Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies à virus – Épidémiologie'
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Tentchev, Diana. "Le virus des ailes déformées chez l'abeille domestique Apis mellifera L. Et chez son ectoparasite Varroa destructor." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20199.
Full textPothier, Pierre. "Caractérisation de déterminants antigéniques de virus animaux : application à l'épidémiologie et au diagnostic." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS017.
Full textCourchamp, Franck. "Etude de l'épidémiologie du virus de l'immunodéficience féline dans les populations de chats domestiques (Felis catus)." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10086.
Full textLacoste, Vincent. "Herpèsvirus humain 8 (HHV8) : clonalité des maladies associées, épidémiologie moléculaire et virus de grands singes africains apparentés." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077213.
Full textMiszczak, Fabien. "Artérite virale équine : détection moléculaire, épidémiologie, émergence et impact virologique d'une vaccination anti-GnRH." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN3003.
Full textEquine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, a disease of equids. During natural outbreaks of the disease, EAV may cause abortion and persistent subclinical infection in stallions. Persistently infected stallions represent the natural reservoir of the virus, ensuring its persistence and making possible the emergence of new pathogenic variants. Stallions shed the virus in the semen for years, or even lifetime. The method for EAV nucleic acids detection by rRT-PCR in equine semen has been optimised. RRT-PCR showed higher sensitivity for EAV diagnosis than virus isolation, which is currently the OIE-approved gold standard for EAV detection in semen. The origin of the 2007 French EAV outbreak was determined by molecular analyses and revealed a persistently infected stallion being the source of the outbreak. Viral population carried by this stallion revealed a quasi-species organisation, with emergence of a new pathogenic variant lately transmitted to a mare via artificial insemination. The virological and hormonal impact of an anti-GnRH vaccine has also been evaluated on persistently EAV-infected stallions. This treatment induced a virus clearance in all vaccinated stallions. This study then suggests potentially promising perspectives for stallion treatments
Kozlowska-Makulska, Anna. "Variabilité biologique et moléculaire des polérovirus responsables de la jaunisse modérée de la betterave sucrière en Pologne et en France." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/KOZLOWSKA-MAKULSKA_Anna_2008.pdf.
Full textCe travail de thèse sur la variabilité des polérovirus de la betterave (Beet mild yellowing virus et Beet chlorosis virus) avait quatre objectifs scientifiques : 1° une étude épidémiologique comparée de la jaunisse modérée de la betterave en France et en Pologne dont les résultats ont montré pour la première fois la présence du BChV en Pologne et confirmé la progression du BChV en France, ainsi que la fréquence croissante de co-infections BChV-BMYV. Lors de cette étude, des échantillons de betterave rouge, ainsi que d’adventices, ont également été trouvés infectés par des polérovirus de la betterave dans respectivement 14 sur 158 et 20 sur 99 plantes ; 2° une caractérisation moléculair des isolats polonais en comparaison avec des isolats français, suivie d’une analyse phylogénétique qui a permis d’identifier des isolats recombinants de BChV, chez lesquels la séquence de la CP était reliée phylogénétiquement à celle du BMYV; 3° une analyse de la spécificité de transmission de différents isolats du BChV et du BMYV par quatre espèces aphidiennes qui a révélé un fort taux de transmission par Myzus persicae et Macrosiphum euphorbiae et une absence de transmission par Aphis fabae et Myzus ascalonicus. De plus, une variabilité d’efficacité de transmission parmi les isolats du BChV a été obtenue avec deux clones de M. Euphorbiae ; 4° une évaluation du degré de la suppression du PTGS (post-transcriptional gene silencing) qui a montré que la protéine P0 du BMYV est un suppresseur de PTGS très efficace hors de son contexte viral. Par contre, dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales, la P0 du BChV n’a montré aucun effet de suppression du RNA silencing. De plus, pour deux isolats du BMYV, la P0 n’a pas induit de suppression du silencing
Valarcher, Jean-François. "Persistance in vivo et évolution génétique du virus respiratoire syncytial bovin." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10152.
Full textFromont, Emmanuelle. "Analyse comparative de la transmission de cinq virus dans des populations de chats domestiques (Felis catus L. )." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10190.
Full textBergaoui, Ramzi. "Epidémiologie de la maladie de West Nile en Tunisie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20055/document.
Full textOur investigations aimed at clarifying some aspects of the West Nile virus (WNV) epidemiological situation in Tunisia, and in particular at identifying areas at high risk of WNV circulation. A major achievement was the establishment of a risk map for the transmission of WNF in horses. This map shows that the risk of transmission strongly depends on environmental factors: increased risk associated to wetlands proximity and climatic factors favourable to wild birds and mosquitoes. The high seroprevalence observed in horses is compatible with an endemic circulation of WNV without excluding the possibility of repeated introductions.Another study in birds showed the exposure of domestic, wild resident and migratory birds to WNV, and helped establishing an initial inventory of bird species most exposed to WNV. These studies can serve as a basis for a monitoring system of wild birds in Tunisia.A system of monthly follow-up of sentinel chickens detected virus circulation at the end of the hot season (September, October), near wetlands and during a period of high mosquito activity, and abundance of wild birds. The simultaneous occurrence of human cases of WNF brought us to suggest that active surveillance in sentinel chickens would be useful for early warning of increased activity of WNV. This work allows us to propose trails for a WNV multidisciplinary monitoring system adapted to the Tunisian situation, enabling early detection of viral circulation
Riou, Julien. "Épidémiologie comparée et prédictive des épidémies de maladies transmises par les moustiques du genre Aedes : application aux virus Zika et chikungunya A comparative analysis of Chikungunya and Zika transmission of emerging Aedes-transmitted epidemics using historical data." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS356.
Full textTwo mosquito species belonging to the Aedes genus, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, have experienced in the last few decades a steep increase in population density and geographical range, in relation with the growth of urbanization and international trade. At the same time, we have observed a resurgence of diseases transmitted by these vectors, with in particular the recent emergence of chikungunya since 2005 and Zika since 2007. Known diseases such as dengue or yellow fever have also caused unusual epidemics in Africa and South America. In this context, a first objective of this work was to show that different diseases presenting a number of similarities (transmission by the same vectors, circulation in the same populations of the same territories), were associated with similar epidemic dynamics. We jointly analysed eighteen successive outbreaks of Zika and chikungunya in nine islands of French Polynesia and the French Antilles, disentangling the respective effects of the virus, territory and weather conditions. We showed that Zika and chikungunya have similar transmissibility levels when circulating in the same territory (transmission ratio 1.04 [95% credibility interval: 0.97-1.13]) but that reporting rates were lower for Zika (odds-ratio 0.37 [95\% CI: 0.34-0.40]). Heavy precipitation was associated with a decrease in transmission two weeks later, then a renewed increase after a delay of four to six weeks. After taking these factors into account, heterogeneity persisted between the different islands, highlighting the importance of specific characteristics of the affected populations and territories. By quantifying the relationships between different diseases, these results suggest that it is possible to forecast the evolution of an epidemic in a given territory by using information from other epidemics transmitted by the same vector in the past. In a second work, we tested this hypothesis, applying it retrospectively to the emergence of Zika in three islands of the French West Indies. The results indicate that, during a Zika outbreak, the use of historical data on previous chikungunya outbreaks in the same territories significantly improves the reliability of forecasts made at an early stage. This approach, based on hierarchical epidemic models and the use of informative prior distributions, could in some situations improve the preparedness of health systems facing a new emergence
Kamla, Vivient Corneille. "Un modèle stochastique pour la propagation du VIH/SIDAUne approche individuelle-centrée." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3017.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to develop an individual-based model of the population dynamics of HIV/AIDS in a heterosexual population that includes polygamous and clients-sex worker relationships. Each individual has a certain number of attributes concerning his/her sexual behaviour, infectivity, and fertility. The model attempts to be more realistic than existing models by incorporating a number of relevant demoepidemiologic parameters. The model incorporates various forms of heterogeneity and can easily be extended. The duration between partnerships and the duration of long-term partnerships have a small effect on the spread of the disease. The peak probability of transmission during the early high infectivity period and the monthly number of prostitute visits have a large effect on the spread. If each client visits one prostitute per month the disease cannot spread. If this number doubles to two, then 80% of prostitutes, 40% of clients, and 14% of the population at large become infected. With a maximum probability of transmission of 0. 018, the disease disappears, even with two visits per month. Our work highlights the importance of the probability of transmission and of the client-sex worker relationship
Vilaginès, Olivier. "Etiologie des gastroentérites virales : transmission et détection des agents responsables dans l'eau." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P071.
Full textOliva, Justine. "Eco-épidémiologie du virus influenza D : évaluation du spectre d'hôtes et du risque d'émergence." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30171.
Full textRecently, a novel genus was identified within the Orthomyxoviridae family and named thereafter Influenza D virus (IDV). So far, IDV has been detected on differents continents and differents species are susceptible to the virus. Bovine are considered as a main host for IDV. The PhD was divided in two parts: (i) assessment of the host ranges and the geographical circulation of IDV, and (ii) development of a murine model in order to study the pathogenesis of IDV. First, the host range and geographical circulation of IDV were analyzed using serological and/or virological tools, on domestic species from France, Luxembourg and Africa; but also in wild fauna species from differents countries. We observed that IDV circulates mainly in bovine, but other species, such as swine or small ruminants, seem susceptible to the virus too. Virological and phylogenic analyses demonstrated that IDV strains circulating in France are genetically close to European viral strains. Moreover, it appears that camelids, cervids and marsupials could be new hosts for the virus. Finally, we developed a murine model in order to better understand the pathogenesis of the virus. The results suggest that IDV presents a low pathogenesis in mice compared to what was observed in the calf model, although similarities have been observed. In conclusion, IDV circulates throughout the world and seems to have a wide host range, which includes species from the wild fauna. Moreover, the murine model allowed us to better understand of IDV's pathogenesis, especially its replication (fitness, tropism) and associated immune response
Fassi-Fehri, Nicole. "Contribution à l'étude épidémiologique de la rage canine au Maroc : influence du P.N.L.R. : évolution de l'immunité humorale protectrice post vaccinale." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO10079.
Full textBossuet, Patrick. "Bilan de quatre ans d'activité dans la surveillance des patients infectés par le VIH à la clinique médicale et des maladies infectieuses (C. H. R. De Bordeaux) : 1er juillet 1985 - 30 juin 1989." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25170.
Full textBouzouaia, Moncef. "Les Variants du virus de la bronchite infectieuse aviaire en Tunisie incidence, typage." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375963997.
Full textBoquel, Sébastien. "Propension vectorielle des pucerons dans l’épidémiologie du virus Y (PVY) en culture de pommes de terre." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0107.
Full textPotato virus Y (PVY) is a phytovirus transmitted in a non-persistent fashion by aphid vectors to a broad range of plants. A diagnosis carried out in 2006 in Picardy showed that 80 to 90 % of aphids trapped in potato fields corresponded to non-colonizing potato aphids. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was to evaluate the ability of different aphid species to transmit PVY to potato plants, whether they were potato colonizing aphids (Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae) or not (Aphis fabae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Sitobion avenae, Acyrtosiphon pisum et Rhopalosiphum padi). For each aphid species, vector activity, corresponding to the behavioural component (feeding and locomotion behaviour) involved in the spreading of phytoviruses and vector efficiency, corresponding to its ability to acquire and inoculate viruses, were determined. The vector activity study showed that in potato colonizing aphids, apterous individuals, born from colonizing alates, exhibit a sedentary behaviour and that alate dispersal ability is higher in M. Persicae than in M. Euphorbiae. Both colonizing species did not realize interplant movements contrary to non-colonizing ones. Through the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, the feeding behaviour study revealed that all species performed the intracellular punctures necessary for virus acquisition and inoculation. The infection status of the plant can modulate aphid vector activity and therefore can strongly impact on the PVY spreading. PVY-infected plants induced a phagostimulant effect on M. Persicae and S. Avenae, and a deterrent one in M. Euphorbiae, A. Fabae and B. Brassicae. Furthermore, dual choice bioassays revealed that all the aphid species tested were unable to discriminate between a healthy and a PVY-infected plant. The vector efficiency study was set up according to a novel methodology that involved the use of in vitro plants and the determination of different virus acquisition periods depending on the aphid species considered. Results showed high transmission rates for potato colonizing aphids (83 % for M. Persicae and 27 % for M. Euphorbiae), a medium to low rate for A. Pisum, B. Brassicae and S. Avenae (< 20 %) and no transmission for A. Fabae and R. Padi. Despite the high transmission rates observed for colonizing aphid species, their involvement in PVY epidemiology may be overestimated due to their sedentary behaviour. By contrast, some non-colonizing species, notably A. Pisum, B. Brassicae and S. Avenae, exhibited a vector activity favouring the spread of viruses and their high population densities in potato fields may compensate for their lower vector efficiency. This work highlights the potential role of non-colonizing potato aphid species and brings new insights into our understanding of the mechanisms governing the PVY epidemiological dynamics
Ouattara, Alassane. "Épidémiologie moléculaire des géminivirus responsables de maladies émergentes sur les cultures maraîchères au Burkina Faso." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/17_52_AOuttara.pdf.
Full textGeminiviruses have emerged to become one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant-infecting viruses, and geminivirus-induced diseases are a major threat to worldwide vegetable production, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Importantly, the accumulated body of work on some of the most important geminiviral associated diseases clearly demonstrate the role of geminiviruses associated with wild plants on the emergence of disease on imported crops. Moreover, recent metagenomic data suggested that the vast majority of viruses characterized from crops represent only a small fraction of the phytoviruses in general. It is therefore of prime interest to obtain a better knowledge of viral diversity infecting crops and wild plants, the main epidemiological parameters involved in their emergence and their dynamic at the scale of agro-ecological systems. In this work, a survey of solanaceous crop fields and their surrounding uncultivated plants from 48 localities in Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast was performed. The sample analysis using classical molecular biology tools both confirm the incompleteness of our knowledge of the geminivial diversity and the existence of numerous alternative wild host plants. At least five species of begomovirus and mastrevirus were found in association with the ToLCD-TYLCD. A North to South increasing gradient of complexity of viruses populations was uncover with PepYVMLV being the most prevalent on cultivated solanaceous plants. The discovery of the association of a newly described DNA-B component with the PepYVMLV also lead to the study of the epidemiological parameters of this co-infection. Despite this association being relaxed, it was demonstrated that the virulence of the disease, the viral accumulation and the transmission by Bemisia tabaci were increased with the presence of the co-infection with the DNA-B component. All these factors are probably associated with the success of this association on the field. Because of the extreme severity of the resulting disease, the diffusion of this new DNA-B component at a larger scale would represent a major threat to tomato culture in Burkina Faso, Africa and the world in general. The use of a metagenomic approach, allow the generalization of our findings to full agro-ecological settings. Besides confirming previous species discovery, species yet undescribed in Burkina Faso along with completely new begomovirus species were described. The inspection of the virus-plant and virus-virus associations networks allow to uncover strong links existing between the viral corteges associated to groups of cultivated and uncultivated plants. These findings emphasized the necessity to consider full agro-ecological settings plant diversity rather than only crops in order to understand and prevent geminiviruses associated diseases. Globally, our results highlight the necessity to carry on the ongoing plant disease monitoring work and the inventory of viral populations associated with cultivated and uncultivated plants in order to understand the functioning of natural geminiviral community and the impact of human practices on the emergence of viral disease
Snoeck, Chantal. "Épidémiologie moléculaire des virus de l'influenza aviaire et de la maladie de Newcastle en Afrique de l'Ouest, en Afrique Centrale et au Luxembourg." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0212/document.
Full textPoultry meat and eggs constitute one of the cheap sources of protein around the world but poultry production is threatened by two main viral diseases, highly pathogenic avian influenza and Newcastle disease, with economic and public health implications worldwide. The introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in Africa in 2006 highlighted the necessity of a better understanding of avian influenza virus (AIV) in Africa. Through surveillance studies, we found that H5N1 virus was not circulating anymore in sub-Saharan Africa after 2008. However, phylogenetic analyses performed on the genome of low pathogenic H5N2 viruses found in wild birds in Nigeria revealed that they were reassortants. The similarity of one gene to those found in other AIV viruses from Southern Africa strengthened the hypothesis that AIV may actually persist and circulate in Africa. We have shown that new virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) constituted the majority of the strains detected. Their genetic distance compared to other NDV strains, their genetic diversity and their geographic dispersion in West and Central Africa suggested that these strains probably evolved locally, that they circulated for some time in the region and that trade and movement of animals likely contributed to their spread. Our findings also suggested that the contribution of wild birds to the dispersion of virulent strains of NDV was probably limited. In Luxembourg however, wild birds may be an important player for the introduction of NDV strains
Gopilo, Abraham. "Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus in Ethiopia and molecular studies on virulence." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7414/1/gopilo.pdf.
Full textParseval, Aymeric de. "La glycoprotéine CD4 féline : structure et rôle possible dans l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience féline." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P203.
Full textVan, de Velde Nicolas. "Modélisation de l'efficacité populationnelle du vaccin contre le virus du papillome humain au Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29766/29766.pdf.
Full textObjective: The two main objectives of this thesis were to develop 1) mathematical models to predict the population-level impact of HPV vaccination in Canada, and 2) methods to quantify uncertainty around model predictions. Methods: We developed three mathematical models: 1) a static compartmental model of cervical cancer natural history (Model 1), 2) an individual-based dynamic model of HPV infection (Model 2), and 3) the first individual-based transmission-dynamic model of partnership formation and dissolution, and natural history of multi-type HPV infection and disease (anogenital warts, and cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers) (Model 3). For each model, an extensive fitting procedure was conducted, which identified multiple posterior parameter combinations (out of hundreds of thousands of prior parameter sets) that fit simultaneously highly stratified behavioral and epidemiologic data, taken from the literature, population-based datasets, and original studies. Parameter uncertainty was illustrated by presenting the median [10th;90th percentiles] of predictions, using the posterior parameter combinations. Sensitivity analysis was conducted varying vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, coverage and vaccination strategies. Results: We provided the following evidence for HPV vaccination recommendations. Models 1-3 predicted that girls-only HPV vaccination can substantially reduce HPV-related burden of disease. Predictions were most sensitive to duration of vaccine protection. Model 3 predicted that the bivalent vaccine will be slightly more effective at preventing cervical cancer in the longer term. However, the quadrivalent vaccine will substantially reduce anogenital warts. Finally, the candidate nonavalent vaccine has the potential to produce substantial incremental benefits if its efficacy and duration of protection are at least 85% and 30 years, respectively. From a methodological point of view, we illustrated that parameter uncertainty surrounding HPV natural history parameters is important and must be presented when providing predictions to decision makers. Finally, we identified key structural assumptions that influence predictions: herd immunity, natural immunity, partnership duration, individual genotypes and vaccine waning function. Conclusion: We developed increasingly sophisticated HPV models and calibration techniques to keep track with the increasingly complex policy questions being asked. Our final model is being used to examine the impact of HPV vaccination on health inequalities, evaluate the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination, and optimize screening.
Boukhris-Bouhachem, Sonia. "Rôle des pucerons dans l’épidémiologie du virus Y de la pomme de terre dans quatre régions de production de semences en Tunisie." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARA068.
Full textA study is focused on the epidemiology of the potato virus Y. A bibliographical part raises the knowledge on the complex cycle of the virus vection by aphids, which are wintered on their primary host, acquiring the virus on plant hosts when they are looking for new hosts. Spreadin of PVY occurred when aphid migration process. They colonize potatoes and many other plants before returning on their primary host. We also give outlines of the socioeconomic context of the seed potato production and the agronomic risks to viral epidemics. A netword of aphid traps was set up and monitored from 2002 till 2006 in four main regions of seed potatoes production in Tunisia (Cap Bon, Manouba, Jendouba and Kairouan). Captures allowed identifying of 112 aphid species belonging to 68 genera. Among these species, fourteen are abundant and known as PVY vector : Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis spiraecola, A. Gossypii, A. Fabae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, B. Cardui, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. Padi et Sitobion avenae
Jourdain, Elsa. "Oiseaux sauvages et virus West Nile : étude éco-épidémiologique en Camargue." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00144110.
Full textBrisbarre, Nadège. "Le virus Toscana : épidémiologie en région PACA-Corse et interaction avec la réponse immunitaire innée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5006.
Full textToscana Virus (TOSV) is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) which belongs to the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae). It is transmitted to humans by the bite of a blood sucking sandfly (Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. perfiliewi). The vector P. perniciosus is present in high densities in France on the Mediterranean coast. TOSV is endemic in France (isolated from sandflies or contaminated patients) and in neighbouring countries. When weather conditions are most favorable to the vector activity (April-October), TOSV causes asymptomatic or mild (flu-like symptoms) infections in humans. However, in some cases, the virus can be can be responsible for a severe inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in meningitis or meningoencephalitis, requiring hospitalization. This work focused on two aspects of TOSV infection: the epidemiology of the virus in the south area of France and the relationship between innate immunity and TOSV. The epidemiological study was the first conducted in the PACA-Corse area among blood donors. Our results showed a mean seroprevalence of 14% IgM / IgG ranging from 7.8% in the Hautes Alpes to 18.8% in the Alpes Maritimes. The mean IgM seroprevalence was 3.3%, with the highest value for Corsica (8.7%). The results demonstrated that a large population of blood donors was once infected with TOSV, suggesting a potential transfusion risk. The second study focused on a more fundamental aspect of TOSV infection: the interaction between the virus and the interferon-β response (IFN-β). We demonstrated that TOSV replication is sensitive to IFN-β treatment but the virus is able to inhibit the induction of IFN-β
Gilca, Rodica. "Hospitalisations dues au virus respiratoire syncytial chez les jeunes enfants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25994/25994.pdf.
Full textTran, Ngoc Bich. "Viroses immunodépressives des palmipèdes : approches moléculaires appliquées au diagnostic et l'épidémiologie du goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV) et du duck enteritis virus (DEV)." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/334/.
Full textDuck Plague (DP) and Nephritis Hemorrhagic Enteritis of Geese (NHEG) are immunodepressive viral infections of waterfowl, which lead to immunodepressive syndromes in subjects affected, are also dominant pathological able to induce the losses most important. Having designed to assess the exact prevalence and epidemiological situation of two diseases in France, we used modern techniques such as PCR (classical and quantitative), sequencing. . . In our study. The results confirm that the existence of healthy carriers of Goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV) in the population of geese engraved with the prevalence of infection is very varied depending on the lots (53 to 100%) and individuals (5,5 to 82%) by PCR used (classical or quantitative) and also by itself within infected lots. For the duck plague (DP), our studies have totally confirmed the presence of the plague duck among domestic and wild waterfowl in France, the rate of infection DEV in the samples analyzed is fairly high, averaging 32%; the appearance of plague duck takes a seasonal aspect (spring). On the other hand, the role of holder of DEV in wild waterfowl (mallards) and vertical transmission of DEV from reproducer duck to their duckling is clearly demonstrated. In addition, it has detected the pathogenic genes gH and TK in the samples with positive DEV and the sequencing and comparison with other authors. The result showed that ours are perfectly identical (99% to 100%) to others
Perrin, Bernard. "Le dépistage sérologique de l'infection par le virus de la leucose bovine enzootique (BLV) en vue de l'éradication de la maladie : évolution de la situation épidémiologique en France." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO10056.
Full textDupré, Thierry. "Immunité humorale cervicovaginale des femmes au stade asymptomatique des infections par le VIH de type 1 ou par le VIH de type 2." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P128.
Full textCappelle, Julien. "Evaluation éco-épidémiologique du risque d'émergence du virus Influenza Aviaire Hautement Pathogène H5N1 dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger au Mali via l'avifaune sauvage." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210000.
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Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Cappelle, Julien. "Évaluation éco-épidémiologique du risque démergence du virus Influenza Aviaire Hautement Pathogène H5N1 dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger au Mali via lavifaune sauvage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20080/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to evaluate the risk of emergence of a pathogen from wildlife in an uninfected area by combining two approaches:1) The study of pathogens sharing similar eco-epidemiological characteristics with the emerging pathogen2) The use of eco-epidemiological data available in the uninfected area Chapter 1 shows that studying pathogens sharing similar eco-epidemiological characteristics (Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease) with an emerging pathogen (HPAI H5N1) enables to provide information on the potential circulation of this pathogen if it would emerge. The main conclusions of this chapter allow us to formulate the three hypothesis tested in the following chapters, each related to a stage of an emergence: introduction (Chapter 2), circulation (Chapter 3), and transmission to domestic poultry (Chapter 4). These three chapters enable a better evaluation of the risk of emergence of a pathogen (HPAI H5N1) in an uninfected area (IND) by using methods based on eco-epidemiological data available in this uninfected area, obtained from techniques like aerial census, satellite telemetry, and remote sensing. The risk of emergence of HPAI H5N1 from wildlife in the IND is evaluated to be the highest between the months of January and March during years with a low flood level. Garganeys and Pintails are identified as the two main species to be surveyed in priority. This thesis shows how eco-epidemiological data available in an uninfected area enable an evaluation and a better control of the risk of emergence of a pathogen. Satellite tools allow acquiring large dataset with temporal and spatial resolution compatible with eco-epidemiological dynamics evolving rapidly
Warszawski, Josiane. "Apports du recueil des antécédents de maladies sexuellement transmissibles dans les enquêtes en population générale." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T004.
Full textThree obstacles stand in the way of identifying targets for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infection: the heterogeneity of these infections, the large number of factors involved in their spread and methodological problems encountered in epidemiological investigations, especially in samples representative of the general population. We investigated the validity of collecting data conceming STD history by questionnaire and analysed such data from national surveys of sexual behaviour carried out between 1989 and 1994. Four French surveys (ACSF, ACSJ, KABP-92 and Baromètre Santé-93) and seven European surveys were studied as part of a Concerted Action (Belgium, Finland, France (ACSF), the former East and West Germany, Norway and the Netherlands). We took the various sampling designs, with their diverse levels of complexity, into account in the statistical analysis. We found that this method of data collection caused no major classification bias, as the results of the various studies were consistent, both with each other and with other published studies and epidemiological surveillance data. We found that not only was a history of STD a marker of past exposure to the risk of HIV infection in both sexes, it was also a marker for current high-risk sexual behaviour in men. A history ofmycosis in men was as effective a risk marker as a history ofbacterial STDs. Our results show that the strategies used for STD screening in France, in particular that for Chlamydia trachomatis, are not as effective as those used in northem European countries. The results of the French surveys also showed that men were less likely than women to tell their sexual partners that they had a STD. Screening was generally more widespread among women and individuals educated beyond schoollevel, but socially disadvantaged women and young people were less likely to undergo early screening
Silou-Massamba, Jacques-François. "Prévalence des maladies sexuelles transmissibles à Brazzaville : étude séro-épidémiologique des infections à Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, virus de l'hépatite B, virus de l'immunodéficience humaine." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1T101.
Full textPéducasse, Sonia. "Caractérisation du nodavirus, pathogénie et épidémiologie expérimentale de la nodavirose ou de l'encéphalopathie et rétinopathie virales chez le bar juvénile "Dicentrarchus labrax L. "." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20217.
Full textLeroy, Valériane. "Infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 chez la femme en Afrique : épidémiologie, histoire naturelle et implications de santé publique à propos d'études menées au Rwanda, 1988-1995." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28407.
Full textGrange, Laura. "Epistasis in genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases : comparison and development of methods application to severe dengue in Asia." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077088.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the study of epistasis in genetic susceptibility to complex diseases. To date, there are numerous tools that rely on many different statistical methods aiming to detect such interactions. Most of the time, performance assessments are based on different procedures and are thus difficult to compare throughout all the studies. We ran a comprehensive study to compare the power and false positive performance of a selection of Genome-Wide Interaction Search (GWIS) methods, in particular BOOST, MBMDR, PLINK and EPIBLASTER. In a second project, we developed and evaluated a very simple epistasis detection method relying on interaction odds ratios. Thanks to smart algorithm coding, FORCE allows the completion of the first exhaustive screening step of a GWIS on a regular desktop in a reasonable amount of time and further significance assessment on the most relevant candidates. We compared FORCE's performances to those obtained with existing methods including MBMDR and PUNK. We then applied FORCE and PLINK on psoriasis case-control data from the WTCCC. Thirdly, we performed a GWIS on a case-control severe dengue cohort from Vietnam. Two genes repeatedly contributed to genome-wide suggestive p-values: CNTNAP5 on chromosome 2 in interaction with SKAP2 on chromosome 7. Epistasis exploration after imputation-based enrichment of there 2 regions led to GWIS significant signais of interaction between SKAP2 and CNTNAP5 (p < ⁻¹³). Analysing a Thai dengue hemorrhagic fever case-only cohort before and after imputation did not allow the replication of the signal obtained on the SNPs mentioned above but revealed significant hits involving SNPs in the same SKAP2 and CNTNAP5 genes
Baronti, Cécile. "Etude de Flavivirus : epidémiologie moléculaire en Bolivie et Analyse de leur interaction sur la réponse interféron dépendante du TLR3." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20664/document.
Full textThe Flavivirus genus consists of sevevral human pathogens responsible for hemorragic syndrome or encephalitis. The absence of specific antiviral treatment and an increase in Flavivirus incidence has led to a greater research effort in fighting these diseases. The study takes an epidemiological and a fundamental approach in its analysis of the innate immune response to flavivirus infection as well as flaviviral adaptation to evade this response. The analysis of circulating strains in Bolivia has led to a better understanding of dengue and yellow fever and also an awareness of their genetic variability. Given the limited information available in Bolivia, our studies could be used as a reference to understand future epidemics, improve diagnostic methods and allow the development of prevention strategies to fight against yellow fever in south Africa. The relationship between virus and host results from a subtle balance between viral replication and immunity clearance allowing the survival of both species. Each one as developed defence mechanisms against the other. We also examined the role of the non structural protein NS1 in the interferon respons to Flaviviral infection. Knowledge on viral escape strategies from host immunity could help to develop antiviral treatment for these arbovirus diseases
Gessain, Antoine. "Virus HTLV-1 et paraparesie spastique tropicale. Un rétrovirus leucemogene associe a une maladie neurologique : épidémiologie, caractérisation des isolats viraux associes et aspects moléculaires." Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA077309.
Full textPrawirosukarto, Sudharto. "Etude d'un virus pathogène de "Setothosea asigna" Van Eecke (Lepidoptera : limacodidae), ravageur du palmier à huile en Indonésie : caractérisation, diagnostic et épidémiologie en plantation." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20261.
Full textOro, Zokou-Franck. "Analyse des dynamiques spatiales et épidémiologie moléculaire de de la maladie du swollen shoot du cacaoyer au Togo : étude de diffusion à partir des systèmes d'information géographiques." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSAM0050/document.
Full textCacao swollen shoot virus 'CSSV ' is a virus transmitted by mealybugs, insects of the Pseudococcidae family. The disease occurs in all the main cocoa-growing areas of Western Africa. It induces swellings on shoots and roots and mosaic and chlorosis on the leaves and has caused very serious crop losses in Ghana, Nigeria and more recently, Togo and Côte d'Ivoire. The cocoa production in Western Africa, representing about 72 % of the worldwide production is particularly important for the economic equilibrium of these countries. The actual progress of the CSSV epidemic in the large production areas in Togo like ‘Litimé' and ‘Kloto' and in Côte d'Ivoire (Issia, Bouaflé, Sinfra) requires to understand and forecast its spread in time. The discovery of these new focuses of the disease raises questions about the origin of the isolates and the mechanisms involved in the epidemiological spread of the disease at field scale and across territories.These scientific questions are addressed in this study at three levels: i) the spatial and temporal distribution of disease across the plots with statistical methods (Ripley and analysis of the number of links) and geographical information systems (GIS) to map the dynamics of evolution, ii) the molecular diversity of CSSV isolates related to their geographical distribution in order to establish a distribution map in the two regions of production (Kloto and Litimé) and try to understand the history of the virus spread, iii) the mapping of cocoa area in Litimé, the mapping of disead cocoa in comparison with healthy cocoa at the territories scale by combining satellite data with SPOT5 2.5 m spatial resolution and landscape motifs field surveys.The spatial analysis with Ripley's method and analysis of the number of links have shown that the different states of health (healthy, disead, dead) of cocoa trees are aggregated indicating a spread by patch at plot level. The analysis of the number of links indicates a process of contamination from plant to plant in the plots. Studies of the dynamics of evolution from Sig showed through density maps that disead cocoa trees and dead cocoa tree are grouped into clusters in the plots and the size of these aggregates increases significantly between the two years observation (2008 and 2009). The dynamics of change have detected a similar progression of the disease in plots 2 and 3 speedy than Parcel 1. This difference of the disease progress on the three plots can be explained by better maintenance of Parcel 1. The characterization of virus isolates on cocoa plots in Togo has shown the existence of three groups with groups A and B only in the Litimé, and group C only in the Kloto, indicating strong geographical differentiation. The correlation coefficients of Pearson and Spearman indicate a link between genetic distance and geographical distance of the isolates of group A, which implies a contamination step by step for this group at territories scale. Given the marked differentiation between the groups of Kloto and Litimé, we can conclude that the cocoa tree of Litimé were not contaminated with material from the Kloto but more likely from plots located in Ghana and previously infected then spread in the Litimé. The study with the satellite images showed that there was no simple relationship between the health patterns of cocoa trees and their radiometry because of the high heterogeneity of the agroforestry system of Litimé. The combination of landscape motifs and radiometry, however, possible to distinguish areas with dominant "cocoa", areas dominated by "crops", areas dominated by "forest". Among the areas to be dominant "cocoa", we have distinguished the cocoa denuded areas that correspond to potential disease areas and cocoa shade. These various studies indicate that disease progression is slow and works gradually. Emergences observed in new areas probably come from human movements
Lupoli, Roland. "Recherches sur la caractérisation intraspécifique moléculaire et biologique des pucerons en vue de son application à l'épidémiologie des virus de type non persistant." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20101.
Full textMeyer, Laurence. "Délétion CCR5-delta 32 et progression de la maladie VIH-1." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T021.
Full textThe role of the Δ32 deletion on the gene coding for the CCR5 receptor for beta chemokines on HIV-1 disease progression was studied in HIV-infected patients followed in several prospective multicenter cohorts. Around 17% of patients with a known date of infection from the SEROCO cohort were heterozygous for the deletion : these patients progressed less rapidly since infection to AlDS or death than the other patients. Ln a collaborative study with the Amsterdam cohort study, this protective effect was observed independently of two other mutations on genes coding for the CCR2 receptor and the SDF-1 ligand. Early serum viral load was 0. 25 log lower in Δ32 heterozygous patients than in wild-type patients; this lower viral load explained partiy. The protective effect of the deletion in the Cox multivariate analysis. This study allowed us to describe an HIV-infected subject who was homozygous for the deletion, which confirms that homozygous patients are not totally protected from HIV infection. The relationship between the Δ32 deletion and the occurrence of several opportunistic infections was studied in 1657 patients followed in the SEROCO, HEMOCO and SEROGEST cohorts. The risk of toxoplasmosis as a first AIDS-defining illness since inclusion was significantly reduced in heterozygous patients, even after adjustment for age, CD4 cell count and primary specifie prophylaxis. Since most patients who are still followed in these cohorts are now treated by highly active antiretroviral therapy, we are going to study whether the deletion affects the response treatment. The relationship between pathophysiology of primary HIV-1 infection and the Δ32 deletion will be studied in the PRIMO cohort which has recruited since 1996 recently infected patients
Pradier, Sophie. "Circulation enzootique du virus West Nile en population équine : identification de facteurs de risque environnementaux en Camargue, France." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00605812.
Full textGoutard, Flavie Luce. "Methods to improve zoonotic disease surveillance in poor rural settings : the example of highly pathogenic avian influenza (A) H5N1 in Southeast Asia." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0992/document.
Full textThe latest events such as the spread over Asia, Europe and Africa of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus H5N1, the epidemic of A/H1N1pdm in 2009, the emergence of the Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) but zoonotic virus H7N9 in China in 2013 and the recent circulation of HPAI H5N8 in Europe, show that the permanent evolution of influenza virus in birds, humans and pigs is exposing the world to the risk of new strains with unpredictable consequences in public and animal health. In the last 10 years, a lot of efforts have been put in the improvement of capacity of animal and public health systems. However the disease is now endemic in several countries where the virus goes often undetected within the poultry population resulting in sporadic human cases and mortality. These countries are characterized by a large proportion of their population living in rural areas with poor incomes, a lack of primary care system and inefficient public or veterinary health sectors.Passive surveillance is often the only type of method feasible in poor rural settings in human and animal surveillance. With often incomplete, biased or delayed information this method will benefit from new methods of evaluation or new design concepts that could be implemented within a “One Health” framework to take into account the interfaces between human, animals and environment. We have in this thesis conceived and/or applied new methodologies for the evaluation, the design or the improvement of volunteer case-reporting of human or animal HPAI H5N1 in South-east Asia.We have first looked at different options of evaluation. We have applied stochastic scenario tree to model and assess the surveillance system of HPAI H5N1 in Thailand in backyard and free-range poultry production systems. We have estimated the sensitivity of the passive surveillance at 50% (CI95% 0.04-0.75) for a maximum detection of 3 infected farms, and showing the usefulness of this method to demonstrate freedom of disease in countries with limited resources. Thanks to participatory methods, we have involved Village Animal Health Workers (VAHWs) in their own evaluation and developed a new criteria grid, which includes local indicators of success developed and used by the VAHWs themselves.In a second part, we have considered methods to improve the design and the efficiency of passive surveillance. We have applied the grid conceived previously, to evaluate 251 VAHWs in three provinces of Cambodia. The grid allowed us to give a score to their level of activity and to analyse through logistic regression the factors influencing the most “good score”. Then we have implemented a pilot-study to test the use of SMS reporting from 112 participants from 68 villages, the objective was to detect peaks of mortality, to identify more rapidly outbreaks of infectious diseases. In a final section we have used multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to map the risk of diffusion of HPAI H5N1 in poultry and in human, in order to adjust and reinforce the surveillance in the zones with greater risk of occurrence of the disease in Thailand and Cambodia.To conclude this work about tools and methods to improve surveillance systems in remote areas, we have done a comparative analysis of two challenging environments, Cambodia and Madagascar. We have done a cross analysis of the researches implemented by CIRAD (French Research Centre for International Development) in these countries during research projects implemented over the past decade. The objective was to show how new approaches for surveillance systems could be transferred between different countries with difficult socioeconomic environments and to propose new perspectives
Gonzales, Zilma. "Hospitalisations pour infections respiratoires liées à l'influenza chez les femmes enceintes au Québec de 2006 à 2009." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28873/28873.pdf.
Full textManet, Caroline. "Genetic control of susceptibility to Zika virus in the mouse using strains of the Collaborative Cross." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0029.
Full textZika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus responsible for worldwide epidemics and constitutes a major public health threat. The majority of ZIKV infections in humans are either asymptomatic or result in a mild febrile illness. However, some patients develop a more severe, sometimes life-threatening, form of the disease. Recent evidence showed that ZIKV infection can trigger Guillain-Barré syndrome and encephalitis in adults, as well as congenital malformations such as microcephaly. The severity of ZIKV disease in humans depends on many factors, likely including host genetic determinants.We investigated how genome-wide variants could impact the susceptibility to ZIKV infection in mice. To this end, we used mouse strains of the Collaborative Cross (CC), a new genetic reference population encompassing a genetic diversity as broad as that of human populations.First, we described that the susceptibility of Ifnar1 (receptor to type I interferon) knockout mice is largely influenced by their genetic background. We then showed that the genetic diversity of CC mice, which IFNAR was blocked by anti-IFNAR antibody, expressed phenotypes ranging from complete resistance to severe symptoms and death with large variations in the peak and rate of decrease of plasma viral load, in brain viral load, in brain histopathology and in viral replication rate in infected cells. Differences of susceptibility between CC strains were correlated between Zika, Dengue and West Nile viruses. We identified highly susceptible and resistant CC strains as new models to investigate the mechanisms of human ZIKV disease and other flavivirus infections. Genetic analyses revealed that phenotypic variations were driven by multiple genes with small effects, reflecting the complexity of ZIKV disease susceptibility in human population. Notably, our results also ruled out a role of the Oas1b gene in the susceptibility to ZIKV.In a second part, we searched for genes which modify the susceptibility of Ifnar1 knockout mice in an F2 cross between C57BL/6J and 129S2/SvPas mice harboring the mutation. Genetic analysis revealed two Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) controlling either the peak viremia or the mouse survival. Although these QTLs critical intervals contained hundreds of genes, data mining led us to identify a few candidate causal genes.Then, we investigated how host genetic factors influence viral replication in infected cells using Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from a series of CC strains with contrasted phenotypes observed in response to ZIKV infection in vivo. MEFs from CC071 strain displayed unique features of increased viral replication rate in late infection. Using transcriptomic analysis, we demonstrated that the phenotype of CC071 infected MEFs resulted from a delayed induction of the type I interferon (IFN) response. Genetic analyses ruled out single gene deficiencies but rather suggested combined effects of multiple factors in the type I IFN induction signaling pathway.Finally, we characterized the ZIKV-induced type I IFN response in MEFs and primary neurons derived from C57BL/6J mouse strain. Primary neurons were less capable than MEFs to control the viral replication due to a delayed IFN response. We later showed that host genetic factors also play a critical role in this context as ZIKV-infected CC071 primary neurons displayed an extreme phenotype compared to neurons from strains that are more resistant.Altogether, our work has unraveled the role of host genes in the pathogeny of ZIKV infection and illustrates the potential of CC mouse strains for genetic studies and as new models of infectious diseases. Extensive analysis of CC strains with extreme phenotypes help us elucidate how genetic variants affect susceptibility as well as immune responses to flaviviral infection and will provide deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of human ZIKV disease
Boralevi, Franck. "Huitième virus herpès humain (HHV-8) et maladie de Kaposi : une étude d'épidémiologie moléculaire menée sur 48 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23075.
Full textDeubel, Vincent. "Caractérisation du virus de la fièvre jaune (Flavivirus) : aspect morphogénétique, analyse biochimique des constituants viraux, hétérogénéité moléculaire parmi les souches d'origine géographique différente." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077029.
Full textSaindou, Maoulide. "Prévalence et déterminants des infections sexuellement transmissibles chez les femmes enceintes de Mayotte : étude épidémiologique concernant le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine, le virus de l’hépatite B et du Treponema pallidum." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10043/document.
Full textThe epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is poorly documented in Mayotte especially among pregnant women (PW) and knowledge of determinants that increased STI in the island, and in this particular socio-economic and health situation, is needed. The objectives of this study were to estimate the frequency and risk factors associated with HIV, HBV, and syphilis, to study the HBV vaccination and describe the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS-STIs in PW. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 671 PW followed in Mayotte public prenatal clinic (Protection Maternelle et Infantile (PMI)) services. No case of HIV seropositivity was observed. The prevalence of HBsAg of HBV was 3.4% and of active syphilis was 2.1%, but the prevalence of HBV infection and HBV vaccination was respectively 35.5% and 18.6%. The HBV infection was associated with birthplace (Comoros), behavioral factors and history of STIs. Syphilis was rather associated with lack of education and history of STIs. The HBV vaccination was associated with sociodemographic determinants. The socio-behavioral study showed that there is a good knowledge of HIV/AIDS-STIs in PW despite the practice of some risky sexual behaviors. This work has helped to draw up an update of HIV and STIs, and their determinants among PW in Mayotte, and could lead to the development of prevention methods adapted to this context
Chaine, Marina. "Étude cas-contrôle évaluant le rôle de la naissance par césarienne comme facteur de risque dans la survenue d'une bronchiolite à Virus Respiratoire Syncytial (VRS) sévère chez des nourrissons nés à Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/27777/27777.pdf.
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