Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies infectieuses – Transmission – Histoire'
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Nougein, Patrice. "L'évolution du concept de contagion à travers les siècles en occident et les mesures de protection sanitaire qui en ont decoulé." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA07B183.
Full textGirardin, Hervé. "Du pavillon des contagieux au departement des maladies infectieuses et tropicales : un siecle d'histoire de l'hospitalisation des maladies infectieuses au centre hospitalier regional de nancy." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN11298.
Full textMamet, Jean-Philippe. "Evaluation d'un réseau télé-informatique de surveillance des maladies transmissibles, exemple de la listériose." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P102.
Full textFretin, Alice. "La responsabilité des particuliers en matière de transmission de maladie." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G028.
Full textAn HIV positive person who is in a non-protected sexual relationship with a third party without revealing his serologic status ; a person who does not inform his relatives or his spouse of the existence of a genetic inherited anomaly ; parents who refuse to vaccinate their child or who let him stay in school ill ; a person reached by an acute shape of tuberculosis who takes the subway, or even worse who carries bags full of bacilli of stinking diseases. If these situations encountered in practice can’t be understood under the same legal angle, they all however invite one to wonder if a private party should be taken to justice regarding the diseases they transmit or from which they expose others. If the affirmative answer appears to be the evidence, a study of the case-law however forces to significantly nuance it. Furthermore, the question is more complexe than it seems, because, if the transmission of a genetical disease regularly crosses the doors of the courts, the genetic transmission is still far from them today. But for how long ? To better understand today and tomorrow’s stakes, linked to the intrusion of the responsibility in areas which usually fall within the context of the private sphere and decision making autonomy, we must check the real scope of the individual responsibility placed on the population, by determining its exact nature, and especially its capacity to achieve public deterrence. The careful reconciliation between security and liberty, between rights and duties, has not yet obviously been found, this thesis contributes to assess its balance point
Becker, Claire. "Étude des stades de transmission de Babesia divergens." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S020.
Full textBabesia divergens is a protozoan parasite of bovine red blood cells. It is transmitted by the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. The life cycle of this parasite inside its vector is not precisely known. The aim was here to identify the transmission stages of B. Divergens, on one hand the sporozoite (transmission from the vector to the vertebrate host) and on the other hand the gametocyte (transmission from the vertebrate to the vector). First numerous tick experimental infections were conducted to isolate the sporozoites from the tick transmitting organ, the salivary glands. Even if no parasite could be isolated for B. Divergens, the identification of sporozoites from another species B. Sp. EU1 inside I. Ricinus confirmed that the developed methods were appropriate. Concerning the gametocyte, genes, that are conserved among the Apicomplexa and specific of sexual stages, were selected in P. Falciparum genome by bioinformatics. Three orthologs bdccp1, 2 & 3 were identified in B. Divergens and their mRNA were proved to be present inside the intraerythrocytic parasite population. The study of one of the corresponding proteins, BdCCp2, using immune sera directed against recombinant peptides, confirm the existence of B. Divergens’ sexual stages inside tick gut. Produced tools and methods will allow the acquisition of knowledge on B. Divergens’ transmission
Afonso, Eve Poulle Marie-Lazarine Gilot-Fromont Emmanuelle. "Etude de la dynamique de la transmission de Toxoplasma gondii dans des mileux contrastés." Reims : S.C.D. de l'Université, 2007. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000735.pdf.
Full textChubilleau, Catherine. "Optimisation de tests sérologiques de dépistage : exemple de la bilharziose : Intérêts et limites de la séro-épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses d'origine hydrique." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13516.
Full textLapidus, Nathanaël. "Etude des déterminants individuels, collectifs et environnementaux du risque d'infection par le virus grippal pandémique A/H1N1." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066408.
Full textFactors associated with influenza virus transmission and susceptibility to infection still remain not well understood. The risk for infection can be considered as the result of an interaction between factors linked to the pathogen, the host (including the immune system) and the characteristics of exposure (environmental parameters and interhuman contacts). The emergence of the novel A/H1N1 virus, causing the 2009 pandemic, had offered a promising research opportunity to study the determinants usually associated with influenza infections in general and in particular regarding a virus for which the susceptibility of the population was very variable and linked with previous exposure of subjects to viruses that were genetically close. To study influenza infections and their determinants, a cohort of 601 households (1450 subjects) in the French general population was established in late 2009 using a multidisciplinary approach. The follow-up of this cohort, which involves the collection of biological samples and an active tracking of influenza-like symptoms, notably consists of a detailed collection of clinical and epidemiological data (including information regarding the subjects’ environment, their contacts, and their risk perception likely to impact their behavior). The analysis of this massive database offers a novel opportunity to study the risk of infection as a result of a complex interaction of factors which have previously been studied separately. This project implicated the use of new analytical methods, inspired by the “omics” approach already used for the simultaneous study of a large number of covariates
Berdjane-Brouk, Zohra. "Contribution de la biologie moleculaire à l’étude des vecteurs de la leishmaniose : A propos de deux études : Bandiagara (Mali) et Kabylie (Algerie)." Paris 13, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA132041.
Full textLeishmaniases are diseases that range in severity from skin lesions to fatal systemic infection, caused by flagellate protozoa of the genus Leishmania. They are transmitted to humans by the bite of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genera Phlebotomus (Old World) and Lutzomyia (New World). Identification of vectors and reservoir hosts are more important in epidemiological studies. The aim of the present study was to identify the vectors of leishmaniasis in two endemic focuses, (i) zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniaisis focus due to Leishmania major in Bandiagara (Mali) and (ii) cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis focus caused by Leishmania infantum in Kabylia (Algeria). Sandflies collected from the both focuses were morphologically identified; the females alive were examined for research the promastigotes. The remaining of sandfly females were morphologically identified and tested by direct sequencing of a fragment of Leishmania ITS2 sequence. P. (Phlebotomus) duboscqi, Sergentomyia (Spelaeomyia) darlingi and P. (Larroussius) longicuspis females were found infected with the DNA of L. Major in Bandiagara and L. Infantum in Kabylia respectively. In addition, human DNA was amplified in S. (Spelaeomyia) darlingi found infected with L. Major DNA. Our observations added to the literature data on the role vector of sandfly species proved and those incriminated in the transmission of leishmaniasis, particularly S. Darlingi which has never been suspected so far. The contribution of the molecular biology to identify the leishmaniasis vectors is discussed
Benavides, Julio. "Dynamique des maladies dans les systèmes sociaux complexes : émergence des maladies infectieuses chez les primates." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20163/document.
Full textUnderstanding the emergence and spread of infectious disease in wild animal populations has become an important priority for both public health and animal conservation. Combining the collection of empirical data with the development of epidemiological models, this thesis focuses on understanding two key issues of wildlife epidemiology: (i) how heterogeneity at the individual, group, population and landscape level affects parasite spread (ii) investigating whether transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria from humans to wildlife is occurring within three protected areas of Africa (Tsaobis NP-Namibia, Lope NP-Gabon and Dzanga-Ndoki NP-Central African Republic). The main findings of this work indicated that: (1) multiple-scale factors including temperature, rainfall, home range use, sex, age and body condition influence gastro-intestinal parasite richness among wild baboons; (2) animal contacts around ‘habitat hotspots' can substantially influence the spatio-temporal dynamics of a disease; (3) antibiotic resistant enterobacteria seem to be spreading from humans/livestock to wildlife when the territory overlap between these two populations is expected to be high; (4) gradients in gorilla density created by bushmeat hunting can reverse the expected pattern of decreasing parasite prevalence with distance to human-spillover. The conclusions of this work open new possibilities for studying the mechanisms explaining the spread of emerging infectious diseases among wild animals
Seifert, Ana Maria. "Prévention des risques de transmission des infections : Connaître les pratiques formelles et informelles du personnel hospitalier." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28372/28372.pdf.
Full textPreventing infections in health care facilities is a subject of current interest. Despite the promotion of prevention measures, it is well known that they are not completely applied. However, confining interest just to these lacunae does not provide a good handle on improving prevention, if we do not pay attention to other measures that hospital personnel may have developed spontaneously. The objective of the current research project is to describe formal and informal practices for preventing infection used by various categories of hospital personnel, as well as to explore the representations of risk related to their informal practices. The qualitative research approach used gives a systemic vision of prevention activities. We carried out 27 interviews and 186 hours of observation of experienced nursing staff, health care aides and hospital cleaning staff, in two short-term and two long-term hospital units in Montreal. The results show that prevention measures are not isolated acts, but part of a process that starts with risk identification based on three sets of information: patient contamination, environmental contamination and difficulties in interacting with patients. We have identified some measures developed by staff members that allow them to cope with situations where the prescribed procedures are felt to be insufficient; these measures reveal their hitherto-unrecognized skills and can be collective, showing the importance of joint work for infection prevention. The analysis of representations of risks related to Clostridium difficile shows that study participants feared transmitting it to patients and to their own families, and adopted specific prevention measures both at work and outside the workplace. Because of situations where prevention failed, some participants think they may be healthy carriers of that microorganism and fear infection may be activated if they become weak for any reason. Some aspects of work organization may also get in the way of their efforts: the absence of time for exchanging information, the presence of casual staff and the lack of training. We conclude that it is important to support prevention efforts based on collective strategies, that seem to have an interesting potential to prevent infections, and that it is necessary to take into account the preoccupations of staff during educational interventions targeting them.
Girard, Anne. "Recherche d'une transmission hétérosexuelle du virus de l'hépatite C : à propos de 26 couples." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25037.
Full textKocher, Arthur. "Biodiversité et maladies infectieuses : impact des activités humaines sur le cycle de transmission des leishmanioses en Guyane." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30080/document.
Full textThe dilution effect hypothesis states that more diverse ecological communities are less prone to pathogen transmission because of the presence of non-competent hosts acting as epidemiological dead-ends. In this work, we investigate the existence of this phenomenon in the case of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniases in French Guiana. Molecular tools based on high-throughput sequencing technologies have been developed to study the epidemiological system. These tools were employed to explore leishmaniases transmission cycles in forest sites undergoing different levels of human-induced perturbations. Our results seem generally congruent with the dilution effect hypothesis, indicating higher disease risk in the most perturbed site. However, differences observed between sites were not significant, and more data is needed to draw general conclusions
Cassir, Nadim. "Culturomique : un nouvel outil d'analyse de microbiotes impliqués dans la pathogenèse ou la transmission de maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5038/document.
Full textHe human gut microbiota plays an important and beneficial role in its host but it is also involved in a growing number of diseases. Knowledge of the composition of this ecosystem have recently been revolutionized by the use of molecular techniques. However, these techniques have significant limitations. Thus, the concept of "culturomics" has been introduced; it consists of the multiplication of culture conditions and the rapid identification of bacterial colonies by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) or by PCR 16S RNA gene sequencing. In the first part of this work, we have demonstrated an association between the presence of Clostridium butyricum in the stool and the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis whether by pyrosequencing methods and Culture or by quantitative PCR specific real time C. butyricum; identified after sequencing the complete genome of all our strains of C. butyricum, the presence of the gene of β-hemolysin (toxin). In the second part of this work, we showed by cuturomics that Gram-negative bacteria (BGN) were frequently spread out over the transitional skin microbiota of patients hospitalized in intensive care; the reservoir would essentially digestive. In conclusion, the gut microbiota is an underestimated reservoir of pathogenic bacteria. Modern microbiology including new culture-based methods is currently extending exponentially our knowledge on gut microbiota giving rise to new insights into the pathogenesis or the transmission of infectious diseases
Rochet, Marie-Joëlle. "Apports des modèles mathématiques en épidémiologie : points de vue sur la filariose de Bancroft." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10237.
Full textSilhol, Romain. "Estimation et validation de modèles individus-centrés de propagation épidémique : la varicelle en Corse." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066180.
Full textGrout-Gerletti, Dominique. "Maladies et ambiance médicale à Carthage et en Afrique romaine au IIIè siècle de notre ère : étude du témoignage de l'évêque Cyprien." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100035.
Full textThis thesis aims at distinguishing fact from fiction in the use of medical terms by bishop Cyprian of Cartago, particularly in the years 251-253 when the plague epidemic started. The bishop seems to describe the symptoms of the disease in paragraph 14 of his treatise de mortalities. After a survey of the idea of crisis in roman Africa during the third century, and after studying other literary and archaeological documents about the plague which testify that the father of the church was a witness to the plague epidemic (as a matter of fact he was later considered as a kind of protector against the pestilence), we have tried to know, in chapter 3, whether his report on the disease was relevant or not. The second part is an attempt to elucidate paragraph 14. On chapter 4, we aim at establishing a link with some diseases which were rife at that time. But of course, we do not claim to utter retrospective diagnosis. Chapter 5 records the biblical quotations including medical vocabulary and meaning that, even if consonant with Bishop Cyprian’s theological conceptions, are relevantly used in context whenever he means to convey apocalyptic forebodings. Chapter 6 contains quotations of some passages from Tertullian’s works that are
Conan, Anne. "Gestion sanitaire des villages cambodgiens comme moyen de réduction de transmission de maladies infectueuses entre volailles et de la volaille à l'homme." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066029.
Full textBackyard flocks are defined by a low or absent biosecurity. The risk of infectious diseases for the animals is then high. In Cambodia, the spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A/H5N1 involves a high mortality in poultry flocks and a high risk for human health. To mitigate the spread of this virus and of other diseases’ agents ,international organizations recommend some biosecurity measures. However, no study has been found about the impact of these measures on poultry health in backyard flock. We implemented thus a cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness on the spread of poultry infectious diseases of a cheap and simple intervention, based on flocks and village cleaning and hygiene. Some measures have been well implemented as the separation of sick animals or the dead animals’ management. On another hand some measures as quarantine, human movement management or waste management were not applied fully. No positive impact on poultry health was noticed all along the year. Even if the biosecurity measures application in backyard flocks is necessary, the measures we implemented and the improvement of some practices are not sufficient to improve poultry health in a context of high risk of infectious diseases. Other similar studies should be done to study stricter measures
Kamla, Vivient Corneille. "Un modèle stochastique pour la propagation du VIH/SIDAUne approche individuelle-centrée." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU3017.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to develop an individual-based model of the population dynamics of HIV/AIDS in a heterosexual population that includes polygamous and clients-sex worker relationships. Each individual has a certain number of attributes concerning his/her sexual behaviour, infectivity, and fertility. The model attempts to be more realistic than existing models by incorporating a number of relevant demoepidemiologic parameters. The model incorporates various forms of heterogeneity and can easily be extended. The duration between partnerships and the duration of long-term partnerships have a small effect on the spread of the disease. The peak probability of transmission during the early high infectivity period and the monthly number of prostitute visits have a large effect on the spread. If each client visits one prostitute per month the disease cannot spread. If this number doubles to two, then 80% of prostitutes, 40% of clients, and 14% of the population at large become infected. With a maximum probability of transmission of 0. 018, the disease disappears, even with two visits per month. Our work highlights the importance of the probability of transmission and of the client-sex worker relationship
Boutareaud, Amaya. "Transmission de Spiroplasma citri par la cicadelle Circulifer haematoceps : implication de la protéine SC76 : "solute binding protein" d'un ABC transporteur : étude d'une lignée de Spiroplasma citri affectée dans sa transmission." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20993.
Full textMéthot, Pierre-Olivier. "Historical epistemology of the concept of virulence." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010531.
Full textAllard, Antoine. "Modélisation mathématique en épidémiologie par réseaux de contacts : introduction de l'hétérogénéité dans la transmissibilité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25738/25738.pdf.
Full textPagès, Frédéric. "Approche entomologique des risques vectoriels pour les forces armées françaises outre mer." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20679.
Full textBéraud, Guillaume. "Modelling infectious agent transmission using social mixing data." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S040/document.
Full textThe economic evaluation of new vaccines requires the modeling of infectious disease transmission within a population, which in turn requires some assumption of specific mixing patterns. Matrixes generated from social contact studies were determined for 8 European countries. To date, no such data exist for France. The ComesF study (Contact Matrix Estimation – France) aimed to fill this gap.MethodologyThe survey was carried out over 3 different periods (Feb-Mar, Apr, Apr-May) with 278 participants common to the first and the last periods. Participants had to list all their contacts for 2 consecutive days in a diary, with the age, sex, location, frequency, type and duration of the contact, from which we estimated French contact matrixes.Combining cross-sectional serological surveys from 2009 and 2013 and vaccine coverage information, we have determined an optimal model for the serology of measles, mumps and rubella for the year of the data collection; age-dependent susceptibility by department was then derived to the year of interest (2016), and effective reproduction number and age-dependent relative incidence of a potential outbreak were estimated using the French contact matrixes.We analysed the influence of meteorological conditions on the temporal variations in mixing patterns. The population of the study was split according to the day and the weather at the time when the diary was filled in. The mean number of contacts and the potential for transmission summarized with R0 were calculated for type and location of contact under different weather conditions.We conducted a systematic review on gender differences in infection focusing on influenza, measles, mumps and rubella. Finally, we provided an exploration of the impact of gender on mixing patterns, and eventually the potential implication for modelling.ResultsThe 2033 participants reported 38 881 contacts (weighted median [first quartile-third quartile]: 8[5–14] per day), and 54 378 contacts with supplementary professional contacts (9[5–17]). Contrary to age, gender, household size, holidays, weekend and occupation, the period of the year had little influence on the number of contacts or the mixing patterns. Contact patterns were highly assortative with age, irrespective of the location of the contact, and gender, with women having 8% more contacts than men. Although most contacts occurred at home and school, the inclusion of professional contacts modified the structure of the mixing patterns. Holidays and weekends reduced the number of contacts dramatically, and as proxies for school closure, reduced R0 by 33% and 28%, respectively.The risk for Mumps and Rubella mainly concerned southeastern and south central France, while the risk for measles was more scattered over the country. Risk differed with gender for Measles and Rubella. Besides infants under 1, the highest share of participation would concern teenagers and young adults.The weather had a differential effect on social mixing according to the type of day, notably weekdays and weekend. But correction for repeated analysis made some results no more significant, although the trend for a differential effect between weekdays and weekend remained.Gender differences in social mixing might explain some gender differences in infectious disease epidemiology. Using gender-specific susceptibility and gender-specific contact matrixes had a significant impact on the result of the modeling. Despite the differences, French contact matrixes shared many aspects with those of other European countries. Notably, school closures were likely to have a substantial impact on the spread of close contact infections in France. While the risk of a new Measles outbreak persists, it predominates for Mumps. The effect of weather on social mixing was mild, if not negligible. Gender differences in modelling should be emphasized
Nephtali, Agnès. "La syphilis congénitale en Nouvelle Calédonie : à propos de 34 observations de 1989 à 1993." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M012.
Full textAfonso, Eve. "Etude de la dynamique de la transmission de Toxoplasma gondii dans des mileux contrastés." Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000735.pdf.
Full textWe studied the dynamic of the transmission of a parasite with complex life-cycle, Toxoplasma gondii, in contrasted environments. First, the dynamic of the parasite transmission was studied in an urban area where a population of domestic cats (Felis catus) live at high density. Our results raise the hypothesis that the parasite transmission could occur via a simple life-cycle when intermediate hosts are in very low density, relative to cats. We also highlighted the presence of localised areas contaminated by T. Gondii oocysts, which correspond to defecation site of cats. Second, we studied the dynamic of the transmission of T. Gondii in environments where intermediate hosts are in high density. We found indicators of the interspecific variability in the level of infection of intermediate hosts, such as body mass or habitat. Moreover, we showed that environment composition, climate fluctuations and the level of infection of toxoplasmosis in domestic cats and wildcats (Felis silvestris) could be related. The whole study shows the interest of an eco-epidemiological approach to understand the variability of the life-cycle of T. Gondii
Meynard, Jean-Baptiste. "Réalisation et évaluation d'un système de surveillance en temps réel pour les forces armées en opérations." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20690.
Full textFafi-Kremer, Samira. "Caractérisation moléculaire du virus d'Epstein-Barr au décours de la mononucléose infectieuse : étude prospective." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE18002.
Full textLambert, Sébastien. "Transmission and management of brucellosis in a heterogeneous wild population of Alpine ibex (Capra ibex)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1278.
Full textThe management of infectious diseases in wildlife reservoirs is particularly challenging and faces several limitations. The development of appropriate management strategies requires a detailed understanding of the factors affecting the transmission and persistence of the infectious agent in the population. Among these factors, heterogeneity of transmission is a common characteristic in natural host-pathogen systems. Indeed, wild animals express a broad range of behaviours, are organised in a variety of social and spatial structures, occupy many areas with very different characteristics and belong to a large diversity of species. Such heterogeneities, from between-individuals to between-species, may result in different contributions to the overall number of new cases of infections. Thus, understanding transmission heterogeneity could provide valuable insights on how to effectively manage these systems, by targeting the individuals or areas that are responsible for most transmissions. The aim of this thesis was to provide insights on the monitoring and management of infectious diseases in heterogeneous wild populations, using Brucella melitensis infection in a French population of wild Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) as a case study. The biology of brucellosis and the ecology of Alpine ibex makes this case study a good candidate for transmission heterogeneity at several levels. Using bacterial examinations, we first established that only 58% of seropositive individuals were at risk to excrete Brucella, and that this risk decreased with increasing age. Then, we took advantage of detailed information available on ibex population dynamics, behaviour, and habitat use, and on epidemiological surveys, to build an individual-based model in order to quantify heterogeneity at the individual and spatial levels. The transmission is extremely heterogeneous between individuals, with females generating around 90% of the new cases of brucellosis infection, and between spatial units, three of the five socio-spatial units (the core area) accounting for more than 80% of brucellosis transmission. Using statistical models to estimate the temporal dynamics of the seroprevalence and of the force of infection in the population, we found evidence that the massive captures with test-and-remove operations that were conducted in 2015 managed to reduce brucellosis transmission in the population. Based on these results, we evaluated several predictive disease management strategies in the individual-based model. Our results confirmed that the primary strategy should be to remove as many seropositive individuals as possible, and that strategies targeting females and/or the core area are more effective than untargeted management. Although there is no silver bullet for the management of brucellosis in the population of study, targeted strategies offer a wide range of promising refinements to classical sanitary measures. We therefore encourage to look for heterogeneity in other infection-wildlife systems and to evaluate potential targeted strategies for improving management schemes in terms of efficiency and acceptability
Jeziorski, Éric. "Imputabilité des rétrovirus dans les pathologies présumées post infectieuses de l'enfant." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T029/document.
Full textThe infectious mammalian retrovirus constituting seven species: Alpharetroviruses, betaretroviruses, gammaretroviruses, deltaretrovirus, epsilonretroviruses, lentiviruses and, spumaviruses. Human T-cell Leukemia virus (HTLV), a deltaretrovirus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a lentivirus, infect human. Sporadic cases of spumavirus (virus Foamy) infection have been described in persons living in promiscuity with infected animals. Recent Studies have shown the presence of an hypothetic gammaretrovirus, xenotropic murine leukemia related virus (XMRV), its existence is actually discussed.There are some facts pointing to the existence of human retrovirus not yet known. -New HTLV species have been recently described and a number of sero-indeterminate patients are compatible with the presence of new HTLV species.-Many idiopathic human diseases have clinical presentation close to retroviral mammalian diseases: chronic inflammatory articular diseases, central nervous system inflammatory diseases, cytopenia, myeloproliferative syndromes and malignant pathologies. For example a retroviral aetiology have been discussed in Kawasaki syndrome and autoimmune haemolytic anemia even though a complete proof haven't been found. The super human predatory status makes the interspecies transmission possible. All the research in new human retrovirus done in the past was based in common sequencies of retroviruses like polymerase gene or the transmenbranair part of glycoprotein envelope gene (Env). Thus most of these researches have been compromise by HERV sequences or retroviral contaminants.We research retroviruses in these diseases. We also have been interested by putative (retr)viral itransmission by breast milk.Methodology1)PDR: We design primer based on the most variable region of retroviruses, the RBD (Receptor-Binding Domain), which is the domain of Env that links the cellular receptor responsible of the cellular entry. For this we used a patented method developed in our laboratory based on PCR whose primers are composed of short conservative sequences delimiting variable areas of RBD.This approach has already allowed discovering new PTLV (HTLV/STLV) variants known. As a result, we have designed PCR primers for RBD for all the known deltaretrovirus, Bovine Leukaemia Virus, (BLV) and also for the detection of gammaretrovirus feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), XMRV and Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV).2)We measure the reverse transcriptase activity to detect Type C retrovirus in body fluid.Results:We analysed in terms of patients 35 Immunologic thrombopenic purpura, 3 hemolytic anemia, 6 aregenerative anemia, 5 neutropenia, 1 aplastic anemia, 3 thrombocytosis, 59 Idiopathic juvenile arthritis, 1 dermatomyositis, 9 Henoch-Scholein diseases, 4 Kawasaki syndrome, 5 neurological diseases, 13 atypic fevers, 3 leukosis and 5 others diseases. We do not found any virus by both methodologies.We do not find viruses by PCR and reverse transcrptase activity measurment however this fact does not exclude viral etiology, further analysis could be done
Viet, Anne-France. "Propagation du virus de la diarrhée virale bovine dans un troupeau laitier : modélisation stochastique individu-centrée pour une population structurée en groupes et d'effectif contrôlé." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1A012.
Full textSaisonkorh, Watcharee. "Epidémiologie et physiopathologie des infections à Bartonella." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20697.
Full textThe genus Bartonella now comprises more than 20 validated species worldwide. Phylogenetically the genus Bartonella is classified in the alpha subgroup of Proteobacteria, closely related to the genus Brucella, Afipia, Agrobacterium, and Rhizobium. Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are facultative intracellular bacteria. In vivo, B. Bacilliformis and B. Quintana may be observed in human red blood cells whereas B. Henselae, B. Clarridgeiae, and B. Koehlerae may be seen erythrocytes of bacteremic cats. Moreover, these bacteria had a remarkable tropism for endothelial cells, leading to angioproliferative lesions (verruga peruana for B. Bacilliformis and bacillary angiomatosis for B. Henselae and B. Quintana). Bartonellosis may affect humans and mammals and are usually transmitted by arthropods (body lice and fleas) from a human or an animal reservoir. Each Bartonella species is well adapted to a specific host from which incidental transmission may occur. The first part of our thesis is an exhaustive review of Bartonellosis that have reported and described in Asia and Australia (Article 1). The specific aims of the second part of this work were: i) to identify and to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility of B. Bovis strains isolated from animals from French Guyana, South America (Article 2); ii) to detect, identify and characterize a new Bartonella species i. E. “Candidatus Bartonella thailandensis” isolated from blood of rodents from Thailand (Article 3); iii) to identify immunodominant proteins using bidimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF useful for diagnosis of B. Henselae infections (Article 4); and iv) to sequence and study a conjugative plasmid containing encoding genes for a type IV secretion system detected in a strain of B. Rattaustraliani and showing for the first time a biological evidence of conjugation between intracellular bacteria within amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga (Article 5)
Lambert, Caroline. "Les anticorps neutralisants contre l'infection des virus foamy simiens chez l'homme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC328/document.
Full textSimian foamy virus (SFV) are the third family of exogenous complex retroviruses infecting humans. These viruses, of origins, are transmitted by body fluids (mainly saliva), through a direct contact between an individual and an infected m establish a chronic infection in the infected human host. To date, neither pathology, nor secondary transmission has be to be associated with SFV infection in humans. Therefore, SFV represents a natural model of restriction emerging simiar in humans. During my PhD, I characterized the humoral response against SFV in people living in Cameroon and Gabon, mainly infected bites during hunting episodes. I showed the presence of SFV neutralizing antibodies in the plasma of 48 infected individ titers. Our study population is infected with viruses of 2 different genotypes, which differ in the central region of the En region involved in binding to the cellular receptor.While in 60% of cases, neutralizing response was specific to a single genotype, 40% of cases showed cross-reactivity. Cr( was associated in 50% of cases with co-infection with viruses from both genotypes.In conclusion, my PhD is the first study to characterize neutralizing antibodies in individuals chronically infected with a zoonotic SFV : these antibodies are frequently detected at high titers and are directed against epitopes commonly found in chimpanzee and gorilla SFV
Viljoen, Johannes. "Déterminants immunovirologiques de la transmission du VIH-1 par l'allaitement maternel." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT019/document.
Full textBreastfeeding is a most valuable source of nutrition for infants. The anti-infective properties of breast milk are well documented and breastfeeding protects infants against gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses. There is no disagreement that breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for all infants everywhere. Exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months is recommended for the general population primarily because human milk can satisfy all of an infants' nutritional and hydration needs. New perinatal HIV infections in resource-rich countries have nearly been eliminated with the combination of universal, opt-out antenatal HIV testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis of the mother and infant, elective cesarean delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding. Although effective interventions are available to reduce in utero and intrapartum transmission in resource-limited settings, postnatal transmission of HIV through breastfeeding has remained a significant problem. Acquisition of HIV through breast milk accounts for an estimated 40% of new infections in sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 90% of perinatal infection occurs. The studies performed during this PhD were part of a larger intervention program in KwaZulu-Natal that focused on the use of different forms of infant feeding within a rural setting. The Umkhanyakude district in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is one of the areas worst affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic, and has some of the highest prevalence figures in the world. Women were enrolled into this study prior to commencement of the South African national antiretroviral roll-out in 2005. This PhD research forms part of efforts to gain a better understanding of postnatal transmission of HIV-1 via breastfeeding, and to support the World Health Organization in their goal to reduce all forms of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) to below five percent by the end of 2015. In the first study performed, we provide for the first time evidence that cumulative exposure to HIV-1 RNA in breast milk is a key risk factor associated with postnatal mother-to-child transmission, independent of maternal CD4 and plasma HIV-1 viral load. This data provides a better evaluation of the risk of HIV-1 MTCT and intra-breast viral load. In the second study we confirm that cell-associated virus load in breast milk is a stronger predictor of the risk of early postnatal MTCT than cell-free virus, independent of HIV-1 replication in blood and breast milk. In contrast, cell-free virus load is a stronger predictor of later postnatal HIV-1 transmission. We provide evidence that the HIV-1 reservoir is a main risk factor for post-natal MTCT of HIV-1. In the third study performed, we investigated the significance and impact of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in breast milk from HIV-infected mothers, and MTCT of HIV-1. High levels of CMV is shed in breast milk, and frequently a significant level of EBV is shed in HIV-infected women. Hence, mothers whose breast milk contained high levels of CMV, were up to two and a half times more likely to transmit HIV-1 to her infant via breastfeeding compared to women with low levels. This is the first evidence of an association, independent of HIV-1 viral load, between CMV in breast milk and postnatal MTCT of HIV-1. In contemporary breastfeeding populations with access to antiretroviral prophylaxis, the residual HIV-1 transmission risk, especially in the early postpartum period, is explained in part by the persistence of cell-associated virus in breast milk. More studies are needed to further knowledge on the mechanism of HIV-1 transmission during lactation, and factors associated with compartmentalized shedding of HIV-1 in breast milk, and to help develop more effective drugs for use in resource-limited populations where avoidance of breastfeeding is almost impossible
Orlandi-Pradines, Eve. "Exposition de voyageurs à la transmission de plasmodium falciparum et aux moustiques vecteurs en afrique inter-tropicale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20693.
Full textLouis, Alexandra. "Transmission du V. I. H. De la mère à l'enfant : cas particulier de l'allaitement." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P184.
Full textReynes, Jean-Marc. "Virus émergents et chauves-souris au Cambodge." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30076.
Full textThe reservoir of rabies in wildlife is unknown in Cambodia although the disease is commonly reported in the country. Furthermore, pteropid bats, suspected to be the natural reservoir of the deadly henipaviruses, are present in Cambodia suggesting the presence of theses viruses in the country. Consequently, we conducted our research work to look for emerging viruses belonging to the genera Lyssavirus and Henipavirus, in bats in Cambodia. We got the serologic evidence of lyssaviruses infection in bats, but the(se) virus(es) could not be isolated. Interestingly, we got one Nipah virus isolate from the urine of one Pteropus lylei specimen. This result strengthens the hypothesis that flying foxes are the natural host of Nipah virus. In addition, during these investigations, we isolated the orthobunyavirus Kaeng Khoi, of which the medical importance is inknown
Maataoui, Naouale. "Acquisition et transmission d'entérobactéries productrices de BLSE chez des sujets communautaires en zone de forte endémie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC087.
Full textColonization and infection by extended spectrum bet a-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) increasingly affect subjects in community. The prevalence of carriage in the community has been estimated at 30 and 70% respectively in Africa and Asia, while it is only 10% in Europe. Living or visiting areas with high endemicity is therefore a high risk factor for ESBL-E acquisition. ESBL-E prevalence carriage in intertropical areas and the risk factors for acquisition by an individual subject when exposed to such environments have been widely studied, but the issue of secondary transmissions from these index cases has not been addressed, although it is essential, in particular to understand its impact on the spread of ESBL-E in the community. We studied the acquisition and transmission of ESBL-E in two cohorts of subjects living in highly endemic areas in promiscuity, with other individuals at the time of acquisition. For this purpose, we used PCR and whole genome sequencing (WGS) techniques, combined with a fine analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The first cohort was composed of soldiers on mission in 3 different regions, Afghanistan, Guyana andCôte d'Ivoire. The ESBL-E acquisition rates during the mission varied depending on the destination: 88% in Afghanistan, 49% in Côte d'Ivoire and 5% in Guyana. The transmission of ESBL E. coli between soldiers, studied within the Afghan company, did not evidence any transmission of strains in this company. The good hygienic conditions in the camp and the limited contact with the local population would suggest that the high acquisition rate observed could be due to individual acquisition, based on meals purchased regularly from the many street vendors installed around thecamp. The second cohort was based on a placebo-controlled study on malnourished, outpatient children living in Niger. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of amoxicillin administered systematically in renutrition protocols for severely malnourished children, on ESBL-E colonization and on strain transmission in siblings. We observed that the administration of amoxicillin increased the risk of ESBL-E acquisition in the treated child within one week of treatment(54% vs. 32%, p<0.001) and the risk of ESBL transmission in the siblings (11.5% vs. 3.8%, p=0.04). In total, in these two studies, we showed that the complete characterization of strains by WGS and SNP analysis provided essential information to understand the dynamics of ESBL-E sharing between subjects.These studies provide some answers on the ESBL-E transmission in the community and the associated risk factors, but other risk factors and situations still need to be explored with these new tools
Navarre, Vincent. "Transmission materno-foetale de l'infection au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine chez la femmes séropositives vivant à la Martinique : à propos de 67 grossesses." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1M024.
Full textChabot, Line. "Le Conseil d'hygiène de la Province de Québec et la lutte contre la variole au Québec : l'épidémie de 1901-1902 et le cas du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28568.
Full textBernard-Stoecklin, Sibylle. "Rôle of semen infected leukocytes in HIV mucosal transmission : Experimental model of SIVmac251 infection in Macaca fascicularis." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059796.
Full textSuberbielle, Elsa. "Dysfonctionnement neuronal ou inflammation, les deux facettes des conséquences de la persistance du Bornavirus dans le système nerveux central : étude à l'aide d'outils de proteomique et d'immunologie." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30027.
Full textBorna disease virus (BDV) is an ideal model system for investigating the diverse pathological consequences of viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). BDV persists in the CNS of a wide range of animal species and induces diverse neurological diseases. This work was aimed at studying two different aspects of BDV infection. First, we analyzed BDV-induced inflammation by assessing the interaction between antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes and primary cultures of neurons. Our results provide further evidence about the modalities of neuronal insult caused by CTL, a feature that characterizes also several neuroinflammatory diseases. Second, we performed a global analysis of the impact of BDV infection on the neuronal proteome. Taken as a whole, our results reveal selective interference with biological functions implicated with neuronal remodeling and provide further insight about the physiopathology of BDV persistence in neurons
Zélé, Flore. "Interaction entre la bactérie endosymbiotique Wolbachia et le parasite responsable de la malaria aviaire, Plasmodium relictum, chez le moustique Culex pipiens." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20102.
Full textIn recent years, there has been a shift in the one host one parasite paradigm with the realization that, in the field, most hosts are co-infected with multiple parasites. Coinfections are particularly relevant when the host is a vector of diseases, because multiple infections can have drastic consequences for parasite transmission at both the ecological and evolutionary time scales. Wolbachia pipientis is the most common parasitic microorganism in insects and as such it is of special interest for understanding the role of coinfections in the outcome of parasite infections. This thesis investigates whether a natural Wolbachia infection can alter the quality of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria. To address this issue, we used a Wolbachia-mosquito-Plasmodium triad with a common evolutionary history. Our experimental system consists in the avian malaria parasite P. relictum SGS1 and its natural vector, the mosquito Cx. pipiens, which naturally harbours several wPip Wolbachia strains. First, we investigated the impact of different wPip groups on the prevalence and diversity on avian malaria in natural populations of Cx. pipiens mosquitoes in the Montpellier region. Second, using different isogenic laboratory mosquito strains harboring or not Wolbachia, we investigated the impact of the presence of Wolbachia on several mosquito and Plasmodium life history traits relevant for malaria transmission. We show that Wolbachia benefits both Cx. pipiens and Plasmodium: it enhances several mosquito life history traits, such as longevity and fecundity, increases their tolerance to P. relictum (i.e. compensates for a Plasmodium-induced mortality) and facilitates P. relictum infection both qualitatively (increases infection prevalence) and quantitatively (increases infection intensity). Although the mechanisms involved in the mosquito-Wolbachia-Plasmodium interaction remain elusive, these results suggest that Wolbachia may have important implications on the transmission of malaria in nature. This is consistent with the high prevalence and diversity of avian malaria parasites found in natural populations of Cx. pipiens. Further, these results suggest the need to reassess the use of Wolbachia as a way to fight pathogens and highlight the need to better understand parasite multipartite interactions
Bajardi, Paolo. "Diffusion des épidémies : le rôle de la mobilité des agents et des réseaux de transport." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22106/document.
Full textIn recent years, the increasing availability of computer power has enabled both to gather an unprecedented amount of data depicting the global interconnections of the modern society and to envision computational tools able to tackle the analysis and the modeling of dynamical processes unfolding on such a complex reality. In this perspective, the quantitative approach of Physics is catalyzing the growth of new interdisciplinary fields aimed at the understanding of complex techno-socio-ecological systems. By recognizing the crucial role of host mobility in the dissemination of infectious diseases and by leveraging on a network science approach to handle the large scale datasets describing the global interconnectivity, in this thesis we present a theoretical and computational framework to simulate epidemics of emerging infectious diseases in real settings. In particular we will tackle two different public health related issues. First, we present a Global Epidemic and Mobility model (GLEaM) that is designed to simulate the spreading of an influenza-like illness at the global scale integrating real world-wide mobility data. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic demonstrated the need of mathematical models to provide epidemic forecasts and to assess the effectiveness of different intervention policies. In this perspective we present the results achieved in real time during the unfolding of the epidemic and a posteriori analysis on travel related mitigation strategies and model validation. The second problem that we address is related to the epidemic spreading on evolving networked systems. In particular we analyze a detailed dataset of livestock movements in order to characterize the temporal correlations and the statistical properties governing the system. We then study an infectious disease spreading, in order to characterize the vulnerability of the system and to design novel control strategies. This work is an interdisciplinary approach that merges statistical physics techniques, complex and multiscale system analysis in the context of hosts mobility and computational epidemiology
Lecorre, François. "Apport des récentes évolutions de la cryo-microscopie électronique et du traitement d’images dans l’étude structurale de virus de plantes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT061/document.
Full textA revolution has taken over the world of cryo-electron microscopy for the last years, by dint of a major breakthrough both in technology, with the rise of new microscopes and cameras, and in image processing. With the advent of high-end microscopes, mechanically and electronically more stable, one can expect to record an initial data set of thousand images in few days, thanks to automated acquisition. Besides, the new direct electron detectors can not only record images, but also movies with a better sensitivity than the one we used to have. The movie processing revealed the existence of a beam-induced motion occurring during acquisition. The correction of the motion through frame alignment improves significantly the quality of data. Thus, cryo-electron microscopy was only limited to a middle resolution range (5 to 15 Å) until two or three years ago, when several density maps above 4 Å started to appear, allowing the building of atomic model using tools that were only restricted to X-ray crystallography.In this context, I have studied the structural organization of three plant viruses, using cryo-electron microscopy and image processing:- Arabis Mosaic Virus (ArMV), it’s a Nepovirus only transmitted by the nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum, responsible for disease of vineyards.- Broad Bean Stain Virus (BBSV), it’s a Comovirus transmitted by beetles, responsible for the degeneration of leguminous plants.- Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV), it’s a Caulimovirus used as model to characterize the transmission of non circulative viruses.Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, which efficiency is directly related to its replicative capacity inside the infected cell, and its transmission to new hosts. Due to the immobility of plants, plant viruses often use vectors for the transmission plant to plant, which are mainly insects, nematodes, fungi or mites. Plant viruses are generally responsible for a significant decrease in plant and fruit growth, and even the death of the plant. The plant viruses are devasting fields worldwide, causing huge loss in crop yield each year. This study highlights the atomic structures of ArMV and BBSV, as well as the first data about the CaMV capsid and its transmission protein
Fall, Abdoul Aziz. "Etudes de quelques modèles épidémiologiques : application à la transmission du virus de l'hépatite B en Afrique subsaharienne (cas du Sénégal)." Thesis, Metz, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010METZ003S/document.
Full textWe propose new models based on the state of art and the epidemiology currently known from the transmission of the hepatitis B virus. Thus, we present two models of the transmission of Hepatitis Bvirus, a model without vertical transmission and another in which the vertical transmission of the disease is taken into account, This second model is justified by the controversy, with regard to the incidence of the vertical and perinatal transmission of the virus in some parts of Africa ; between the World Health Organization on one hand and hepatitis B's specialists in Senegal on the other hand. These models helped us to analyse epidemiological models with a differential susceptibility of the population, and stagged progression of infectious. We present a thorough analysis of the stability of the models using the Lyapunov techniques and obtain the basic reproduction ratio, R0 which allows into the study of general epidemiological models including those proposed for the transmission of the hepatitis B virus. Numerical simulations are done to illustrate the behaviour of the model, using data collected during the campaign against epidemic hepatitis B in Senegal and from published literature. These models enable the evaluation of the incidence of the vertical and perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus on the policies of Public Health
Machault, Vanessa. "Utilisation de données d'observation de la terre par satellite pour l'évaluation des densités vectorielles et de la transmission du paludisme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20722/document.
Full textDespite national an international efforts, malaria remains a major public health in manycountries and sanitary systems are hindered by the lack of information on the actual burden ofmalaria, on the plasmodium transmission risk and on their geographical distribution.Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity can be important and in this context, malaria control couldbe improved if could be focused in place and time. On one hand, the environment is a majordeterminant of malaria biodiversity, because of the vectorial transmission and the vectorsbioecological preferences. On another hand, orbiting satellites can provide environmental,climatic and meteorological data that already have been used for the study of infectiousdiseases. “Tele-epidemiology” has been defined as an integrated approach aiming atassociating medical, epidemiological or entomological ground data, with remotely-sensedenvironmental data, based on the in depth comprehension and measurement of the involvedphysical and biological mechanisms. In cities, it has already been possible to highlightassociations between mapped urban settings and malariometric indices, using satellite data atappropriate scales. Among travellers, in the objective to evaluate malaria risk or efficacy ofprophylactic devices, it would be useful to evaluate and predict transmission levels in thevisited places. The objective of the present thesis was to identify environmental factors thatcould be remotely-sensed and that could be used in the evaluation of malaria risk amongtravellers on one hand and in urban settings on the other hand.First, remotely-sensed data have been used to evaluate levels of exposure to malaria risk ofmilitaries, in the scope of a study on their risk factors for clinical malaria. Results haveshowed that, even when taking into account age and compliance to chemoprophylaxis asconfusion factors, the environment was the factor the most strongly associated to clinicalmalaria risk.In parallel, an extensive entomological study has been conducted during five years in Dakarand allowed demonstrating a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of malariatransmission in the city. Collected information were centralized in a georeferenced database(GIS - Geographic Information System) containing all entomological, environmental,meteorological, biological and physical data collected on the field or by remote sensing.Finally, modelling of entomological risk in the capital city of Senegal was undertaken, basedon data collected on the ground and environmental data issued from satellites. A first stepshowed the evolution of malaria transmission risk areas and allowed declaring that thefraction of human population that was at high risk for transmission decreased between 1996and 2007. A second step led to the development of 1) a map of the breeding sites with aproductivity indicator in Dakar city, 2) a map of aggressive adult Anopheles densities, and 3)a dynamic aspect was added to those maps, taking into account the variations of theirmeteorological determinants.The results of the work undertaken in this thesis demonstrated that remotely-sensedinformation, associated with a large amount of ground data, allow to adjust predictive models and to draw entomological risk maps, in urban settings or for moving populations
Kesteman, Thomas. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des actions de lutte antipaludique à Madagascar." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5043.
Full textIn order to guide policy making in public health, it seems useful to confirm the effectiveness of malaria control interventions (MCI). To achieve this, one may evaluate the impact of a given MCI on the incidence of the disease, for example, but this approach won’t easily disentangle the effects of the intervention from those of other MCIs deployed simultaneously, and from influences of environmental and social factors. Mathematical modelling won’t be helpful in this purpose since it infers the impact from the efficacy measured in controlled trials. The direct estimation of the effectiveness of the intervention under fields conditions, i.e. under the influence of biological, environmental and human factors, is nevertheless possible. In particular, appropriate epidemiological surveys can estimate the association between exposure to MCIs and malaria.The present thesis describes the results of several studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of MCIs in Madagascar. This country has the advantage to include constrasted malaria transmission patterns, with areas earmarked for pre-elimination and others with intense and perennial malaria transmission. (...)Overall this thesis proposes a methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of MCIs that can be transferred to other settings, and demonstrates the usefulness of this approach. In a global context of stagnating international funding, these results provide valuable information and tools to carry on the fight against malaria
Pinotti, Francesco. "Dynamiques multi-souche sur réseaux." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS289.
Full textFor many human pathogens, distinct strains have been reported to circulate in the host population. However, despite our ability to observe strain diversity, biological, environmental and host-related mechanisms shaping co-existence patterns remain largely unexplored. In this context, the importance of modeling contact structure is becoming increasingly recognized, yet, the study of this aspect is still at the beginning. To date, the majority of works focus on two pathogens that either compete or cooperate. Here, we extend current knowledge about strain co-existence on contact networks in two directions, characterizing the ecology of an open strain population, and analyzing the effect of heterogeneous concurrent interactions. In a first study, we assess the role of important contact properties on ecological diversity in a parsimonious model of strain competition. We found that our theoretical results improve our interpretation of observed patterns in a joint dataset consisting of face-to-face interactions and Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a hospital. In a second work, we study a theoretical model accounting for both competition and cooperation. We consider two competing strains that both cooperate with a second pathogen. The interplay between transmissibility and cooperative factor led to a rich phase diagram, showing complex boundaries and bistability. Here, repartition of hosts into communities enables strain co-existence by dynamically creating different ecological niches. Our findings confirm the importance of host contact structure as a driver of strain diversity
Mombo, Illich Manfred. "Recherche et caractérisation des virus entérotropes excrétés par les primates d'Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS123.
Full textThe enteric viruses are ubiquitous virus infecting a broad range of vertebrates, including humans and non-human primates (NHPs). They are spread by direct or indirect fecal-oral route following which they reach the enterocytes and multiply. Even though infections caused by these viruses are asymptomatic, enteric viruses could be responsible for frequent gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age. These viruses may be responsible for severe pathologies such as respiratory, encephalitic, cardiac and neurological diseases. In the 1950s, many viruses have been isolated from NHPs species commonly used in cell culture and biomedical research. Since, many studies have been conducted to characterize, then enteric viruses have been mainly identified in captive NHPs or those living in close contact with humans. Little is known concerning the circulation, epidemiology and diversity of enteric viruses in the wild, except for enteroviruses and adenoviruses. The objective of this thesis is to investigate and characterize the enteric virus in NHPs of Central Africa. Thus from 600 samples of feces of NHPs collected in natural forests and reserves in Gabon, we highlighted the circulation of different species enteroviruses (EVs) in mandrills and chimps. We also identified EVs close to those infecting humans as well as two new serotypes in a chimpanzee and in a mandrill. We have highlighted an astrovirus (AstV) completely divergent from those referenced in a gorilla. Apart from their outstanding natural environment, enteric viruses are also present in NHPs in frequent contact with humans. Therefore fecal samples from a group of 12 chimpanzees from the Tchimpounga Sanctuary, we characterized the EV-C99 responsible for cases of paralysis in humans and probably responsible for that observed in a chimpanzee. In addition, two sapovirus (SaVs) very close to a SaV identified in humans have also been characterized. Central Africa is therefore characterized by a diversity of enteric virus circulating in NHPs. The identification in the wild of enteric virus in NHPs close to those infecting humans raises probability of cross-species transmissions between NHPs and humans whose sense remains to be determined. However in NHPs in the sanctuary, susceptibility to these human viruses can be responsible for severe diseases such as paralysis observed in chimpanzee