed in an MPTP-induced presymptomatic murine model of parkinsonism. Subsequently we studied the impact of cystamine, when the treatment was administered during an ongoing DA-neuronal degeneration, on behavioural, biochemical and pathological changes observed in two distinct neurotoxic mouse models of PD. Finally we stated the optimal efficient doses of cystamine, addressed the identification of intermediate molecules involved in the cystamine’s action and checked their transport to the brain. Briefly, our investigations confirm not only the neuroprotective aptitudes of cystamine when administered before the induction of the pathology but also demonstrate its capacity to stop an ongoing neurodegenerative process (neurorescue) and even partly reverse motor deficiencies. We have shown that these beneficial effects are associated, in particular, to a fine regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as a modulation of apoptotic factors and pro-inflammatory cytotoxic compounds. These approaches have also enabled us to highlight the glial cells as important mediators of the cystamine’s beneficial effects and the extent of the doses tested allowed the identification of the optimal doses for this compound’s efficiency. Our work finally points the cysteamine as the major intermediate involved in the cystamine’s therapeutic action and demonstrates its ability to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) in vivo. Our latest publications as well as our preliminary results on the therapeutic power of cystamine demonstrate the relevance of the proposed studies and offer a sound basis for the continuation on the translational research on this molecule.
Bezzina, Charlotte. "L'hypersynchronie neuronale chez les souris Tg2576 modèles de la maladie d'Alzheimer et sa modulation par l'enrichissement environnemental." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30255/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid peptides and by a progressive memory loss. These AD features can be modeled in transgenic mouse lines that overexpress mutant forms of the amyloid precursor protein. Environmental cognitive stimulations can delay memory decline in AD patients. Our team showed that an early environmental enrichment (EE) durably improves memory performances in Tg2576 mice, a progressive model of AD. Nevertheless, the neurobiological processes underlying the maintenance of memory performances in these mice remain unknown. EE might prevent some pathological events that contribute to memory deficits in Tg2576 mice. Among them, we focused on neuronal hypersynchrony. Indeed, AD patients and related mouse models exhibit seizures and some antiepileptic treatments can improve their memory performances. In this context, the two principal aims of this work were: 1) to evidence neuronal hypersynchrony in Tg2576 mice and precise its onset relative to the onset of memory deficits in this mouse line, 2) to determine if an environmental enrichment protocol that durably improves memory performances in these mice is able to reduce neuronal hypersynchrony. To this purpose, we assessed neuronal hypersynchrony at different ages in Tg2576 males as well as in Tg2576 females housed in enriched or standard conditions. To this end, we measured seizure susceptibility to a proconvulsant agent and the frequency of spontaneous interictal spikes on electroencephalographic recordings (EEG). We also looked for a marker of chronic seizures: the expression of neuropeptide Y in mossy fibers. In this thesis, we evidenced that neuronal hypersynchrony appears as soon as 1.5 months of age in Tg2576 mice, before their first memory deficits but that environmental enrichment does not influence it. We also observed that interictal spikes preferentially occur during sleep, their rate rising to its maximum during paradoxical sleep. Finally, Tg2576 mice present an overall increase in the power of EEG oscillations between 5 and 100 Hz, which is not affected by environmental enrichment. In conclusion, my thesis work showed that neuronal hypersynchrony precedes memory decline in Tg2576 mice and that environmental enrichment would rather promote the establishment of alternative cognitive strategies than preventing some alterations of brain neuronal activity such as neuronal hypersynchrony
Calmels, Nadège. "Développement et applications de modèles cellulaires pour l'ataxie de Friedreich." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13110.
Full textFriedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomic recessive neurodegenerative disease due to a loss of function of frataxin. My thesis project was to develop cellular models to unravel frataxin function and FRDA physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic molecules. The first model reproduced frataxin partial deficiency, as observed in a vast majority of patients, by using a ribozyme strategy targeted against murine frataxin. This cellular model has been used to screen a one-thousand compounds library for therapeutic molecules. Moreover I have set up a strategy based on complete inactivation of the murine frataxin gene by using a fluorescent recombinase associated with frataxin conditional allele. Complete frataxin deficiency in murine immortalized fibroblasts led to cell death. However this lethal phenotype could be rescued by transgenic expression of some human frataxin missense mutants (G130V and I154F). These first missense mutants cellular models displayed a spontaneous phenotype specific for Friedreich ataxia and the severity of the model was correlated with the clinical consequences of the mutations
Freyssin, Aline. "Comparaison des effets de la viniférine et du resvératrol dans des modèles expérimentaux de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT1801.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is currently considered as the most common neurodegenerative disease. Its incidence is clearly increasing, due to the aging of the population and the lack of effective treatment. Nowadays, AD affects almost 50 million people worldwide, including nearly 1.2 million French people. About 225,000 new cases are diagnosed each year in France, making this neurodegenerative disease the fourth leading cause of death in this country. Currently, there is no cure against AD, but natural polyphenols found in plants seem to have multiple properties, and could be candidate molecules for the treatment of AD. Indeed, they have anti-inflammatory activities, inhibit the aggregation of the amyloid peptide and are able to disintegrate it. Thus, the resveratrol, a reference polyphenol, has been widely studied in cellular and animal models of AD and in AD patients. Unfortunately, it is very quickly metabolized and therefore must be administered in very high doses to be effective. On the contrary by its chemical structure, viniferin, a dimer of resveratrol extracted from vine shoots, could have more beneficial effects than those of resveratrol.In a previous study in the laboratory using APPswePS1dE9 transgenic mice, viniferin administered weekly intraperitoneally (i.p.) led to a decrease in the size and the density of amyloid deposits as well as a reduction of neuroinflammation. However, these beneficial effects have never been compared to those of resveratrol. In addition, the role of viniferin on memory decline has not been evaluated in these mice.Consequently, the objective of this work was to compare the potential preventive and / or curative effects of viniferin and resveratrol in these APPswePS1dE9 mice on amyloid deposits, neuroinflammation and memory decline. In a first part, APPswePS1dE9 or wild-type mice were treated with a weekly i.p. injection of viniferin or resveratrol at a dose of 20 mg / kg or by their vehicle, the polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) between 7 and 11 months, in order to assess the ability of these polyphenols to slow down the progression of the disease. At 7 months of age, these mice already display amyloid deposits and inflammation. The second part of the study focused on the preventive effect of these polyphenols injected from 3 to 12 months (no lesion at 3 months).In these two in vivo studies carried out in parallel, the evolution of the memory status of mice was evaluated using the behavioral test of the Morris water maze. The overall amyloid load, amyloid deposits and neuroinflammation were quantified by western-blot, ELISA, immunofluorescence and PET-scan.Results showed that viniferin reduced the hippocampal amyloid load (insoluble forms of Aβ42 and Aβ40) and deposits with better efficiency than resveratrol at 11 months. In addition, the two polyphenols partially prevented memory decline. In contrast, these polyphenols did not rescue neuroinflammation. This last result can be explained by the PEG 200-induced neuroinflammatory effect, not previously described, in the hippocampus of treated wild type mice. In addition, the viniferin treatment from 3 to 12 months also induced a decrease in amyloid deposits. However, no effect on memory decline and neuroinflammation was observed. The side effect of vehicle could mask the response of viniferin in inflammatory process and cognitive decline. Further experiments are needed with another vehicle and an in-depth analysis of the signature of the oligomers to really judge the effect of viniferin on the amyloid component in AD
WILLIG, FRANCIS. "Evaluation neurobiologique de quelques modeles animaux pour l'etude des deficits mnesiques lies a la senescence et a la maladie d'alzheimer." Paris 7, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA077208.
Full textPrunier-Levilion, Caroline. "Etude du système dopaminergique par tomographie par émission monophotonique : des modèles animaux à l'homme." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR3309.
Full textDufour, Emilie. "Inhibiteurs et modèles moléculaires de fibres amyloïdes ° et tau impliquées dans la maladie d'Alzheimer : conception, synthèse et caractérisation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062180.
Full textLahmy, Valentine. "Validation préclinique de l'efficacité de l'ANAVEX2-73 dans des modèles transgénique et non transgénique de la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20084.
Full textAlzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. There is however no efficient treatment to stop the disease progression. Tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl-3-furanmetanamine (ANAVEX2-73) is a mixed compound with moderate affinity for muscarinic and sigma-1 receptors. Preliminary data showed ANAVEX2-73 had anti-amnesic and neuroprotective poperties, in a non-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this thesis is to improve knowledge about preclinical data of this molecule. We first showed that, in the non-transgenic AB(25-35) mouse model, ANAVEX2-73 prevented Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and AB(1-42) peptide seeding, two key parameters involved in Alzheimer's disease physiopathology. We also used this model tho show that ANAVEX2-73 prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, consistently reported as an early event of the disease in patients. The last part of this thesis showed that a two-month chronic treatment with ANAVEX2-73 in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease reversed cognitive dysfunction and prevented loss of synaptic markers and increased of oxidative stress. However, we could not show a decrease of amyloid load in mouse brain after chronic treatment. Altogether, these results suggest that ANAVEX2-73 treatment could be effective to treat Alzheimer's disease. In addition to its neuroprotective and anti-amnesic property, it also prevents key hallmarks involved in the physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease
Mazon, Mélody. "Analyse structurale, fonctionnelle et développementale de l'os dans l'anémie de Fanconi." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30427.
Full textFanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease. In humans, any mutation in one of the 22 proteins of the Fanconi complex leads to bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition. This pathology is also characterized by various developmental defects including short stature and skeletal malformations of the upper and lower limbs. Indeed, more than half of children affected with FA have radial-ray abnormalities with a tendency to develop early osteoporosis. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to bone defects in FA remains elusive. Previous results from our laboratory showed that Fanconi mice overexpress the Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) in their plasma. This protein is implicated in limb development and osteoblast activity and its overexpression in plasma correlates with a decrease in bone mineral density in humans. Therefore, DKK1 overexpression could reflect an alteration of the skeletal system in Fanconi mice. This manuscript presents the work I achieved in Madeleine Carreau’s lab to characterize the embryonic skeletal development of Fanconi mice and determine the mechanisms leading to altered bone development and metabolism in adult mice. To this aim, alizarin red and Alcian blue double staining was performed on mouse embryos (E15.5 to 19.5 dpc) to evaluate skeletal maturation. In adults, bone structure and mineral content were evaluated using μCT-scan analyses of tibias from FancC-/- and wild-type mice. Histomorphometric analyses were performed to assess bone forming abilities of osteoblasts and bone stiffness was evaluated using three points bending test. In vitro cultures were performed to assess mesenchymal stem cell differentiation ability and q-PCR analysis of bone and marrow cells were performed to identify molecular mechanisms leading to altered bone physiology. Our results show that FancC-/- and FancA-/- embryos have an abnormal skeletal development indicated by a twenty percent decrease of bone mineralization surface. In adults, FancC-/- mice present a decrease in bone mineral density associated with a decrease in male’s bone stiffness. Using in vitro studies, we found that FancC-/- and FancA-/- bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have reduced osteoblastic differentiation capabilities and favor adipogenesis. Those results were associated with the alteration of bone cells gene expression profiles. Our results suggest that defective bone physiology in FA occurs in utero and possibly results from altered BM-MSCs function. These results provide, for the first time, valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in FA developmental defects. Our results strengthen the important link between hematopoietic stem cells behavior and bone metabolism alteration in this disease. Future studies should focus on this area to better understand the mechanisms of bone defects and hope for targeted treatment for Fanconi Anemia.
Chaumette, Tanguy. "Étude du système nerveux entérique au cours de la maladie de Parkinson : contribution des modèles animaux." Nantes, 2010. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=500de7a7-1d64-4a06-8744-468b571bc898.
Full textParkinson’s disease (PD) is a multicentric neurodegenerative pathology characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms among which digestive troubles are the most frequent. Digestive functions are mainly ruled by the enteric nervous system (ENS) which seems to be primarily affected during the course of the disease. However consequences and precise action mechanism of PD on the ENS aren’t fully known. The aims of the study were 1) to characterize ENS lesions and their functional consequences in two toxic animal models and 2) to characterize sub-mucosal alterations in living patients. In a chronic monkey model of intoxication with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine we have shown a plasticity of the ENS characterized by an increased number of neurons and in particular nitrergic neurons in the myenteric but not in the sub-mucosal plexus. Moreover we showed a decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in both plexus. In the rotenone-treated mouse model we didn’t showed neurochemical changes. However we showed a slowed total transit time, a decreased stool frequency and an increased α-synuclein expression. Finally in a pilot, followed by a more complete study, we showed phophorylated α-synuclein in 70% of the parkinsonian patients. Our data show the implication of the ENS in the physiopathology of PD and suggest a major role for α-synuclein in digestive troubles development