Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies transmises par les tiques – microbiologie'
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Parola, Philippe. "Approche moléculaire de l'épidémiologie des rickettsioses et ehrlichioses transmises par les tiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX20658.pdf.
Full textDahmani, Mustapha. "Les bactéries de la famille des Anaplasmataceae, agents pathogènes à transmission vectorielle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0202/document.
Full textIn this work, we are interested in studying Anaplasmataceae infections in animals and their ticks. Our objective is to describe these infections in animals and to identify new species implicated in different pathology. First, we propose a molecular diagnostic approach that couples a qPCR followed by amplification and sequencing targeting the 23S rRNA gene. Then we propose other primers targeting other genes including the ribosomal subunit beta (rpoB), heat shock protein (groEl), and the 16S rRNA. Our goal was to screen and identify the different species involved, or not involved, in pathologies of animals and identify their vectors. During this work, we had access to different blood samples and ticks from different parts of the world including metropolitan France, France overseas, Algeria, the Republic of Niger, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal and Pakistan. Our different investigations allowed to identify different species of Anaplasmataceae including potential new species. The prevalence reported in each study demonstrates that animals are the reservoirs of these infections. So, the research conducted on ticks has identified potential vectors of Anaplasmataceae in different regions of the world. Potentially new species were identified are characterized by different targeting genes. These studies provide further information on the epidemiology of Anaplasmataceae in the world
Laveix, Charlotte Le Pape Patrice. "Principales maladies transmises par les ixodidés." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=57326.
Full textSocolovschi, Cristina. "Interrelations entre les tiques et les rickettsies." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20653.
Full textTick borne rickettsioses have limited geographic distributions that are determined by their tick vectors. During the last 20 years, 16 additional rickettsial species or subspecies were identified and characterized by epidemiologic, microbiological and molecular tools, but there are many unknown questions on the relation between the rickettsiae and their vectors. We used a simple and effective molecular approach to study the epidemiology of the tick borne rickettsioses in France, in Morocco, in Chad, in Djibouti, in Ethiopia, in Uganda and French Guiana. The same approach can be extended to other countries. Three colonies of the naturally infected ticks: Rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with R. Conorii, Amblyomma variegatum infected with R. Africae and Dermacentor marginatus infected with Rickettsia sp. DmS1 and some colonies of not infected ticks were established in the laboratory. Studies of transmission, maintenance, infectivity, virulence, and pathogenicity of tick borne agents require the use of large numbers of live laboratory-raised ticks. A protocol of maintenance of laboratory ticks was established. The vertical transmission of these rickettsiae was studied and these infected ticks could be used to study other aspects of the relations ticks-rickettsiae. One of important point of our work is the results obtained on the relation of Rh. Sanguineus and R. Conorii, agent of the Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) endemic in the countries of the Mediterranean area. Rh. Sanguineus are not only a vector but could be a reservoir of R. Conorii. A focus of spotted fever was investigated in France in May 2007. In addition to the originality of theses cases (ophthalmic involvements, the second reported case of R. Massiliae infection), we provide evidence that this cluster of cases was related to a warming-mediated increase in the aggressiveness of Rh. Sanguineus, leading to increased human attacks. The temperature seems to be essential on the ecology and the epidemiology of the tick borne rickettsioses. New studies are necessary to better understand the relation between the rickettsies and their vector - ticks
Mathew, Mano Joseph. "Insight into intracellular bacterial genome repertoire using comparative genomics." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5090/document.
Full textThe initial purpose of my thesis is to understand with the help of comparative genomics, genomic variations based on coexistence, by examining data on the ancient existence of intracellular bacteria, their host adaptation and the differences between sympatry and allopatry. The first part of my thesis is a review giving insight into intracellular bacterial genome repertoire and symbionts. The goal of this review is to explore how intracellular microbes acquire their specific lifestyle. Due to their different evolutionary trajectories, these bacteria have different genomic compositions. We reviewed data on the ancient existence of intracellular bacteria, their host adaptation and the differences between sympatry and allopatry. A comparison of the genomic contents of bacteria with certain lifestyles revealed the bacterial capacity to exchange genes to different extents, depending on the ecosystem. The second part of my thesis present about the genome sequence of Diplorickettsia massiliensis strain 20B which is an obligate intracellular, gram negative bacterium isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from Slovak. In the third part, we investigated the genome repertoire of Diplorickettsia massiliensis compared to closely related bacteria according to its niche, revealing its allopatric lifestyle. In this study, we compared the genomic features of Diplorickettsia massiliensis with twenty-nine sequenced Gammaproteobacteria species (Legionella strains, Coxiella burnetii strains, Francisella tularensis strains and Rickettsiella grylli) using multi-genus pangenomic approach. This thesis work provides original data and sheds light on intracellular bacterial diversity
Vial, Laurence. "Éco-épidémiologie de la borréliose à tiques à "Borrelia crocidurae" en Afrique de l'Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20131.
Full textBitam, Idir. "Approche moléculaire de l'épidémiologie des bactéries transmises par les puces en Algérie." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20653.
Full textGondard, Mathilde. "A la découverte des agents pathogènes et microorganismes des tiques par séquençage de nouvelle génération et QPCR microfluidique à haut débit." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1017.
Full textVector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens transmitted by haematophagous arthropods which provide active transmission (mechanical or biological) of infectious agents from one vertebrate to another. Among these vectors, ticks are known to carry and transmit the greatest variety of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance. They transmit microorganisms responsible for bacterial (Lyme borreliosis, rickettsioses), parasitic (babesiosis, theileriosis), or viral diseases (tick-borne encephalitis).The Antilles are located in the heart of the Caribbean Neotropical Zone. This area can be considered at risk for the emergence of vector-borne diseases mainly due to favorable environmental conditions and intercontinental exchanges (e.g. legal and illegal animal trade, migratory birds). However, the epidemiological situation of the Caribbean area, with regard to tick-borne diseases, is still poorly documented. Indeed, most of field studies only focused on animal pathogens such as Ehrlichia ruminantium, Babesia (bovis and bigemina) and Anaplasma marginale and questions about the risk of emergence or re-emergence of tick-borne diseases remain unanswered. Thus, it is crucial to develop efficient epidemiological surveillance tools that would enable the detection of new, known or unexpected pathogens present in ticks. In this context, the main objective of my thesis was to obtain an overview of pathogens of medical and veterinary interest present in Caribbean ticks using new high-throughput technologies. We first used a high-throughput sequencing approach to determine pathogens present in ticks (bacteria, parasites, and viruses) collected in Guadeloupe and Martinique. This analysis revealed a great diversity of pathogenic agents in our samples and highlighted the presence of four viruses belonging to new viral families recently described and associated with arthropods. Results of sequencing combined with data available in the literature allowed us to make the most exhaustive list of pathogens potentially transmitted by ticks and requiring health surveillance in the Caribbean area. From this pathogen inventory, we developed a system of high-throughput screening of infectious agents applicable to the whole Caribbean area. This molecular tool is a microfluidic system based on the BiomarkTM dynamic arrays technology (Fluidigm Corporation), which enables high-throughput real-time PCR to simultaneously detect 48-96 targets within 48 to 96 samples. Two different chips have been developed, one for bacteria and parasites monitoring, and one for viruses. Their efficiency was tested on tick samples collected in both Guadeloupe and Martinique. This large-scale screening provided a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological situation of 45 bacteria, 17 parasites and 31 viruses potentially transmitted by ticks in the French West Indies. The high-throughput detection tool developed during my thesis represents a major improvement in epidemiological surveillance technology, enabling the rapid and concomitant monitoring of a wide range of pathogens. It will soon be applied to high-throughput screening of infectious agents found in ticks collected throughout the Caribbean, including Trinidad and Tobago, St. Kitts, Barbados, and St. Lucia, thanks to the collaboration with the CaribVet network, and local veterinarians
Vu, Hai Vinh. "Salivary antigenic proteins from Ixodidae and Anopheles : a novel tool for vector-borne diseases monitoring." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5052/document.
Full textVector-borne diseases (VBD) are a major health problem worldwide. The emergence of VBD requires novel monitoring tools. The present project focused on two vector families: Ixodidae (R. sanguineus, D. reticulatus and I. ricinus) and Anopheles (An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus). A review updates the repartition of TBD, their vectors in Europe, prior to present the different tools for monitoring of TBD transmission. The experimental part focused on establishing methods for selection of useful vector salivary proteins for host-vector contact assessment. Concerning Ixodidae, the studied antigenic strategy successfully identified the shared and discriminant tick salivary antigenic proteins. These identified proteins could be an useful tool to measure host exposition to Ixodidae bites. Concerning Anopheles, the studied candidate strategy revealed an salivary antigenic protein ( f-5’nuc) that could be a promising antigenic marker to distinguish malaria vector exposure at the species level. To comfort these results, the relationship between the kinetic host antibody response against anopheline salivary candidates and the Anopheles fauna population and density variations is under progress. The present work underlined that both two studied vector families following blood meal can elicit a host antibody response against injected vector salivary antigenic proteins. This project proposed for the first time some vector salivary proteins allowing discriminating host exposure to vector bites from genus to species level, opening new strategies for VBD monitoring at the individual and population levels
Pereira, de Oliveira Rémi. "Mécanismes de transmission vectorielle du virus de la Peste Porcine Africaine et facteurs influençant cette transmission : étude de différentes associations tique-virus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG013.
Full textThere is currently no vaccine available to control African Swine Fever (ASF), one of the most important swine diseases that ravages Africa, Europe and Asia. To fight the ASF virus (ASFV) that induces infectious disease, understanding the different modes of transmission is essential to apply adequate sanitary measures. One mode of transmission is through the bite of an infected tick. The main objective of my thesis was to understand the mechanisms and factors that determine the vectorial competence of the Ornithodoros soft ticks for ASFV. First, this thesis project showed that the ticks present in Europe are not competent for the strains currently circulating in Eurasia, but can maintain the virus for several months and be infectious to pigs, at least by ingestion. This study also showed that dissemination of ASFV inside ticks towards transmission organs is not enough and must be completed by a sufficient level of viral replication to allow transmission. However, our results also suggest the existence of other factors, partially unknown, that modulate each of these stages. A comparative analysis of two ASFV genomes with different vectorial transmission patterns showed several genetic differences, which may contribute to determining vector competence. In addition, a preliminary study conducted in this PhD project demonstrated that the infection of ticks with ASFV induced modulation of some antimicrobial peptides, highlighting that there is an interaction at the molecular level between the tick and the ASFV. All these results were discussed in regard to potential risks for the establishment of a tick-suid transmission cycle and the implementation of appropriate sanitary measures in these peculiar areas
Jacquot, Maude. "Diversité génomique des bactéries pathogènes du complexe d’espèces Borrelia burgdorferi : évolution et épidémiologie moléculaire." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22494/document.
Full textInfectious diseases are one of the major causes of human and animal morbidity, and they have impacts on the economy, public health, and the environment. By studying the diversity of the pathogens responsible for these diseases and their circulation within host communities and among vectors, we may glean valuable information that will aid prevention and control efforts. For these reasons, during my thesis, I became particularly interested in the pathogen(s) responsible for Lyme disease. This disease is caused by bacteria belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex that are transmitted by ticks (during their blood meals) and that can infect several vertebrate host species. When I analyzed the genetic diversity present in 63 B. burgdorferi s.l. strains, whose genomes had been sequenced, I found that there was a significant degree of genetic separation among the different genospecies making up the complex. My results suggest that the fact that these different bacterial groups infect different ranges of hosts B. burgdorferi s.s. is mainly a pathogen of small mammals and B. garinii is primarily associated with birds lead to distinct population dynamics. Moreover, thanks to the high-throughput sequencing of two genetic markers, I have been able to show that, at an intraspecific level, certain B. burgdorferi genotypes are associated with specific rodent species. Finally, using the pathogen diversity observed in rodents and ticks, I employed a modeling approach to estimate the human disease risks presented by an introduced host species (the Siberian chipmunk) and found that these risks could be significant
Murciano, Brice. "Dynamique conformationnelle chez les protéines d'adhésion de Babesia : mythe ou réalité ?" Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON13510/document.
Full textOne of the most common parasitic infections in animals worldwide is babesiosis or piroplasmosis. Caused by the intraerythrocytic development of Babesia parasite, it has many clinical signs similar to those of malaria. This parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, is transmitted via the tick vector and performs its reproductive cycle in red blood cells of the vertebrate host. B. In Europe divergens and B. canis species are mainly responsible respectively for bovine babesiosis and canine babesiosis. A strategy of vaccine research, the study of parasite proteins in contact with the bloodstream is essential for understanding host-parasite interactions and identify vaccine candidates with high potential. Anchored protein GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) are part of these proteins. The first protein GPI anchors described in B. divergens is Bd37.1. It induces complete protection against infection with B. divergens provided a hydrophobic sequence is added at the C-terminus. Resolution NMR structure of this protein has highlighted a probable mechanism of conformational change as a function of pH. The structure consists of three sub areas shows that it is only maintained by salt bridges which can break in acidic medium. However, the environment within which Bd37.1 membrane anchored to the surface of the parasite and / or approach the red blood cell during the invasion is acidic. This conformational dynamics of the protein-Δ Bd37 linked to the membrane environment, could be at the origin of the mechanism that confers immunity depending on the presence or absence of the hydrophobic sequence at the C-terminus of Bd37.1. We sought to assess the implications of such dynamics in host-parasite interactions through structural study of two parasite proteins (Bd37.1 and Bc28.1). In the first case we study the conformational dynamics of the adhesion protein Bd37.1. We explored the different conformations that may be adopted by a protein Bd37.1 biophysical approach and we have stabilized in different conformations in solution through mutations to study. Among these mutants, the mutant Δ-Bd37-EDK including salt bridges were broken shows different characteristics Δ-Bd37. The data on this mutant led us to solve the structure and to test its power vaccinating. In a second part, we characterize biochemically and functionally Bc28.1 another protein, the ortholog Bd37.1. in B. canis, accompanied with the resolution of its structure. We show that Bc28.1 is an adhesion protein localized to the parasite surface and compare the structures and Bd37.1 Bc28.1. These two structures are ultimately very different while location and function are similar
René, Magalie. "Étude du rôle vecteur de Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. dans la transmission des babésioses canines en France : prévalence parasitaire, diversité génétique des vecteurs et épidémiologie." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10044/document.
Full textStudy on Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks and their potential role in the transmission of canine babesiosis in France: prevalence of parasite infections, vector genetic diversity and epidemiology. Canine babesiosis is a potentially fatal disease caused by protozoa of the genera Babesia and Theileria transmitted by ticks including Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Although R. sanguineus is a major tick species in southern France, its role in the transmission of the disease in this area remain unknown. Moreover, the taxonomic status of R. sanguineus is controversial and needs to be clarified. The aims of this work were to characterize (i) the ticks R. sanguineus s.l. that parasitize dogs in different areas of southern France, (ii) the Babesia/Theileria species potentially transmitted by these ticks in this area and (iii) the impact of genetic variations and/or co-infections on vector competence. A total of 140 dog bloods and 588 R. sanguineus s.l. were collected from 2010 to 2012 from which all dogs bloods and 242 ticks were screened using specific PCR, PCRRFLP and sequencing. B. vogeli and B. canis DNA were evidenced in 13.6% and 12.9% of dogs and in 10.7% and 1.7% of R. sanguineus ticks respectively with sometimes significant prevalence differences between areas. A single case of T. annae infection was detected in a dog. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyzes performed at a global scale on 12S and 16S mt-rDNA for ticks and 18S rDNA for B. vogeli confirmed the affiliation of R. sanguineus from France with “temperate” species and suggested the existence of a coevolution process between the pathogen and its vector. This work provides new information on the epidemiology of canine babesiosis in France and supports the existence of at least two populations in the R. sanguineus group in the world with possible different vector competences
Dong, Xin. "Comparative genomics of rickettsia species." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5054/document.
Full textThe Rickettsia genus is composed of small, Gram-negative, bacteria that are obligate intracellular eukaryotic symbionts. Members of the genus Rickettsia are best known for infecting and causing severe diseases in humans and other animals. To date, 26 valid Rickettsia species have been identified worldwide, including 20 that are proven pathogens. All validated Rickettsia species are associated to arthropods that act as vectors and/or reservoirs. The phylogenies based on various molecular markers have resulted in discrepant topologies, with R. bellii and R. canadensis being classified neither among spotted fever nor typhus group rickettsiae. In this thesis, using the advanced whole genomic sequencing methods, we have and analyzed the genomic sequences from four Rickettsia species, including R. helvetica, R. honei, R. australis and R. japonica. Phylogenomics constitute a new strategy to better understand their evolution. These microorganisms underwent a reductive genomic evolution during their specialization to their intracellular lifestyle. Several evolutive characteristics, such as gene rearrangement, reduction, horizontal gene transfer and aquisition of selfish DNA, have shaped Rickettsia genomes. These processes may play an important role in free-living bacteria for balancing the size of genome in order to adapt the intracellular life style. In addition, in contrast with the concept of bacteria becoming pathogens by acquisition of virulence factors, rickettsial pathogenecity may be linked to genomic reduction of metabolism and regulation pathways
Goldstein, Valérie. "Epidémiologie vectorielle de la borréliose de Lyme en France." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ104/document.
Full textVector-borne diseases are today a major threat for human and animal health. Among those diseases, Lyme borreliosis is the most frequent vector-borne disease occurring in the Northern hemisphere, and the numbers of humans affected have been increasing in some parts of the world. In France, Lyme borreliosis is endemic to several regions including the Alsace region.The aim of this work was to investigate nymph densities and infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdoferi sl and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in this region. We compared our results to those obtained by Ferquel et al. in 2003 and 2004. We studied environmental factors involved in inter-site nymph density variability and mapped Lyme borreliosis nymph density in Alsace.For instance our work that has been conducted in Alsace, is now extended in other region of France. It will be interesting to validate our results with data from other area
Massart, Clemence. "Les processus d’écologisation entre santé et environnement : le cas de la maladie de Lyme." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENH012/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand how a range of definitions of a complex and emerging disease, the Lyme disease, are currently being constructed in many places. These definitions sometimes compete and sometimes develop separately ; they are sometimes widely disseminated and sometimes circumscribed in discrete places. To understand this diversity, I use the concept of « practice » as developed by Stengers (2006). A practice is defined by two sides : obligations, which refer to the specific way in which practitioners relate to the object or being they seek to learn something about ; demands, which generate exclusions and draw boudaries between practices. This framework applies to groups of different sizes and natures, and to non-humans beings. The first part of the thesis situates the Lyme disease among other diseases and clarifies its differences with the « environmental diseases » caused by industrial pollutions. As an infectious disease transmitted by a tick and with a wildlife reservoir, the Lyme disease rather presents the features of an « ecological disease » that renews the attribution of responsibilities, management modes, the nature of entities that are incriminated and identity of practitioners involved. This statement led me to the hypothesis of an « ecologization of health problems » : environmental issues are introduced in other domains. I examined this thematic ecologization through the « ecologization of practices », which Stengers defines as a mode of relation between practices where exclusions are replaced by coordinations in order to produce new, dynamic and transversal knowledge. The second part presents the practices of four groups of practitioners : persons with chronic Lyme disease who exchange on the Internet, infectious disease specialists, tick specialists and specialists of population genetics. The analysis shows the existence of two discussion spaces characterized by distinct relationships : in the first one, which is medical, diagnosis and cure-oriented, definitions of the disease oppose one another while they overlap in the second space, which is environmental, epidemiological and prevention-oriented. There are few relations between these two spaces. The third part focuses on the interactions between practitioners. Through a work group, a place, a concept and diagnosis techniques, I scrutinize how environmental and medical practices actually encounter one another. Most collaborations between environmental and medical practitioners concern the prevention of the disease. Yet, the ecological knowledge of the sick persons has a potential for another elaboration of the diagnosis of these diseases. The analysis shows that frictions appear when practitioners relate differently to a same being. On the contrary, there is sympathy between practitioners who relate similarly to different beings. Rather than an « ecologization of the health sector », this thesis shows a process of « sanitarization of ecology ». Indeed, the practitioners related to ecology are those who become involved in the emerging infectious diseases issues. The knowledge they produce suggests a set of diseases that vary across space and bodies. This reminds how the sick persons define their disease. However, these groups of practitioners do not have (so far) a place to meet and exchange
Sentausa, Erwin. "Intraspecies comparative genomics of Rickettsia." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5082/document.
Full textThe Rickettsia genus is composed of Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that cause a range of human diseases around the world. New techniques have led to progress in the identification and classification of Rickettsia, including the introduction of molecular methods like sequence comparison (16S rRNA, ompA, ompB, gltA, sca4 …) and the creation of the subspecies status. Genomics and next-generation sequencing have opened a new way to learn more about the pathogenesis and evolution of Rickettsia. The first part of this thesis is a review on the advantages and limitations of genomics in prokaryotic taxonomy, while the second part consists of the genomic analyses of five Rickettsia subspecies and a new Rickettsia species. Using high-throughput sequencing methods, we obtained the draft genomes of R. sibirica sibirica, R. sibirica mongolitimonae, R. conorii indica, R. conorii caspia, R. conorii israelensis, and R. gravesii. This work can be a basis of further studies to increase the understanding on the disease-causing mechanisms, evolutionary relationships, and taxonomy of rickettsiae
Miguel, Eve. "Contacts et diffusion de pathogènes des ongulés sauvages aux ongulés domestiques Africains." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20064/document.
Full textEmerging or re-emerging diseases in human populations have increased over the last thirty years. Since 70% of such diseases are caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts (i.e. Ebola, AIDS, and avian influenza), this increase has prompted the study of eco-epidemiological systems that occur at the interface between human and animal populations (i.e. wild and/or domestic). Contacts between hosts are particularly important factors in these systems since they result in pathogen transmission among individuals and, therefore, disease diffusion within and among populations. We used foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) as a model to study pathogen transmission from wild to domestic populations. As the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the presumed reservoir of this highly contagious disease, we examined the conditions in which the virus was transmitted to cattle sensitive to the disease (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) at the borders of African national parks; these areas are interfaces between anthropogenic and protected areas in which animals can move freely.In the context, 4 protocols were implemented between 2010 and 2011 in Zimbabwe. First, GPS (Global Positioning System) collars were placed on cattle and buffalo in order to describe and analyze their movements across the landscape as well as to quantify interspecific contacts. In one of the study sites, collars were attached to one of the predators of these ungulates: the lion (Panthera leo). By integrating the predator guild into our telemetry protocols, we could examine the potential changes in spatial use by cattle and buffalo in response to predator presence and their consequences for contact dynamics and interspecific pathogen transmission. Second, a longitudinal serological survey was conducted in which tagged individuals were sampled repeatedly over the course of different seasons. Third, to characterize contacts within the domestic host population, interviews were conducted with cattle owners regarding their husbandry practices across seasons. Fourth, to describe the potential role of host diversity in ecosystem infection risks, macroparasite density (i.e. ticks) was estimated for landscape compartments that contrasted in terms of potential hosts present (i.e. (i) wild, (ii) domestic and wild, and (iii) domestic only).Our study primarily shows the following results. (1) Interspecific interaction rates, as estimated by telemetry, vary between sites and have a pronounced seasonality (peak occurs during the hot dry season). (2) Resource distribution (i.e. water and grazing areas) seems to condition the frequency and distribution of these contacts in the different landscape compartments. (3) Cattle incursion frequencies into protected areas and the frequency and intensity of contact with buffalo significantly positively affect the probability of foot-and-mouth antibody acquisition in cattle. The probability of antibody loss in cattle is also a function of diminished rates of interaction with buffalo. (4) Intraspecific interaction densities positively influence FMD serological incidence in cattle. (5) Top predator presence in the landscape could limit cattle incursion into protected areas and reduce the likelihood of their being infected by wild host populations. (6) Finally, the estimated densities of macroparasites in the vegetation were higher in communal spaces where there was no interaction with wild hosts and where host species richness was weak.The results of this study on the interspecific transmission of pathogens between wild and domestic populations in tropical ecosystems encourage the exploration of research topics that are still largely unexplored, including the evolution of virulence transmission modes of pathogens hosted by sympatric wild and domestic populations
Grillon, Antoine. "Borréliose de Lyme : rôle de l’interface cutanée et du microbiome dans la physiopathologie de la maladie." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ097/document.
Full textLyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. Skin is a key organ in the disease, since it is the key interface where host cells, pathogen, skin microbiota and vector interact early during pathogen transmission. We developed a late lyme borreliosis model on mice. This model allowed us to develop a specific detection method of Borreliella proteins in the mouse skin by SRM-MS that might be used to develop a human diagnosis of disseminated Lyme disease. In a second part, we analysed the relationship between skin microbiota, resident skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), in the presence or absence of Borreliella. The secretome of three commensals bacteria, S. epidermidis, P. acnes and C. striatum was shown to have a synergistic activity with Borreliella in pro-inflammatory gene expressions by keratinocytes and fibroblasts. P. acnes and C. striatum secretomes were also able to inhibit partially the inflammatory response of keratinocytes that might help the transmission/dissemination of the pathogen
Fotso, Fotso Aurélien. "Investigation des fièvres récurrentes en Afrique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5032/document.
Full textIn Africa, relapsing fever borreliae are neglected arthropod-borne pathogens causing mild to deadly septicemia and other clinical manifestations, particularly abortion in pregnant women. Four different species of Borrelia, initially distinguished one from another on the basis of geography and vector, are currently cultured causative agents in Africa: Borrelia crocidurae, Borrelia duttonii, Borrelia recurrentis et Borrelia hispanica. These different species are circulating in parallel to at least six not-yet cultured species in vectors. Our work consisted in the investigation of recurrent fevers borreliosis in Africa. We have developed rapid detection in MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of Borrelia in ticks by creating a prior a Borrelia MALDI-TOF-MS database. The Borrelia database and a custom software program that subtracts the uninfected O. sonrai profile were used to detect B. crocidurae in 20 O. sonrai ticks, including eight ticks that tested positive for B. crocidurae by PCR-sequencing; which paves the way for the use of MALDI-TOF-MS for the dual identification of vectors and vectorized pathogens. We have also illustrates a non-specialized circulation of B. crocidurae borreliae within a collection of 35 O. sonrai ticks in West Africa. These ticks were genotyped by 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene sequencing while B. crocidurae was genotyped by Multispacer Sequence Typing (MST). The 35 ticks were grouped into 12 genotypes strong geographic structuring and 35 B. crocidurae into 29 genotypes without strict geographic structure. One O. sonrai genotype carried several B. crocidurae genotypes and one B. crocidurae genotype was found in different O. sonrai genotypes