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Journal articles on the topic 'Malagasy language Malagasy language Malagasy language'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Keenan, Edward L., and Cecile Manorohanta. "Malagasy clause structure and language acquisition." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.211.

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We argue that Malagasy (and related W. Austronesian languages!) has a positive setting for a macro-parameter RICH VOICE MORPHOLOGY which builds complex predicates that code the theta role of their argument: S = [[PreN(6) + (X)] + DP]. Manifestations of this parameter are: (1) Case and theta role are assigned in situ in nuclear clauses with no movement or co-indexing to a topic position. (2) Relative Clauses (and other "extraction" structures) satisfy the "Subjects Only" constraint, again with no movement or indexing. (3) UTAH is freely violated, as theta role assignment derives from compositional semantic interpretation. Predicates resemble lexical Ns in assigning case directly to arguments without using Prepositions and in combining directly with Dets to form DPs that include tense and negation (Keenan 1995, 2000). The major Predicate-Argument type is modeled on the Noun+Possessor one, not the Verb+Object one.

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2

Eric Potsdam. "Malagasy Backward Object Control." Language 85, no. 4 (2009): 754–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0160.

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3

Serva, Maurizio, Filippo Petroni, Dima Volchenkov, and Søren Wichmann. "Malagasy dialects and the peopling of Madagascar." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 66 (June 2011): 54–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0228.

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The origin of Malagasy DNA is half African and half Indonesian, nevertheless the Malagasy language, spoken by the entire population, belongs to the Austronesian family. The language most closely related to Malagasy is Maanyan (Greater Barito East group of the Austronesian family), but related languages are also in Sulawesi, Malaysia and Sumatra. For this reason, and because Maanyan is spoken by a population which lives along the Barito river in Kalimantan and which does not possess the necessary skill for long maritime navigation, the ethnic composition of the Indonesian colonizers is still unclear. There is a general consensus that Indonesian sailors reached Madagascar by a maritime trek, but the time, the path and the landing area of the first colonization are all disputed. In this research, we try to answer these problems together with other ones, such as the historical configuration of Malagasy dialects, by types of analysis related to lexicostatistics and glottochronology that draw upon the automated method recently proposed by the authors. The data were collected by the first author at the beginning of 2010 with the invaluable help of Joselinà Soafara Néré and consist of Swadesh lists of 200 items for 23 dialects covering all areas of the island.

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LARSON, PIER M. "ENSLAVED MALAGASY AND ‘LE TRAVAIL DE LA PAROLE’ IN THE PRE-REVOLUTIONARY MASCARENES." Journal of African History 48, no. 3 (November 2007): 457–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853707002824.

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ABSTRACTMalagasy speakers probably formed the single largest native speech community among slaves dispersed into the western Indian Ocean between 1500 and 1900. In the eighteenth-century Mascarenes, Malagasy parlers (dialects) served as a contact language, understood both by persons born in Madagascar and by those with no direct ties to the island. Catholic missionaries working in Bourbon and Île de France frequently evangelized among sick and newly disembarked Malagasy slaves in their own tongues, employing servile interpreters and catechists from their ecclesiastical plantations as intermediaries in their ‘work of the word’. Evangelistic style was multilingual, in both French and Malagasy, and largely verbal, but was also informed by Malagasy vernacular manuscripts of Church doctrine set in Roman characters. The importance of Malagasy in the Mascarenes sets the linguistic environment of the islands off in distinctive ways from those of Atlantic slave societies and requires scholars to rethink the language and culture history of the western Indian Ocean islands, heretofore focused almost exclusively on studies of French and its creoles.

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5

Paul, Ileana. "Existentials and Partitives in Malagasy." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 377–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100024531.

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AbstractThis article discusses the existential construction in Malagasy, focussing on the distribution and interpretation of nominals. It is argued that the existential construction involves the raising of specific NPs out of the small clause complement of the existential verb misy. Nonspecific NPs, on the other hand, are shown to remain within the complement. That raising correlates with interpretation provides evidence in favour of the Mapping Hypothesis of Diesing (1992). Although the syntactic analysis accounts for the specific/nonspecific distribution in the existential construction, it leaves unexplained the precise interpretation of the specific NP, which may be either partitive, possessive, or locative. This article therefore argues for a relation, PARTITIVE, which unites these three readings.

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Keenan, Edward L., and Baholisoa Simone Ralalaoherivony. "Raising from NP in Malagasy." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 23, no. 1 (December 31, 2000): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.23.1.02kee.

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We begin this paper with a detailed study of Possessor Raising in Malagasy. Possessor Raising is shown to be exceptionally productive; moreover it largely conforms to the generalizations offered by Relational Grammar for Possessor Raising in general. But the incorporation it triggers is not of the same sort as studied in Baker (1996). Then we argue that Possessive Raising is a special case of a more general syntactic/semantic relation we call Raising from NP. This more general operation violates some tenets of Relational Grammar and appears to be a new type of derivational relation within generative grammar.

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7

Paul, Ileana. "Two types of non-noun-incorporation." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.214.

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The goal of this paper is to investigate cases of apparent noun-incorporation in Malagasy, a western Austronesian language spoken in Madagascar. Looking at examples [...], one may ask whether or not Malagasy has nounincorporation. [...] The organization of this paper is as follows: I begin with a general discussion of the distribution of nominals in Malagasy - with and without determiners. In section 3 I turn to […] two constructions […] and compare and contrast them. Section 4 details the analyses of the two constructions and I conclude the paper in section 5.

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8

Novospasskaya, Natalia V., Antsa Miangola Malala Raadraniriana, and Olesya V. Lazareva. "IMAGE OF A WOMAN IN RUSSIAN, FRENCH, SPANISH AND MALAGASIAN LINGUO5CULTURES ON THE MATERIAL OF PAREMIA." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2019-10-2-301-322.

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The article offers an analysis of the paremias of Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish, devoted to women. The research material was the paremiological units of these languages, obtained by continuous sampling from collections of paremias, works of art and bilingual dictionaries, the selection criterion is the presence of a woman’s lexical unit (French femme , Spanish mujer , Malagasy Vehivavy ) or a description of appearance, significance, behavior function as mother, wife, housewife, etc. in paremias in considered linguocultures. The purpose of the study is to reveal the universal and cultural-specific features of the concept of a woman in the considered corps of the Russian, French Malagasy and Spanish paremies. The tasks of the work also include consideration of the peculiarities of the paremiological and lexical units used in this fragment of the linguistic picture, as well as to describe the general and non-coinciding aspects of the origin and functioning of the antiparemia and the use of gradualness in the paremies. The selection and analysis of paremiological units showed that in the languages in question one can find paremic units characterizing a woman as ideal, intelligent, strong, etc. person, and also the importance of a woman as a housewife and her superiority over a man. A significant part of the analyzed linguistic material is made up of paradoxes in which a woman is compared with a female animal, a plant or object with which a certain quality of a woman is associated, and also a woman is presented as a stupid, talkative, unreliable, lazy, capricious person or unreasonable wife. The originality of the research is that the first time the analysis of the comparative consideration of the paremias about the woman on the material of the Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish languages and the lexical and paremiological material of the Malagasy language introduced into the scientific circulation is made.

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9

Manaster-Ramer, Alexis. "Malagasy and the Topic/Subject Issue." Oceanic Linguistics 31, no. 2 (1992): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623018.

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Ramer, Alexis Manaster. "On the Subject of Malagasy Imperatives." Oceanic Linguistics 34, no. 1 (June 1995): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623119.

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Dahl, Otto Chr. "Predicate, Subject, and Topic in Malagasy." Oceanic Linguistics 35, no. 2 (December 1996): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3623171.

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12

Rasolofondraosolo, Zafimahaleo, and Ulrike H. Meinhof. "Popular Malagasy music and the construction of cultural identities." AILA Review 16 (July 8, 2003): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.16.12ras.

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This paper explores the construction of cultural identities through contemporary music from Madagascar, in particular the songs by Dama — singer-song-writer of the eponymous group of musicians- the Mahaleo. Specific focus is on the role that the discourses of and about popular Malagasy music play for the identity constructions of Malagasy people in Madagascar and abroad. Discussions about contemporary African music on the media and in the cultural studies literature, and the record industry’s own appropriation and commercialization of such music as generic ‘world music — tend to neglect the lyrics — and thus the often radical social critique — contained in these songs. Since much of African music is sung in languages not normally known to ‘Western’ audiences, their appreciation hinges on the vibrancy of rhythm and sound, to the exclusion of content. Yet to ‘home’ and ‘diapsoric’ audiences, the texts are of huge significance. Our paper discusses the significance of language choice for popular music in Madagascar in the political movement of 1972 and its aftermath. We will also analyse in detail the lyrics of some typical songs from Mahaleo’s repertoire written by Dama. These will exemplify some of the ways in which the group attempts to encapsulate aspects of Malagasy every-day life, thus providing a cohesive link not only between several generations of Malagasies in Madagascar itself, but even more pronouncedly for those Malagasies who have left Madagascar and settled overseas. Finally, we will show the ways in which audiences create and perform ‘being Malagasy’ through the medium of their popular music, demonstrating the extent to which the project of ‘Mahaleo’ is being reflexively and consciously understood and taken up by their listeners.

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13

Holmer, Arthur. "Intraposition and Formosan adverbial heads." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 34 (January 1, 2004): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.34.2004.207.

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[W]hy are not all Malagasy adverbs postverbal with reverse Cinque order? The predicate raising mechanism […] operates around heads, and this leads Rackowski & Travis (2000: 122) to suggest that preverbal adverbs are not heads, but are phrasal, and are located in the Specifier positions themselves. The crucial consequence of this is that the specifier position is blocked, thus effectively preventing further predicate raising. Given that the entire analysis crucially rests on the assumption that certain elements are heads and others are phrases, it would be an advantage if some independent evidence for the X I XP status of the elements could be unearthed. Unfortunately, such evidence is hard to come by in Malagasy. However, other Austronesian languages with similar word order patterns do display rather robust evidence for the head status of certain elements. One such language in the Formosan language Seediq.

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14

Larson, Pier M. "Malagasy at the Mascarenes: Publishing in a Servile Vernacular before the French Revolution." Comparative Studies in Society and History 49, no. 3 (June 29, 2007): 582–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417507000631.

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European expansion from the fifteenth century produced much writing on, and sometimes in, non-European languages that served a broad array of imperial interests. Most European ventures into what one scholar has termed “colonial linguistics” were based on investigations among speakers of native tongues in the regions in which those speakers normally resided, twining language studies with observed “native” cultural qualities and setting out territories of colonial interest defined by local language and culture. Fewer colonial linguists ventured into plural societies to study the linguae francae of trade and labor that enabled communication across broad cultural and language differences, in part because such zones were considered dangerous and unstable, or lacking in mother tongues. Fewer still elected destinations of forced migration such as slave societies or freedmen's towns and villages to examine the mother tongues of persons who had come coercively from afar, though many such settings in certain periods offered a rich menu of languages for study. Those interested in the linguistic characteristics of slave societies tended to concern themselves more with the emerging European creoles, languages they could more easily understand than the native tongues of slaves or the contact languages of non-European provenance that sometimes coexisted with or preceded widespread use of European creole speeches in such locations. Today, most linguistic studies in the former slave colonies are focused exclusively on European creoles. Even recent monographs on African culture in the Americas only mention the speaking of African languages in passing, though language is a fundamental element of culture and linked in key ways to the continuity of ethnic ideas and practices. Together with the relative paucity of colonial documentation on slaves' lives and languages, the sited and topical hierarchy of colonial linguistics continues to powerfully structure historical studies of language in the former slave colonies.

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15

Bouwer, Leoni. "Intercomprehension and mutual intelligibility among southern Malagasy languages." Language Matters 38, no. 2 (November 2007): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10228190701794624.

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16

Paul, Ileana. "External possession meets bare nouns in Malagasy." Lingua 119, no. 2 (February 2009): 224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.10.013.

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17

Paul, Ileana, Baholisoa Simone Ralalaoherivony, and Henriëtte de Swart. "Culminating and non-culminating accomplishments in Malagasy." Linguistics 58, no. 5 (November 26, 2020): 1285–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0184.

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AbstractMalagasy is a language with non-culminating accomplishments. There is, however, a specific prefix (maha-), which appears to entail culmination. Moreover, verbs prefixed with maha- display a range of interpretations: causative, abilitive, ‘manage to’, and unintentionality. This paper accounts for these two aspects of this prefix with a unified semantic analysis. In particular, maha- encodes double prevention. The double prevention configuration is associated with a circumstantial modal base, which leads to culminating readings in the past and future, but not the present tense. The embedding of double prevention in a force-theoretic framework leads to a more fine-grained theory of causation, which the Malagasy data show to have empirical relevance.

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18

Keenan, Edward L. "Voice and relativization without movement in Malagasy." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 26, no. 3 (August 2008): 467–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-008-9049-x.

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19

DORR, LAURENCE J. "A nineteenth century botanical text-book in the Malagasy language." Archives of Natural History 15, no. 2 (June 1988): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1988.15.2.171.

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A botanical text-book written by the Rev. Richard Baron (1847–1907), an English missionary in Madagascar, and first published in 1882 in the Malagasy language is discussed. The text-book borrowed heavily from several nineteenth century English botanical texts that are identified. The book was used for classes at the London Missionary Society Theological College in Antananarivo, Madagascar and although there were two editions of it no copies of the first edition can be located, and only a few copies of the second edition appear to have survived.

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20

Travis, Lisa DeMena. "Theta-Positions and Binding in Balinese and Malagasy." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 3-4 (December 1998): 435–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100024555.

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AbstractIn this article, an argument is made for representing theta-positions structurally through a UTAH-like mapping onto articulated VP structures. Further, an argument is made for giving these positions a distinct status. It is argued, using data from binding in Balinese and Malagasy, that binding may be sensitive to theta-positions (T-positions), which are a subset of A-positions. Specs of lexical categories must be T-positions, Specs of functional categories cannot be T-positions. It is argued further that, once it can be shown that binding may be sensitive to T-positions, one is forced to revise what can count as a T-position in order to account for raising constructions. Categories which bind event variables (such as Aspect) are seen to be non-distinct from lexical categories and from functional categories. As such, their Specs may count as T-positions, explaining why an NP in a derived position may act as an antecedent.

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21

Pearson, Matthew. "The Malagasy Subject/Topic as an A′-Element." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 23, no. 2 (May 2005): 381–457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-004-1582-7.

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22

VERSTEEGH, KEES. "Arabic in Madagascar." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64, no. 2 (June 2001): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x01000106.

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This paper deals with a secret language (kalamo) spoken by the Anakara clan of the Antaimoro tribe in the south-east of Madagascar. According to their own tradition, they migrated to the island between the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries, from the Arabian peninsula. Their sacred writings (sorabe) are written in Arabic script in a mixture of Malagasy and Arabic. The secret language kalamo contains a large number of Arabic loanwords, as well as Malagasy words that have been coded by various phonological processes. The analysis of the loanwords helps to elucidate the origin of the kalamo, which may contain elements of a pre-existing Arabic pidgin. Their phonetic form shows that the Islamic migrants in Madagascar may indeed have come originally from the Arabian peninsula.

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23

Huang, Zong-Rong, and Kuo-Chiao Jason Lin. "Placing Atayal on the Ergativity Continuum." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 3 (April 8, 2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.593.

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Atayal, a Formosan language, has long been regarded as an ergative language (Huang 1994; Starosta 1999). However, re-examinination of Atayal syntax shows its mixing property of ergativity (A-binding, imperative, A’-extraction, narrow scope of O, etc.) and accusativity (coordination, control, no weak-crossover, etc.). Comparison between Atayal and other Austronesian ergative languages (Aldridge in press; Arka & Mannning 1998; Paul & Travis 2006) yields the ergative continuum : Tagalog > Atayal > Malagasy > Seediq > Indonesian. This continuum further supports the view that ergativity cannot be a macroparameter because no core properties are found among them (Paul & Travis 2006).

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24

Adelaar, K. A. "Malay Influence on Malagasy: Linguistic and Culture-Historical Implications." Oceanic Linguistics 28, no. 1 (1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3622973.

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25

Thiersch, Craig L. "A note on the scope of adverbs in Malagasy." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2005 22 (September 28, 2005): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.22.19thi.

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26

Law, Paul. "The syntactic structure of the cleft construction in Malagasy." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 25, no. 4 (November 2007): 765–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-007-9024-y.

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Paul, Ileana. "When bare nouns scope wide. The case of Malagasy." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 34, no. 1 (July 31, 2015): 271–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-015-9302-z.

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28

Potsdam, Eric. "More concealed pseudoclefts in Malagasy and the Clausal Typing Hypothesis." Lingua 116, no. 12 (December 2006): 2154–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2005.07.003.

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29

Adelaar, Alexander. "Asian roots of the Malagasy; A linguistic perspective." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 151, no. 3 (1995): 325–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003036.

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30

Law, Paul. "Some syntactic and semantic properties of the existential construction in Malagasy." Lingua 121, no. 10 (August 2011): 1588–630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2011.05.006.

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31

Hyams, Nina, Dimitris Ntelitheos, and Cecile Manorohanta. "Acquisition of the Malagasy voicing system: implications for the adult grammar." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 24, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 1049–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-006-9009-2.

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32

HANSON, PAUL W. "GOVERNMENTALITY, LANGUAGE IDEOLOGY, AND THE PRODUCTION OF NEEDS IN MALAGASY CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT." Cultural Anthropology 22, no. 2 (May 2007): 244–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.2007.22.2.244.

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Zymet, Jesse. "Malagasy OCP Targets a Single Affix: Implications for Morphosyntactic Generalization in Learning." Linguistic Inquiry 51, no. 3 (July 2020): 624–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00356.

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Adelaar, K. A. "Malay and Javanese loanwords in Malagasy, Tagalog and Siraya (Formosa)." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 150, no. 1 (1994): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003093.

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Duarte, Fábio Bonfim. "Tenetehára: A predicate-fronting language." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no. 3 (November 2012): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002334.

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AbstractThis article investigates whether Tenetehára is a predicate-raising language. The purpose is to determine whether VSO order results from verb movement to the heads T0 or C0 only, or whether Tenetehára exhibits VP remnant movement, similarly to languages like Niuean, Choi, Malagasy, and Seediq. The analysis concludes that Tenetehára does allow predicate movement, to Spec-CP or Spec-TP. Either option depends on particles related to tense and complementation, in sentence-final position. Additionally, assuming Kayne’s antisymmetry theory, in which all movement occurs to the left, and the predicate-raising hypothesis, it is proposed that final tense particle orders are derived from the basic word order [Tense [SVO]]. To derive the fact that T0 can be head-final, the analysis holds that the predicate, represented by the v-VP complex, must move to the specifier position of TP. Finally, it is proposed that the syntactic trigger for predicate-raising is the presence of a [+PRED] feature both in the head C0 and in the head T0, a fact that explains why Tenetehára grammar systematically strands tense and complementizer particles in clause-final position.

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JACKSON, JENNIFER L. "To tell it directly or not: Coding transparency and corruption in Malagasy political oratory." Language in Society 38, no. 1 (February 2009): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404508090039.

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ABSTRACTThis article discusses stylistic and contextual variations in the political oratory (kabary politika) of urban Madagascar. New imported oratorical styles and older styles ofkabaryrepresent competing linguistic markets where political leaders field broader issues of political modernity, fighting government corruption through reforms toward transparency.Kabaryhas become the object of criticism in models for transparent government practice. This has affected the way leaders speak to and about the country, reifying a moral structure arguing what constitutes truth and how speakers understand language as conveying that truth. In this respect, this article describes linguistic and metalinguistic encodings of transparency versus corruption in the political communication styles of highland Malagasy political orators. It looks at how the rhetorical modes of an urban polity are reorganized in ways that reshape vernacular epistemologies of truth in language and shift the production of particular publics and their access to participation in political process. (Madagascar,kabary, oratory, democracy, linguistic variation, language ideology, truth and ethics, public opinion, public culture)*

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White, Lydia, Lisa Travis, and Anna MacLachlan. "The Acquisition of Wh-Question Formation by Malagasy Learners of English: Evidence for Universal Grammar." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 37, no. 3 (September 1992): 341–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100019915.

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In investigations of the question of whether or not Universal Grammar (UG) is available in non-primary language acquisition, a number of researchers have tried to isolate situations where the way principles of UG operate in the first language (L1) could not help the learner acquire the relevant properties of the second language (L2). If learners show evidence of acquiring properties of the L2 that could not be acquired from the input alone and could not be reconstructed via the L1, this suggests that UG is available in non-primary acquisition; in contrast, if learners fail under such circumstances, this supports the claim that UG is no longer directly accessible. In particular, there has been a tradition of looking at island constraints in this light, using L1s and L2s which differ radically in terms of the surface effects of principles like Subjacency and the Empty Category Principle (ECP) (e.g., Bley-Vroman et al 1988; Johnson and Newport 1991; Martohardjono 1991a, 1991b; Martohardjono and Gair 1992; Schachter 1989, 1990; White 1989, 1992).

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38

Bollée, Annegret. "French on the Island of Bourbon (Réunion)." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801005.

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France first laid claim to the uninhabited Island of Bourbon in 1640 (the name was changed into La Réunion in 1848), but permanent settlement and colonisation did not start until 1665. The present study zooms in on the first 50 years of the French colony and examines the intricacies of who spoke which language to whom on the basis of sociodemographic data concerning colonial households in the société d’habitation (‘homestead society’). Interethnic marriages were frequent in the first years; many of the first French settlers had Malagasy spouses and servants, others married young women from India. Malagasy can be shown to have left an imprint on the variety of French spoken during the early years of the colony. It is assumed that the colonists and their slaves spoke varieties which can be classified as approximative French, sharing several features with other varieties of overseas French. These early approximative varieties of French became the basis from which Réunion Creole developed in the société de plantation (‘plantation society’) in the years after 1725.

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Kumar, Betchoo Nirmal. "Towards a Policy on Assessment Methodology for Malagasy Students at the Universite Des Mascareignes." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 28 (October 31, 2017): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n28p358.

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With an increase in the intake of foreign students to the Université des Mascareignes (UdM), there are arguments on reviewing the assessment system in force in the university. It might be correct to assume that universities have the flexibility of providing various forms of assessments but these have to be tailored to the needs of contemporary students. The research is based on the fact that Malagasy and foreign students coming from the African region have different educational backgrounds that differ from the Mauritian Anglo-Saxon inherited system with formal examinations and a little change in evaluations recently. The fact that foreign students are now an integral part of the university revealed that Malagasy students, taken as a sample of the research, tended to favour the use of French language and appeared to be more versed in practical applications of learning provided by the UdM. This situation puts them in slight confrontation with Mauritian students who are more apt to learn by heart and assimilate English language without much difficulty. In view of this situation, the researcher claims that it might be possible to make assessments more flexible and adaptable to such foreign students while confirming that the essence of formal examinations should be maintained. This approach could be more practical as evaluation suited to the needs and of foreign students at the UdM.

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Gärtner, Hans-Martin. "On the prospects of a clause combining approach to “focusing” no-constructions in Malagasy." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 27, no. 4 (August 6, 2009): 789–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-009-9077-1.

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Bloch, Maurice. "Different types of creativity on the two sides of shutters." Creativity, Cognition and Material Culture 22, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.22.1.06blo.

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A charitable sale housed in the Paris showrooms of Christie’s displayed works created by European artists. These were painted over or on the backs of specially commissioned carved house shutters typical of the Zafimaniry region of Madagascar. The present article considers and contrasts the two types of creativity juxtaposed at the Christie’s sale. The European work stresses the artist’s individual originality and social isolation from the everyday lives of those who come to admire or buy the works. The process of the art’s production ends abruptly at the moment of exhibition and sale. In contrast, the work of the Malagasy carvers is contained within a general concern of continuing the life and growth of their families. Their art intends to harden and beautify the houses that represent the continuation of the families’ life. There is no disconnection between the carver and those who will see and use the shutters similar to that of the European artists, and there is no clear beginning or end to the process of creation similar to the point of exhibition and sale. The Malagasy carvers do not want to be different from their predecessors; they want to continue the work and lives of those they are in contact with.

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Kroeger, Paul. "Malagasy clefts from a Western Malayo-Polynesian perspective: Commentary on the paper by Hans-Martin Gärtner." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 27, no. 4 (October 23, 2009): 817–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-009-9082-4.

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Gärtner, Hans-Martin. "Erratum to: On the prospects of a clause combining approach to “focusing” no-constructions in Malagasy." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 28, no. 2 (March 26, 2010): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-010-9092-2.

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Lionnet, Françoise, Emmanuel Bruno, and Jean-François. "Literary Routes: Migration, Islands, and the Creative Economy." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 5 (October 2016): 1222–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.5.1222.

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Exploring the links among accelerating patterns of migration, homogenizing forces of globalization, and transnational sites of creativity, this essay highlights the contributions that francophone voices from islands of the global South have made to the diversification of the knowledge economy. We discuss the critical effectiveness of literature as an agent of cultural change, focusing on minor writers who reach wide audiences by negotiating new pathways into the literary marketplace. The Comoran Soeuf Elbadawi, the Malagasy Jean-Luc Raharimanana, the Mauritians Ananda Devi and Shenaz Patel, and the Tahitian Chantal Spitz instigate literary dialogues that underscore ways of reimagining our world and redefining world literature. The issues they raise reveal the enduring relevance of literary studies and its interpretive approaches to a full appreciation of human diversity, which cannot be captured by purely quantitative methods.

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Corne, Chris. "Nana K Nana, Nana K Napa." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.10.1.03cor.

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A recent study of Tayo shows an obligatory subordinator sa in all relative clauses. The Isle de France dialects, like most other varieties of Creole French, have an obligatory subordinator ki for subject relatives, while ki is optional elsewhere. Reunion Creole has a subordinator ke which is almost always optional, and thus stands out as different from all others in this respect. To explain this oddity, the paper contains the following topical sequence: 1) Reunion Creole relative clauses and the "mysterious" verb marker i with which they interact are described, using data covering nearly three centuries; 2) a highly specific past tense formation is described and discussed; and 3) inferential arguments are advanced, with the addition of data that pertain to both Tayo and Isle de France Creole, to suggest that the anomalous optionality of the relative subordinator in Reunion Creole became established in the 17th century as a result of Malagasy influence on what is essentially a continuation of 17th century (varieties of) French. Tayo and Isle de France Creole are seen as new creations, new solutions to problems of interethnic communication.

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VERIN, PIERRE. "THOMAS P. JEDELE and LUCIEN EM. RANDRIANARIVELO. Malagasy newspaper reader and grammar, with a concise introduction to the Malagasy language by the Rev. W. E. Cousins. 250 pp. Kensington, MD: Dunwoody Press, 1998. $48.00." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64, no. 1 (February 2001): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0173008x.

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Hendrokumoro, Hendrokumoro, and I. Gede Bagus Wisnu Bayu Temaja. "THE GENETIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MA’ANYAN AND MALAGASY (HUBUNGAN KEKEKERABATAN BAHASA MA’ANYAN DAN BAHASA MALAGASI)." Metalingua: Jurnal Penelitian Bahasa 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/metalingua.v17i2.312.

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AbstractThis writing aimed to identify the relationship between Ma’anyan andMalagasy languages. Several related studies have been conducted butstill leave some aspects that have not been studied before; this writingwas conducted to address those aspects. This writing examined thelexicostatistics and glottochronology between Ma’anyan and Malagasy,the sound correspondence sets of both languages, and sound changes thatoccur in both languages. The data was collected via interviews, documented by note-taking and recording techniques. The data were analyzed by implementing lexicostatistics and glottochronology techniques to identify quantitative evidence. Meanwhile, sound correspondence and sound changes were applied to identify qualitative evidence. The results reveal that, in lexicostatistics, the cognate percentage of both languages is 37%. By glottochronology calculation, the two languages split from their protolanguage between 273 BC - 94 CE (2018). Qualitatively, there are seven sets of sound correspondence and four types of sound changes found. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan kekerabatan antara bahasa Ma’anyan dan Malagasi. Penelitian terkait telah dilaksanakan, tetapi masih meninggalkan aspek yang belum diteliti sebelumnya sehingga penelitian ini dilaksanakan. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi hasil leksikostatistik dan glotokronologi antara bahasa Ma’anyan dan Malagasi, perangkat korespondensi fonemis kedua bahasa, dan perubahan bunyi yang terjadi pada kedua bahasa. Data dikumpulkan melalui metode wawancara menggunakan teknik catat dan rekam. Datadianalisis menggunakan teknik leksikostatistik dan glotokronologi untuk mencari evidensi kuantitatif, dan menggunakan korespondensi fonemis serta perubahan bunyi untuk mencari evidensi kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa secara leksikostatistik kedua bahasa berkerabat sebesar 37%. Secara glotokronologi, kedua bahasa berpisah pada tahun 273 SM – 94 M (2018). Secara kualitatif, ditemukan tujuh perangkat korespondensi fonemis dan empat tipe perubahan bunyi.

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Cole, Jennifer, and Karen Middleton. "Rethinking Ancestors and Colonial Power in Madagascar." Africa 71, no. 1 (February 2001): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.1.1.

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AbstractThis article reconsiders the relationship between ancestors and colonial power through a comparative analysis of the mortuary rituals of two Malagasy peoples, the Betsimisaraka of the east coast and the Karembola of the deep south. In contrast to analyses which emphasise an opposition between ancestors and colonial power, it argues that mortuary rituals construct striking analogies between the two. These analogies rest on similar conceptualisations of power as both enabling and enslaving, and are enacted in contemporary mortuary ritual through the incorporation of colonial goods and labour practices. By playing on similarities and differences between ancestral and colonial power, Betsimisaraka and Karembola mortuary rituals parody and critique mimetically appropriate colonial power, even as their appropriation of colonial symbols endows ritual practices around ancestors with the power to pull against the centralising power of the national sphere. Bakhtin's conception of heteroglossic language provides a useful way of conceptualising the multiple dimensions of ritual practices around ancestors.

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Cox, Murray P., Michael G. Nelson, Meryanne K. Tumonggor, François-X. Ricaut, and Herawati Sudoyo. "A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1739 (March 21, 2012): 2761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0012.

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The settlement of Madagascar is one of the most unusual, and least understood, episodes in human prehistory. Madagascar was one of the last landmasses to be reached by people, and despite the island's location just off the east coast of Africa, evidence from genetics, language and culture all attests that it was settled jointly by Africans, and more surprisingly, Indonesians. Nevertheless, extremely little is known about the settlement process itself. Here, we report broad geographical screening of Malagasy and Indonesian genetic variation, from which we infer a statistically robust coalescent model of the island's initial settlement. Maximum-likelihood estimates favour a scenario in which Madagascar was settled approximately 1200 years ago by a very small group of women (approx. 30), most of Indonesian descent (approx. 93%). This highly restricted founding population raises the possibility that Madagascar was settled not as a large-scale planned colonization event from Indonesia, but rather through a small, perhaps even unintended, transoceanic crossing.

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Syea, Anand. "Serial Verb Constructions in Indian Ocean French Creoles (IOCs)." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 13–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.28.1.02sye.

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This paper revisits the debate between Bickerton on the one hand and Seuren, Corne, Coleman and Curnow on the other on the question of whether serial verb constructions exist in the French creoles of the Indian Ocean (namely Seychelles Creole and Mauritian Creole). It examines data particularly from Mauritian Creole (which was rather marginally represented in that discussion) and argues in agreement with Bickerton (1989, 1996) that serial verbs do indeed exist in this creole just as they do in Seychelles Creole. However, it also argues that their presence in these languages must be attributed not to an innate linguistic mechanism (as claimed in Bickerton 1989, 1996) nor to a substrate source (contra Corne et al. 1996, Corne 1999) but to an independent internal development in which consecutive imperatives were reanalyzed as serial verb constructions. It is assumed that, given the socio-historical nature of creole contact situations, consecutive imperatives would have been a prominent part of early input as interchanges between those who spoke French and those who did not would have mostly been in the form of directives (commands, instructions, etc.) which are more often than not expressed through the imperative . However, it is recognized that this development could have benefited from substrate (particularly Malagasy) influence but it remains in the main the result of an internal diachronic process. The proposal outlined has interesting implications for the role of input and the role that adults may have played in the development of creole languages in general and serial verb constructions in particular. Some aspects of creole languages, it is suggested, can be adequately accounted for without having to implicate either an innate linguistic mechanism or wholesale transfer from substrate sources.

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