Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies – Modèles mathématiques'
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Rochet, Marie-Joëlle. "Apports des modèles mathématiques en épidémiologie : points de vue sur la filariose de Bancroft." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10237.
Full textDemin, Ivan. "Modélisations mathématiques de l’hématopoïèse et des maladies sanguines." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10333/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is devoted to mathematical modelling of haematopoiesis and blood diseases. We investigate several models, which deal with different and complementary aspects of haematopoiesis.The first part of the thesis concerns a multi-scale model of erythropoiesis where intracellular regulatory networks, which determine cell choice between self-renewal, differentiation and apoptosis, are coupled with dynamics of cell populations. Using experimental data on anemia in mice, we evaluate the roles of different feedback mechanisms in response to stress situations. At the next stage of modelling, spatial cell distribution in the bone marrow is taken into account, the question which has not been studied before. We describe normal haematopoiesis with a system of reaction-diffusion-convection equations and prove existence of a stationary cell distribution. We then introduce malignant cells into the model. For some parameter values the disease free solution becomes unstable and another one, which corresponds to leukaemia, appears. This leads to the formation of tumour which spreads in the bone marrow as a travelling wave. The speed of its propagation is studied analytically and numerically. Bone marrow cells exchange different signals that regulate cell behaviour. We study, next, an integro-differential equation which describes cell communication and prove the existence of travelling wave solutions using topological degree and the Leray-Schauder method. Individual based approach is used to study distribution of different cell types in the bone marrow. Finally, we investigate a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics model of leukaemia treatment with AraC drug. AraC acts as chemotherapy, inducing apoptosis of all proliferating cells, normal and malignant. Pharmacokinetics provides the evolution of intracellular AraC. This, in turn, determines cell population dynamics and, consequently, efficacy of treatment with different protocols
Gabriel, Pierre. "Equations de transport-fragmentation et applications aux maladies à prions." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066144.
Full textBiane, Célia. "Reprogrammation comportementale : modèles, algorithmes et application aux maladies complexes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE050.
Full textComplex diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's are caused by multiple molecular perturbations responsible for pathological cellular behavior. A major challenge of precision medicine is the identification of the molecular perturbations induced by the disease and the therapies from their consequences on cell phenotypes. We define a model of complex diseases, called behavioral reprogramming, that assimilates the molecular perturbations to alterations of the dynamic local functions of discrete dynamical systems inducing a reprogramming of the global dynamics of the network. This modeling framework relies on the one hand, on Control Boolean networks, which are Boolean networks containing control parameters modeling the perturbations and, on the other hand, the definition of reprogramming modes (Possibility, Necessity) expressing the objective of the behavioral reprogramming. From this framework, we demonstrate that the computation of the cores, namely, the minimal sets of action allowing reprogramming is a problem of abductive inference in propositional logic. Using historical methods computing the prime implicants of Boolean functions, we develop two methods computing all the reprogramming cores.Finally, we evaluate the modeling framework for the identification of perturbations responsible for the transformation of a healthy cell into a cancercell and the discovery of therapeutic targets ona model of breast cancer. In particular, we showthat the perturbations inferred by our methods a recompatible with biological knowledge by discriminating oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes and by recovering the causal of the BRCA1 gene. In addition, the method recovers the synthetic lethality phenomenon between PARP1 and BRCA1 that constitutes an optimal anti-cancer treatment because it specifically targets tumor cells
Pons, Salort Margarita. "Modélisation mathématique des interactions multi-hôtes et multi-pathogènes en épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses : conséquences sur la persistance, l'émergence et le contrôle de pathogènes." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066640.
Full textCette thèse s'inscrit dans le champ de l'épidémiologie des communautés, une perspective écologique des maladies infectieuses qui prend en compte des communautés de populations hôtes et/ou des communautés microbiennes pour aborder un certain nombre de problèmes actuels en épidémiologie des maladies infectieuses. Des approches mathématiques et statistiques, principalement des modèles de transmission multi-hôtes et multi-pathogènes, sont utilisées pour aborder différentes questions liées à la persistance et à la coexistence de pathogènes. La première partie de cette thèse se concentre sur les mécanismes de persistance de pathogènes multi-hôtes. Nous explorons le rôle de différentes espèces de chauve-souris et de leurs traits biologiques sur la persistance d’un Lyssavirus au sein d’un système de grottes en métapopulation. La deuxième partie s’intéresse aux changements de la diversité de souches d’une espèce dûs aux vaccins qui ciblent un sous-ensemble de ces souches et à l’effet de ces changements sur l’incidence des maladies. Ces questions sont abordées pour les Papillomavirus Humains (HPV) et pour le pneumocoque. Pour HPV, nous explorons d’abord les conditions qui pourraient amener à un remplacement génotypique dû à la vaccination. Nous réexaminons ensuite le potentiel oncogène des types d’HPV agents causals du cancer du col de l’utérus par méta-analyse de données publiées. Pour le pneumocoque, nous étudions comment le vaccin conjugué 7-valent a changé les tendances des méningites à pneumocoque en France et comment une réduction de l’usage d’antibiotiques qui a eu lieu en parallèle à l’introduction du vaccin a modulé le remplacement sérotypique induit par la vaccination
Silhol, Romain. "Estimation et validation de modèles individus-centrés de propagation épidémique : la varicelle en Corse." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066180.
Full textAndraud, Mathieu. "Modélisation de la dynamique d’infection par le circovirus porcin de type 2 (PCV-2) dans un élevage de type naisseur-engraisseur." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S143.
Full textA stochastic individual-based model has been developed to represent the population dynamics within a pig production herd and coupled with a PCV-2 specific epidemiological model. Two experimental transmission studies were carried out to estimate accurately the main parameters of the epidemiological model. The resulting model has been used to evaluate the influence of husbandry and control measures on PCV-2 within herd infection dynamics, previously identified as a major risk factor for post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
Sarrot-Reynauld, Françoise. "Influence de la comorbidité sur le pronostic des accidents vasculaires cérébraux : de l'intuition à la modélisation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE19011.
Full textLeclerc, Melen. "Approche par modélisation et expérimentation du développement spatio-temporel des maladies telluriques : le cas du pathosystème betterave à sucre – Rhizoctonia solani." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSARC109.
Full textNowadays it is still difficult to predict and control the spread of soilborne diseases that cause substantial damage in crop systems. The aim of this epidemiological interdisciplinary work is to propose models for the spatio-temporal spread of soilborne pathogens in order to point out key parameters for the control of soilborne diseases. This thesis considers the spread of Rhizoctonia solani on sugar beet as an example pathosystem and focuses on three main problems. First, we use experimental measures of the dispersal of the pathogen to parameterise a stochastic spatially explicit model and we show that host growth can trigger the development of epidemics by causing a switch from non-invasive to invasive behaviour. Second, using experimental data we build an age-varying model for the distribution of the incubation period that links hidden infections and above-ground observations of the disease. Then, we investigate the cryptic behaviour of epidemics by using a hierarchical model that considers a realistic incubation period. Third, we use a spatially-implicit model to estimate rates of infection from temporal disease data, and, to analyse the effects of biofumigation on epidemics. These parameters are integrated into an individual-based model to predict the stochastic development of epidemics. Our results confirm that biofumigation only permits a partial control and suggest that this biological control reduces uncertainty of the cryptic development of the disease. To finish with, we discuss the results of the thesis and we present the perspectives of this work
Van, de Velde Nicolas. "Modélisation de l'efficacité populationnelle du vaccin contre le virus du papillome humain au Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29766/29766.pdf.
Full textObjective: The two main objectives of this thesis were to develop 1) mathematical models to predict the population-level impact of HPV vaccination in Canada, and 2) methods to quantify uncertainty around model predictions. Methods: We developed three mathematical models: 1) a static compartmental model of cervical cancer natural history (Model 1), 2) an individual-based dynamic model of HPV infection (Model 2), and 3) the first individual-based transmission-dynamic model of partnership formation and dissolution, and natural history of multi-type HPV infection and disease (anogenital warts, and cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers) (Model 3). For each model, an extensive fitting procedure was conducted, which identified multiple posterior parameter combinations (out of hundreds of thousands of prior parameter sets) that fit simultaneously highly stratified behavioral and epidemiologic data, taken from the literature, population-based datasets, and original studies. Parameter uncertainty was illustrated by presenting the median [10th;90th percentiles] of predictions, using the posterior parameter combinations. Sensitivity analysis was conducted varying vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, coverage and vaccination strategies. Results: We provided the following evidence for HPV vaccination recommendations. Models 1-3 predicted that girls-only HPV vaccination can substantially reduce HPV-related burden of disease. Predictions were most sensitive to duration of vaccine protection. Model 3 predicted that the bivalent vaccine will be slightly more effective at preventing cervical cancer in the longer term. However, the quadrivalent vaccine will substantially reduce anogenital warts. Finally, the candidate nonavalent vaccine has the potential to produce substantial incremental benefits if its efficacy and duration of protection are at least 85% and 30 years, respectively. From a methodological point of view, we illustrated that parameter uncertainty surrounding HPV natural history parameters is important and must be presented when providing predictions to decision makers. Finally, we identified key structural assumptions that influence predictions: herd immunity, natural immunity, partnership duration, individual genotypes and vaccine waning function. Conclusion: We developed increasingly sophisticated HPV models and calibration techniques to keep track with the increasingly complex policy questions being asked. Our final model is being used to examine the impact of HPV vaccination on health inequalities, evaluate the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination, and optimize screening.
Soubeyrand, Samuel. "Spécifier un processus caché non modélisé en déterminant le lien asymptotique entre résidus et processus caché : application à l'analyse de la variabilité dans les expériences de propagation des rouilles du blé." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20075.
Full textAllard, Antoine. "Modélisation mathématique en épidémiologie par réseaux de contacts : introduction de l'hétérogénéité dans la transmissibilité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25738/25738.pdf.
Full textAllorent, Delphine. "Analyse et modélisation épidémiologique de la tache angulaire du haricot ("Phaseolus vulgaris") due à "Phaeoisariopsis griseola"." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20041.
Full textTournoud, Maud. "Adaptation du modèle de temps de promotion à l'étude du délai de détection du VIH chez l'enfant et de la survenue d'autres maladies infectieuses." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10166.
Full textTo study the delay between transmission and detection of an infectious disease, particularly in situation of multiple exposures, we have developed a survival model, adapted to interval censored data. Initially developed in cancerology, this model enables to take into account a proportion of patients who will not undergo the studied event, ie. Patients who were not contaminated. In a first example that deals with mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in South Africa, we have studied the influence of infant feeding practices (formula, exclusive breastfeeding or mixed feeding) on the probability of HIV-1 transmission at birth and during breastfeeding. It was shown that the probability of transmission at birth was not significantly modified by early breastfeeding practice. While breastfeeding continued to be exclusive there was a negligible risk of transmission in comparison with that observed with mixed feeding. In a second example on nosocomial urinary tract infections in intensive care units, it was shown that the proportion of infections attributable to the catheter placement was ten fold smaller than the proportion of infections attributable to its long-term use
Vergeur-Laborie, Valérie. "Simulation numérique de l'écoulement artériel cérébral : contribution à l'étude des conséquences hémodynamiques des sténoses situées en amont et en aval du polygone de Willis." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30168.
Full textFarah, Ahcène. "Contribution à la modélisation mathématique de la biomécanique de la pompe cardiaque : application à l'analyse des déformations pathologiques du ventricule gauche." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10405.
Full textFouchet, David. "Rôle des anticorps maternels dans le changement d' impact d'une maladie infectieuse : impact du choix du modèle sur la compréhension des relations hôte parasites." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10151.
Full textDuret, Marie-Pierre. "Les modèles en phytopathologie : étude du champignon Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sur colza (Brassica napus)." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10120.
Full textEl, Bouti Tamara. "Optimisation robuste et application à la reconstruction du réseau artériel humain." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS018V/document.
Full textCardiovascular diseases are currently the leading cause of mortality in developed countries, due to the constant increase in risk factors in the population. Several prospective and retrospective studies have shown that arterial stiffness is an important predictor factor of these diseases. Unfortunately, these parameters are difficult to measure experimentally. We propose a numerical approach to determine the arterial stiffness of an arterial network using a patient specificone-dimensional model of the temporal variation of the section and blood flow of the arteries. The proposed approach estimates the optimal parameters of the reduced model, including the arterial stiffness, using non-invasive measurements such MRI, echotracking and tonometry aplanation. Different optimization results applied on experimental cases will be presented. In order to determine the robustness of the model towards its parameters, an uncertainty analysis hasbeen also carried out to measure the contribution of the model input parameters, alone or by interaction with other inputs, to the variation of model output, here the arterial pulse pressure. This study has shown that the numerical pulse pressure is a reliable indicator that can help to diagnose arterial hypertension.We can then provide the practitioner a robust patient-specific tool allowing an early and reliable diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases based on a non-invasive exam
Haffaf, Hadjer Wafaa. "Analyse de l'agrégation des protéines dans les maladies neurodégénératives amyloïdes : application aux maladies à prion." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066263/document.
Full textThe amyloid neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the degeneration and the aggregation of specific proteins. These aggregation processes remain misunderstood by specialists and, mostly, only hypothetical. In this thesis, and in collaboration with biophysicists, we analyze the mechanisms of aggregation, relying on experimental data. Modeling is then a must. We present two models which we compare with the experiments. The first model, well-known from the literature is the Becker-Döring system. An infinite system of ordinary differential equations. This first model allows us to reproduce satisfactorily the early stages of the experiments. The second model we introduce is based on an additional hypothesis which is about the formation of different fibers. This second model allows us to reproduce the experiments
Ciss, Mamadou. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle de la multiplication-dispersion du puceron des épis du blé à l'échelle de la France." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSARG012.
Full textThe grain aphid Sitobion avenae is a major agricultural pest in Western Europe. It causes occasionnaly strong demages during spring, decreasing yield up to several tons by hectare in case of large build up. The overgrowths are difficult to forecast and many insecticide sprays are unjustified. Therefore it is important to design a spatially explicit Decision Support System (DSS) in order to optimize insecticide treatments use. In a first step, we deterministically developed a mathematical model based on convection-diffusion-reaction equations, representing aphid population dynamics from the beginning of the spring to mid-summer. Secondly the parameters of the model (growth rate, landing rate, take-off rate, diffusion coefficient and initial conditions) were estimated from field data between- 1975 to 2011, or taken from the literature. Finally, numerical simulations at France scale described a both spatial and temporal irregular wave by considering agro-climatic factors in the landscape (winter and spring temperatures, winter wheat surfaces and wheat phenology) and their variations at a 25 km2 scale
Courcoul-Lochet, Aurélie. "Modélisation de la propagation de Coxiella burnetii en troupeau bovin laitier." Rennes 1, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591053.
Full textLa fièvre Q est une zoonose mondialement répandue due à Coxiella burnetii. Elle peut engendrer des troubles de la reproduction chez les ruminants. De plus, ces derniers constituent la principale source d’infection pour l’Homme. Il est donc nécessaire de lutter contre la propagation de C. Burnetii en troupeaux bovins pour améliorer les performances de ces élevages et limiter le risque zoonotique. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de mieux comprendre la propagation de l’infection au sein d’un troupeau bovin laitier, afin de mieux la contrôler. Un modèle épidémiologique stochastique, individu-centré et en temps discret représentant la propagation intra-troupeau de C. Burnetii a été développé. Ses paramètres ont été estimés à partir de données de terrain en utilisant une approche Bayésienne. Une forte hétérogénéité entre vaches excrétrices ayant été rapportée, les voies et niveaux d’excrétion ont été explicitement représentés dans une variante du premier modèle. Les paramètres influençant le plus la dynamique d’infection, identifiés par une analyse de sensibilité, étaient les niveaux d’excrétion, les caractéristiques de la bactérie dans l’environnement et certains traits physiologiques des animaux. Enfin, trois stratégies de vaccination ont été représentées dans le modèle et leurs efficacités à long terme ont été comparées par simulation. La vaccination des vaches et génisses pendant 10 ans s’est avérée la stratégie la plus efficace. En conclusion, outre une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique d’infection, ce travail fournit une aide à la priorisation des besoins de recherche et à la définition des mesures efficaces pour contrôler la fièvre Q en troupeaux bovins laitiers
Eymard, Nathalie. "Modélisation hybride de l’hématopoïèse et de maladies sanguines." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10340/document.
Full textThe thesis is devoted to mathematical modeling of hematopoiesis and blood diseases. It is based on the development of hybrid discrete continuous models and to their applications to investigate production of blood cell (hematopoiesis) and blood diseases such as lymphoma and myeloma. The first part of the thesis concerns production of blood cells in the bone marrow. We will mainly study production of red blood cells, erythropoiesis. In mammals erythropoiesis occurs in special structures, erythroblastic islands. Their functioning is determined by complex intracellular and extracellular regulations which include various cell types, hormones and growth factors. The results of modeling are compared with biological and medical data for humans and mice. The purpose of the second part of the thesis is to model some blood diseases, T cell Lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) and multiple myeloma (MM) and their treatment. TLBL develops in the thymus and it affects the immune system. In MM malignant cells invade the bone marrow and destroy erythroblastic islands preventing normal functioning of erythropoiesis. We developed multi-scale models of these diseases in order to take into account intracellular molecular regulation, cellular level and extracellular regulation. The response to treatment depends on the individual characteristics of the patients. Various scenarios are considered including successful treatment, relapse and development of the resistance to treatment. The last part of the thesis is devoted to a reaction-diffusion model which can be used to describe Darwinian evolution of cancer cells. Existence of pulse solutions, which can describe localized cell populations and their evolution, is proved
Guigal, Pierre-Michel. "Modélisation de la propagation infectieuse dans un réseau organise d'individus : apport de la prétopologie et de la géometrie fractale." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0064.
Full textThis report deals with forecast and diagnosis modelling of a disease wich spread is intimately linked to the population organisation. According to some hypothesis, we bring to the fore that the characteristics of susceptibility (defined as local relations) give raise to a kind of global organisation in the population. This characteristic forms a main factor in forecasting. Scrapie in sheep give us a concrete support for this approach. The pretopological theory allows us to design a simplified model of the population organisation and suggests that a scale law may structure a network of local relations. This property leads to look for a self similar process in the clusters consitution. We implement pattern recognition methods based on syntax to design a model of cluster constitution on a network of local relations. This on reveals the self similarity property wich allows us to formulate the aim of analysis in the frame of fractal geometry. An adaptation of the Zifp-Mandelbrot law to hierarchic organisation of the local relations enable us to propose a parametric method of anlaysis. We use these results in a new kind of compartmental model that give an analytic representation of the complex phenomena of spreak in a network. In order to validate this synthetic approach of complex spreak in a network, we propose a cellular automaton for simulation of local events as relation and spread. We obtain similar results by the two ways. This result suggests that the synthetic approach is operative
Kretowski, Marek. "Modélisation et classification en imagerie médical." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10089.
Full textSallah, Kankoe. "Diffusion spatio-temporelle des épidémies : approche comparée des modélisations mathématiques et biostatistiques, cibles d'intervention et mobilité humaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0607.
Full textIn the first part of this thesis, we have developed a malaria transmission metamodel based on the susceptible-infected-resistant compartmental modeling framework (SIR) and taking into consideration human mobility flows between different villages in the Center of Senegal. Geographically targeted intervention strategies had been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of malaria both within and outside of intervention areas. However, combined interventions targeting both vector and host, coordinated on a large scale are needed in regions and countries aiming to achieve malaria elimination in the short/medium term.In the second part we have evaluated different methods of estimating human mobility in the absence of real data. These methods included spatio-temporal traceability of mobile phones, mathematical models of gravity and radiation. The transport of the pathogen through the geographical space via the mobility of an infected subject is a major determinant of the spread of an epidemic. We introduced the impedance model that minimized the mean square error on mobility estimates, especially in contexts where population sets are characterized by their heterogeneous sizes.Finally, we have expanded the framework of assumptions underlying the calibration of the gravity models of human mobility. The hypothesis of a zero inflated distribution provided a better fit and a better predictability, compared to the classical approach not assuming an excess of zeros: Poisson, Quasipoisson
Benavides, Julio. "Dynamique des maladies dans les systèmes sociaux complexes : émergence des maladies infectieuses chez les primates." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20163/document.
Full textUnderstanding the emergence and spread of infectious disease in wild animal populations has become an important priority for both public health and animal conservation. Combining the collection of empirical data with the development of epidemiological models, this thesis focuses on understanding two key issues of wildlife epidemiology: (i) how heterogeneity at the individual, group, population and landscape level affects parasite spread (ii) investigating whether transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria from humans to wildlife is occurring within three protected areas of Africa (Tsaobis NP-Namibia, Lope NP-Gabon and Dzanga-Ndoki NP-Central African Republic). The main findings of this work indicated that: (1) multiple-scale factors including temperature, rainfall, home range use, sex, age and body condition influence gastro-intestinal parasite richness among wild baboons; (2) animal contacts around ‘habitat hotspots' can substantially influence the spatio-temporal dynamics of a disease; (3) antibiotic resistant enterobacteria seem to be spreading from humans/livestock to wildlife when the territory overlap between these two populations is expected to be high; (4) gradients in gorilla density created by bushmeat hunting can reverse the expected pattern of decreasing parasite prevalence with distance to human-spillover. The conclusions of this work open new possibilities for studying the mechanisms explaining the spread of emerging infectious diseases among wild animals
Sivera, Raphaël. "Modélisation et mesure de l'évolution morphologique du cerveau à partir d'IRM structurelles pour l'étude des maladies neurodégénératives." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4082.
Full textIn medical imaging, the statistical analysis of deformations enables the characterization of the effects of neurodegenerative diseases on the brain morphology. Deformations are able to capture precise changes but their analysis raises specific methodological challenges and the results may be difficult to interpret. The objective of this thesis is to present deformation-based methods and to show applications that contribute towards a better clinical interpretation of morphological changes. In the first part, we introduce a joint model of the effects of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease on the brain morphology. The model proposes a simple description of both processes and is used to generate realistic and personalized evolutions under several diagnosis conditions. In the second part, a morphometric study is conducted on the MAPT cohort. We bring out an effect of the multidomain intervention on the longitudinal deformation of the brain using multivariate statistics. This effect is not observable using clinical assessments or volumetric measures, but we show that the differences associated with the treatment are correlated with better cognitive performance. The third part extends the statistical methodology used in the second part. A complete hypothesis testing framework for multivariate images is presented. It generalizes existing non-parametric frameworks and requires few hypothesis on the data to be applied. Finally the last part builds on the methodology of the previous sections to explore the relation between morphology and cognition in elderly subjects. The spatial correlations and the patterns of evolution described in this section suggest the existence of several dynamics of evolutions that are associated with specific cognitive changes
Dor, Frédéric. "Validation de modèles d'estimation de l'exposition humaine aux polluants des sols : étude Solex : contribution à l'analyse de l'exposition professionnelle aux sols pollués." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18006.
Full textViet, Anne-France. "Propagation du virus de la diarrhée virale bovine dans un troupeau laitier : modélisation stochastique individu-centrée pour une population structurée en groupes et d'effectif contrôlé." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1A012.
Full textGenton, Céline. "Capacités de récupération d’une population de gorilles de plaine de l’Ouest (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) suite à un effondrement démographique engendré par une épidémie à virus Ebola." Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/cd5f9a9b-be38-47b8-bc6d-97524144347a.
Full textThe impact of Ebola epidemics which induced up to 95% mortality in Western lowland gorilla populations (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) led to the classification of this taxon as "critically endangered". This study focuses on the recovery potential of gorilla populations after Ebola. On the basis of an unique set of data in pre- and post-epidemic periods, we evaluated the impact of the epidemic on the social structure and dynamics of a population. We then estimated its potential of recovery during the six years following the outbreak. Our results on demography and dynamics, coupled with statistical approaches and a modeling work at a demographic age and sex level, including immigration, showed1) a deleterious impact on the breeding potential, 2) the advantages of the social flexibility and the social organization of gorillas in the recovery of the demographic structure of their population, 3) the role of immigration in the long-term recovery of population size. Our determination of the demographic features characterizing a population affected by Ebola allowed us to specify that a studied neighboring population was unaffected. These findings highlighted that Ebola impact had been heterogeneous at a regional level, which probably induced some population fragmentation. This new insight lets discuss the hypotheses on the emergence and spread of the virus and questions the impact of the fragmentation on population dynamics and recovery of affected local populations. Our results suggest a low resilience of populations of lowland gorillas against Ebola virus and the threat to population persistence
Beurton-Aimar, Marie. "Architecture d'un système d'aide au diagnostic médical : application en rhumatologie inflammatoire." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28712.
Full textLeplay, Antoine. "Le concept de la modélisation évolutive : application à l'étude des corrélations croisées entre séries journalières de pollution atmosphérique et de morbidité respiratoire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE19002.
Full textPierre, Charles. "Modélisation et simulation de l'activité électrique du coeur dans le thorax, analyse numérique et méthodes de volumes finis." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2058.
Full textThe two purposes of that PhD thesis are firstly the modeling in the field of bio mathematics and secondly numerical analysis and scientific computing. The bidomain model describes the electrical activity of the heart. This activity is complex : at the cellular scale it is based on biochemical processes and at the macroscopic scale on the anisotropic structure of the cardiac tissues and the torso characteristics. A fundamental application for that model is the simulation of electrocardiograms. Finite volumes methods have been developed to solve the model. First of all the stability and the convergence of a classical finite volumes scheme is proved, theoretically and numerically, for a simplified version of the bidomain model. To handle with conceptual and practical difficulties of the complete model (tissues anisotropy, limit conditions, distorted and unstructured meshes), a second class of finite volumes schemes in 2D or 3D, called cell-vertex centered, has been elaborated and tested
Ventre, Jeanne. "Modèles réduits d’écoulement sanguin dans les grandes artères : applications aux pathologies cardiovasculaires." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS119.
Full textUnderstanding and predicting the hemodynamics of cardiovascular pathologies is crucial to improve the management and diagnosis of such diseases. Mathematical blood flow models are a suited alternative to classical approaches such as invasive measurements, data analysis methods, and medical imaging techniques. To be used as predictive tools for patient-specific studies, blood flow models need to be computed in real medical time, typically the diagnosis time. Three-dimensional models that simulate the interaction between the fluid and the mechanics of the arterial wall provide really precise data, however, they require important computational resources. Reduced-order models allow determining the pressure and flow fields with a low computational cost and in regions of the arterial network inaccessible to visualization techniques and invasive measurements. The goal of this thesis is therefore to derive a hierarchy of reduced-order models, from simple to complex, in order to study different pathologies as for instance vascular stenoses, or pulmonary hypertension
Bidot, Caroline. "Modélisation mathématique de la réponse lymphocytaire T spécifique à une infection virale." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085132.
Full textHenry, Delphine. "Outils pour la modélisation de structures et la simulation d'examens échographiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE19008.
Full textSun, Mengfeng. "Analyse qualitative de plusieurs types de systèmes de maladies infectieuses avec effets de réaction ou de diffusion." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I027/document.
Full textThis thesis studies some qualitative problems for systems of differential equations modeling in-fectious diseases with reaction or diffusion effects. It consists of three parts.Firstly, we study a complex reaction-diffusion system describing the spatiotemporal spread of in-fluenza with multiple strains. We establish conditions for the existence of semi-, strong and weak (persistent) traveling waves starting from the disease-free equilibrium. We further discuss several situations in which semi-traveling waves do not exist, and give an estimation of minimal wave speed. Secondly, we analyze a class of eco-epidemiological systems where prey is subject to Allee effect and infection. For certain subsystems, we determine the existence of the bifurcation point (Hopf bifurca-tion and bifurcation of heteroclinic orbits). We show that the strong Allee effect can create a separa-trix curve (or surface), leading to multi-stability. We find that the heteroclinic cycles form a hetero-clinic network and identify an interior periodic orbit. Finally, we give a qualitative analysis of two network-based differential systems coupling epidemic spread and information diffusion: the interplay system and the epidemic control system. More specifically, we obtain the existence of the disease-free equilibrium, endemic equilibrium and synchronization manifold, and their global asymptotic stability
Jourdan, Laetitia. "Métaheuristiques pour l'extraction de connaissances : application à la génomique." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007983.
Full textHoang, Tuan Nha. "Incertitude des données biomécaniques : modélisation et propagation dans les modèles de diagnostic des pathologies du système musculosquelettique." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2171/document.
Full textThe aim of the project is to investigate the modeling of the reliability/incertitude/imprecision of biomedical and biomechanics data (medical images, kinematics/kinetics/EMG data, etc.) and its propagation in the predictive diagnosls models of the disorders of musculoskeletal systems. These diagnosis models will be based on multimodal and multidimensional patient data (3D medical imaging, mechanical data,dinical data,etc.). The literature-based data have been collected to estabish an uncertainty space, which represents fused data from multiple sources, of morphological, mechanical, and movement analysis properties of the musculoskeletal system from multiple sources (i.e. research papers from Science Direct and Pubmed). After that,a new clustering method (US-ECM) is proposed for integrating fused data from multiple sources ln form of a multidimensional uncertainty space (US). Reliability of biomechanical data was evaluated by a fusion approach expert opinion. Reliability criteria of a data source (ie scientific paper published) focus on the technique used the acquisition protocol and measurement and the number of data. A system of questionnaires was developed to co!lect expert opinion. Then, the theory of beliet functions has been applied to merge these opinion to establish a confidence level each data source
Chabiniok, Radomir. "Modélisation biomécanique personnalisée du cœur et applications cliniques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00839929.
Full textPinotti, Francesco. "Dynamiques multi-souche sur réseaux." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS289.
Full textFor many human pathogens, distinct strains have been reported to circulate in the host population. However, despite our ability to observe strain diversity, biological, environmental and host-related mechanisms shaping co-existence patterns remain largely unexplored. In this context, the importance of modeling contact structure is becoming increasingly recognized, yet, the study of this aspect is still at the beginning. To date, the majority of works focus on two pathogens that either compete or cooperate. Here, we extend current knowledge about strain co-existence on contact networks in two directions, characterizing the ecology of an open strain population, and analyzing the effect of heterogeneous concurrent interactions. In a first study, we assess the role of important contact properties on ecological diversity in a parsimonious model of strain competition. We found that our theoretical results improve our interpretation of observed patterns in a joint dataset consisting of face-to-face interactions and Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a hospital. In a second work, we study a theoretical model accounting for both competition and cooperation. We consider two competing strains that both cooperate with a second pathogen. The interplay between transmissibility and cooperative factor led to a rich phase diagram, showing complex boundaries and bistability. Here, repartition of hosts into communities enables strain co-existence by dynamically creating different ecological niches. Our findings confirm the importance of host contact structure as a driver of strain diversity
Demin, Ivan. "Modélisations mathématiques de l'hématopoïèse et des maladies sanguines." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653348.
Full textValdano, Eugenio. "Analyse quantitative de la vulnérabilité des réseaux temporels aux maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066211/document.
Full textInfectious disease modeling represents a powerful tool for assessing the vulnerability of a population to the introduction of a new infectious pathogen. The increased availability of highly resolved data tracking host interactions is making epidemic models potentially increasingly accurate. Integrating into them all the features emerging from these data, however, still represents a challenge. In particular, the interaction between disease dynamics and the time evolution of contact structures has been shown to impact the way pathogens spread, changing the conditions that lead to the wide-spreading regime, as encoded in epidemic threshold. Up to now researchers have characterized the epidemic threshold on time evolving contact structures only in specific settings. Using a multilayer formalism, we analytically compute the epidemic threshold on a generic temporal network, accounting for several different disease features. We use this methodology to assess the impact of time resolution and network duration on the estimation of the threshold. Then, thanks to it, we assess the global vulnerability of different systems to pathogen introduction, and in particular we analyze the networks of cattle trade movements Data collection strategies often inform us only about past network configurations, and that limits our prediction capabilities. We face this by developing a data-driven methodology for predicting targeted epidemic that relies only past contact data. Our work provides new methodologies for assessing and predicting the risk associated to an emerging pathogen, both at the population scale and targeting specific hosts
Woller, Aurore. "Entrainment of the mammalian circadian clock by metabolism in the liver : a quantitative mathematical model." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S036/document.
Full textTo anticipate daily changes in their environment, most living organisms have evolved a circadian clock, which is synchronized to the diurnal cycle and orchestrates numerous biological functions. At organismal level, daylight is the main signal driving the clock. In multicellular organisms, however, clocks in peripheral organs respond to other cues. For example, the liver clock is primarily synchronized by fasting/feeding cycles and variations in the cellular metabolic state, as reflected by the NAD+/NADH and ATP/AMP ratios. To better understand the entrainment of peripheral circadian clocks by metabolic cycles, we have constructed a mathematical model of the mammalian circadian clock incorporating the metabolic sensors SIRT1 and AMPK. This model reproduces accurately experimental clock gene expression data from mouse liver in vivo and predicts correctly the effect of SIRT1 or AMPK loss-of-function. We used our mathematical model to investigate the response of the liver clock to various temporal patterns of AMPK activation, mimicking the effect of a normal diet, of fasting and of a high-fat diet feeding. Our results predict significant changes in clock gene expression and NAD+ time profiles between these situations. They suggest that the night peak in NAD+ level is due to circadian rhythms in NAMPT expression, while the day peak results from transient AMPK activation. Finally, we find that the loss of amplitude in expression rhythms observed when AMPK is depressed may be pharmacologically rescued using a timed REV-ERB agonist administration, suggesting strategies to fight against high fat diet-induced obesity
Dacouri, B. Pierre. "Optimisation de la reconstruction en tomographie d'émission monophotonique à l'aide de la méthode de Monte Carlo : application à la mesure du débit sanguin cérébral chez l'homme." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30237.
Full textEd-Darraz, Abdelkarim. "Modèles de dynamique des populations dans un environnement aléatoire." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066591/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses some issues associated with population dynamics in random environment. Random environment is described by a Markov process with values in a finite space and which, involve certain forces on the choice of vital rates, will lead the population dynamics. When the dynamic is modeled by a birth and death process, we will answer the question : When almost surely extinction settled ? (Bacaër and Ed-Darraz, 2014). In (Ed-Darraz and Khaladi, 2015) we are interested to the final size of an epidemic in random environment. J Math Biol. 69 (1) :73-90 Ed-Darraz A, Khaladi M (2015) On the final epidemic size in random environnement, Math. Biosc 266 : 10-14
Noël, Frédérique. "Influence de la ventilation sur les propriétés de transport dans un poumon sain et enflammé." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4004.
Full textThe main function of the lung is to supply the blood with oxygen and to drain the carbon dioxide from it. The lung captures the oxygen present in the ambient air where it rejects the carbon dioxide taken from the blood. This exchange results from the process of the lung's ventilation that repeatedly makes a volume of ambient air enter and leave the lung. In an idealized view, the ventilation can be characterized by two parameters: the maximum air velocity in the trachea (the amplitude) and the breathing frequency (the period). The goal of this thesis is to study and model the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and exchanges in the lung. Gas transport is modeled by convection-diffusion-reaction equations in an idealized lung. A mathematical analysis of the model has been performed to prove the existence of a unique solution along with an asymptotic periodicity in time. Numerical simulations were performed to study a wide range of physiological configurations. In the healthy human case, the amounts of gas exchanged predicted by our model are close to physiology. The viscous and elastic energies spent during inspiration were then minimized assuming that our body needs in oxygen can be represented in our model by a constraint on the oxygen flow exchanged with the blood. Simulations were carried out for humans but also for any mammals using allometric scaling laws. The predictions of our model show that the ventilation parameters in mammals might be optimized to cost as little energy as possible. Then, we focused on the lung's ventilation of a human subject suffering from a pulmonary infection. The spread of a bronchial infection has been modeled in an idealized way and we studied how the ventilation is affected by the response of the immune system through bronchi wall inflammation. Our results show that the location of the transition zone between convection and diffusion mainly influence the quantity of oxygen exchanged with the blood. The location of this transition can be affected by the infection and hence alter the efficiency of the ventilation and modify its optimal configuration. Finally, to better understand the efficiency of a drug treatment delivered by aerosol, we modeled the deposit of aerosol particles in the first bifurcation of the bronchi of the human lung. Our model takes into account the evolution of the radius of the particles due to the exchange of water vapor and the evolution of the temperature of the particles due to the change of the surrounding environment. Our results show that the modeling of these parameters is important to represent more accurately the deposit of the particles on the walls of the bronchi. This work allows to better understand how the process of lung’s ventilation is adjusted and how it is affected by lung’s pathologies. Moreover, it highlights how ventilation can be used efficiently as a way to deliver drugs in the body
Burz, Sebastian D. "Implication du microbiote intestinal humain dans l‘évolution des hépatopathies métaboliques non liées à l’alcoolisme (NAFLD)." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASA004.
Full textNon-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) include a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from fatty liver (NAFL), going through fibrosis (NASH), then cirrhosis in the absence of alcohol consumption, viral infection or other identified causes, and sometimes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Due to its high prevalence, up to a quarter of the general European population and its harmful consequences on the health of those who suffer from it, NAFLD represent a major public health issue.This liver disease has been associated with changes in gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in which this microbiota is involved. In mice, gut microbiota contributes to the worsening or protection of this disease.The goal of the thesis is to determine whether in humans the gut microbiota contributes also to this individual susceptibility observed in NAFLD mice.A complete standardized procedure for preparing, storing and managing human fecal transplants is developed and implemented (Burz et al., 2019).Specific pathogens free mice (SPF), pretreated with a cocktail of antibiotics, were colonized with microbiota derived from an healthy individual or patients at different stages of NAFLD. Then these mice were challenged with a high fructose, high fat diet in order to explore the effect of installed human microbiota on the onset and progression of induced NAFLD.This project made it possible to demonstrate, through the transfer of the human fecal microbiota, with constant food energy intake, the transfer of overweight. The human NAFL fecal microbiota worsens liver steatosis in mice, but mitigates liver and caecal inflammation.This thesis sheds additional light on the impact of gut microbiota in the establishment of the natural pathophysiology of NAFLD, especially during the early phase of the disease. The project also generated additional knowledge that could be developed in future projects in order to establish therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota. This set constitutes an important achievement in a very competitive research field, which generates major interest for food and pharmaceutical industries, and thus supports the international development of the different partners of the project
Mejdoub, Nacim. "Évaluation du facteur de transfert pulmonaire et de la capacité résiduelle fonctionnelle chez le nourrisson : méthode dynamique." Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMP1027.
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