Academic literature on the topic 'Malara associati'

Long term longitudinal surveys have the advantage to enable several sampling of the studied phenomena and then, with the repeated measures obtained, find a confirmed tendency. However, these long term surveys generate large epidemiological datasets including more sources of noise than normal datasets (e.g. one single measure per observation unit) and potential correlation in the measured values. Here, we studied data from a long-term epidemiological and genetic survey of malaria disease in two family-based cohorts in Senegal, followed for 19 years (1990-2008) in Dielmo and for 16 years (1993-2008) in Ndiop. The main objectives of this work were to take into account familial relationships, repeated measures as well as effect of covariates to measure both environmental and host genetic (heritability) impacts on the outcome of infection with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, and then use findings from such analyses for linkage and association studies. The outcome of interest was the occurrence of a P. falciparum malaria attack during each trimester (PFA). The two villages were studied independently; epidemiological analyses, estimation of heritability and individual effects were then performed in each village separately. Linkage and association analyses used family-based methods (based on the original Transmission Disequilibrium Test) known to be immune from population stratification problems. Then to increase sample size for linkage and association analyses, data from the two villages were used together.

Malgré le succès des insecticides pour le contrôle du paludisme, la transmission continue dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne. La recherche pour de nouveaux moyens de contrôle (plus spécialement la modification génétique des populations vecteurs), ou l'utilisation plus efficace des contrôles actuels, vont nécessiter une recherche sur les structures de populations de moustiques et les processus d’immunisation qui importent pour la transmission du Plasmodium chez les moustiques sauvages. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation des techniques d’association génomique ‘GWAS’ est basée sur un réelle compréhension des structures des populations.Ma thèse inclura une description detaillée du système immunitaire du moustique, basée sur la recherche actuelle et des comparaisons génomiques; ainsi que des descriptions des principales voies immunitaires, et des gênes potentiels mal-caracterisés qui peuvent être trouvés dans une étude GWAS. Ainsi qu’une description des connaissances actuelles des structures des populations, dont la speciation du gambiae / coluzzii, et les effets des grandes variations structurelles.Je présenterai le développement d’un nouveau moyen d'identification des variations structurelles ; utilisant les techniques d’ “apprentissage automatique” permettant d'identifier les karyotypes directement à partir des séquences haut-débit, menant à des résultats d’une précision sans précédent.Je présenterai également la première vraie cartographie génomique du ‘tout-génome’ du moustique. Les colonies sont fondées par des moustiques sauvages; les fondateurs sont controlées par strates, incluant également des sous-espèces et variations structurelles majeures. Avec ces colonies une méthode innovant de cartographie est utilisée: dans un premier temps, une identification des grandes régions au sein des groupes phenotypées par la perte de hétérogénéité; puis dans un second temps, le génotypage individuel ‘Sequenom’ sera utilisé pour une cartographie exacte. Cette méthode est utilisée pour l’identification d’une région avec un effet phenotypique sur la prévalence des infections dans la nature.Enfin, je suggèrerai comment ces techniques peuvent être importantes à l’avenir pour l’application du contrôle génomique dans la nature
Despite successes in the use of insecticides in the control of malaria, malaria transmission continues in much of sub-saharan Africa. The search for novel methods of control (in particular genetic modification of vector populations), or of superior implementation of the currently available methods will require both greater knowledge of the population structure of the mosquito, and of the immune processes that are important in the wild. It is important to note that the mapping of novel immune genes, via genome wide association studies (GWAS) is predicated on a firm understanding of the population structure.My thesis will include a detailed description of the mosquito innate immune system based on current research and comparative genomics; this will illustrate the major pathways that might be employed in the anti-malarial response, and some potential uncharacterised genes that might be implicated in any GWAS study. It will also include a summary of what is known about the mosquito’s population structure, in particular the gambiae / coluzzii speciation event and the implication of chromosomal inversions in the speciation process.I will present the development of a novel approach to the identification of chromosomal inversions; using machine-learning techniques in order to call inversion karyotypes directly from sequence, leading to calls of unprecedented accuracy.I will also present the first truly genome-wide association study to have been performed in the mosquito. Strata-controlled populations of mosquitoes were derived from the wild, including restriction on the basis of subspecies and chromosomal inversion. A two-stage mapping design was then devised in which loss-of-heterozygosity is used to identify broad regions in phenotype pools, before fine-resolution mapping by Sequenom genotyping in individuals. This was used to identify a novel locus with a phenotypic effect on infection prevalence.Finally I will describe how these techniques and findings could be important in the future application of genetic control in the wild

Infectious diseases that spread from person-to-person and continent-to-continent are a cause for concern for any health entity. One such disease is malaria, a mosquito-borne infection instigated by the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Hundreds of millions of people are affected annually and it is responsible for nearly 1 million deaths. It is the most fatal species causing malaria and proliferates in human red blood cells with a life cycle occurring every 48 hours. At this time, the parasite’s late stage form or schizont bursts from the erythrocyte releasing immune-inducing particles and infective forms (merozoites) into the bloodstream. The merozoites go on to infect other red blood cells as human immunity leads to fever. Fever is a hallmark symptom of malaria and effectively inhibits the growth of late stage parasites. Plasmodium still manages to complete its life cycle as early stages or rings are not affected by febrile temperatures. It is this facet of parasite biology that prompts our research into identifying genetic factors associated with fever. The parasite’s response under elevated body temperature may offer further insight into its adaptive mechanism. A heat shock assay was developed in order to simulate fever in vitro. Mutant parasite cultures were subjected to 41°C for 8 hours and returned to normal body temperature or 37°C for the remainder of the life cycle. The piggyBac mutagenesis system allows for the evaluation of phenotypes associated with a particular genotype as the transposon inserts randomly into the gene. This often leads to changes in function that may cause delays in invasion or attenuation of growth. Determining the genes responsible for these phenotypes would be a great advantage to the field of drug discovery. Collaborative efforts to develop vaccines and new antimalarial drugs are underway as resistance to current methods of treatment is on the rise. Such circumstances require new technologies for detecting novel drug targets or pathways in the parasite that can be significantly affected by these therapeutics. QISeq is a next generation sequencing tool that identifies genes with a particular phenotype that may alter intraerythrocytic development of P. falciparum. This technique was utilized in our study to confirm the heat shock phenotype with a high-throughput approach. The genomic DNA of pooled parasite cultures was sequenced to reveal those mutants sensitive and/or resistant to febrile temperature exposure. Through bioinformatics analyses, functional associations between genes can be made that lead to biological pathways of interest for therapeutic research.

Malaria remains one of the world's major health problems, especially in developing countries. A better understanding of the pathology and pathophysiology of severe malaria is key to develop new treatments. Different approaches have been used in malaria research including the in vitro co-culture models with endothelial cells and both murine and simian animal models. However these are open to controversy due to disagreement on their representativeness of human disease. Using human post-mortem tissue in malaria research is another important approach but is practically challenging, limiting the availability of post mortem samples from malaria patients. The work in this thesis had two main themes. First I examined the role of the endothelial signalling Angiopoetin-Tie-2 receptor pathway in malaria. Ang-2 has been shown to be a significant biomarker of severe and fatal malaria. I examined the tissue specific expression of proteins from this pathway in post-mortem brain tissues from fatal malaria cases, but found no difference between cerebral malaria and non-cerebral malaria cases. Ang-2 correlated with the severity of malaria in these patients. An attempt to examine the interaction of hypoxia and the Ang-Tie-2 pathway in vitro using a co-culture model of human brain endothelial cells was unsuccessful due to contamination of the cell line. The second part of the thesis aimed to utilise molecular pathology techniques including miRNA and whole-genome microarrays. I have shown for the first time that these can be successfully applied to human post-mortem tissue in malaria. First I used archival tissues to examine the microRNA signature in the kidney of patients with malaria associated renal failure. Second I optimised a protocol to preserve post mortem tissue for molecular pathology, from an autopsy study in Mozambique. Using the subsequent total mRNA transcriptomic data and bioinformatics analysis this work has expanded our knowledge of differential gene expression and the families of genes which are dysregulated in the brain in response to malaria infection.

A malária é reconhecida como uma das principais forças selectivas a actuar na história recente no genoma humano. Inúmeros polimorfismos genéticos têm sido descritos como protectores contra a gravidade da malária, como o alelo HbS (designado de traço falciforme) e o alelo G6PD A- (associado à deficiência de G6PD). Mais recentemente, também a deficiência de PK foi associada com a protecção contra a malária. Evidências desta associação foram obtidas em estudos com modelos de roedor e estudos in vitro utilizando GV humanos deficientes em PK. Até à data, não foram obtidos dados em populações humanas que revelem esta associação: ainda não foi identificada uma variante de PK com uma prevalência elevada em regiões endémicas de malária e não foram identificadas marcas de selecção na região do gene que codifica para a PK (gene PKLR). Além disso, os mecanismos subjacentes à protecção contra a malária por deficiências enzimáticas dos GV não estão bem esclarecidos. Assim, os objectivos do presente estudo foram: investigar os polimorfismos genéticos humanos com associação com a malária em Cabo Verde; pesquisar marcas de selecção da malária na região do gene PKLR em populações Africanas; determinar a frequência da deficiência em PK e identificar uma eventual variante da enzima que possa estar sob selecção positiva em regiões endémicas de malária; avaliar o efeito das duas deficiências enzimáticas (PK e G6PD) na invasão e maturação do parasita em culturas in vitro de Plasmodium usando GV normais e deficientes; e analisar o perfil proteómico de GV infectados e não infectados, normais e com deficiência (em PK e G6PD), bem como de parasitas isolados de GV tanto deficientes como normais. Em Cabo Verde (área epidémica), não foram identificadas marcas de selecção pela malária, através da análise dos vários polimorfismos. No entanto, quando a análise foi realizada em dois países endémicos (Angola e Moçambique), foram detectadas várias marcas de selecção: a genotipagem de microssatélites (STRs) e polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) localizados na vizinhança do gene PKLR revelou uma diferenciação consideravelmente maior entre as populações Africana e Europeia (Portuguesa), do que a diferenciação determinada aquando da utilização de marcadores genéticos neutros. Além disso, uma região genómica de maior amplitude apresentou um Desequilíbrio de Ligação (LD) significativo no grupo de malária não grave (e não no grupo de malária grave), sugerindo que a malária poderá estar a exercer pressão selectiva sobre a região do genoma humano que envolve o gene PKLR. No estudo que incidiu na determinação da prevalência da deficiência de PK no continente Africano (realizado em Moçambique), esta revelou-se elevada - 4,1% - sendo o valor mais elevado descrito até ao momento a nível mundial para esta enzimopatia. Na pesquisa de mutações que pudessem estar na causa deste fenótipo (baixa actividade de PK), foi identificada uma mutação não sinónima 829G>A (277Glu>Lys), significativamente associada à baixa actividade enzimática. Esta mutação foi também identificada em Angola, São Tomé e Príncipe e Guiné Equatorial, onde a frequência de portadores heterozigóticos foi entre 2,6 e 6,7% (valores que se encontram entre os mais elevados descritos globalmente para mutações associadas à deficiência em PK). Não foi possível concluir acerca da associação entre a deficiência de PK e o grau de severidade da malária e da associação entre o alelo 829A e a mesma, devido ao baixo número de amostras. Os resultados dos ensaios de invasão/maturação do parasita sugeriram que, nos GV com deficiência de PK ou G6PD, a invasão (onde está envolvida a membrana do GV hospedeiro e o complexo apical do parasita) é mais relevante para a eventual protecção contra a malária do que a maturação. Os resultados da análise proteómica revelaram respostas diferentes por parte do parasita nas duas condições de crescimento (GV com deficiência de PK e GV com deficiência de G6PD). Esta resposta parece ser proporcional à gravidade da deficiência enzimática. Nos parasitas que cresceram em GV deficientes em G6PD (provenientes de um indivíduo assintomático), a principal alteração observada (relativamente às condições normais) foi o aumento do número de proteínas de choque térmico e chaperones, mostrando que os parasitas responderam às condições de stress oxidativo, aumentando a expressão de moléculas de protecção. Nos parasitas que cresceram em condições de deficit de PK (GV de indivíduo com crises hemolíticas regulares, dependente de transfusões sanguíneas), houve alteração da expressão de um maior número de proteínas (relativamente ao observado em condições normais), em que a maioria apresentou uma repressão da expressão. Os processos biológicos mais representados nesta resposta do parasita foram a digestão da hemoglobina e a troca de proteínas entre hospedeiro e parasita/remodelação da superfície do GV. Além disso, uma elevada percentagem destas proteínas com expressão alterada está relacionada com as fendas de Maurer, que desempenham um papel importante na patologia da infecção malárica. É colocada a hipótese de que a protecção contra a malária em GV deficientes em PK está relacionada com o processo de remodelação da membrana dos GV pelo parasita, o que pode condicionar a invasão por novos parasitas e a própria virulência da malária. Os resultados da análise do proteoma dos GV contribuirão para confirmar esta hipótese.
Malaria has been recognized as the strongest known force for evolutionary selection in the recent history of the human genome. Several human genetic polymorphisms have been described as protective against malaria severity, as the HbS allele (sickle cell trait) and G6PD A- allele (causing G6PD deficiency). More recently, PK deficiency has also been described as protective against malaria. Evidences were obtained in murine models and in vitro studies using PK-deficient human RBC. Human population data has not been obtained so far: a high prevalent PK variant has yet to be identified in malaria endemic regions and selection signatures in the genome region around RBC PKencoding gene (PKLR) have not been detected to date. Also, the mechanisms underlying malaria protection by RBC enzyme deficiencies are not clear. So, the objectives of this study were: to investigate malaria associated genetic traits in Cape Verde; to look for selection signatures in the PKLR gene region in African populations; to determine PK deficiency frequency and identify a prevalent PK variant that could be under selection by malaria in endemic African regions; to assess parasite invasion and maturation of Plasmodium falciparum growing in vitro in PK and G6PDdeficient and normal RBC; and to analyze the proteomic profile of non-infected and infected PK and G6PD-deficient and normal RBC as well as of parasites isolated from both deficient and normal host cells. In Cape Verde (epidemic area), no malaria selection signatures were found. However, when the analysis was performed in two malaria endemic countries (Angola and Mozambique), several selection marks were detected: data from Short Tandem Repeat (STR) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphic (SNP) loci spread along the PKLR gene region showed considerably higher differentiation between African and European (Portuguese) populations than that usually found for neutral markers, and a wider region showing strong Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) was found in the uncomplicated malaria group (and not in severe malaria group), suggesting that malaria may be shaping this genomic region in malaria countries. Additionally, when we performed the first study concerning the determination of PK deficiency prevalence in the African continent (in Mozambique), we were surprised with a high value: 4.1%. This was the higher frequency ever obtained for PK deficiency worldwide. Then, we looked for a mutation that could be in the origin of this phenotype and the missense mutation 829G>A (277Glu>Lys) was significantly associated. When we did a research of this mutation in other African countries (Angola, Sao Tome and Principe and Equatorial Guinea), the heterozygous carrier frequency was 2.6-6.7%, which is also among the highest heterozygous frequencies associated to PK deficiency described so far. We could not conclude about the association of PK deficiency and allele 829A with malaria outcome due to low sample number. Parasite invasion/maturation assays suggested that, in deficient RBC, the invasion step (or the cellular membranes) are more relevant for protection than maturation (the intracellular environment). Proteomic data from parasites growing in both G6PD and PK-deficient RBC revealed a distinct response from parasites growing in both deficient conditions, proportional to the phenotype severity. In parasites growing in G6PDdeficient RBC (asymptomatic individual), the main alteration was the increase of parasitic heat shock proteins and chaperones, showing that parasites are responding to oxidative stress conditions increasing the expression of protective molecules. In PKdeficient (transfusion-dependent individual with regular hemolytic crisis), a wider range of proteins displayed abundance alterations, the majority being down-expressed. The most represented biological processes in this response were hemoglobin digestion and protein trafficking/RBC remodeling. A high proportion of these altered proteins are related to Maurer’s clefts, which play important roles in the pathology of malaria infection. We hypothesized that protection against malaria in PK-deficient RBC is associated with the RBC membrane remodeling process by the parasite, which may lead to a reduction in invasion by new parasites and malaria virulence itself. Data on the RBC proteome will contribute to confirm this hypothesis.