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Abdul Majid, Marina. "DISEASE BEARING INSECT RESEARCH IN MALAYA BY JAPANESE SCIENTISTS DURING WORLD WAR II AND ITS POSITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 26 (December 1, 2021): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.626007.
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Japanese scientists commissioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were tasked at the Nettai Igaku Kenkyusho or Institute of Medical Research (IMR) in Kuala Lumpur and other locations in Malaya during World War II (WWII) to identify cures for malaria, dengue, and scrub typhus rampant among Japanese troops in Southeast Asia. Such research on insects could contribute to biological warfare. This study identifies the background and destiny of these few Japanese scientists in Malaya conducting research on malaria, dengue and scrub typhus while evaluating if their research could have been an offense under international law at that point of time. A qualitative historical approach relying on documentation, soft law, treaties, and secondary resources obtained from archives and national libraries online from different countries and the Fold3-Historical Military Records website were referred. These documentations were classified according to names of Japanese scientists to form a short biography and to provide background information of the IMR during WWII. The results reveal some Japanese scientists responsible for malaria research at the IMR in Kuala Lumpur and Penang, and dengue research in Malaya, Singapore and Java. Human experimentation associated with dengue was suspected in Singapore. One IMR Japanese director had links with Unit 731. Kiyoshi Hayakawa, part of Unit 9420 in Singapore, Japan’s subunit for its covert biological weapons programme conducted research on scrub typhus in Java and Malaya. These scientists continued as professors in Japan or were promoted to this position much later with one of them opening a medical company. Indeed, a gap existed in international law at the end of the 19th and early 20th century which failed to make experimentation illegal as a preparation stage rather than actual usage in warfare because of the omission to address the development, production and stockpiling of biological weapons.
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Thiam, Alassane, Sabrina Baaklini, Babacar Mbengue, Samia Nisar, Maryam Diarra, Sandrine Marquet, Mouhamadou Mansour Fall, et al. "NCR3 polymorphism, haematological parameters, and severe malaria in Senegalese patients." PeerJ 6 (December 3, 2018): e6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6048.
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Background Host factors, including host genetic variation, have been shown to influence the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Genome-wide linkage studies have mapped mild malaria resistance genes on chromosome 6p21, whereas NCR3-412 polymorphism (rs2736191) lying within this region was found to be associated with mild malaria. Methods Blood samples were taken from 188 Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients (76 mild malaria patients, 85 cerebral malaria patients, and 27 severe non-cerebral malaria patients). NCR3-412 (rs2736191) was analysed by sequencing, and haematological parameters were measured. Finally, their association with clinical phenotypes was assessed. Results We evidenced an association of thrombocytopenia with both cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria, and of an association of high leukocyte count with cerebral malaria. Additionally, we found no association of NCR3-412 with either cerebral malaria, severe non-cerebral malaria, or severe malaria after grouping cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that NCR3 genetic variation has no effect, or only a small effect on the occurrence of severe malaria, although it has been strongly associated with mild malaria. We discuss the biological meaning of these results. Besides, we confirmed the association of thrombocytopenia and high leukocyte count with severe malaria phenotypes.
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Pereira, Marcelo L. M., Luana S. Ortolan, Michelle K. Sercundes, Daniela Debone, Oscar Murillo, Flávia A. Lima, Claudio R. F. Marinho, and Sabrina Epiphanio. "Association of Heme Oxygenase 1 with Lung Protection in Malaria-Associated ALI/ARDS." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4158698.
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Malaria is a serious disease, caused by the parasite of the genusPlasmodium, which was responsible for 440,000 deaths in 2015. Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is one of the main clinical complications in severe malaria. The murine model DBA/2 reproduces the clinical signs of ALI/ARDS in humans, when infected withPlasmodium bergheiANKA. High levels of HO-1 were reported in cases of severe malaria. Our data indicated that the HO-1 mRNA and protein expression are increased in mice that develop malaria-associated ALI/ARDS (MA-ALI/ARDS). Additionally, the hemin, a HO-1 inducing drug, prevented mice from developing MA-ALI/ARDS when administered prior to the development of MA-ALI/ARDS in this model. Also, hemin treatment showed an amelioration of respiratory parameters in mice, high VEGF levels in the sera, and a decrease in vascular permeability in the lung, which are signs of ALI/ARDS. Therefore, the induction of HO-1 before the development of MA-ALI/ARDS could be protective. However, the increased expression of HO-1 on the onset of MA-ALI/ARDS development may represent an effort to revert the phenotype of this syndrome by the host. We therefore confirm that HO-1 inducing drugs could be used for prevention of MA-ALI/ARDS in humans.
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Cardona-Arias, Jaiberth Antonio. "Overview of Epidemiology of Malaria Associated with Pregnancy in Northwestern Colombia, 1985-2020." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 04 (December 31, 2021): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202184.
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Background: Knowledge about malaria associated with pregnancy (MAP) is scarce in Latin America and Colombia. Methodology: This paper presents an overview of studies captained in Pubmed, Lilacs, GoogleScholar and thesis repositories from six Colombian universities and bibliographic references of manuscripts. Results: The following topics have been described: study sites, infectious agents, genetic variation of Plasmodium in MAP, vector resistance to insecticides, incubation period, natural susceptibility and resistance to infection, immunity in MAP, frequency, coexistence of gestational (GM) and placental (PM) malaria, associated factors, efficacy of antimalarial treatment, material living conditions in MAP. The MAP has a high prevalence, with a high frequency of submicroscopic infections. There are cases of MAP due to P. falciparum, P. vivax, or both. Monotherapy with chloroquine or amodiaquine for MAP for P. vivax has efficacy greater than 95% and artemether-lumefantrine or artesunate-mefloquine 100% for P. falciparum. There are high rates of anemia in pregnancies (30-70%). In “The Region,” there is no problem of resistance of vectors to insecticides. MAP occurs in poor territories, with interaction of food insecurity, chronic malnutrition, dissatisfaction of basic needs, intestinal parasites, violence and abuse of human rights. Conclusions: MAP study is just beginning in Colombia; there are no programmes that effectively operate to detect and solve this problem; Government agencies, international health organizations, and private companies should finance the multidisciplinary and comprehensive research (natural and social) of the MAP, in order to know its main characteristics throughout the country and use that knowledge as a basis to seek solutions.
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Addai-Mensah, Otchere, Daniel Gyamfi, Francis Agyei Amponsah, Max Efui Annani-Akollor, Kwabena Owusu Danquah, Lillian Boateng, Eddie-Williams Owiredu, et al. "Antierythropoietin Antibody Production Is Not Associated with Malaria and Malaria-Related Anaemia in Humans." Scientific World Journal 2019 (February 14, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5398732.
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Introduction. The pathophysiology of malaria-related anaemia is not fully understood although increased destruction of parasitized and nonparasitized erythrocytes, as well as inadequate erythropoiesis, has been proposed. Circulating antierythropoietin (anti-EPO) antibodies have also been implicated in malaria and malaria-related anaemia in mice. However, studies on this association have not been investigated in humans. This study therefore determined the prevalence of anti-EPO antibody production and assessed its association with malaria and malaria-related anaemia in humans.Methods. A total of 86 children aged 1-10 years (57 children with malaria serving as the case group and 29 healthy children serving as control), all residents of Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana, were recruited for this case-control study. Venous blood was collected for thick and thin films for malaria microscopy, full blood count by automated haematology analyzer, and antierythropoietin antibody and erythropoietin estimation by sandwich ELISA method.Results. Out of the 86 participants recruited, only 3 (3.5%) were positive for anti-EPO antibody; 2.3% of the case group; and 1.2% of the control group. There was no association between the cases and the controls in the production of anti-EPO antibodies. Erythropoietin concentration was significantly higher in malaria-related anaemic subjects (p=0.032).Conclusion. Antierythropoietin antibodies are not associated with malaria infection and malaria-related anaemia in humans. Erythropoietin concentration is associated with malaria-related anaemia.
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Camazine, Brian. "TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED MALARIA." Lancet 326, no. 8445 (July 1985): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90080-7.
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Taylor, Frances. "Transfusion-Associated Malaria." Emerging Infectious Diseases 2, no. 2 (June 1996): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0202.960216.
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Saeed, I. E., and E. S. Ahmed. "Determinants of acquiring malaria among displaced people in Khartoum state, Sudan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 9, no. 4 (September 21, 2003): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2003.9.4.581.
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A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among displaced people in Khartoum state to determine risk factors associated with malaria. Data were collected from 856 households about sociodemographic characteristics, history of malaria, and knowledge, attitudes and treatment-seeking behaviour. Overall, 68.2% reported a malaria attack among household members in the previous year. Risk of malaria attack was significantly associated with tribe, language, education, water supply and food expenditure. The highest rates of attack were among local language speakers [85.5%] and illiterate residents [70.4%]. Half the respondents [50.2%] delayed seeking treatment for malaria. Knowledge, attitudes and practices had no association with malaria attacks, except for a 4.7-fold increased risk of malaria when obtaining water from carts rather than wells
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Godha, Deepali, Manisha Tharaney, Simeon Nanama, Tina Sanghvi, Arnaud Laillou, Fanta Touré Diop, and Aita Sarr Cisse. "The Association between Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation and Malaria Prophylaxis and Linear Growth among Children and Neonatal Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Pooled Analysis." Nutrients 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 4496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14214496.
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The majority of research on linear growth among children is confined to South Asia and focuses on iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy, without considering malaria prophylaxis. Similarly, there is limited evidence on the association of antenatal IFA supplementation and malaria prophylaxis with neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aims to address these gaps. A pooled analysis of demographic and health survey (DHS) data from 19 countries in SSA was conducted to study the association between IFA supplementation and malaria prophylaxis and linear growth and neonatal mortality. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used. Malaria prophylaxis was significantly associated with stunting, height-for-age Z scores (HAZ scores), and neonatal mortality, but IFA supplementation was not associated with these outcomes. When women’s height and body mass index (BMI) were introduced in the model, a significant association between combined malaria prophylaxis and IFA supplementation was found with HAZ scores only. For severe stunting, no significant association was found with either in the two models. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of antenatal malaria prophylaxis as a potential intervention for nutrition outcomes (linear growth) and neonatal mortality, as well as the importance of coordinating efforts between malaria and the health and nutrition sectors to improve these outcomes in the countries of SSA.
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Shanks, G. Dennis, and Chansuda Wongsrichanalai. "Mining-Associated Malaria Epidemics." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 106, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0747.
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ABSTRACT. Tropical alluvial gold and gem miners are often an especially at-risk population for malaria infection. Geographical areas of mining-associated malaria epidemics in the recent past include Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar); the Amazon basin (Brazil, French Guyana, Suriname, Columbia, and Peru); and tropical Africa. Mobile populations of young adult men engaged in the hard labor of mining may experience severe malaria especially if they lack preexisting immunity and are irregularly consuming antimalarial drugs. Particular problems occur because much of this informal mining activity is illegal and done in isolated areas without access to health services and with evidence of emerging antimalarial drug resistance. Concentrating vulnerable populations in an ecologically disturbed landscape is often conducive to epidemics, which can then spread as these highly mobile workers return to their homes. Mining-associated malaria endangers malaria elimination efforts and miners need to be addressed as a group of particular concern.
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Suguitan, Amorsolo L., D. Channe Gowda, Genevieve Fouda, Lucy Thuita, Ainong Zhou, Rosine Djokam, Simon Metenou, Rose G. F. Leke, and Diane Wallace Taylor. "Lack of an Association between Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum Glycosylphosphatidylinositols and Malaria-Associated Placental Changes in Cameroonian Women with Preterm and Full-Term Deliveries." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 9 (September 2004): 5267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.9.5267-5273.2004.
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ABSTRACT Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum parasites within the placenta often leads to an accumulation of macrophages within the intervillous space and increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a cytokine associated with placental pathology and poor pregnancy outcomes. P. falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors have been shown to be the major parasite component that induces TNF-α production by monocytes and macrophages. Antibodies against P. falciparum GPI (anti-PfGPI), however, can inhibit the induction of TNF-α and inflammation. Thus, the study was undertaken to determine whether anti-PfGPI antibodies down-regulate inflammatory-type changes in the placentas of women with malaria. Anti-PfGPI immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG levels were measured in 380 pregnant women with or without placental malaria, including those who delivered prematurely and at term. Results showed that anti-PfGPI antibody levels increased with gravidity and age and that malaria infection boosted anti-PfGPI antibodies in pregnant women. However, no association was found between anti-PfGPI antibodies and placental TNF-α levels or the presence of acute or chronic placental malaria. Furthermore, anti-PfGPI antibody levels were similar in women with preterm and full-term deliveries and were not associated with an increase in infant birth weight. Thus, these results fail to support a strong role for anti-PfGPI antibodies in the prevention of chronic placental malaria infections and malaria-associated poor birth outcomes.
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Nebie, Issa, Amidou Diarra, Alphonse Ouedraogo, Issiaka Soulama, Edith C. Bougouma, Alfred B. Tiono, Amadou T. Konate, et al. "Humoral Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Antigens and Association with Incidence of Clinical Malaria in Children Living in an Area of Seasonal Malaria Transmission in Burkina Faso, West Africa." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 2 (December 10, 2007): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01147-07.
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ABSTRACT There is longstanding evidence that immunoglobulin G (IgG) has a role in protection against clinical malaria, and human antibodies of the cytophilic subclasses are thought to be particularly critical in this respect. In this cohort study, 286 Burkinabè children 6 months to 15 years old were kept under malaria surveillance in order to assess the protective role of antibody responses against four antigens which are currently being evaluated as vaccine candidates: apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), merozoite surface protein 1-19 (MSP1-19), MSP3, and glutamate-rich protein (GLURP). Total IgG, IgM, and IgG subclass responses were measured just before the malaria transmission season. The incidence of malaria was 2.4 episodes per child year of risk. After adjusting for the confounding effects of age, the level of total IgG to GLURP was strongly associated with reduced malaria incidence (incidence rate ratio associated with a doubling of total IgG, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.66 to 0.94; P = 0.009.); there was a borderline statistically significant association between the level of total IgG to MSP3 and malaria incidence and no evidence of an association for total IgG to AMA1 and to MSP1-19. Of the IgG subclass responses studied, only IgG3 and IgG4 against GLURP and IgG1 against AMA1 were associated with reduced risk of clinical malaria. There was no evidence of an interaction between responses to AMA1 and baseline parasitemia in their effects on malaria incidence. Currently included in malaria vaccine formulations for clinical trials in humans, these blood-stage antigens, AMA1 and GLURP, offer good prospects for malaria vaccine development.
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Rahmasari, Farindira Vesti, Winny Setyonugroho, I. Ketut Swarjana, Desto Arisandi, and Tri Wulandari Kesetyaningsih. "The association between demographic and attitude factors with the practice of malaria prevention among the rural community in Purworejo district, Indonesia." Qanun Medika - Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.30651/jqm.v5i1.5416.
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Abstract Malaria is one of the global health problems that is faced by many countries, including Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the association between demographic and attitude factors with malaria prevention in the rural areas of Purworejo District, Indonesia. A community survey was conducted in Purworejo District that involved 147 respondents by using simple random sampling to select the respondents. A questionnaire interview was used to collect data about demographic factors, attitudes, and malaria prevention practices. A Chi-square test was performed to examine the association between demographic and attitude factors with the practice of malaria prevention in the community. Among 147 respondents, 80 (54.4%) respondents conducted malaria prevention practice using bed mosquito net in their own houses. Demographic factors such as education level (p<0.001), occupation (p=0.016), and attitude factor (p=0.006) were significantly associated with the use of bed mosquito net for malaria prevention practice. Meanwhile, 63 (42.9%) respondents used ventilation mosquito net for malaria prevention practice. Demographic factors such as education level (p<0.001), age groups (p=0.005), occupation (p=0.002), and attitude factor (p=0.001) were associated significantly with the use of ventilation mosquito net for malaria prevention practice. Overall, malaria prevention by using both bed and ventilation mosquito nets were very low percentages. Keywords : Malaria, prevention practice, mosquito net, IndonesiaCorrespondence : farindira.vesti@gmail.com
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Elsheikh, Hagir, Ishag Adam, Elhassan M. Elhassan, Ahmed A. Mohammed, Ammar H. Khamis, and Mustafa I. Elbashir. "Leptin, insulin like growth factor-I levels and histology-diagnosed placental malaria in an area characterized by unstable malaria transmission in central Sudan." F1000Research 6 (May 22, 2017): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10641.1.
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Background: There are few published data on the association between leptin, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and malaria during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate maternal and umbilical cord leptin and IGF-1 levels and malaria during pregnancy, and their association - if any - with birth weight. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Medani, Sudan. Medical and obstetrics history was gathered from each parturient woman (n=175) and malaria was investigated by blood film and placental histology. Maternal and umbilical cord leptin and IGF-1 levels were measured using ELISA. Results: Upon histological examination, 48 women were infected with placental malaria, and 127 were found free from the disease. Out of the 48, 2 of the patients showed signs of active infection, 3 of chronic infection and 43 of previous infection. Placental malaria and preterm delivery were associated with low birth weight (< 2500 g). Younger mothers and primigravidae had a higher risk for placental malaria infection. There was no significant difference in maternal and umbilical cord leptin and IGF-1 levels between women infected with placental malaria and those free from the disease. Conclusions: The current study showed that low birth weight was significantly associated with placental malaria. Young mothers and primigravidae had a higher risk to develop the infection. There was no significant difference in the levels of maternal and umbilical cord leptin and IGF-1 levels between women infected with placental malaria and those free from the disease. Both the levels of maternal and cord leptin and IGF-1were found not to be associated with birth weight. Abbreviations: IGF-1: Insulin like growth factor-1; LBW: Low birth weight; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PM: Placental malaria.
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Nkenfou, Celine Nguefeu, Nadine Fainguem, Félicitée Dongmo-Nguefack, Laeticia Grace Yatchou, Joel Josephine Kadji Kameni, Elise Lobe Elong, Amidou Samie, William Estrin, Paul Ndombo Koki, and Alexis Ndjolo. "Enhanced passive surveillance dengue infection among febrile children: Prevalence, co-infections and associated factors in Cameroon." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0009316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009316.
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Dengue virus (DENV) causes a spectrum of diseases ranging from asymptomatic, mild febrile to a life-threatening illness: dengue hemorrhagic fever. The main clinical symptom of dengue is fever, similar to that of malaria. The prevalence of dengue virus infection, alone or in association with other endemic infectious diseases in children in Cameroon is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dengue, malaria and HIV in children presenting with fever and associated risk factors. Dengue overall prevalence was 20.2%, Malaria cases were 52.7% and HIV cases represented 12.6%. The prevalence of dengue-HIV co-infection was 6.0% and that of Malaria-dengue co-infection was 19.5%. Triple infection prevalence was 4.3%. Dengue virus infection is present in children and HIV-Dengue or Dengue- Malaria co-infections are common. Dengue peak prevalence was between August and October. Sex and age were not associated with dengue and dengue co-infections. However, malaria as well as HIV were significantly associated with dengue (P = 0.001 and 0.028 respectively). The diagnosis of dengue and Malaria should be carried out routinely for better management of fever.
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Warimwe, George M., Abdirahman I. Abdi, Michelle Muthui, Gregory Fegan, Jennifer N. Musyoki, Kevin Marsh, and Peter C. Bull. "Serological Conservation of Parasite-Infected Erythrocytes Predicts Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 Gene Expression but Not Severity of Childhood Malaria." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 5 (February 16, 2016): 1331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00772-15.
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Plasmodium falciparumerythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), expressed onP. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, is a major family of clonally variant targets of naturally acquired immunity to malaria. Previous studies have demonstrated that in areas where malaria is endemic, antibodies to infected erythrocytes from children with severe malaria tend to be more seroprevalent than antibodies to infected erythrocytes from children with nonsevere malaria. These data have led to a working hypothesis that PfEMP1 variants associated with parasite virulence are relatively conserved in structure. However, the longevity of such serologically conserved variants in the parasite population is unknown. Here, using infected erythrocytes from recently sampled clinicalP. falciparumsamples, we measured serological conservation using pools of antibodies in sera that had been sampled 10 to 12 years earlier. The serological conservation of infected erythrocytes strongly correlated with the expression of specific PfEMP1 subsets previously found to be associated with severe malaria. However, we found no association between serological conservationper seand disease severity within these data. This contrasts with the simple hypothesis thatP. falciparumisolates with a serologically conserved group of PfEMP1 variants cause severe malaria. The data are instead consistent with periodic turnover of the immunodominant epitopes of PfEMP1 associated with severe malaria.
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Hage, Rene, and MacéM Schuurmans. "Malaria-associated pulmonary edema." Eurasian Journal of Pulmonology 22, no. 2 (2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejop.ejop_99_19.
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B. Martins, Deborah, Vanda Amado, Stella Langa, Joyce Ventura, Atanasio Taela, and Daniel A. DeUgarte. "Malaria-associated peripheral gangrene." Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports 2, no. 9 (September 2014): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsc.2014.08.007.
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Limenih, Asmamaw, Woynshet Gelaye, and Getaneh Alemu. "Prevalence of Malaria and Associated Factors among Delivering Mothers in Northwest Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2021 (December 7, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2754407.
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Background. Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality especially in pregnant women and under-five-year-old children. However, data on the prevalence among delivering mothers, potential fetal transmission, and associated birth outcomes is lacking in Ethiopia. Objective. To assess the prevalence of Plasmodium infection from peripheral, placental, and cord blood samples among delivering mothers in Kuch health center, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 218 delivering mothers from February to May 2021 in Kuch health center. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and clinical and obstetric history of mothers were collected using a structured questionnaire. Giemsa stained blood films from maternal capillary and placental and umbilical cord blood were examined for plasmodium infection. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23 software package. Results. The prevalence of maternal, placental, and umbilical cord malaria was 6.4% (14/218), 2.3% (5/218), and 0.5% (1/218), respectively. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax accounted 3.7% (8/218) and 2.8% (6/218), respectively, in maternal peripheral blood but only Plasmodium falciparum was detected in placental and umbilical cord blood samples. Maternal malaria had significant association with primigravida ( χ 2 = 12.611 , p = 0.002 ) and low birth weight ( χ 2 = 8.381 , p = 0.004 ). Placental malaria was also significantly associated with low birth weight ( χ 2 = 32.255 , p ≤ 0.001 ). Conclusion. The prevalence of malaria among delivering mothers was considerable. Maternal peripheral malaria had a significant association with gravidity and birth weight. Placental and umbilical cord malaria also had a significant association with birth weight. Pregnant mothers should be examined for malaria and receive appropriate treatment to prevent adverse birth outcomes.
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Anoop Kumar, Prachi Garg, Jai Prakash, Gaurav Arya, Kirti Berwal, and Ekal Arora. "Myocarditis associated with malarial fever: An unusual presentation." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v13i9.44940.
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Malaria is endemic in India and complicated malaria is usually caused by Plasmodium (P) falciparum, but Plasmodium vivax can also cause life-threatening conditions in some cases. We report one such case of 47 years male presenting with myocarditis associated with P. vivax malaria.
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Thierry, Adoukonou, Agbeille Falilatou, Bokossa Covalic, Dovoedo Elodie, Agbétou Mendinatou, Adedemy Didier, Noudamadjo Alphonse, and Agossou Joseph. "Epilepsy and Malaria in Children Aged 1 to 15 Years in Parakou in 2018: Case-Control Study." Child Neurology Open 7 (January 1, 2020): 2329048X2095411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329048x20954111.
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Objective: To study the link between malaria and epilepsy in children in Parakou district. Methods: This case-control study included children 1-15 years of age with epilepsy. Each case of epilepsy was matched to 2 controls for age, sex and neighborhood of residence. The exposure variables were a history of malaria (number and type), family history of epilepsy and other past medical history. The odds ratios (OR) and their confidence interval were used to estimate association. Results: A total of 123 children including 41 children with epilepsy and 82 controls were included. The overall average number of malaria episodes per year in both groups combined was 1.8 ± 0.9 episodes. In the multivariate analysis, cerebral malaria (OR: 50.35 [5.28-480.30]), family history of epilepsy (OR: 12.17 [2.15-69.01]) and number of malaria episodes (OR: 13.27 [4.53-98.48]) were associated. Conclusion: This study supports the association between cerebral malaria and the onset of epilepsy.
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ROPER, C., W. RICHARDSON, I. M. ELHASSAN, H. GIHA, L. HVIID, G. M. H. SATTI, T. G. THEANDER, and D. E. ARNOT. "Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village." Parasitology 116, no. 6 (June 1998): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098002650.
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Residents of Daraweesh village in Sudan were monitored for Plasmodium falciparum infection and malaria morbidity in 3 malaria seasons from 1993 to 1996. Malaria parasites were detected microscopically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a series of cross-sectional surveys. PCR revealed submicroscopical infections during the dry season, particularly among individuals who had recovered from a malaria episode following successful drug treatment. Clinical and subclinical infections were contrasted by assaying for allelic polymorphism at 2 gene loci, MSP-1 and GLURP and 2 hypotheses examined with reference to these data: that clinical malaria is associated with infection with novel parasite genotypes not previously detected in that host, or alternatively, that clinical malaria episodes are associated with an increased number of clones in an infection. We detected more mixed infections among clinical isolates, but people carrying parasites during the dry season were not found to have an increased risk of disease in the following malaria season. There was a clear association of disease with the appearance of novel parasite genotypes.
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Ghanghoriya, Pawan, Rahul Borkar, Monica Lazarus, and Manish Ajmariya. "Study of malaria and associated co-morbidity in children admitted with fever manifestation in a tertiary care centre." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203161.
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Background: Children under five year of age are highly vulnerable to malaria infection and often face dire consequences such as severe malaria if they are not promptly and adequately treated with anti-malarial medications. Authors set out to evaluate malaria and associated co-morbidity among children admitted with febrile illness in tertiary care center NSCB Medical college Jabalpur, India.Methods: This prospective and analytic study focused on children admitted with fever in pediatric unit of N.S.C.B. Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. If any co-morbidity present with malaria their manifestation was noted. Association of co-morbidity with malaria was done, and effect of co-morbidity on severity of malaria and outcome of patients was noted.Results: A total number of 1950 of children suspected to have malaria who were tested by RDT and microscopy (PSMP), out of them 100 children were positive. Mean age calculated was 7.3±4.3 years. Maximum number of severe malaria cases (40.6%) were found in 6 months to <5 years age group. Most common co-morbidity associated with malaria was anemia (53%) followed by pneumonia (36%) hepatitis (26%), diarrhea (24%), enteric fever (15%), septicemia and meningoencephalitis (10%) each, UTI (4%), and AKI (6%), while dengue (3%) and severe acute malnutrition (2%). Out of 69 cases of severe malaria 46.3% cases had two and 34.7% cases had more than two co-morbidities while in 31 cases of uncomplicated malaria 38.7% cases had two co-morbidity and only 3% had more than two co-morbidity.Conclusions: All RDT positive cases have associated co-morbidity with malaria in our study, more is the co-morbidity is longer were the duration of stay and higher the complications and even mortality.
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CHAVES, Sandra S., and Laura C. RODRIGUES. "An initial examination of the epidemiology of malaria in the State of Roraima, in the Brazilian Amazon Basin." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 42, no. 5 (October 2000): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652000000500006.
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This study firstly describes the epidemiology of malaria in Roraima, Amazon Basin in Brazil, in the years from 1991 to 1993: the predominance of plasmodium species, distribution of the blood slides examined, the malaria risk and seasonality; and secondly investigates whether population growth from 1962 to 1993 was associated with increasing risk of malaria. Frequency of malaria varied significantly by municipality. Marginally more malaria cases were reported during the dry season (from October to April), even after controlling for by year and municipality. Vivax was the predominant type in all municipalities but the ratio of plasmodium types varied between municipalities. No direct association between population growth and increasing risk of malaria from 1962 to 1993 was detected. Malaria in Roraima is of the "frontier" epidemiological type with high epidemic potential.
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Touré, Almamy Amara, Abdoulaye Doumbouya, Abdourahamane Diallo, Gaspard Loua, Abdourahim Cissé, Sidikiba Sidibé, and Abdoul Habib Beavogui. "Malaria-Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Guinea." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2019 (November 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3925094.
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Introduction. Malaria is the leading cause of consultation in Guinea health facilities. During pregnancy, it remains a major health concern causing considerable risks for mother, fetus, and newborn. However, little is known about the epidemiology of malaria among pregnant women in Guinea. We aimed to provide information on malaria-associated factors in parturients. Methods. It was a cross-sectional survey in two regional hospitals and two district hospitals. 1000 parturients and their newborns were surveyed. All patients were interviewed, and thick and thin blood smears were examined. To determine the predictive factors of malaria in parturients, the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) was first performed by using peripheral and placental malaria as dependent variables and sociodemographic and antenatal characteristics as independent variables; then, explanatory profile variables or clusters from these trees were included in the logistic regression models. Results. We found 157 (15.8%) and 148 (14.8%) cases of peripheral and placental malaria, respectively. The regular use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) before delivery was 53.8%, and only 35.5% used sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine doses ≥3. Factors significantly associated with malaria were as follows: women from Forécariah and Guéckédou who did not regularly use LLINs and accomplished less than four antenatal care visits (ANC <4) and primigravid and paucigravid women who did not regularly use LLINs. Similarly, the odds of having malaria infection were significantly higher among women who had not regularly used LLINs and among primigravid and paucigravid women who had regularly used LLINs compared to multigravida women who had regularly used LLINs. Conclusion. This study showed that pregnant women remain particularly vulnerable to malaria; therefore, strengthening antenatal care visit strategies by emphasizing on promoting the use of LLINs and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, sexual education about early pregnancies, and family or community support during first pregnancies might be helpful.
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Sikalima, Jay, Jessica L. Schue, Sarah E. Hill, Modest Mulenga, Ray Handema, Victor Daka, Justin Chileshe, et al. "House Structure Is Associated with Malaria among Febrile Patients in a High-Transmission Region of Zambia." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 2131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1378.
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Abstract.Since the late nineteenth century, the importance of house structure as a determinant of malaria risk has been recognized. Few studies to date have examined the association of housing and malaria in clinical populations. We conducted a cross-sectional study of febrile patients (n = 282) at two rural health clinics in a high malaria-transmission area of northern Zambia. Participants underwent testing for Plasmodium falciparum infection by PCR. Demographic and other risk factors including house structure, indoor residual spraying (IRS), bed net use, education level, and household income were collected. Data were fitted to logistic regression models for relational and mediation analyses. Residing in a house with a thatch roof was associated with higher odds of malaria than residing in a house with corrugated metal (odds ratio: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0–6.3, P = 0.04). Lower income and educational attainment were also associated with greater odds of malaria. Living under a thatch roof accounted for 24% (95% CI: 14–82) of the effect of household income on malaria risk, and income accounted for 11% (95% CI: 8–19) of the effect of education. Neither IRS nor bed net use was associated with malaria risk despite large, local investments in these vector control interventions. The findings testify to malaria as a disease of rural poverty and contribute further evidence to the utility of housing improvements in vector control programs.
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FAURE, ERIC. "Puzzling and ambivalent roles of malarial infections in cancer development and progression." Parasitology 143, no. 14 (September 13, 2016): 1811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001591.
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SUMMARYScientific evidence strongly suggests that parasites are directly or indirectly associated with carcinogenesis in humans. However, studies have also indicated that parasites or their products might confer resistance to tumour growth.Plasmodiumprotozoa, the causative agents of malaria, exemplify the ambivalent link between parasites and cancer. Positive relationships between malaria and virus-associated cancers are relatively well-documented; for example, malaria can reactivate the Epstein-Barr Virus, which is the known cause of endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Nevertheless, possible anti-tumour properties of malaria have also been reported and, interestingly, this disease has long been thought to be beneficial to patients suffering from cancers. Current knowledge of the potential pro- and anti-cancer roles of malaria suggests that, contrary to other eukaryotic parasites affecting humans,Plasmodium-related cancers are principally lymphoproliferative disorders and attributable to virus reactivation, whereas, similar to other eukaryotic parasites, the anti-tumour effects of malaria are primarily associated with carcinomas and certain sarcomas. Moreover, malarial infection significantly suppresses murine cancer growth by inducing both innate and specific adaptive anti-tumour responses. This review aims to present an update regarding the ambivalent association between malaria and cancer, and further studies may open future pathways to develop novel strategies for anti-cancer therapies.
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Aung, Pyae Linn, Tepanata Pumpaibool, Than Naing Soe, and Myat Phone Kyaw. "Knowledge, attitude and practice levels regarding malaria among people living in the malaria endemic area of Myanmar." Journal of Health Research 34, no. 1 (November 5, 2019): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-01-2019-0012.
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Purpose Malaria still remains a significant public health problem in Myanmar and it has a complex epidemiology. Evidence-based community awareness raising interventions are also particularly needed. This cross-sectional study was organized to explore the basic characteristics associated with knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding malaria among people living in the most malaria-endemic villages of the Banmauk Township, Sagaing Region, Myanmar. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The Banmauk, one of the most malaria-endemic townships, was selected purposively in order to represent the survey results for people living in malaria hotspots. During the peak malaria season (July 2018), 250 household leaders were invited to be interviewed with structured questionnaires. In addition to descriptive data, the associations were determined by χ2-test and correlation. Findings Overall KAP indicated considerably low percentages of good levels, especially in practice, only 21.6 percent showed good practice, 38.4 percent had good knowledge and 56.8 percent had good attitude. Age (p=0.022) and annual family income (p<0.001) were significantly associated with the knowledge level, whereas having fever attacks among family members in the last two weeks (p=0.023) showed statistical association with attitude at a p-value <0.05. Surprisingly, there were no associated variables with malaria practice. In addition, there were negative correlations between knowledge with attitude and knowledge with practice; however, the results were not significant. Originality/value The overall KAP regarding malaria was at relatively poor levels among people living in malaria transmission areas. Therefore, new approaches to improve malaria KAP are promptly needed in this community.
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Arshad, Abdul Rehman, Imtiaz Bashir, Farhat Ijaz, Nicholas Loh, Suraj Shukla, Ubaid Ur Rehman, and Rana Khurram Aftab. "Is COVID-19 Fatality Rate Associated with Malaria Endemicity?" Discoveries 8, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): e120. http://dx.doi.org/10.15190/d.2020.17.
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COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). COVID-19 has yielded many reported complications and unusual observations. In this article, we have reviewed one such observation: an association between malaria endemicity and reduced reported COVID-19 fatality. Malaria-endemic regions have a significantly lower reported COVID-19 fatality rate as compared to regions where malaria is non-endemic. Statistical analyses show that there is a strong negative correlation between the reported SARS-CoV-2 fatality and endemicity of malaria. In this review, we have discussed the potential role of CD-147, and potential malaria-induced immunity and polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients. Noteworthy, the results may also be due to underreported cases or due to the economic, political, and environmental differences between the malaria endemic and non-endemic countries. The study of this potential relationship might be of great help in COVID-19 therapy and prevention.
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Smerdon, Caroline, and Hyun Kim. "Association of Malnutrition Measures with the Risk of Malaria in Sierra Leone." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_113.
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Abstract Objectives This study examined the relationship between malnutrition and malaria among children under five in Sierra Leone. It was predicted that children who displayed anthropometric indicators for malnutrition (stunting, wasting, underweight) would be at a higher risk for contracting malaria than children who did not. Methods Data on height, weight, malaria status and use of malaria prevention measures were collected from patients aged 1 month to 60 months at Magbenteh Community Hospital in Makeni, Sierra Leone using a survey in July 2019 (n = 153). Multivariate regression models were used in order to determine the association between nutritional status and risk of contracting malaria. Results Participants who were underweight were found to be 18.56% more likely to contract malaria (p-value = 0.029). Non-statistically significant positive correlations were also found between stunting and risk of contracting malaria (7.15% more likely, p-value = 0.446) and wasting and risk of contracting malaria (5.82% more likely, p-value = 0.528). Conclusions The outcomes of this study would contribute to a better understanding of the risk factors for malaria and the relationship between nutritional status and malaria. Understanding this relationship is essential for developing public health interventions in geographic locations where these conditions co-exist. Funding Sources N/A.
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Oyedeji, Olusola Adetunji. "Malaria in a 2-Month-Old HIV-Exposed Nigerian Infant: Challenges of Care." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 18 (January 1, 2019): 232595821984905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958219849052.
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Background: Reports on malaria and HIV coinfections in exposed infants from tropical countries are scarce. Results: The case of a 2-month-old HIV-exposed Nigerian infant who presented with intermittent fever at a Nigerian tertiary hospital is reported. The rarity of the case and the challenges associated with making the diagnosis informed our decision to report the case. Conclusion: Diagnosing malaria in HIV-exposed infants in early infancy requires a high index of suspicion, good knowledge of the clinical presentation, and appropriate microbiological investigations for sepsis and malaria. Further studies need to be conducted on the association between malaria and HIV exposure.
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Tine, Roger C. K., Babacar Faye, Cheikh T. Ndour, Khadime Sylla, Doudou Sow, Magatte Ndiaye, Jean L. Ndiaye, et al. "Parasitic Infections among Children under Five Years in Senegal: Prevalence and Effect on Anaemia and Nutritional Status." ISRN Parasitology 2013 (December 26, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/272701.
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Although malaria is declining in many countries in Africa, malaria and anaemia remain frequent in children. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between malaria parasitaemia, intestinal worms, and anaemia, in children <5 years living in low transmission area in Senegal. A survey was carried out in 30 villages in the central part of Senegal. A two-level random cluster sampling technique was used to select study participant. Children <5 years were enrolled after informed consent. For each child, blood thick and smear tests were performed, haemoglobin concentration was measured with HemoCue, and stool samples were collected and examined using the Ritchie technique. A total of 736 children were recruited. Malaria parasite prevalence was 1.5% (0.7–2.6); anaemia was found in 53.4% (48.2–58.9), while intestinal parasites and stunting represented 26.2% (22.6–30.2) and 22% (18.6–25.5), respectively. In a logistic regression analysis, anaemia was significantly associated with malaria parasitaemia (aOR= 6.3 (1.5–53.5)) and stunting (aOR = 2 (1.2–3.1)); no association was found between intestinal parasites and anaemia. Malaria and anaemia remain closely associated even when malaria is declining. Scaling up antimalarial interventions may contribute to eliminate malaria and reduce the occurrence of anaemia among children.
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Mostafa, Amged G., Naser E. Bilal, Awad-Elkareem Abass, Elhassan M. Elhassan, Ahmed A. Mohmmed, and Ishag Adam. "Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Indicators and Placental Malaria Infection in an Area Characterized by Unstable Malaria Transmission in Central Sudan." Malaria Research and Treatment 2015 (July 30, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/369237.
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This study aimed to investigate coagulation, fibrinolysis indicators, and malaria during pregnancy. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Medani, Sudan. Sociodemographic characteristics were gathered from each parturient woman (163) and malaria was investigated by blood film and placental histology. Protein C, protein S, antithrombin-III, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels (PAI-1) were measured using ELISA. Results. One (0.6%), three (1.8), and 19 (11.7%) of the placentae showed active, chronic, and past infection on a histopathological examination, respectively, while 140 (85.9%) of them showed no signs of malaria infection. While the mean [SD] of the protein C, antithrombin-III, and TFPI was significantly lower, there was no significant difference in protein S and PAI-1 levels in women with placental malaria infection (n=23) compared to those without placental malaria infection (140). In linear regression, placental malaria infection was associated with antithrombin-III. There was no association between placental malaria infections and protein C, protein S, TFPI, and PAI-1 levels. There was no association between hemoglobin, birth weight, and the investigated coagulation and fibrinolysis indicators. Conclusion. This study showed significantly lower levels of protein C, antithrombin-III, and TFPI in women with placental malaria infections.
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Fevang, Per, Kirsten Havemann, Børre Fevang, and Arne T. Høstmark. "Malaria and Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor Associated with Low Levels of Parasitaemia." Malaria Research and Treatment 2018 (September 27, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7153173.
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Background. The relationship between protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and malaria is controversial. While most studies demonstrate that PEM is associated with greater malaria morbidity, some indicate that PEM may in fact have a protective effect. PEM is differentiated into three subgroups: kwashiorkor (marked protein deficiency), marasmus (calorie deficiency), and kwashiorkor/marasmus. None of the studies concerning PEM and malaria seem to distinguish between these subgroups, and significant differences in susceptibility to malaria between these subgroups may have been overlooked. Plasmodium parasites and malaria infected erythrocytes are sensitive to oxidative stress. Since kwashiorkor patients seem to display an excess of prooxidants and as serum albumin is an important antioxidant, we hypothesized that patients with different forms of PEM might have different levels of malaria parasitaemia. Methods. 72 PEM children older than 6 months admitted to Kwale Family Life Training Programme (Kenya) were included in the study. Results. Mean parasitaemia was significantly lower in the kwashiorkor group than in the marasmus group (p < 0,001). There was no correlation between serum albumin and parasitaemia. Conclusion. Our study suggests a protective effect of kwashiorkor against malaria, warranting further studies.
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Chau, Jennifer Y., Caitlin M. Tiffany, Shilpa Nimishakavi, Jessica A. Lawrence, Nazzy Pakpour, Jason P. Mooney, Kristen L. Lokken, George H. Caughey, Renee M. Tsolis, and Shirley Luckhart. "Malaria-Associated l-Arginine Deficiency Induces Mast Cell-Associated Disruption to Intestinal Barrier Defenses against Nontyphoidal Salmonella Bacteremia." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 10 (May 20, 2013): 3515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00380-13.
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ABSTRACTCoinfection with malaria and nontyphoidalSalmonellaserotypes (NTS) can cause life-threatening bacteremia in humans. Coinfection with malaria is a recognized risk factor for invasive NTS, suggesting that malaria impairs intestinal barrier function. Here, we investigated mechanisms and strategies for prevention of coinfection pathology in a mouse model. Our findings reveal that malarial-parasite-infected mice, like humans, developl-arginine deficiency, which is associated with intestinal mastocytosis, elevated levels of histamine, and enhanced intestinal permeability. Prevention or reversal ofl-arginine deficiency blunts mastocytosis in ileal villi as well as bacterial translocation, measured as numbers of mesenteric lymph node CFU of noninvasiveEscherichia coliNissle andSalmonella entericaserotype Typhimurium, the latter of which is naturally invasive in mice. Dietary supplementation of malarial-parasite-infected mice withl-arginine orl-citrulline reduced levels of ileal transcripts encoding interleukin-4 (IL-4), a key mediator of intestinal mastocytosis and macromolecular permeability. Supplementation withl-citrulline also enhanced epithelial adherens and tight junctions in the ilea of coinfected mice. These data suggest that increasingl-arginine bioavailability via oral supplementation can ameliorate malaria-induced intestinal pathology, providing a basis for testing nutritional interventions to reduce malaria-associated mortality in humans.
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Alemu, Getaneh, and Mohammedaman Mama. "Assessing ABO/Rh Blood Group Frequency and Association with Asymptomatic Malaria among Blood Donors Attending Arba Minch Blood Bank, South Ethiopia." Malaria Research and Treatment 2016 (January 27, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8043768.
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Background. Determination of the various ABO/Rh blood group distributions and their association with malaria infection has paramount importance in the context of transfusion medicine and malaria control. Methods. Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2015, to assess ABO/Rh blood groups distribution and their association with asymptomatic malaria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Blood grouping was done using monoclonal antibodies. Thin and thick blood films were examined for Plasmodium parasites. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results. A total of 416 blood donors participated with median age of 22±0.29 (median ± standard error of the mean). Distribution of ABO phenotypes, in decreasing order, was O (175, 42.1%), A (136, 32.7%), B (87, 20.9%), and AB (18, 4.3%). Most of them were Rh+ (386, 92.8%). The overall malaria prevalence was 4.1% (17/416). ABO blood group is significantly associated with malaria infection (P=0.022). High rate of parasitemia was seen in blood group O donors (6.899, P=0.003) compared to those with other ABO blood groups. Conclusion. Blood groups O and AB phenotypes are the most and the least ABO blood groups, respectively. There is significant association between ABO blood group and asymptomatic malaria parasitemia.
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Aliyo, Alqeer, Wako Golicha, and Anteneh Fikrie. "Pastoral Community Malaria Prevention Practice and Associated Factors Among Households in Three Districts of the Borena Zone, Southern Ethiopia." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 10 (January 2023): 233339282211445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23333928221144555.
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Background Malaria infection remains one of the major global and national public health threats, affecting millions of people yearly by causing substantial morbidity and mortality. In developing countries, higher proportions of poor malaria prevention and control measure both regionally and nationally, particularly in pastoral community areas of southern Ethiopia. Objective The study aimed to assess malaria preventive practices and associated factors among households of pastoral communities in Borena zone, Oromia regional state, Southern Ethiopia, 2022. Methodology A community-based cross-sectional study design was used from March first to 30, 2022, among 421 selected simple random sampling households in pastoral communities of the Borena zone. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a structured pretested questionnaire and visual observation for household malaria prevention practices. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with malaria preventive practices. Finally, adjusted odd ratio (AOR) together with 95% confidence intervals was used, and a P value of less than 0.05 indicated an overall statistical association. Result The overall malaria prevention rate among pastoral community households was 31.6%(133) [95%; CI = 27.2–36.4]. The factors significantly associated with malaria prevention practice were malaria prevention knowledge [AOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.5] and the absence of plasmodium parasites among children [AOR = 4.3, 95% CI = 2.8–8.7]. However, households staying outdoors at night [AOR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3–1.0] were negatively associated with household malaria prevention. A total of 200 (47.5%) households had used insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN) and 5(1.2%) households had indoor residual sprays (IRS). Conclusion The study revealed lower malaria prevention practices among households of the pastoral community. The government and other concerned bodies should contribute to malaria prevention measures in pastoral remote areas. Health extension workers should have to create awareness in the communities to avoid incorrect use of the ITN.
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Enock, N., S. M. Pukuma, L. M. Augustine, L. B. Gundiri, N. M. Zamdayu, and J. L. Daniel. "Prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Yola North, Adamawa State, Nigeria." Zoologist (The) 18, no. 1 (April 8, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.4.
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This study determined the prevalence and associated risk factors of malaria infection among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Yola North, Adamawa State, Nigeria, between December 2017 and April 2018. Both direct microscopy and rapid diagnostic test were employed in this study to establish infection. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information from the participants. The study showed that 63 pregnant women were positive for malaria infection out of the 270 sampled. Overall malaria prevalence of 23.3% was recorded during this study. There was no significant association between malaria infection and the clinics sampled (p>0.05). Results have shown that the prevalence was relatively low, and this could be attributed to low transmission rate of malaria during dry season in Adamawa State. In relation to parity, prevalence of malaria were; primigravidae (21.6%), secundravidae (20.0%) and multigravidae (26.7%). Similarly, in relation to gestational age prevalence was first trimester (27.9%), second trimester (25.0%) and thirdtrimester (20.0%). There were no significant associations between malaria infection, parity and gestational age (p>0.05). The age-group 38 ≥ years had highest prevalence while 15-23 years had least. There was no significant association between malaria infection, educational level and occupation (p>0.05). Relating to the participants occupation, prevalence of malaria was reported as 30.0, 22.9 and 23.5% for civil servants, unemployed and business respectively. It is therefore recommended that early attendance and utilization of focused antenatal care services by all pregnant women will reduce the risk of malaria in pregnancy.
Keywords: Risk factors; malaria; pregnant women; antenatal; Yola North.
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Getaneh, Fantahun, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Wossenseged Lemma, and Yalewayker Tegegne. "Malaria Parasitemia in Febrile Patients Mono- and Coinfected with Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Attending Sanja Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia." Journal of Parasitology Research 2020 (February 4, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9891870.
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Background. Malaria is a life-threatening disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Helminths are among the most widespread infectious agents prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the developing world. Malaria and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) are coendemic and major public health problems in Ethiopia. The effects of helminth coinfection on malaria parasitemia remained poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess malaria parasitemia among malaria-monoinfected and malaria-soil-transmitted helminthiasis–coinfected febrile patients attending Sanja Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study with parallel groups was conducted to assess malaria parasitemia among malaria-monoinfected and malaria-soil-transmitted helminthiasis–coinfected febrile patients in Sanja Hospital from January to March 2019. Double population proportion formula was used for sample size calculation, and convenient sampling technique was used to select 134 study participants. Data were entered and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed. A P value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results. From 134 malaria-positive study participants, 67 were malaria-monoinfected and 67 were malaria-STHs–coinfected patients. Out of 67 malaria STHs-coinfected patients, 54 (80.6%) were infected with hookworm followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 11 (16.4%) and Strongyloides stercoralis 2 (3%). The mean Plasmodium parasite density was significantly higher in malaria-STHs–coinfected patients than in patients infected with only Plasmodium parasites (P=0.027). The intensities of hookworm infection showed a positive association with Plasmodium parasite densities (F=6.953, P=0.002). Conclusions. Infections with STHs, especially hookworm, were positively associated with Plasmodium parasite density. The current study finding also revealed that increased worm burden of hookworm as expressed by egg intensity had significantly increased Plasmodium parasite density.
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Amoako-Sakyi, Daniel, Selorme Adukpo, Kwadwo A. Kusi, Daniel Dodoo, Michael F. Ofori, George O. Adjei, Dominic E. Edoh, et al. "A STAT6 Intronic Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism is Associated with Clinical Malaria in Ghanaian Children." Genetics & Epigenetics 8 (January 2016): GEG.S38307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/geg.s38307.
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Malaria pathogenesis may be influenced by IgE responses and cytokine cross-regulation. Several mutations in the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway can alter cytokine cross-regulation and IgE responses during a Plasmodium falciparum malarial infection. This study investigated the relationship between a STAT6 intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs3024974), total IgE, cytokines, and malaria severity in 238 Ghanaian children aged between 0.5 and 13 years. Total IgE and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA, while genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Compared with healthy controls, heterozygosity protected against clinical malaria: uncomplicated malaria (odds ratios [OR] = 0.13, P < 0.001), severe malarial anemia (OR = 0.18, P < 0.001), and cerebral malaria (OR = 0.39, P = 0.022). Levels of total IgE significantly differed among malaria phenotypes (P = 0.044) and rs3024974 genotypes (P = 0.037). Neither cytokine levels nor IL-6/IL-10 ratios were associated with malaria phenotypes or rs3024974 genotypes. This study suggests a role for rs3024974 in malaria pathogenesis and offers further insights into an IL-4/STAT6 pathway mutation in malaria pathogenesis.
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Abdelwahab, Salih, Abdelsalam MA Nail, and GadAllah Osman Modawe. "The Association between CRP Levels with Comorbidities, Species, and Complications of Severe Malaria." AL-Kindy College Medical Journal 18, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47723/kcmj.v18i3.867.
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Background: Malaria remains a leading cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (including Sudan). C-reactive protein (CRP) is useful as a marker of severity in malaria. African studies have shown that serum CRP levels correlate with parasite burden and complications in malaria, especially falciparum. However, there are no data on CRP levels in Sudanese malaria patients. This study aims to evaluate the association between CRP levels with comorbidities, species, and complications of severe malaria Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 65 severe malaria patients at Khartoum state hospitals during the period from April to June2021. Manifestations of severe malaria were defined according to WHO criteria. Data regarding demographics, presenting symptoms & signs, laboratory investigations, complications, length of hospital stay and outcomes were collected. CRP was classified as elevated when the measured level was >10 mg/l. Results: Among 65 patients, 33(50.8%) were females and 32(49.2%) were males, and mean age was 48±21 years. The main manifestation of severe malaria diagnosis criteria was anemia in 26(40%) patients. Most of the patients had density 1+ (n=53; 81.5%) and were infected by P. falciparum (n=61; 93.8%). The overall case fatality rate for malaria was 8% (n=15 patients). The mean of CRP was 72±57 mg/L and 84% (n=55) of patients had elevated levels above 10 mg/L (ranged from 10-100 mg/L in 52%, and above 100 mg/L in 32%). The elevated CRP levels were significantly DM (P= 0.048), high malaria parasite density in blood film (P= 0.001), P. falciparum (P= 0.33), presence of complications (P= 0.001) and death (P= 0.003) Conclusion: Elevated CRP levels were found in a considerable proportion of severe malaria patients. CRP is an effective biomarker in assessing malaria severity and poor prognosis in term of complications development and mortality.
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Mendonça, Vitor R. R., Nívea F. Luz, Nadja J. G. Santos, Valéria M. Borges, Marilda S. Gonçalves, Bruno B. Andrade, and Manoel Barral-Netto. "Association between the Haptoglobin and Heme Oxygenase 1 Genetic Profiles and Soluble CD163 in Susceptibility to and Severity of Human Malaria." Infection and Immunity 80, no. 4 (January 30, 2012): 1445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05933-11.
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ABSTRACTIntravascular hemolysis is a hallmark event in the immunopathology of malaria that results in increased systemic concentrations of free hemoglobin (Hb). The oxidation of Hb by free radicals causes the release of heme, which amplifies inflammation. To circumvent the detrimental effects of free heme, hosts have developed several homeostatic mechanisms, including the enzyme haptoglobin (Hp), which scavenges cell-free Hb, the monocyte receptor CD163, which binds to Hb-Hp complexes, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which degrades intracellular free heme. We tested the association between these three main components of the host response to hemolysis and susceptibility to malaria in a Brazilian population. The genetic profiles of theHMOX1andHpgenes and the plasma levels of a serum inflammatory marker, the soluble form of the CD163 receptor (sCD163), were studied in 264 subjects, including 78 individuals with symptomatic malaria, 106 individuals with asymptomatic malaria, and 80 uninfected individuals. We found that long (GT)nrepeats in the microsatellite polymorphism region of theHMOX1gene, theHp2allele, and theHp2.2genotype were associated with symptomatic malaria. Moreover, increased plasma concentrations of heme, Hp, HO-1, and sCD163 were associated with susceptibility to malaria. The validation of these results could support the development of targeted therapies and aid in reducing the severity of malaria.
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Ernst, Kacey, Mona Arora, and Stephen Munga. "Ownership and disuse of bed nets in Kenyan children under five years of age." Malaria Reports 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/malaria.2012.e1.
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Recent campaigns to increase the percentage of households owning a bed net have been very successful yet there remains a subset of the population who do not sleep under bed nets. We used data from the 2008 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) to compare children under the age of five years of age who slept under any bed net to children sleeping without a bed net who resided in households with: i) no bed net; ii) all bed nets used (intra-household access); and iii) at least one unused bed net. Ownership, intra-household access, and non-use of available bed nets were all associated with the child’s age and the mother’s relationship to the head of the household. Intra-household access was strongly associated with provincial residence, where the child was born and frequency of reading newspapers. Furthermore, disuse of available nets for children was associated with marital status, bed net use of the head of the household, and residing in rural communities at higher elevations. Improving bed net/long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLIN) use in Kenya requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses the complexity of the behavioral, social and economic drivers of non-use.
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Guha, Rajan, Gunjan Arora, Shanping Li, Didier Doumtabe, Ogobara k. Doumbo, Safiatou Doumbo, Kassoum Kayentao, Aissata Ongoiba, Boubacar Traore, and Peter D. Crompton. "Repeated malaria exposures associate with skewing of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype." Journal of Immunology 202, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2019): 126.7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.126.7.
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Abstract In malaria-naïve individuals, P. falciparum (Pf) infection results in numerous Pf-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) that trigger systemic inflammation and fever. Conversely, repeatedly infected individuals in endemic areas are often asymptomatic and have low levels of iRBCs, even children who have yet to acquire reliably protective antibodies. The molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations are unclear. PBMCs collected from Malian children before the malaria season responded to iRBCs by producing pyrogenic, pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. However, following febrile malaria there was a marked shift in the response to iRBCs with the same children’s PBMCs producing lower levels of those cytokines. These data suggest that malaria-induced epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells may play a role in immunity to malaria. Accordingly, age-stratified analysis of monocytes collected before the malaria season showed an inverse relationship between age and pro-inflammatory cytokine production capacity. Monocytes of Malian adults expressed higher levels of CD163 and arginase1, associated with a regulatory phenotype. These observations were recapitulated with an in vitro system of monocyte-macrophage differentiation whereby re-exposure to iRBCs was associated with diminished expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and a corresponding decrease in epigenetic markers of active gene transcription (i.e. H3K4me3) at the TSS of the same pro-inflammatory mediators. Together these data support the hypothesis that epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages toward a regulatory phenotype contributes to clinical immunity to malaria.
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Dev, Nishanth, Jhuma Sankar, and B. Lall. "Evaluation of complications and factors associated with multi-organ dysfunction in malaria: a cross sectional study." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 5, no. 4 (July 23, 2018): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20183127.
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Background: Prevalence of complications in malaria continues to grow even with reducing number of malaria cases. Complications associated with malaria can involve multiple organs. There is paucity of literature on factors associated with multi organ dysfunction in different types of malaria.Methods: Our aim was to study the clinical profile of complications in different types of malaria with specific focus on multi-organ dysfunction (MODS). In this cross-sectional study confirmed cases of malaria were enrolled.Results: Plasmodium vivax malaria was the predominant type seen in 74.1% cases. The overall prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 61.5%, hepatic dysfunction 58%, cerebral malaria 16.1%, Hypoglycemia 7.5%, bleeding 34.5%, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 5.7% and acute kidney injury (AKI) 49.4%. Hypoglycemia was significantly higher in mixed malaria (0.025, p = 0.025). Hepatic dysfunction and hyperbilirubinemia were significantly higher in mixed malaria (p=0.001). Mortality was seen in mixed malaria (p = 0.007). Only those with mixed malaria died (13%). Patients with MODS had higher prevalence of rashes (p <0.0001) and cerebral malaria (p = 0.000). Serum levels of urea, creatinine, Bilirubin, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were significantly higher in patients with MODS (p<0.0001 for all variables). On evaluating factors associated with multi-organ dysfunction presence of cerebral malaria [OR: 6.4 (95% CI): 2.4 to 17.4; p<0.0001], type of malaria (Vivax or Falciparum or both) [1.77 (1.03 to 3.03); p=0.0038], and hypoglycemia [4.4 (1.08 to 17.8); p=0.038] were statistically significant on multivariate analysis.Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the factors associated with multi organ dysfunction and its impact on clinical outcome in different types of malaria.
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Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Carlos Altez-Fernandez, and Cesar Ugarte-Gil. "Is diabetes associated with malaria and malaria severity? A systematic review of observational studies." Wellcome Open Research 4 (November 22, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15467.2.
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Background: We conducted a systematic review to study the association between diabetes and malaria as well as malaria severity. Methods: The search was conducted in Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts were screened, full-text studied and information extracted for qualitative synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I criteria. The exposure was diabetes and the outcome malaria or malaria severity. Results: Of 1992 results, three studies were included (n=7,226). Two studies found strong associations: people with diabetes had higher odds of malaria (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.46 (95% CI: 1.06-2.03)) and severe malaria (aOR: 2.98 (95% CI: 1.25-7.09)). One study did not find conclusive evidence: aOR for severe malaria was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71-1.28). Risk of bias was high in all the studies. Conclusions: Although the available evidence on the association between diabetes and malaria is limited, the results may suggest there is a non-trivial positive relationship between these conditions.
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Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M., Carlos Altez-Fernandez, and Cesar Ugarte-Gil. "Is diabetes associated with malaria and malaria severity? A systematic review of observational studies." Wellcome Open Research 4 (December 11, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15467.3.
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Background: We conducted a systematic review to study the association between diabetes and malaria as well as malaria severity. Methods: The search was conducted in Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts were screened, full-text studied and information extracted for qualitative synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I criteria. The exposure was diabetes and the outcome malaria or malaria severity. Results: Of 1992 results, three studies were included (n=7,226). Two studies found strong associations: people with diabetes had higher odds of malaria (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.46 (95% CI: 1.06-2.03)) and severe malaria (aOR: 2.98 (95% CI: 1.25-7.09)). One study did not find conclusive evidence: aOR for severe malaria was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71-1.28). Risk of bias was high in all the studies. Conclusions: Although the available evidence on the association between diabetes and malaria is limited, the results may suggest there is a non-trivial positive relationship between these conditions.
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Nalwoga, Angela, Stephen Cose, Katie Wakeham, Wendell Miley, Juliet Ndibazza, Christopher Drakeley, Alison Elliott, Denise Whitby, and Robert Newton. "Association between malaria exposure and Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpes virus seropositivity in Uganda." Tropical Medicine & International Health 20, no. 5 (February 9, 2015): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12464.
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Rotejanaprasert, Chawarat, Duncan Lee, Nattwut Ekapirat, Prayuth Sudathip, and Richard J. Maude. "Spatiotemporal distributed lag modelling of multiple Plasmodium species in a malaria elimination setting." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 30, no. 1 (January 2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280220938977.
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In much of the Greater Mekong Sub-region, malaria is now confined to patches and small foci of transmission. Malaria transmission is seasonal with the spatiotemporal patterns being associated with variation in environmental and climatic factors. However, the possible effect at different lag periods between meteorological variables and clinical malaria has not been well studied in the region. Thus, in this study we developed distributed lagged modelling accounting for spatiotemporal excessive zero cases in a malaria elimination setting. A multivariate framework was also extended to incorporate multiple data streams and investigate the spatiotemporal patterns from multiple parasite species via their lagged association with climatic variables. A simulation study was conducted to examine robustness of the methodology and a case study is provided of weekly data of clinical malaria cases at sub-district level in Thailand.
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Nogueira, Paulo Afonso, Fabiana Piovesan Alves, Carmen Fernandez-Becerra, Oliver Pein, Neida Rodrigues Santos, Luiz Hildebrando Pereira da Silva, Erney Plessman Camargo, and Hernando A. del Portillo. "A Reduced Risk of Infection with Plasmodium vivax and Clinical Protection against Malaria Are Associated with Antibodies against the N Terminus but Not the C Terminus of Merozoite Surface Protein 1." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 5 (May 2006): 2726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.5.2726-2733.2006.
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ABSTRACT Progress towards the development of a malaria vaccine against Plasmodium vivax, the most widely distributed human malaria parasite, will require a better understanding of the immune responses that confer clinical protection to patients in regions where malaria is endemic. The occurrence of clinical protection in P. vivax malaria in Brazil was first reported among residents of the riverine community of Portuchuelo, in Rondônia, western Amazon. We thus analyzed immune sera from this same human population to determine if naturally acquired humoral immune responses against the merozoite surface protein 1 of P. vivax, PvMSP1, could be associated with reduced risk of infection and/or clinical protection. Our results demonstrated that this association could be established with anti-PvMSP1 antibodies predominantly of the immunoglobulin G3 subclass directed against the N terminus but not against the C terminus, in spite of the latter being more immunogenic and capable of natural boosting. This is the first report of a prospective study of P. vivax malaria demonstrating an association of reduced risk of infection and clinical protection with antibodies against an antigen of this parasite.