Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies autoimmunes – Aspect moléculaire'
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Humphreys, Manterola Derek Andrew Robert. "Constitution d'un rapport de l'immunologie à la psychanalyse : l'approche du somatique." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070037.
Full textOur interest is on the first place the determination of the status of auto-immune diseases. This opens the question of the relationships between the biological individuality and the subjectivity. Are auto-immune diseases the manifestation of an unrecognizing-destructive SELF? Or are they just the result of a genetically determined dysfunction of integrative and communicational organic systems? The Self metaphor shows a certain historical utility, an epistemological tool. There is still a third possible reasoning: disease is always, in part, subjective; human nature is cultural. But the modern medicine's scientific quest of a diagnostic and therapeutic purity denies the subjective component of disease. Though an historical and epistemological approach, we established a splitting of individual aspects during the 2nd half of 19th century, moment of separation between "substantial" aspects that will become immunology, and "subjective" aspects, i. E. Psychoanalysis. The end of the 20th century will see a shift in the immunological speech. It will no longer be a matter of self organisation, protection against foreign, but a communication system within an integrated organism. However, this view won't be an answer to the auto-immune disease paradigm. Based on a clinical experience, we argue that a technological approach of modern medicine underestimates the disease concept. More than a psychosomatic clinic, we plea for a body in its whole, organic and subjective
Murera, Uwanyirigira Diane. "Study of lymphocyte autophagy in normal and autoimmune responses." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ068.
Full textAutophay is a catobolic lysosomal process essentail for cellular maintenance and fucntion such as lymphocyte homeosatsis. The generation of mice models with an Atg5 conditional knock-out in B and T cells respectively, have allowed us to study autophagy requirements of those immune cells in vivo. We have demonstrated that autophagy was dispensable for B cell development but that in autoimmune settings B cell autophagy was required for the maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and for the production of autoantibodies. In mice deficient for autophagy in T cells, long-term tumoral response to a T-dependent antigen is decreased. We also showed that in mice adoptively transferred with autophagy deficient CD4 T cells, the antigen specific memory humoral immune response was impaired. We also investigated the signaling pathways leading to autophagy induction upon TCR stimulation in normal and lupus T cells and showed that the calcium signaling is highly involved
Baudin, Marianne. "Approche métapsychologique d'une pathologie auto-immune féminine : le syndrome sec." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05H002.
Full textSicca syndrome - or Gougerot Sjogren's syndrome - is an auto-immune disease whose main effects consist in salivary, lachrymal and vaginal secretions drying. Mainly a feminine one, this syndrome presents two forms : primary or secondary and then, it's associated to sclerodermia or lupus or other systemic diseases. . . In the part "theory", scientific and psychoanalytical points of view are studied and discussed as organizing actual debates in the new field of psycho-immunology. Freud's conceptualization of psychic system and psychosomatic theories give some markers to psychological functionning of such patients. Drying up and feminine characteristics of this pathology give rise to a reflexion about feminity in regard to its links with liquid element and also about ageing and menopause as natural drying up stage in the psychosexual life of women. Methodology is based on interview and projective methods, Rorschach and T. A. T. . It allowed a qualitative and a quantitative study of 36 cases of sicca syndrom (22 primary and 14 secondary) compared to 20 women controls. Hypothetis follow three axes : psychosomatic, feminity, ageing, added to a fourth axe about cerebral hypoperfusions shown by medical scanning. Results are presented and discussed in regard to new research perspectives : ageing, generally speaking, and changes send in psychic functionning by illness or by natural events, such as menopause. They offer some propositions about the care-giver relationship specially adressed to medical teams and psychotherapists who follow these patients hiding their failures behind a proud and stoic mask as price for their psychic survival
Boulard, Olivier. "Contrôle génétique de l'auto-immunité chez la souris Nonobese Diabetic (NOD). Les locus IDD5 et IDD 16 de susceptibilité au diabète." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N119.
Full textNonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is a reference strain for autoimmue diabetes. We have analized more precisely one of the susceptibility loci, Idd5 on chromosome 1. This locus is of special interest because the corresponding genetic region include candidate genes like Ctla4 or Icos. Moreover, the human synteny on chromosome 2q is also a susceptibility region for human diabetes (IDDM 12 locus) and include CTLA4. The Idd5 locus has been investigated using congenic recombinant strains of mice. We have also characterized the genetic control of autoimmune phenotypes associated to NOD mice diabetes, like the inducible thyroi͏̈ditis of chronic evolution and spontaneous infiltration of salivary glands
Woods, Anne. "Infection et autoimmunité : Approches expérimentale des mécanismes de rupture de la tolérance B lymphocytaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/WOODS_Anne_2007.pdf.
Full textAutoimmune diseases are associated with genetic and environmental factors. Among the latter, infections have been particularly implicated. However, the mecanisms of such an association between infections and autoimmune diseases are still unknown. We have tried to understand those mecanisms by using transgenic mouse models expressing chimeric rheumatoid factors (RF) in the presence or in the absence of their autoantigen (human IgG). In these models, RF B cells are ignorant towards their autoantigen. However, infection of RF trangenic mice with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) breaks this state of tolerance thanks to the formation of Bb/anti-Bb human IgG immune complexes that induce a synergic signal between the BCR and a receptor recognising Bb antigens (probably a Toll-like receptor, TLR). This tolerance breakdown needs T cell help. On the other hand, infection with influenza virus does not break RF B cell tolerance in our tg model although this infection is able to induce type I IFN production, otherwise often associated with autoimmune diseases, and even when the transgene is expressend on an autoimmune background, NZBxNZW(F1). Bb infection induces a polyclonal B cell activation. Ce phenomenon is not well known, it has consequences on the immune response against infections and on the production of potentially harmfull autoantibodies. The infection of MyD88 deficient mice (considered at first to understand the role of TLR in the RF B cell tolerance breakdown) showed that this protein is important for polyclonal B cell activation. MyD88 inhibits the development of a Th2 immune response, thus probably preventing an increased production of IL-4 that can directly and excessively activate B cells
Rebouissoux, Laurent. "Les hépatites auto-immunes de l'enfant : à propos de 6 observations." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23067.
Full textLamontagne, Maxime. "Approches en génomique et bio-informatique afin de comprendre les bases moléculaires de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35445.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Currently, no treatment existsto reverse COPD, which is predicted to be the third leading cause of mortality in the world by the year 2030. Important discoveries were made in the last decade, but the pathophysiology of the disease remains largely unknown. The aim of this thesis is to study the genetic component of COPD and more specifically 1) identify genes involved in the development of airflow obstruction, 2) identify lung eQTL in the major histocompatibility complex and find causal genes for lung function and respiratory diseases in this region, 3) find new susceptibility loci for COPD, and 4) evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of DNA sequencing of the SERPINA1 gene as a single test to diagnose alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and test the frequencies of AATD alleles in a Canadian COPD population. In the first study, we identified genes (CST3 and CD22) and signalling pathways (xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, protease–antiprotease and oxidant–antioxidant balance) involved in the development of airflow obstruction. We combined lung gene expression, whole genotyping data and clinical information’s from 1,111 subjects to identify potential causal genesand pathways. This study has identified underlying mechanisms implicated in the development of airflow obstruction. In the second study, westudied a critical genomic region for the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Previous studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located inside this locus with lung diseases and phenotypes (asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, lung cancer and lung function). We have identified new susceptibility genes for lung cancer (BTN3A2 and ZFP57), asthma (AGPAT1 and CDSN), lung function (MICB) and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (AGPAT1). Results from this study provide important biological insights about previously associated SNPsin the MHC. We were also involved in the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on COPD. This GWAS was performed by the International COPD Genetics Consortium (ICGC) and identified 22 loci associated at genome-wide significance. Genotypes of 63,192 subjects (15,256 cases and 47,936 controls) from 26 studies were used in the meta-analysis. Results were further replicated in 9,498 cases and 9,748 controls from the UK Biobank. Among the 22 associated loci, 9 were previously associated with COPD, 15 with lung function and 4 (EEFSEC, DSP, MTCL1and SFTPD) werenovel loci. Our findings highlight new loci associated with COPD and demonstrate the genetic overlap between lung function and COPD. Finally, the frequencies of deficient SERPINA1 alleles were evaluated in Canadian patients with COPD and DNA sequencing was evaluated as a single test strategy to detect AATD. DNA sequencing of the coding regions of SERPINA1 was performed in 400 individuals from the CanCOLD study (Canadian Cohort of Obstructive Lung Disease). Nineteen genetic variants were identified, including 15 missense mutations and one new mutation. DNA sequencing of SERPINA1 revealed the true genetic nature of AATD and was demonstrated has an effective, fast, and inexpensive single test strategy to detect AATD. Studies presented in this thesis have identified genes and pathways involved in the development of COPD, which are new targetsfor future studies.
Bouvier, Sylvie. "Nouveaux acteurs moléculaires de la dysfonction vasculo-placentaire." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13505.
Full textVascular risk increases during pregnancy, contributing to maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality, and potentially justifying primary and secondary preventive measures. Our work evaluates the impact of some determinants and the contribution of new molecular actors implicated in placental vascular dysfunction. The ultimate aim is to optimize management and to develop new therapeutic strategies. We studied the placental vascular complications associated with known biological markers: the factor V Leiden or prothrombin polymorphisms, and conventional markers of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). Women with previous recurrent abortions carrying polymorphisms of either factor V or factor II, or with APS (treated with heparin and low-dose aspirin), had an increased risk of foetal loss during subsequent pregnancies. Women with a previous foetal loss carrying these biological markers, treated according to recommendations during a new pregnancy (heparin for the polymorphisms, heparin plus low-dose aspirin for APS) had a lower risk of foetal loss, but an excess of late complications was observed in the APS group despite prophylaxis. We evaluated the contribution of new markers of placental vascular dysfunction. The placental alkaline phosphatase enzyme (PLAP) is synthesized and expressed by syncytiotrophoblastic cells. We found that the Ile89Leu polymorphism of the PLAP gene provides protection against implantation failure and primary miscarriage and induces increased PLAP activity. We also studied (genetics, plasma determinations, in vitro fertilisation) an angiogenic factor (patent application underway), which we showed to be associated with idiopathic implantation failure and miscarriage. These findings suggest that these molecular actors are potentially useful for the diagnosis of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications and may be relevant biomarkers of embryo implantation and/or placental development. They may indicate new targets for relevant therapeutic strategies, potentially overcoming the limitations of the currently available treatments
Michou, Laëtitia. "Approches génétiques de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05P603.
Full textThe aim of this work was to search for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) genetic factors using different clinical and molecular genetic approaches. The clinical genetic approach of this work led to exhibit familial aggregation of RA and autoimmune diseases (AID), and to show that some characteristics of the index case (RA age of onset and sex) were associated to an increased risk of RA and/or AID in the relatives. There seemed to be an influence of personal and/or familial autoimmunity on the results of linkage analysis, which probably needs to be studied on larger samples. The modelisation by MASC method of the HLA component in RA has up to now rejected the model in which a unique shared epitope (SE) should explain the disease susceptibility. A new classification based on the presence or not of the RAA motif at position 72 to 74, but modulated by the aminoacid at position 71 and the aminoacid at position 70 was proposed and allowed not to reject the SE hypothesis. This new classification was replicated in an independent sample. The candidate genes approach allowed to select 187 genes among the 1577 genes of known function in the 19 chromosomal regions suggested by the dense genome-wide scan. A linkage/association on a French and European sample of 465 trio families provided a linkage proof between the PTPN22-1858T polymorphism and RA, in the addition of the association reported in numerous publications in the Caucasian population. However, the association study of BlyS and CRLR genes, both located in suggested chromosomal regions by linkage analysis and good candidate genes by their function, were not associated with RA in a sample of 100 trio families. Finally, the search for gene-environment interaction in familial forms of RA led to show an interaction between tobacco, anti-CCP and the HLA-DRB1*0401, underlining a particular role of this allele among SE in this interaction
Pontais, Isabelle. "Réponses moléculaires à Erwinia amylovora de deux génotypes de pommier sensible et résistant au feu bactérien." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0002.
Full textErwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, a disease that affects Maloideae including apple trees. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to disease susceptibility or resistance. In a first part the phenylpropanoid pathway was investigated. It has been indeed previously shown that some genes of this pathway are repressed by the bacteria, particularly in a susceptible genotype. In the present work, an in vitro analysis showed that two phenolics of apple (catechin and phloretin) have bactericidal effect against E. Amylovora and are able at lower concentrations to repress the expression of hrp genes, which are essential for the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The quantification by HPLC of phenolic compounds in a susceptible and a resistant apple genotypes during the interaction with E. Amylovora was performed. Results show that dihydrochalcones (DHC including phloretin) are the major phenolics in the organs studied (leaves). Every main DHC product of the susceptible genotype is repressed during the interaction with E. Amylovora, which is not the case in the resistant one. These compounds could then play a role in the resistance of apple to E. Amylovora. In a second part of this work, a global approach was undertaken by microarrays with a chip enriched in defense genes (768 genes on the whole). Results show that the salicylic acid pathway is early induced by the bacteria in the resistant genotype, whereas the jasmonic pathway is repressed in the susceptible one. Expressions of some genes were validated through quantitative PCR. Analysis of the involvement of Hrp effectors in the observed inductions or repressions demonstrates that DspA/E and HrpN have a leading role and often work in combination
Legendre, Xavier. "La cholangite auto-immune : quelle place au sein des maladies immunologiques du foie ? A propos d'une observation." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2M094.
Full textVenisse, Jean-Stéphane. "Réponses moléculaires du pommier et du poirier en interactions compatibles et incompatibles avec Erwinia amylorova, agent du fzu bactérien des maloideae." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10042.
Full textDauphin, Gwenaëlle. "Développement d'outils sérologiques et moléculaires pour le diagnostic et l'étude de la prévalence de la maladie de Borna en France." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T065.
Full textKremer, Laurent. "Caractérisation d'un nouveau modèle animal de polyradiculonévrite chronique et développement de stratégies thérapeutiques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ058/document.
Full textChronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an autoimmune pathology of the peripheral nervous system whose pathophysiology is currently poorly understood, for which there are few therapeutic options and no reliable animal model. The first aim of this work was to validate and characterize an animal model of CIDP by immunization of rat Lewis with the palmitoylated peptide P0(180-199). The animals developed a chronic or relapsing pathology that could be characterized clinically, histologically, electrophysiologically and immunologically. The results are in favor of a reliable and reproducible model that mimics the human CIDP. The second aim of this work was to test, on our model, the fingolimod, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, as potential treatment of the pathology. In our model, fingolimod has reduced the severity and the chronicity of the disease, improved electrophysiological parameters, reduced infiltration by inflammatory cells and recue immunological abnormalities
Lamontagne, Maxime. "Marqueurs génétiques influençant l'expression des gènes dans les poumons et susceptibilité à la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29782/29782.pdf.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified four susceptibility loci robustly associated with COPD. However, the genetic mechanisms mediating the risk within these loci remain to be found. In this study, genome-wide gene expression profiles of non-tumor lung specimens and blood-DNA from the same patients were genotyped for 1,2 million SNPs. The analyses were performed on 1111 subjects from three cohorts. Genetics variations influencing gene expression levels in lung samples, i.e. lung expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), were identified in the COPD susceptibility regions (4q22, 4q31, 19q13). The results of this thesis demonstrated that HHIP is the most likely causal gene at 4q31, while the evidences supported the contribution of the FAM13A and EGLN2 genes at 4q22 and 19q13, respectively.
Chebil, Sandrine. "Génétique moléculaire des beta thalassémies en Tunisie Centrale." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P021.
Full textToquin, Didier. "Contribution à l’étude de la variabilité moléculaire et antigénique de la glycoprotéine d’attachement des métapneumovirus aviaires." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARB193.
Full textAvian metapeumoviruses (AMPV, genus Metapneumovirus, family Paramyxoviridae) induce respiratory disease worldwide in several avianspecies, especially turkey,chicken and duck. AMPV and a human metapneumovirus (HMPV) were first isolated in 1985 and 2001, respectively. AMPV vary in antigenicity and genetic sequence, especially in the gene encoding their attachment glycoprotein G, which supports the classification of AMPV intro subgroups. The present study first reports the antigenic characterization and G gene sequencing of two AMPV strains that did not fit the previously recognized subgroups. These viruses were proposed as the prototype of a novel subgroup, D. The sequencing strategy that had proved successful with AMPV-D> viruses was also implemented with several recently isolated subgroup C viruses, derived either from turkeys in the USA, or from ducks in France
Fabbrizio, Eric. "Les molécules de la famille dystrophine : identifications et approches fonctionnelles." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T029.
Full textSeedy, Ayman Salah Ahmed El. "Études moléculaire et cellulaire des mutations du gène CFTR : de la génétique à la fonctionnalité de la protéine." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1f04df89-c6ec-4a24-a424-49e80e1ea1a4.
Full textCystic fibrosis is a serious genetic disease autosomal recessive most frequent in populations of European origin. This pathology is due to dysfunction of the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) chloride channel present in the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The severity of the disease depends on mutations in the CFTR gene. The objective of our work is to understand the impact of CFTR mutations in order to establish a genetic counseling notified. For this, we initially determined which mutations are present in exon 9 and its flanking regions of the gene. As this region is duplicated in the genome, we established new experimental conditions to study exclusively the gene, and thus two pseudomutations were detected. In the second step, we examined complexes containing three frequent CFTR mutations (D443Y, G576A, R668C) and a rare mutation, G149R. In vitro we have demonstrated the deleterious effect of G149R alone or in complex and the decrease the amount of the mature protein complex when other alleles are present. In the last part of this work, we developed the laboratory techniques for the study of splicing. For this, we constructed a minigene hybrid that allows us to define the exact role of nucleotide substitutions on splicing. The results obtained from these three studies allowed us to better understand the impact of the studied mutations and thus to make a molecular diagnosis documented
Taulan-Cadars, Magali. "Analyse du transcriptome rénal murin dans des conditions d'exposition aigue͏̈ et chronique à l'uranium." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON1T006.
Full textRoy, Vincent. "Changements physiopathologiques et moléculaires lors de la dysfonction hépatique dans un modèle murin de la tyrosinémie héréditaire de type 1." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26284.
Full textHereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), the last enzyme of the tyrosine catabolic pathway. This severe metabolic disease is mainly caracterized by liver and kidney dysfuntion, due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Moreover, injuries inflicted on the liver could lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Actually, the only treatment is a daily intake of NTBC combined with a restrictive diet low in tyrosine and phenylalanine. While this treatment increases the life expectancy of patients, the risk of developing HCC remains. The general objectives of this work are to determine the pathophysiological changes of the HT1 phenotype and the molecular mechanisms involved in cell transformation and progression of liver dysfunction in a mouse model. fah-/- mice were subjected to NTBC withdrawal to investigate the signaling pathways involved in various stages of the disease. The interruption of NTBC induced a degeneration of general physiological conditions. Histological analysis revealed a distortion of the liver’s morphology with hepatocellular lesions, inflammation and steatotic nodules. Western blotting results have shown a chronic and progressive modulation of signaling pathways related to cell survival and proliferation in response to stress. At this point, no cancer has been diagnosed, but a significant activation of the endoplasmic reticulum signaling pathways has been demonstrated during the progression of TH1. This modulation may play a central role in the degeneration of liver cells by creating a microenvironment suitable for future HCC growth and invasion.
Colacios, Céline. "Etude du contrôle génétique des maladies immunes : identification des loci Fort1 et Eae4a qui contrôlent les cellules T régulatrices Foxp3+ et la suceptibilité à l'encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30140.
Full textLinkage analyses in F2 (LEWxBN) rats followed by genetic dissection using BN/LEW reciprocal congenic lines identified on chromosome 9 (c9), the Aiid3 locus that plays a major role in the control of Aiid (Atps-induced immunological disorder) and particularly the IgE response. Then we identified the locus Eae4a that controls the susceptibility of LEW rats to EAE, in a 1. 4cM interval on c9 that fully includes the Aiid3 locus. We demonstrate in this model that the resistance to EAE was associated with an increased amount of Foxp3 regulatory T cells in peripheral lymph nodes. We show that Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are more abundant in BN than in LEW rats, and this difference between BN and LEW rats is controlled by a locus named Fort1 for Foxp3 regulatory T cells locus 1, on c9 that colocalize with Aiid3. Aiid3/Fort1 loci are localized in a interval of 700kb that contains a major candidate gene Vav1 in wich we identified a BN/LEW polymorphism
Petit, François Mickael. "Aspects moléculaires des maladies rares du métabolisme hépatique : à propos de la maladie de Crigler-Najjar." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=5dcfa87e-f2cb-468d-8a87-767381d67fe9.
Full textCrigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare hepatic disorder due to partial or total deficiency of enzymatic activity of UGT1A1 involved in bilirubin conjugation. The disease manifests itself during the first hours of life by intense and persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Affected children are at high risk to develop brain non-reversible damages (kernicterus) due to bilirubin encephalopathy. Since 1952 and the description of this syndrome by Crigler and Najjar, molecular studies allowed to identify the gene. UGT1A1 gene is located on the terminal part of the chromosome 2 and is composed of 5 exons. Crigler-Najjar syndrome can take two forms: type I with complete and non-inducible enzymatic deficiency and type II with non-complete and inducible enzymatic deficiency. In this work, we have described new mutations responsible for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or II and we have analysed them in terms of phenotype-genotype correlations. Secondly we have studied two families with non-canonical presentation (first description of paternal isodisomy for chromosome 2, molecular characterisation of a large deletion in UGT1A1 gene), highlighting the importance of familial investigations in this syndrome. In the last part, we have molecularly characterised a founder effect for the mutation c. 1070A>G in the Tunisian population, in whom Crigler-Najjar syndrome is particularly frequent
Maillard, Jean-Charles. "Immunogénétique moléculaire de la sensibilité et de la résistance à la dermatophilose bovine : une approche fonctionnelle gènes candidats." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20141.
Full textGauthier, Marie-Krystel. "Génétique moléculaire de la maladie de Stargardt : étude des mutations du gène ABCA4 dans la population canadienne-française." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27579/27579.pdf.
Full textLévesque, Marie-Hélène. "Expression des récepteurs stéroïdiens, des enzymes de la stréroïdogenèse et de biomarqueurs potentiels dans la prostate humaine normale et ses pathologies." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20957.
Full textGoizet, Cyril. "Etude du gène de la connexine 32 chez des patients atteints de maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23003.
Full textGirault, Guillaume. "Développement d'outils de typage moléculaire de haute résolution pour la détection et la différenciation de Bacillus anthracis." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0007.
Full textBacillus anthracis is a pathogenic bacterium with a worldwide repartition. It is the causative agent of a zoonosis named Anthrax. Belonging to the Bacillus genus, B. anthracis has the ability to sporulate: this particularity allows the bacterium to stay as quiescent spores into the soils and to resist against different kind of stresses (UV, heat treatment…). Mammals are principally infected and human or animal outbreaks are reported annually in the world. Several regions are endemic while some others, like France, report more sporadic cases. Even if Anthrax incidence is in constant decrease all over the world, B. anthracis is still a pathogen of interest for many countries because of its potential use as a biological weapon. The study of this bacterium has a two-tier purpose: first, it is the cause of a relative mortality in livestock and wildlife, and second it is potentially used as a weapon of mass destruction. This bacterial species is considered highly monomorphic and all strains are extremely closed genetically. In order to precisely identify strains during outbreaks or bioterrorism attempt and track the source of infection, several diagnosis and typing methods are available. However, not all of these methods have the discrimination power, the robustness or the ease of use that is required in the laboratory. During this work, I have studied the diversity of European isolates of B. anthracis. A whole genome sequencing approach for approximately 250 strains has been done with a great diversity into strains (France, Europe). A comparative bioinformatic analysis allowed genomes reconstruction and polymorphisms identification among European isolates (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism = SNP). These markers leaded to establish a precise phylogeny among 292 B. anthracis isolates at a world level. Several hypotheses concerning the origins and the evolution of this pathogen have been proposed. A new sublineage has been potentially discovered. A panel of sixty SNPs has been identified and confirmed to genotype the major groups and lineages phylogenetically related in Europe. Two molecular typing approaches based on PCR amplification have been developed. Using the identified SNP, they can be used to discriminate strains between each others. The first one is a quick and low cost approach (PCR HRM) whereas the second can be used to multiplex a lot of analyses (Luminex). My work allowed a significative increase into B. anthracis knowledge. The typing tools developed will allow traceability and quick identification of the strains involved in an Anthrax outbreak or in a suspected bioterrorist attempt in France
Trottier, Jocelyn. "Profilage des acides biliaires chez le patient cholestatique : Effet de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28405/28405.pdf.
Full textRaux, Grégory. "Bases moléculaires des pathologies mendéliennes et complexes : stratégies d'études moléculaires et avancées technologiques." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES049.
Full textThis manuscript presents several technological and conceptual approaches in mutational screening. A promising way to study diseases with complex inheritance is to search for hidden mendelian features, the so-called "endophénotype", which corresponds to a favourable background for disease development. Such an approach was selected for the study of schizophrenia : the endophenotype defined as an abnormal sensorial filtering allowed us to focuse upon a single candidate gene for the analysis. As soon as the gene number to be tested is low, specific screening methods may be used. The multiplicity of available molecular biology techniques, some of which are described here-in, theoretically allows the identification of all possible genetic variations. In such a context, we developed a new technique for the detection of genomic rearrangements. A quantitative fluorescent PCR multiplex method dealing with short genomic fragments was put in place with the aim to be quickly transposable from a project to another, whatever the genomic context of the target. Indeed, this technique makes it possible to detect any genomic deletions or duplications, thus corresponding to a powerful alternative to fluorescent in situ hybridisation techniques. Two standard procedures for mutational screening are given with respect to the target under study : a high throughput technique and a procedure directed towards a defined area. Finally we propose a universal procedure to design new fluorescent multiplex PCR methods for short genomic sequences
Escalettes-Darhan, Sylvie. "Acidémie méthylmalonique : à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M131.
Full textLemire, Bruno. "Métabolisme et signalisation cellulaire dans le quadriceps des patients atteints de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30022/30022.pdf.
Full textPeripheral muscle dysfunction is one of the most important systemic manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This dysfunction brings many muscle abnormalities at the clinical, structural, metabolic and biochemical levels. These abnormalities contribute to the exercise intolerance, loss of muscle mass and force as well as diminishing quality of life of patients with COPD. This thesis as for general objective the investigation of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD, more precisely 1) the study of signalling pathways involved in muscle atrophy 2) the study of muscle metabolism in response to endurance exercise involved in exercise intolerance and 3) the study of muscle cellular adaptations to resistance exercise involved in the less than optimal response following resistance training in patients with COPD. First, we showed the possible contribution of the MAPKs, more precisely p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK, to the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. The phosphorylation levels as well as the mRNA expression of these key proteins are elevated in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls. We also demonstrated that SAA1 could have a possible role in the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. Secondly, we observed that patients with COPD have a greater reliance on the muscle glycolytic metabolism during an endurance exercise done until exhaustion, therefore possibly contributing to the exercise intolerance seen in patients with COPD. Lastly, we demonstrated that the cellular adaptation in response to resistance exercise training is different for proteins involved in muscle mass regulation in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls, thus possibly contributing to the less-than-optimal response to resistance exercise training in patients with COPD. This thesis puts at the forefront the signalling pathways and inflammatory markers contributing to the inherent peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD, as well as the investigation of exercise response in patients with COPD. These results will add to the scientific knowledge of the metabolic and cellular aspects of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD.
Chalhoub, Boulos. "Le sérotype PAV du virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge (BYDV-PAV) : interaction d'isolats du BYDV-PAV avec l'orge cultivée (Hordeum vulgare L) : contrôle génétique de la résistance partielle des génotypes d'orge : polymorphisme de la région 3'-Terminale du génome viral." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT014A.
Full textDeubel, Vincent. "Caractérisation du virus de la fièvre jaune (Flavivirus) : aspect morphogénétique, analyse biochimique des constituants viraux, hétérogénéité moléculaire parmi les souches d'origine géographique différente." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077029.
Full textBeauchef, Gallic. "Effets des facteurs transcriptionnels hc-Krox et NF-kappaB sur la régulation de l'expression du collagène de type I dans des fibroblastes dermiques humains sains et slcérodermiques." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2044.
Full textIn this study, we have investigated the roles of transcription factors hc-Krox (human c-Krox), Sp1 (Specific Protein-1), Sp3 and NF-kappaB (Nuclear Factor-kappaB) on type I collagen expression by normal human (NHF) and scleroderma (SF) fibroblasts. Our results show that the three zinc-finger proteins hc-Krox, Sp1 and Sp3 are strong activators of type I collagen expression by increasing type I collagen protein synthesis and steady-state levels of COL1A1 and COL1A2 mRNA in NHF and SF. Moreover, they up-regulate COL1A1 gene transcriptional activity through a region localized in the 112 bp proximal promoter in which we have identified the functional cis-responsive elements. We also demonstrated that NF-kappaB down-regulates COL1A1 by a transcriptional control and through the same region by which the zinc-finger mediate their effects. Despite no existing consensus sequence for NF-kappaB in the COL1A1 proximal promoter, we find that all the trans factors, including NF-kappaB, bind to the COL1A1 promoter in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, Sp1/3/hc-Krox are necessary to mediate the inhibitory effect of NF-kB on COL1A1 in NHF and SF since they are found to interact each others. Moreover, complementary experiments performed in NHF and SF demonstrated that type I collagen synthesis is correlated with the c-Krox DNA binding activity on the COL1A1 promoter. Besides, we realized preliminary experiments showing that type I collagen and c-Krox expression decrease during aging, although NF-kappaB binding activity seems to increase
Jonveaux, Philippe. "Délétions et gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs : approches méthodologiques dans les hémopathies malignes." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28196.
Full textChevron, Marie-Pierre. "Dystrophine et utrophine dans les dystrophies musculaires et au cours du développemnt des muscles squelettique, cardiaque et lisse humains." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T023.
Full textRoques, Isabelle. "Etude de vingt observations d'amyotrophies spinales infantiles : aspects cliniques et génétiques." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23019.
Full textAli-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Full textLubrano, Di Ricco Martina. "The role of tumor necrosis factor receptor family (TNFRF) members in regulatory T cell biology." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS222.
Full textCD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in immune homeostasis and in the prevention of autoimmune diseases by regulating immune responses, therefore a better knowledge of their biology could improve their use in medicine. Different related molecules compose the large TNF family. Many of their receptors (TNFR family) are expressed by cells of the immune system,specifically byTregs.Blocking or agonist reagents of some TNF or TNFR family members have strong potential to control autoimmune diseases or to improve anti-tumor immunity by acting on conventional T cells or Tregs. However, we know very little on the direct effect of TNFR family members on Treg biology and on similarities and differences of their effects between different members. Here, we showed that Treg co-stimulation with agonists of TNFR2, 4-1BB, GITR or DR3, but not of OX40, increased their proliferation and survival. These co-stimulated Tregs had improved expansion in vivo and increased capacity to control an inflammatory disease. Triggering these receptors induced a similar signature at the transcription level, showing that they share signal transduction. Using a DNA binding assay and loss of function approach, we showed a critical role of the canonical NF-B pathway in the Treg co-stimulation induced by these TNFR family members. Thus, these molecules may play a major role in Treg biology and part of the therapeutic effects of drugs targeting TNF or TNFR family members may be Treg-mediated
Bernard, Quentin. "Analyse cellulaire et moléculaire de la transmission précoce de la borréliose de Lyme : rôle de l'interface cutanée." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ038/document.
Full textVector-borne diseases account for seventeen percent of world-wide infectious diseases. They are amajor threat to public health. Lyme borreliosis is the first vector-borne disease of the northernhemisphere. It is caused by a bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, inoculated by a hard tickbelonging to the Ixodes genus. The first contact between the vertebrate host and the tick, and sobetween the vertebrate host and the bacteria, occurs at the skin interface. The skin is then of majorimportance for the early development of the immune response against Borrelia.The tick bite induces a skin injury owing to its biting pieces, the hypostome and two chelicerae. The ticksaliva also creates a feeding pool allowing the tick to feed efficiently. This process also facilitates Borreliatransmission. We have characterized a tick saliva protein which might participate to the formation ofthe feeding pool: histone H4. This protein lyses fibroblasts and harbors bactericidal properties againstcommensal bacteria. These two activities might help Borrelia to infect the vertebrate host by sustainingits development in the skin. Once bacteria have been injected into the skin, they interact with residentskin cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and immune cells. We have shown that the inflammationinduced by the tick bite increases the keratinocyte inflammatory response against Borrelia. However,the saliva inhibits this cross-talk which depends on TLR3/TRIFF and TLR2/MyD88 pathways. Once thetick has detached and the saliva has disappeared, the cross-talk might explained the inflammationobserved during the erythema migrans.Other skin cells than keratinocytes and fibroblasts are involved in the early inflammatory responseagainst Borrelia such as dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. We have explored theinvolvement of another poorly-studied cell-type: mast cells. We have shown that these cells can secreteIL-6 and degranulate in response to Borrelia. Bacteria antigens responsible of the activation mightdepends on the living state of Borrelia. The tick saliva is able to negatively control the secretion of IL-6,but not to completely inhibit it. At this point, we cannot conclude in a WSH mouse model deficient inmast cells, to a major role of these cells in the inflammatory response against Borrelia.While in the skin, Borrelia expresses many genes which will facilitate the dissemination across thevertebrate host, to reach different target organs (brain, joint, distant skin). We have characterized twogenes potentially involved in the dissemination of a virulent clone of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto: bb0347and bb0213. bb0347 encodes for an adhesion which can specifically interact with the extracellularmatrix of the skin while the role of bb0213 is unknown. bb0347 might help the bacteria to migratethrough skin tissues and then increases the infection rate
Hebrard, Maxime. "Conception et développement d’un système d’aide au diagnostic clinique et génétique des rétinopathies pigmentaires." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13519/document.
Full textDiagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa could be difficult regarding both to clinics or molecular issues. Firstly, there are rare diseases, so the prevalence of each pathology in the world population is very low. Secondly, the symptoms of diseases are very similar, so their phenotypic characterization is hard. Moreover, the eye and the visual process are complex and numerous genes' products are implicated. Although retinopathies are mainly monogenic and mendelian inherited diseases, the polymorphisms involved in these diseases are very diverse.These both observations lead us to develop two complementary methodological approaches in a view to better understand the retinopathies.The first approach aims to identify all the genes involved in the diseases using genotyping chips. For this purpose, we studied genetic linkage between single nucleotide variations and pathologies. The second approach leads to the representation of clinical knowledge. An ontological compound was built to make explicit the knowledge involved in the process of diagnosis. The data previously collected by experts were labeled by terms that were organized in a specific thesaurus. The clinic profiles of the patients and diseases were handled as features collections and were compared by similarity calculations. The goal of this work is to build a knowledge-based system for diagnosis
Guérin, Antoine. "Identification et caractérisation moléculaire de la première étiologie génétique responsable de la maladie de Whipple chez l’homme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB057/document.
Full textWhipple's disease (WD) is a rare, severe and chronic infectious disease that affects only a small minority of individuals infected with Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei). The chronic and asymptomatic carriage of T. whipplei is less rare. The pathogenesis of WD remains largely unknown. Using a genetic approach combining genome-wide linkage and whole exon sequencing, we tested the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition to WD. We studied a multiplex family containing four otherwise healthy WD patients and five asymptomatic T. whipplei carriers. We tested the hypothesis that WD follows autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance with age-dependent incomplete penetrance. We showed that the c.292 C> T mutation (p.R98W) of IRF4 gene was the only heterozygote variant that was very rare and non-synonymous for all four patients. In mice, the Irf4 gene is a transcription factor that plays pleiotropic roles in immunity. Molecular characterization of the mutated allele showed a deleterious effect by a haplo-insufficiency mechanism for the transcription factor function of the protein. Increase localization of the protein in the cytoplasmic has also been observed. In addition, the defect IRF4 studied confers a distinct transcriptomic response in leukocytes stimulated by BCG or T. whipplei. In conclusion, we identified the first genetic etiology associated with WD. The mode of inheritance is AD with incomplete penetrance, chronic carriage probably preceding WD for several decades in heterozygous individuals infected with T. whipplei. This work will help to better understand the pathogenesis of WD, to better define the mechanisms of immunity against T. whipplei and to be able to offer a molecular and genetic adapted diagnosis to families
Chamat, Soulaima. "Etude structurale, génétique et idiotypique de la réponse anti-ligands beta-adrénergiques chez la souris." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077017.
Full textBouchez, Olivier. "VAD1, un régulateur putatif de la mort cellulaire hypersensible chez Arabidopsis thaliana : analyse fonctionnelle et recherche de nouvelles composantes des programmes de mort cellulaire associés à VAD1." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/197/.
Full textThe hypersensitive response (HR) is a form of programmed cell death that is commonly associated with disease resistance to pathogens, characterized by a rapid and localized cell death occurring at the inoculation site. The vad1 mutant (for Vascular Associated Death) is an Arabidopsis "Lesion Mimic" Mutant that exhibits HR-like propagative lesions along the vascular system. High expression of defense-related marker genes and increased resistance against different virulent and avirulent pathogens accompany lesion formation. Sudy of the ethylene and jasmonates-related signalling pathways using crosses between vad1 and ethylene mutants (ein2, ein3, ein4, eto2, ctr1 and 35S::ERF1) or jasmonate mutants (jar1) was performed. Results reveal that vad1-associated phenotypes were dependent on ethylene biosynthesis and signalling, while the jasmonate pathway exerts a negative regulation on vad1-associated phenotypes. In agreement with these results, an ethylene treatment of vad1 induces an acceleration of lesion formation. In addition, VAD1 expression is positively regulated by ethylene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that VAD1 acts as a negative regulator of the HR cell death. A functional study of VAD1 was then performed. VAD1 overexpression induces a delay in lesion appearance and defense transcript accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana and in Arabidopsis plants, confirming that VAD1 acts as a negative regulator of HR and resistance. .
Danesin, Catherine. "Spécification des précurseurs oligodendrocytaires dans la moe͏̈lle épinière de vertébrés : identification de Sulf1, nouveau marqueur du lignage oligodendrocytaire et régulateur de la voie de signalisation Shh." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30141.
Full textNeurons and glial cells that populate the central nervous system are generated by an embryonic structure called the neuroepithelium. In the ventral spinal cord, neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitors are produced in response to the morphogenetic activity of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein. My PhD project was mainly focused on the question of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the specification of oligodendrocytes. We have shown that neural progenitors switch precociously to oligodendrocyte fate in response to an increased exposition to Shh, suggesting that a temporal increase of shh signalling activity induces oligodendrocyte specification. Moreover, we have characterized a nem oligodendrocyte marker : c-sulf1, a gene encoding for a sulfatase. Our analyses show that the function of c-sulf1 regulates Shh signalling activity, suggesting that this gene could be involved during oligodendrocyte specification
Nattarayan, Vasugi. "The functional and therapeutic role of BIN1 and PI3K-C2β in skeletal muscle physiology and pathophysiology." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ083.
Full textCentronuclear myopathies (CNM) are a group of severe congential disorders that affect the skeletal muscles and are mainly characterized by muscle weakness, hypotonia and respiratory distress. One of the hallmark features of CNM is the presence of central nuclei in the muscle fibers, opposing to its normal peripheral localization. The most severe form of the disease is due to mutations in MTM1 gene, whereas some of the other commonly mutated genes are BIN1 and DNM2. To date, there is no cure available for CNM. To better understand the role of BIN1 in disease pathomechanisms, we have created and characterized a novel Bin1 mouse model (Bin1 cKO) for CNM and have shown various structural and functional defects associated with the BIN1 loss in skeletal muscles. We have provided a therapeutic proof of concept for BIN1 related CNM, where the downregulation of Dnm2 in Bin1 cKO mice rescued its CNM phenotypes. Separately, we have shown that inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3K-C2β results in the rescue of CNM phenotypes of Mtm1 KO mice. Similarly, we have shown a probable partial rescue of CNM phenotypes of Bin1 cKO mice by inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3K-C2β. Apart from Bin1 cKO mice, we have also created and characterized a Bin1 KI mice model, mimicking the BIN1 K35N patient mutation of CNM
Vignaux-Boraud, Delphine. "Intérêt de l'étude des cellules de Sézary : étude parallèle en biologie moléculaire par PCR des clones T sanguins et cutanés." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23099.
Full textBelhadj, Sahla. "Effet de Simmondsia chinensis sur le diabète et les maladies métaboliques : étude in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ061.
Full textHerbal medicine refers to medicine based on plant extracts and natural active ingredients. As the number of diabetic patient increase dramatically, many researchers have sought to evaluate the pharmacological action of several traditional plants. The jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub of the family Simmondsiaceae which has many properties linked to a very rich and diversified composition. The objectives pursued during this thesis were to validate the use of jojoba in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and its complications by evaluating in vitro the antioxidant effect of an aqueous extract of jojoba and compare this extract to a pure molecule, the simmondsin, on a pancreatic beta cell line, by demonstrating the efficacy of the various extracts of the jojoba seed on a hepatic cell line following chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and finally by validating in vivo the efficacy of jojoba on rat a model of glucose intolerance induced by high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF). The results in vitro showed that the various extracts of the jojoba seed tested were not cytotoxic on the cell lines but provided protection against oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. This protection appears to be related to the inhibition of the expression of the p22phox pro-oxidant enzyme. In vivo, the study on the HFHF rat model confirmed the anorectic effect of jojoba combined with a curative effect on complications, in particular liver and kidney damage, which could be linked to its antioxidant properties. This study demonstrated the efficacy of jojoba seeds in the treatment of diabetes and its complications
Hick, Aurore. "Développement d'un nouveau modèle cellulaire de l'ataxie de Friedreich : différenciation de cellules pluripotentes induites de patients en cardiomyocytes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ064/document.
Full textFriedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a recessive neurodegenerative disorder due to a deficit of frataxin, a highly conserved mitochondrial protein. It is commonly associated with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The main pathophysiological consequences are a decrease of Fe-S enzyme activities and mitochondrial iron accumulation. The recent technical advances in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) from somatic cells provide a powerful tool to create disease specific cellular models. Cardiomyocytes derived from FA-iPS present altered mitochondria after 1 month in culture. After four months in culture, iron deposits can be found in degenerating mitochondria, indicating a progression in the pathophysiology of the disease. Our study illustrates the ability of iPS-derived cardiomyocytes to model the cardiac phenotype associated with FA, and offers new opportunities to further investigate pathological mechanisms linked to frataxin deficiency