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DERESSA, WAKGARI, AHMED ALI, and DAMEN HAILEMARIAM. "MALARIA-RELATED HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AND CHALLENGES FOR CARE PROVIDERS IN RURAL ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTROL." Journal of Biosocial Science 40, no. 1 (January 2008): 115–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007002374.
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SummaryA range of activities are currently underway to improve access to malaria prevention and control interventions. As disease control strategies change over time, it is crucial to understand the health-seeking behaviour and the local socio-cultural context in which the changes in interventions operate. This paper reflects on how people in an area of seasonal malaria perceive the causes and transmission of the disease, and what prevention and treatment measures they practise to cope with the disease. It also highlights some of the challenges of malaria treatment for health care providers. The study was undertaken in 2003 in Adami Tulu District in south-central Ethiopia, where malaria is a major health problem. Pre-tested structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were conducted among men and women. Malaria, locally known as busa, was perceived as the most important cause of ill health in the area. Respondent’s perception and knowledge about the cause and transmission of the disease were relatively high. The newly introduced insecticide-treated nets were not popular in the area, and only 6·4% of households possessed at least one. The results showed that patients use multiple sources of health care for malaria treatment. Public health facilities, private clinics and community health workers were the main providers of malaria treatment. Despite higher treatment costs, people preferred to use private health care providers for malaria treatment due to the higher perceived quality of care they offer. In conclusion, effort in the prevention and control of malaria should be intensified through addressing not only public facilities, but also the private sector and community-based control interventions. Appropriate and relevant information on malaria should be disseminated to the local community. The authors propose the provision of effective antimalarial drugs and malaria prevention tools such as subsidized or free insecticide-treated nets.
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Menjetta, Tadesse. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Prevention and Control of Malaria in Halaba Town, Southern Ethiopia, 2017." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (August 31, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5665000.
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Background. Malaria is one of the primary public health problems in Ethiopia. Therefore, assessment of situation of the disease and communities’ knowledge and perceptions about this disease is necessary to introduce appropriate preventive and control measures. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards malaria in Halaba town, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Halaba town from June 2017 to September 2017. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A total of 421 were interviewed to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practice towards malaria. Results. About 280 (66.5%) respondents had ever heard of malaria. Most of the respondents (63.4%) attributed the cause of malaria to mosquito bites. However, some of the respondents (36.6%) mentioned contact with malaria patients, lack of personal hygiene, staying together, and transmission via breathing as the causes of malaria. Sleeping under mosquito nets, draining stagnant water, and indoor residual spraying were the most frequently mentioned malaria preventive measures perceived and practiced by the respondents. Conclusions. A high level of knowledge about the cause, transmission, and preventive methods of malaria was detected among the community in Halaba town. However, a significant proportion had misconceptions about the cause and transmission of malaria suggesting the necessity of health education to raise the community’s awareness about the disease.
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Nureye, Dejen, and Solomon Assefa. "Old and Recent Advances in Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Malaria Including Perspectives in Ethiopia." Scientific World Journal 2020 (February 14, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1295381.
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Malaria, caused by apicomplexan parasite, is an old disease and continues to be a major public health threat in many countries. This article aims to present different aspects of malaria including causes, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment in an articulate and comprehensive manner. Six Plasmodium species are recognized as the etiology of human malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is popular in East and Southern Africa. Malaria is transmitted mainly through Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, the two most effective malaria vectors in the world. Half of the world’s population is at risk for malaria infection. Globally, the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria have become decreased even though few reports in Ethiopia showed high prevalence of malaria. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle that takes place both inside the mosquito and human beings. Generally, diagnosis of malaria is classified into clinical and parasitological diagnoses. Lack of clear understanding on the overall biology of Plasmodium has created a challenge in an effort to develop new drugs, vaccines, and preventive methods against malaria. However, three types of vaccines and a lot of novel compounds are under perclinical and clinical studies that are triggered by the occurrence of resistance among commonly used drugs and insecticides. Antiadhesion adjunctive therapies are also under investigation in the laboratory. In addition to previously known targets for diagnostic tool, vaccine and drug discovery scientists from all corner of the world are in search of new targets and chemical entities.
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Argaw, Mesele Damte, Asfawesen GebreYohannes Woldegiorgis, Habtamu Aderaw Workineh, Berhane Alemayhu Akelom, Mesfin Eshetu Abebe, Derebe Tadesse Abate, and Eshetu Gezahegn Ashenafi. "Access to malaria prevention and control interventions among seasonal migrant workers: A multi-region formative assessment in Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): e0246251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246251.
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Background Mobile or seasonal migrant workers are at increased risk for acquiring malaria infections and can be the primary source of malaria reintroduction into receptive areas. The aim of this formative assessment was to describe access to malaria prevention and control interventions among seasonal migrant or mobile workers in seven regional states of Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional formative assessment was conducted using a qualitative and quantitative mixed-method design, between October 2015 and October 2016. Quantitative data were collected from organizations that employ seasonal migrant workers and were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and ArcGIS 10.8 (Geo-spatial data). Qualitative data were collected using in-depth interview from 23 key informants (7 seasonal migrant workers, and 16 experts and managers of development projects who had hired seasonal migrant workers), which were recorded, transcribed, translated, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results There were 1,017,888 seasonal migrant workers employed in different developmental organizations including large-scale crop cultivating farms, sugar cane plantations, horticulture, road and house construction work, and gold mining and panning. Seasonal migrant workers’ housing facilities were poorly structured and overcrowded (30 people living per 64 square meter room) limiting the use of indoor residual spraying (IRS), and forcing seasonal migrant workers not to use long lasting insecticidal treated nets (LLINs). Seasonal migrant workers are engaged in nighttime activities when employment includes watering farmlands, harvesting sesame, and transporting sugar cane from the field to factories. Despite such high-risk living conditions, access and utilization of preventive and curative services by the seasonal workers were limited. Informal migrant worker employment systems by development organizations and inadequate technical and financial support coupled with poor supply chain management limited the planning and delivery of malaria prevention and treatment strategies targeting seasonal migrant workers. Conclusions Seasonal migrant workers in seven regions of Ethiopia were at substantial risk of acquiring malaria. Existing malaria prevention, control and management interventions were inadequate. This will contribute to the resurgence of outbreaks of malaria in areas where transmission has been lowered. A coordinated action is needed among all stakeholders to identify the size of seasonal migrant workers and develop and implement a comprehensive strategy to address their healthcare needs.
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Jima, Daddi, Asefaw Getachew, Hana Bilak, Richard W. Steketee, Paul M. Emerson, Patricia M. Graves, Teshome Gebre, Richard Reithinger, and Jimee Hwang. "Malaria indicator survey 2007, Ethiopia: coverage and use of major malaria prevention and control interventions." Malaria Journal 9, no. 1 (2010): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-9-58.
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Kendie, Fasil Adugna, Tamirat Hailegebriel W/kiros, Endalkachew Nibret Semegn, and Melaku Wale Ferede. "Prevalence of Malaria among Adults in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021 (March 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8863002.
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Background. Malaria is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical and subtropical regions. The bulk of the global malaria burden is in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ethiopia. Malaria adversely affects the health of the peoples as well as the economic development of many developing countries including Ethiopia. Methods. This review article was reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Related published articles were searched from online public databases, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The search approach used to retrieve related articles were “prevalence,” “malaria,” “adults,” and “Ethiopia.” The quality of articles was assessed using Joana Brigg’s Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. The meta-analysis was computed using STATA version 14. The pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence interval were analyzed using a random-effect model, and the possible source of heterogeneity across studies was indicated through subgroup analysis, inverse of variance (I2), and time series analysis. The presence of publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger’s regression test. Results. Out of 144 studies collected, only eight full-text articles were screened and included in the final quantitative meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of malaria among adults in Ethiopia was 13.61%. Subgroup analysis based on types of malaria cases showed that the prevalence of malaria among symptomatic and asymptomatic adults was 15.34% and 11.99%, respectively. Similarly, regional subgroup analysis showed that the highest malaria prevalence was recorded in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) (16.17%) followed by Oromia Regional State (13.11%) and Amhara Regional State (12.41%). Discussion and Conclusion. The current systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of malaria among adults was found to be greater than the general population and nearly equal to pregnant women. Therefore, the current prevention and control measures, which are related to both vectors and parasites, should be strengthened.
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Tegegne, Yalewayker, Abebaw Worede, Adane Derso, and Sintayehu Ambachew. "The Prevalence of Malaria among Children in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (April 13, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6697294.
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Background. Malaria is one of the most public health important and life-threatening parasitic infections caused by the protozoan parasite. Since children are immunologically naive to the malaria parasite, they are the main vulnerable groups. During malaria infection, they might have a complication of anemia, cerebral malaria, coma, respiratory distress, and a decrease in cognitive and behavioral improvement. Therefore, this review was aimed at determining the pooled prevalence of malaria among children in Ethiopia. Methods. The current systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted based on the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guideline. Electronic bibliographic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used for searching relevant literature. Besides, the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. Using the STATA 14 software, the pooled Meta logistic regression was computed to present the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Result. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of malaria among children in Ethiopia was 9.07 (95% CI: 6.32, 11.82). Subgroup analysis based on malaria signs and symptoms showed that the pooled prevalence of malaria among asymptomatic and symptomatic children was 6.67% (95% CI: 0.36, 12.98) and 27.17% (95% CI: 18.59, 35.76), respectively. Conclusion. The findings revealed a high prevalence of malaria among children in Ethiopia. As a result, still there is a need of improving and rechecking the existing malaria prevention and control measures of the country.
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Tegegne, Yalewayker, Daniel Asmelash, Sintayehu Ambachew, Setegn Eshetie, Ayenew Addisu, and Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke. "The Prevalence of Malaria among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Parasitology Research 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8396091.
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Background. Malaria during pregnancy remains a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical countries. Moreover, malaria is increasingly associated with unwanted pregnancy outcomes such as an increased risk of abortion, stillbirth, premature delivery, and low-birthweight infants. Since pregnant women are most vulnerable to malaria, implementation of the appropriate prevention and control measures among this group is very important. Therefore, the current review was designed to assess the prevalence of both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria among pregnant women in Ethiopia.Method. In this systematic review and meta-analysis we have followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The databases used were PubMed, Google Scholar, HINARI, and Science Direct literature. Search terms used were “prevalence”, “malaria”, “pregnant women”, and “Ethiopia”. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 14 software. The pooled meta-logistic regression was computed to present the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Result. Among a total of 10207 studies, seven studies were included in this analysis. The estimated pooled prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Ethiopia was 12.72% (95% CI: 7.45, 17.98). In subgroup analysis, the prevalence of malaria showed a significant variation between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, which was 7.83% (95% CI: 2.23, 13.43) and 17.97% (95% CI: 7.31, 28.92), respectively.Conclusion. The current systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of malaria among pregnant women was found to be relatively higher compared with the general population. Therefore, the existing prevention and control measures should be strengthen.
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Worku, Ligabaw, Demekech Damtie, Mengistu Endris, Sisay Getie, and Mulugeta Aemero. "Asymptomatic Malaria and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Sanja Town, Northwest Ethiopia." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (September 17, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/303269.
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Introduction. Asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in highly endemic areas of Africa and is new challenge for malaria prevention and control strategies. Objective. To determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated risk factors among school children in Sanja Town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2013, on 385 school children selected using stratified proportionate systematic sampling technique. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and associated risk factors. Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films were examined for detection, identification, and quantification of malaria parasites. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Multivariate logistic regression was done for assessing associated risk factors and proportions for categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. P values less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Results. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 6.8% (n=26). The majority of parasitemic study participants had low parasite density 65.5% (17/26). Level of grade, age, bed net usage, and frequent exposure to malaria infection were associated with risk of asymptomatic malaria. Conclusion. Asymptomatic malaria was low in this study area and is associated with level of grade, age, bed net usage, and frequent exposure to malaria infection.
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Deress, Teshiwal, and Mekonnen Girma. "Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Prevalence in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Malaria Research and Treatment 2019 (December 3, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7065064.
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Background. Malaria is a protozoan disease caused by the Plasmodium species. Among the five Plasmodium species known to infect human beings, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria are by far the most predominant and widely distributed in Ethiopia. Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in the sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. It is also a major obstacle to socio-economic development in the country. Methods. Articles were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases. The pooled prevalence estimates were analyzed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model and the possible sources of heterogeneity were evaluated through subgroup analysis, metaregression, and sensitivity analysis. Publication bias was analyzed using funnel plots and Egger’s test statistics. The data management and analysis were done using STATA 15.1 version software. Results. Among 922 studies initially identified, thirty-five full-text articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in the study. The combined, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections pooled prevalence estimates were 25.8% (95% CI: 21.3, 30.4), 14.7% (95% CI: 11.4, 18.1), 8.7% (95% CI: 7.0, 10.4), and 1.2% (95% CI: 20.7, 29.9), respectively. Based on agro-ecological subgroup analysis, the highest malaria prevalence (37.6%) was obtained from studies conducted on mixed regions of low lands and midlands while the least (20.7%) was from low lands. In Ethiopia, malaria transmission is seasonal, variable, and coincides with the peak agricultural activities that greatly affected the country’s socio-economic development. Conclusions. This systematic review and meta-analysis showed a high malaria prevalence in Ethiopia. Therefore, previous prevention and control measures should be revised and/or strengthened as appropriate and new strategies should be implemented. In addition, technical, financial and material support, and coordination of the regional capacity building and logistics should be adequately implemented.
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Minwuyelet, Awoke, and Yibeltal Aschale. "Analysis of Five-Year Trend of Malaria at Bichena Primary Hospital, Amhara Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (January 28, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6699373.
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Background. Malaria is a life-threating infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. The WHO African region bears the largest burden of malaria morbidity and mortality every year. Prevention and control activity of malaria in Ethiopia is implemented as guided by a national strategic plan to decrease malaria burden. This study is aimed at assessing the five-year trend of malaria at Bichena Primary Hospital. Method. A retrospective study was conducted at Bichena Primary Hospital to assess the five-year (2015-2019) trend of malaria by reviewing blood film reports from a laboratory logbook. Result. In a five-year period, 9182 blood films were requested for malaria diagnosis of whom 53.8% were males and 41% were in the age group 15-29. The overall prevalence of malaria was 9.28% ( n = 852 ), P. falciparum being the dominant malaria species. The highest peaks of total malaria cases were observed in 2016 and in December, and the lowest peaks were observed in 2018 and March (mean annual case 170.4; mean monthly case 14.2), and there was a statistically significant year and monthly variation of malaria cases ( P < 0.001 ). Malaria was reported in both sexes and all age groups; of which, males and the age group 15-29 years old consist the highest number of malaria cases ( P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Malaria remains an important public health problem in the study area, and a significant fluctuation was noticed in a five-year period, P. falciparum being slightly the dominant malaria species. Successive efforts are still required to reduce malaria burden to a level that has no longer public health effect.
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Boltena, Minyahil Tadesse, Ziad El-Khatib, Abraham Sahlemichael Kebede, Benedict Oppong Asamoah, Andualem Tadesse Boltena, Melese Yeshambaw, and Mulatu Biru. "Comorbidity of Geo-Helminthes among Malaria Outpatients of the Health Facilities in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030862.
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Background: Coinfection of malaria and intestinal helminths affects one third of the global population, largely among communities with severe poverty. The spread of these parasitic infections overlays in several epidemiological locations and the host shows different outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis determine the pooled prevalence of malaria and intestinal helminthiases coinfections among malaria suspected patients in Ethiopia. Methods: Primary studies published in English language were retrieved using appropriate search terms on Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, CINHAL, Scopus, and Embase. The Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. A pooled statistical meta-analysis was conducted using STATA Version 14.0 software. The heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using the I2 statistics and Egger’s test, respectively. Duval and Tweedie’s nonparametric trim and fill analysis using the random-effect analysis. The Random effects model was used to estimate the summary prevalence of comorbidity of malaria and soil transmitted helminthiases and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). The review protocol has registered in PROSPERO number CRD42019144803. Results: We identified ten studies (n = 6633 participants) in this study. The overall pooled result showed 13% of the ambulatory patients infected by malaria and intestinal helminths concurrently in Ethiopia. The pooled prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and mixed infections were 12, 30, and 6%, respectively. The most common intestinal helminth parasites detected were Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Tirchuris trichiura. Conclusions: The comorbidity of malaria and intestinal helminths causes lower hemoglobin level leading to maternal anemia, preterm delivery, and still birth in pregnant women and lactating mother. School-aged children and neonates coinfected by plasmodium species and soil transmitted helminths develop cognitive impairment, protein energy malnutrition, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and gross motor delay. The Ministry of Health of Ethiopia and its international partners working on malaria elimination programs should give more emphasis to the effect of the interface of malaria and soil transmitted helminths, which calls for an integrated disease control and prevention.
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Tigu, Fitsum, Tsegay Gebremaryam, and Asnake Desalegn. "Seasonal Profile and Five-Year Trend Analysis of Malaria Prevalence in Maygaba Health Center, Welkait District, Northwest Ethiopia." Journal of Parasitology Research 2021 (September 10, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6727843.
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Background. Malaria is a serious public health problem of most developing countries, including Ethiopia. The burden of malaria is severely affecting the economy and lives of people, particularly among the productive ages of rural society. Thus, this study was targeted to analyze the past five-year retrospective malaria data among the rural setting of Maygaba town, Welkait district, northwest Ethiopia. Methods. The study was done on 36,219 outpatients attending for malaria diagnosis during January 2015 to 2019. Data was extracted from the outpatient medical database. Chi-square ( χ 2 ) test and binary logistic regression model were used to analyze the retrospective data. Statistical significance was defined at p < 0.05 . Results. Of 36,219 outpatients examined, 7,309 (20.2%) malaria-positive cases were reported during 2015-2019. There was a fluctuating trend in the number of malaria-suspected and -confirmed cases in each year. Male slide-confirmed (61.4%, N = 4,485 ) were significantly higher than females (38.6%, N = 2,824 ) ( p < 005 ). Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were the dominant parasites detected, which accounted for 66.1%; N = 4832 , 33.9%; N = 2477 , respectively. Despite the seasonal abundance of malaria cases, the highest prevalence was recorded in autumn (September to November) in the study area. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that statistically significant associations were observed between sexes, interseasons, mean seasonal rainfall, and mean seasonal temperature with the prevalence of P. vivax. However, P. falciparum has shown a significant association with interseasons and mean seasonal temperature. Conclusions. Although the overall prevalence of malaria was continually declined from 2015-2019, malaria remains the major public health problem in the study area. The severe species of P. falciparum was found to be the dominant parasite reported in the study area. A collaborative action between the national malaria control program and its partners towards the transmission, prevention, and control of the two deadly species is highly recommended.
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Shumerga, Addisu Tona, Habtamu Jarso Hebo, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, and Mamo Nigatu Gebre. "Determinants of Delay in Seeking Malaria Treatment for Under-Five Children at Gambella Town, Southwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020 (August 10, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2310971.
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Background. Most of the malaria-related complications in children are due to delay in the treatment-seeking of caregivers. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of delay in seeking malaria treatment for under-five children in Gambella town, Ethiopia. Methods. A case-control study was conducted in March 2017 among caregivers/parents consecutively included in the study. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were, respectively, used for descriptive and analytical data analyses. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI were, respectively, calculated to assess the strength of association and statistical significance. Result. A total of 153 cases and 153 control caregivers/parents participated in the study giving a response rate of 100%. The mean age of cases and controls was 29.4 years (SD ± 6.0 years) and 29.63 years (SD ± 7.8 years), respectively. Being housewife (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.47–4.22), having no history of child mortality (AOR = 3.70; 95% CI: 1.79–7.64), and chewing khat (AOR = 3.50; 95% CI: 1.57–7.68) were significantly associated with delay in seeking malaria treatment for under-five children among the caregivers. Conclusion and Recommendation. Comprehensive community-based malaria prevention and control education should be given for the caregivers in the town giving due emphasis to housewives, khat-chewers, and the caregivers with no story of child death to better promote early malaria treatment-seeking for under-five children.
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Zerdo, Zerihun, Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden, Fekadu Massebo, Gelila Biresaw, Misgun Shewangizawu, Abayneh Tunje, Yilma Chisha, Tsegaye Yohanes, Hilde Bastiaens, and Sibyl Anthierens. "Parents’ perception on cause of malaria and their malaria prevention experience among school-aged children in Kutcha district, Southern Ethiopia; qualitative study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): e0239728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239728.
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Debela, Yamrot. "Malaria Related Knowledge and Child to Parent Communication Regarding Prevention and Control of Malaria among Primary School Students in Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia." American Journal of Health Research 2, no. 5 (2014): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20140205.20.
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Solomon, Tarekegn, Eskindir Loha, Wakgari Deressa, Taye Gari, Hans J. Overgaard, and Bernt Lindtjørn. "Low use of long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria prevention in south-central Ethiopia: A community-based cohort study." PLOS ONE 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): e0210578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210578.
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Dagne, Abebe, and Garedew Belachew. "Ethnobotanical survey of plants traditionally used for malaria prevention and treatment in indigenous villages of Tepi Town South West Ethiopia." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jpp2018.0532.
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Getachew, Theodros, Solomon Mekonnen Abebe, Mezgebu Yitayal, Anna Bergström, Lars-Ake Persson, and Della Berhanu. "Health extension workers’ perceived health system context and health post preparedness to provide services: a cross-sectional study in four Ethiopian regions." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e048517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048517.
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ObjectiveThe health system context influences the implementation of evidence-based practices and quality of healthcare services. Ethiopia aims at reaching universal health coverage but faces low primary care utilisation and substandard quality of care. We assessed the health extension workers’ perceived context and the preparedness of health posts to provide services.SettingThis study was part of evaluating a complex intervention in 52 districts of four regions of Ethiopia. This paper used the endline data collected from December 2018 to February 2019.ParticipantsA total of 152 health posts and health extension workers serving selected enumeration areas were included.Outcome measuresWe used the Context Assessment for Community Health (COACH) tool and the Service Availability and Readiness Assessment tool.ResultsInternal reliability of COACH was satisfactory. The dimensions community engagement, work culture, commitment to work and leadership all scored high (mean 3.75–4.01 on a 1–5 scale), while organisational resources, sources of knowledge and informal payments scored low (1.78–2.71). The general service readiness index was 59%. On average, 67% of the health posts had basic amenities to provide services, 81% had basic equipment, 42% had standard precautions for infection prevention, 47% had test capacity for malaria and 58% had essential medicines.ConclusionThe health extension workers had a good relationship with the local community, used data for planning, were highly committed to their work with positive perceptions of their work culture, a relatively positive attitude regarding their leaders, and reported no corruption or informal payments. In contrast, they had insufficient sources of information and a severe lack of resources. The health post preparedness confirmed the low level of resources and preparedness for services. These findings suggest a significant potential contribution by health extension workers to Ethiopia’s primary healthcare, provided that they receive improved support, including new information and essential resources.
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Beletew, Biruk, Ayelign Mengesha, Mohammed Ahmed, Awet Fitwi, and Mesfin Wudu. "Determinants of Anemia among HIV-Positive Children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Attending Hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2019: A Case-Control Study." Anemia 2020 (February 18, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3720572.
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Introduction. Anemia is one of the most commonly observed hematological abnormalities and an independent poor prognostic marker of HIV disease. The rate of progression and mortality in this subgroup of patients is high compared to nonanemic patients. WHO estimates that over two billion people are anemic worldwide and young children bear the world’s highest prevalence rate of anemia. In Ethiopia, there is limited information about the determinant factors associated with anemia among HIV positive children. Thus, this study aimed to determine the determinant factors of anemia among HIV-infected children on HAART. Objective. The main purpose of this study was to assess the determinants of anemia among children on highly active antiretroviral therapy attending hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methods. A case-control study was conducted on 350 HIV-infected children on HAART attending Hospitals of North Wollo Zone, from February 1 to March 30, 2019. The study participants were selected with a consecutive sampling technique. An adapted, interviewer-administered, and pretested questionnaire and chart review were employed to collect the data. Besides, blood and stool samples were investigated to determine hematologic indices and malaria and to investigate intestinal parasites, respectively. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS version 24 statistical software and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors. Results. A total of 350 HIV positive children (117 cases and 234 controls) were included in this study with an overall response rate of 100%. On multivariate analysis, variables which have spastically significant association with anemia were as follows: had amebiasis (AOR = 7.29, 1.22–43.56), had history of opportunistic infections (AOR = 9.63, 1.94–47.85), had malaria infection (malaria pf) (AOR = 4.37, 1.16–16.42), eating nondiversified food (AOR = 10.39, 2.25–48.0), WGT-Age Z score value between −2_−3 (AOR = 9.80, 2.46–39.14), level of adherence (AOR = 2.31, 1.92, 7.77), and being from a rural area (AOR = 8.8, 2.07–37.79). Conclusion. In this study, having parasitic infections, having a history of opportunistic infections, being malnourished, having poor adherence to ART, caregivers living in the rural area, and eating nondiversified foods were significantly associated with hemoglobin status. Therefore, intervention aimed at prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of anemia is essential in these patients.
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Getaneh, Abel, Mulat Yimer, Megbaru Alemu, Zelalem Dejazmach, Michael Alehegn, and Banchamlak Tegegne. "Species Composition, Parous Rate, and Infection Rate of Anopheles Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 1874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab034.
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Abstract Anopheles mosquitoes are the main vectors of malaria. There is little information on the current entomological aspects of Anopheles mosquitoes in Amhara region of northwestern Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevailing species composition, parous rate, and infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes in the Bahir Dar city administration. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January through July 2020. For this, six Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps (three traps indoor and three traps outdoor) were used to collect adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. The species were morphologically identified, and the parous and infection rates were determined via dissection of ovaries and salivary gland, respectively. A total of 378 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes comprised of three species (Anopheles d’thali, Anopheles rhodesiensis, and Anopheles gambiae complex) were collected and identified at the study sites. Anopheles rhodesiensis was the predominant species accounting for 90% of all collections at the Zenzelima site, followed by An. gambiae complex (6.5%). In contrast, An. gambiae complex was the predominant species at the Tis Abay site, comprising 94% of captures. The overall parous and infection rates were 35 (62.5%) and 1 (2.9%), respectively.
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Jerene, Degu, Gashu Fentie, Mulu Teka, Shoa Girma, Sheleme Chibsa, Hiwot Teka, and Richard Reithinger. "The role of private health facilities in the provision of malaria case management and prevention services in four zones of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia." International Health 4, no. 1 (March 2012): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.inhe.2011.11.001.
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Atsbha, Gebru Hagos, Rajkapoor Balasubramanian, and Abadi Kahsu Gebre. "Antimalarial Effect of the Root of Silene macrosolen A. Rich (Caryophyllaceae) on Plasmodium-berghei-Infected Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (March 15, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8833865.
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Background. Malaria remains a major public health problem globally. Poor access to antimalarial drugs compounded with rapidly evolving drug resistance encourages researchers to continuously look for new drugs. Of importance, traditionally used medicines of plant origin are the highest priority as the ethnobotanical claim can be used as an important clue for its safety and efficacy profiles. Silene macrosolen A. Rich (Caryophyllaceae) has been traditionally used for malaria treatment in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity of the plant against Plasmodium-berghei-infected (ANKA strain) Swiss albino mice. Methods. The dried powdered root of Silene macrosolen was extracted using 80% methanol. The crude extract was fractionated using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and distilled water that have different affinities to plant phytoconstituents. The in vivo antimalarial activities of the crude extract were evaluated using 4-day suppressive, prophylactic, and curative tests. The antimalarial activity of the solvent fractions was evaluated in a 4-day suppressive test. The oral acute toxicity of the crude extract was also determined according to the OECD guidelines. Results. The percentage of parasite suppression on the crude extract was 31.02%, 35.82%, and 39.23% in prophylactic, curative, and 4-day suppressive tests, respectively, at the tested dose level of 400 mg/kg. The percentages of chemosuppression of the solvent fractions (400 mg/kg) were 43.07%, 42.61%, and 38.38% in aqueous, ethyl acetate, and chloroform fractions, respectively. Both the crude extract and solvent fractions also significantly prolonged survival time except in the prophylactic test. In addition, prevention of weight loss and reduction in temperature and packed cell volume (PCV) were observed in crude extract as well as solvent fractions. The acute toxicity test of the plant extract also exhibited no sign of toxicity. Conclusion. The result indicated that Silene macrosolen has a significant antimalarial activity, justifying the traditional use of the plant material for treatment of malaria.
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Subussa, Bereket Wake, Teferi Eshetu, Teshome Degefa, and Musa Mohammed Ali. "Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection and associated factors among pregnant women in the Merti district, Oromia, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): e0248074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248074.
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Background Asymptomatic Plasmodium infection (API) that occurs during pregnancy increases the risk of stillbirths, abortion, premature delivery, and low birth weight. API also hinders the control and prevention of malaria as infected hosts serve as silent reservoirs for transmission of Plasmodium species in the community. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of API and associated factors among pregnant women. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Merti district, Oromia, Ethiopia among 364 pregnant women from March to September 2018. Methods Sociodemographic and obstetrics features were collected using a structured questionnaire. About 2ml of blood was collected from participants to detect Plasmodium species, gametocyte carriage rate, parasite density, and anemia. Results The prevalence of API among pregnant women was 3.6%. The proportion of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was 6(46.2%) and 7(53.8%) respectively. Out of 13 Plasmodium species identified, Gametocyte carriage rate was 4(30.7%). The geometric mean density of the asexual stage of the parasites was 994.7(interquartile [IQR], 320 to 2200) parasites/ul. The geometric mean gametocyte density was 303.3 (interquartile range [IQR], 160 to 600). The proportion of anemia among Plasmodium-infected participants was 12(92.3%). Previous infection by Plasmodium species (AOR = 5.42; 95% CI: 1.19–29.03, p = 0.047), lack of insecticide-treated bed net use (AOR = 6.52; 95% CI: 1.17–36.44, p = 0.032), and living close to stagnant water (AOR = 4.18; 95% CI (1.12–17.36, p = 0.049) were significantly associated with API. Anemia was significantly higher among Plasmodium-infected than non-infected pregnant women (x2 = 27.62, p <0.001). Conclusion In the current study, a relatively high prevalence of API was detected among pregnant women. Identifying API in the community is important to prevent the unwanted outcomes of Plasmodium infection and its transmission.
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Yitayew, Azeb Ewinetu, Habtamu Demelash Enyew, and Yitayal Ayalew Goshu. "Utilization and Associated Factors of Insecticide Treated Bed Net among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic of Addis Zemen Hospital, North-Western Ethiopia: An Institutional Based Study." Malaria Research and Treatment 2018 (December 24, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3647184.
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Introduction. Insecticide treated bed net (ITN) is one type of cost-effective vector control approach for the prevention of malaria. It has to be treated with insecticide and needs ongoing treatment with chemicals. Malaria infcetion during pregnancy is a amajor health problem in Ethiopia. Little is known about the utilization of ITN by pregnant women in the study area. This study was aimed to assess utilization and associated factors of insecticide-treated nets among pregnant women in Adis Zemen Hospital. Methods. This hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in Adis Zemen from May 1 to 30, 2018, among 226 pregnant mothers. After obtaining informed consent, data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire via face to face interview. To reach the study unit, a systematic random sampling technique was used. The collected data were entered, cleaned, checked using Epi data version 3.1, and finally analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were computed to identify significantly associated variables at 95% confidence interval. Result. A total of 226 pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics participated in making the response rate 100%. Among a total 226 subjects, 160(70.8%) of mothers had good utilization of insecticide bet net. Mothers who had an educational status of college and above were 2.8 times more likely to utilize insecticide-treated bed net than mothers who could not read and write (AOR; 2. 8: CI; 1.9, 6.5). Mothers whose age was >30 were 70% times less likely utilized insecticide-treated bed net than mothers whose age was 30 and less (AOR;.3: CI;.2,.6). Conclusion and Recommendation. Utilization of insecticide-treated bed net by pregnant women is low in the study area. The participants’ age, educational status, household monthly income, and husband educational status were significantly associated with utilization of insecticide-treated bed net. Different stakeholders shall give a special attention to awareness creation on advantageous of insecticide bed net.
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Aragaw, Tezera Jemere, Dessie Tegegne Afework, and Kefyalew Ayalew Getahun. "Antimalarial Activities of Hydromethanolic Crude Extract and Chloroform Fraction of Gardenia ternifolia Leaves in Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (December 29, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6674002.
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Background. Gardenia ternifolia is utilized in traditional medicine of Ethiopia for malaria treatment and possessing in vitro antimalarial activity. However, no in vivo study was conducted to substantiate the claim. The aim of this study was to judge the antimalarial activity of Gardenia ternifolia extract in vivo in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods. Plasmodium berghei was inoculated to healthy mice, and hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction of G. ternifolia leaves at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day were administered. Percent parasitemia inhibition, percent change in bodyweight, hemoglobin level, and mean survival time were determined. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey HSD test with IBM SPSS software version 20.0 statistical package and P < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results. The chemosuppressive test of hydromethanolic crude extract at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day ranged from 27.09% to 67.72%, and chloroform fraction had 35.21%–78.19% parasitemia suppression, respectively. For curative test on day 5, hydromethanolic crude extract at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day ranged from 25.58% to 48.76%, chloroform fraction at 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day and chloroquine base at 10 mg/kg showed 46.36%–74.42% and 92.87% percent parasitemia inhibition, respectively, and also the results to both tests were highly significant ( P < 0.001 ) compared to the negative control. Maximum effects on chemosuppressive, curative, prevention of weight loss, and reduction in hemoglobin were observed at higher doses of the hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction. Conclusion. From this study, hydromethanolic crude extract and chloroform fraction of G. ternifolia leaves have shown promising antimalarial activity. The findings support the traditional claim of G. ternifolia leaves for malaria treatment; however, species variation could also limit such a straightforward extrapolation of the findings of this study in humans.
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Yewhalaw, D., S. Hamels, Y. Getachew, P. R. Torgerson, M. Anagnostou, W. Legesse, H. Kloos, L. Duchateau, and N. Speybroeck. "Water resource developments in Ethiopia: potential benefits and negative impacts on the environment, vector-borne diseases, and food security." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 4 (December 2014): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0076.
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To satisfy the growing demand for electricity, Ethiopia plans to increase its electricity production five-fold between 2010 and 2015, mainly through the construction of dams. A literature review shows that while dams can boost power and agricultural production, promote economic development, and facilitate flood control, they can also lead to environmental, ecological, and socioeconomic changes. Several case studies show that dams may alter the composition and density of vectors and intermediate host species, increase the incidence of malaria schistosomiasis and possibly lymphatic filariasis, and lead to eutrophication of reservoirs, soil erosion, and earthquakes. There is evidence that dams and commercial irrigation schemes can increase soil and water degradation, vulnerability to drought, and food insecurity in riverine and lacustrine areas downstream of dams. It appears that dams in Ethiopia are also vulnerable to high soil erosion rates and earthquakes. Consequently, the current and proposed large-scale dam construction program in Ethiopia requires in-depth research to improve our understanding of the unintended negative effects of projects and to guide the location, design, and implementation of appropriate preventive and remedial programs.
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Angesom, Teklit, Hailay Gebreyesus, and Brhane Gebremariam. "Long-Lasting Insecticidal Net Utilization and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Asgede Tsimbla District, Northern Ethiopia, 2017." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022091939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220919393.
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Background: Malaria among pregnant women contributes to maternal anemia, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and infant deaths. In response to this serious health problem, regular use of the long-lasting insecticidal net is the most cost-effective method of preventing malaria. However, in most developing countries, including Ethiopia, long-lasting insecticidal net utilization by pregnant women is uncertain. Objectives: This study was conducted to measure the utilization of insecticidal net and to identify the associated factors with its utilization among pregnant women in Asgede Tsimbla district in 2017. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was employed and data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Systematic random sampling method was used to select 550 pregnant women. Data were entered into a computer using Epi Info (version 7) and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 21) for further analysis. Variables with P-value less than 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance between the dependent and the independent variables in multivariable logistic regression. Results: Among 550 pregnant women surveyed, 347 (63.1%) of the pregnant women slept under a long-lasting insecticidal net the night before the survey. Urban residence (OR [95% CI] = 1.9 [1.22-3.01]), family size of 3-5 and >5 (2.8 [1.53-5.22] and 2.4 [1.20-5.03], respectively), and history of malaria during their current pregnancy (3.0 [1.95-4.86]) were found to be the factors associated with pregnant women’s long-lasting insecticidal net utilization. Conclusion: Utilization of long-lasting insecticidal net was low, and place of residence, exposure status to malaria during their current pregnancy, and family size were the factors associated with long-lasting insecticidal net utilization.
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Martinez, M., B. Rodriguez, and J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino. "Autres orbivirus : Mise à jour des informations sur la peste équine africaine et la maladie hémorragique épizootique en Europe et dans le bassin méditerranéen." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10081.
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Orbiviruses are vector-borne pathogens that can cause notifiable diseases in animals, such as bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) in ruminants, or African horse sickness (AHS) in equines. The relatively recent expansion of BT in Europe to higher latitudes than expected has evidenced the need to explore the ways of introduction and exposure of other orbiviruses in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. AHS was successfully eradicated from Europe since the 1990s but continues to be endemic in many African countries. Of the nine AHS serotypes, two have been present in Mediterranean countries: AHS-9 (1966) and AHS-4 (1987-1990). The last outbreaks (up to 2008) of AHS in Africa classified by serotype occurred in Senegal (AHS-9), Kenya (AHS-4), and Nigeria, Senegal and Ethiopia (AHS-2). EHD is caused by 10 serotypes and is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) since 2008. It is present in America, Australia, Asia and Africa and is known to affect wild ruminants as well as cattle. EHD has been present in cattle in North Africa (EHD-9) and the Middle East (EHD-7) since 2006. Transport of infected Culicoides from Northern Africa to Southern Europe by wind is a proved way of orbivirus introduction. Import of infected asymptomatic animals from an endemic country also happened the first time AHS was introduced in Spain. Then, certain environmental conditions such as warm temperatures can favour perpetuation of the disease in animals exposed to infected vectors. The frequent consideration of horses as expensive leisure animals can worsen the economic and social consequences of a possible outbreak. However, nowadays there are good diagnostic techniques for AHS. Eradication can be achieved with the available polyvalent live vaccines and control measures. This is not the case for EHD, because an effective vaccine is urgently needed and there have been cross-reactions in the diagnoses between BT and EHD. European countries can prepare against other orbivirus outbreaks by prevention through educational campaigns and inactivated vaccine banks for AHS, and by further research on the possible vectors, the overwintering capacity of certain orbiviruses, the infectivity in all affected species, the identification of other possible reservoirs, and the development of risk assessments and modelling.
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Gessessew Bugssa and Kiros Tedla. "Feasibility of Malaria Elimination in Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 30, no. 4 (January 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v30i4.16.
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BACKGROUND: The problem of malaria is very severe in Ethiopia where it has been the major cause of illness and death for many years. The purpose of this review article is to assess the feasibility of malaria elimination in Ethiopia.METHOD: To compile this review article, different relevant research articles related to the topic from open access journals were searched using different searching engines such as Google scholar, Science direct, and Pub Med using different key words and phrases.RESULT: Based on review of the literature, Ethiopia has been trying to control and eliminate malaria for more than 60 years. To assess feasibility of malaria elimination, the WHO assessment tools/recommendations for elimination of malaria were used. Based on WHO parameters, the country has achieved remarkable progress on the fight against malaria during the most recent decades. Malaria morbidity and mortality have been reduced dramatically with intensive use of insecticide residual spray, long lasting insecticide treated nets, chemotherapies, improved diagnosis and case management, improved quality of laboratories, continued support from malaria partners, and political commitment of the Ethiopian government towards malaria prevention and control. Hence, the past achievements and current activities, have led to consider the possibility of malaria elimination in Ethiopia at least by 2030 or beyond.CONCLUSION: Considering the triumphs achieved so far and the current undertaking efforts, malaria could possibly be eliminated from Ethiopia once and for all.
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Kebede, Yohannes, Abdu Hayder, Kasahun Girma, Fira Abamecha, Guda Alemayehu, Lakew Abebe, Morankar Sudhakar, and Zewdie Birhanu. "Primary school students’ poetic malaria messages from Jimma zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: a qualitative content analysis." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (September 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11641-8.
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Abstract Background The engagement of schools in malaria control is an emerging strategy. Little is known about the involvement of students in the development of malaria messages. This study evaluated the message content of primary school students’ malaria poems. Methods A qualitative content analysis was conducted to explore malaria messages conveyed in poems produced by students. Twenty poems were purposively selected from twenty schools across rural villages in five districts of the Jimma Zone. Data were analyzed using Atlas.ti version 7.1.4 software. The message contents were quantified in terms of frequency, and including metaphors, presented using central themes, categories, and supportive quotations. Results A total of 602 malarial contents were generated, and organized into 21 categories under five central themes. 1) Malaria-related knowledge (causation and modes of transmission, mosquito breeding and biting behavior, signs and symptoms, care for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and prevention methods), 2) Perceived threats from malaria, 3)The effectiveness of prevention methods (i.e., related to the adaption of ITNs, environmental cleaning, indoor residual spray (IRS), treatment for fever, and drug adherence practices), 4) Misconceptions, beliefs, and malpractices regarding the cause of malaria and drug use) and 5) Direct calls to the adopt ITN, IRS, clean surroundings, treatment, and drug use. The most commonly conveyed message contents were about the severity of malaria, distinguishable signs and symptoms, calls for community participation for malaria elimination, knowledge of preventive methods, and effectiveness of ITN use. Metaphoric expressions (war and death) were used to convey messages about the severity and the need to manage the prognosis of malaria through the active ITN use, which itself was metaphorically represented as ‘a trap’ to mosquitoes. Conclusions The poetic analysis indicated that the students developed and disseminated rich malarial messages, especially on malarial knowledge, and perceptions, beliefs, norms and practices of the local community to prevent and control malaria. Therefore, primary school students can be a source of information and would effectively communicate knowledge, perceptions, and promote malaria related practices, particularly in rural settings.
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Tadesse, Yehualashet, Seth R. Irish, Sheleme Chibsa, Sisay Dugassa, Lena M. Lorenz, Asfawesen Gebreyohannes, Hiwot Teka, et al. "Malaria prevention and treatment in migrant agricultural workers in Dangur district, Benishangul-Gumuz, Ethiopia: social and behavioural aspects." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (May 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03766-3.
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Abstract Background Sixty percent of the Ethiopia population is at risk of malaria, with the highest prevalence reported in Gambella (6%) and Benishangul-Gumuz (3%) regions. Within these regions are large agricultural developments with high numbers of seasonal migrant workers. The migrant workers are believed to be at increased risk for malaria infection due to their poor living conditions and outdoor activities, but there is little information on their specific behaviours and health risks. This study was conducted to address this gap. Methods Quantitative observations were conducted from September to December 2017 in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region. The nightly routines of mobile migrant workers were observed every month for 4 consecutive months. The study team collected quantitative data including nocturnal behavioural observations of worker living conditions, malaria prevention efforts, and work activities and surveys of worker representatives. Qualitative data was collected from migrant workers, farm managers and local health providers using focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Results Migrant workers arrived in the study area during the peak malaria transmission season and the workers in focus groups reported repeated cases of malaria during their stay on the farms. Overall, less than a quarter of the migrant workers were sleeping under a mosquito net by midnight in all 4 observation months. Some work activities also took place outdoors at night. The study additionally found a lack of access to malaria prevention and treatment at the farms and challenges in utilizing local public health facilities. Conclusions There is a need to better address malaria prevention and treatment needs among migrant workers in Ethiopia through outreach from existing healthcare infrastructure and within the farms themselves. This will help prevent malaria transmission both within this population and prevent transmission of malaria back to home communities in lower burden areas in Ethiopia.
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Demissie, Getu Debalkie, Tadesse Awoke Ayele, Sintayehu Daba Wami, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Destaw Fetene, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, and Kassahun Alemu Gelaye. "Low practice of malaria prevention among migrants and seasonal farmworkers in Metema and west Armacheho districts, Northwest Ethiopia." BMC Infectious Diseases 21, no. 1 (February 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-05853-x.
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Abstract Background More than hundreds and thousands of migrants and seasonal farm workers move from the highlands (relatively low malaria endemicity areas) to the lowlands (higher malaria endemicity areas) for the development of the corridor of the Amhara region during planting, weeding, and harvesting seasons in each year. Seasonal migrant workers are at high risk of malaria infection. Therefore, evidence of their knowledge level and practice in the prevention of malaria during their stay would be important. Objective The aims of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of malaria prevention and associated factors among migrants and seasonal farm workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November, 2018 in Metema and West Armacheho districts, northwest Ethiopia. A sample of about 950 migrants and seasonal farm workers were included using two stages of cluster sampling technique. Interview administered structured questionnaire was used. Both bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regressions were applied to identify predictors of malaria prevention. Result The overall good knowledge of malaria (those participants who scored more than 60% of correct response for knowledge related questions) was 50.2% with 95% CI (47.0–53.0) and the overall good practice of malaria (those participants who practiced more than 60% for practice related questions) was 27.2% with 95% CI (244.3–29.9). Age (AOR = 0.51(95%CI; 0.33–0.80)), level of education (AOR = 0.55(95%CI; 0.32–0.94)), using mass media as a source of information (AOR = 2.25(95%CI; 1.52–3.32)) and length of stay at the farming site (AOR = 0.59(95%CI; 0.44–0.79)) were significantly associated with knowledge of malaria prevention. Knowledge (AOR = 6.62(95%CI; 4.46–9.83)), attitude (AOR = 2.17(95%CI1.40–3.37), use of mass media (AOR = 1.64(95%CI; 1.30–2.60)) and the length of stay (AOR = 1.93(95%CI; 1.35—2.77)) in the farming area were significantly associated with practice of malaria prevention. Conclusion The practice of malaria prevention among migrant and seasonal farm workers was low. The programmers and implementers should design tailored malaria intervention programs and strategies for these hard to reach population.
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Solomon, Absra, Daniel Kahase, and Mihret Alemayhu. "Prevalence of placental malaria among asymptomatic pregnant women in Wolkite health center, Gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia." Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 6, no. 1 (October 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00121-3.
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Abstract Background Placental malaria (PM) is a major public health problem associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW), preterm delivery and maternal anemia. The present study is aimed to determine the prevalence of placental malaria among asymptomatic pregnant women in Wolkite health center, Gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia. Method Facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out from June 2019 to August 2019. A total of 230 pregnant women were involved in the study where socio-demographic data, medical and obstetric history were collected using pretested structured questionnaires. Blood samples were collected at delivery from maternal capillary, placenta and umbilical cord for the detection of malarial parasite. Maternal hematocrit was determined to screen for anemia. Result In this study, the prevalence of placental malaria, peripheral malaria and umbilical cord malaria was 3.9% (9/230), 15.2% (35/230) and 2.6% (6/230) respectively. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were detected by microscopy. All babies with positive umbilical cord blood films were born from a mother with placental malaria. Maternal anemia was recorded in 58.3% of the women. In univariate analysis, placental malaria was significantly associated with LBW (p < 0.001) unlike parity and maternal anemia. Conclusion Placental malaria among asymptomatic pregnant women is low in Wolkite health centre, Gurage zone in Southern Ethiopia. Moreover, placental malaria was strongly associated with LBW. Thus, further strengthening the existing prevention and control activities and screening of asymptomatic pregnant women as part of routine antenatal care service is very essential.
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Belay, Bogale, Tegenu Gelana, and Araya Gebresilassie. "Malaria prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice among febrile patients attending Chagni health center, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study." Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 7, no. 1 (July 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40794-021-00146-2.
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Abstract Background Ethiopia has achieved considerable progresses in the prevention and control of malaria in the past decades; hitherto it is a formidable health concern and socio-economic impediment. This study aimed at assessing the magnitude, knowledge, attitudes and practices towards malaria among febrile patients attending Chagni health center, northwest Ethiopia. Methods Health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of malaria and KAP towards malaria among febrile patients at Chagni health center in Chagni Town during September 2017 to February 2018. In order to determine the magnitude of malaria, finger prick blood samples were collected and thick and thin smears were prepared and microscopically examined for the presence of malaria parasites. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was also applied to assess KAP of suspected malaria patients, attending the health center. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results Prevalence of malaria among febrile patients, who visited the sampled health facility, was 7.3%. Of these, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infections accounted for 55, 44.3 and 0.7% of the cases, respectively. This study also revealed that 97% of the respondents had ever heard about malaria and recognized it as a serious health problem. Mosquito bite was identified as the main malaria transmission. Taking drug (86.3%), use of mosquito nets (73.3%), drain stagnated water (68%), and house spay with insecticides (66%) were mentioned as the main malaria prevention methods. Mosquito net coverage and utilizations in the prior night were 98 and 75%, respectively. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage was 99%, of which 77.5% of study participants’ houses have been sprayed in the last 6 months. Conclusions The current study revealed that prevalence of malaria among febrile illnesses in the study area was relatively low (7.3%) with a high proportion of P. falciparum. Besides, participants had adequate knowledge, encouraging attitudes, and good practices about prevention and control of malaria. However, some misconceptions on malaria disease, its transmission, and prevention have been noted that actually require due attention by the concerned stakeholders. The findings of this study could be used as important inputs for the implementation of effective malaria prevention and control methods, including community health education programs, and scaling up coverage of evidence-based interventions.
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Argaw, Mesele Damte, Thandisizwe Redford Mavundla, and Kassa Daka Gidebo. "Community and healthcare providers’ perceptions of quality of private sector outpatient malaria care in North-western Ethiopia: a qualitative study." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (March 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03694-2.
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Abstract Background Malaria is one of the most important public health problems in Ethiopia contributing to significant patient morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis and effective malaria case management through public, private and community health facilities has been one of the key malaria prevention, control and elimination strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate adult malaria patients and healthcare providers’ perception of the quality of malaria management at private sector outpatient facilities. Methods An exploratory, descriptive, contextual and qualitative research methodology was conducted with 101 participants (33 in-depth interviews (INIs) and ten focus group discussions (FGDs) with 68 participants). All interview and focus group discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed, using eight steps of Tesch. Results During data analysis a single theme, two categories and six sub-categories emerged, namely (1) perceived quality of malaria management at outpatient facilities; (a) essential resources; (a1) safe outpatient services; (a2) anti-malarial drugs and supplies; (a3) health workers; (b) factors influencing service utilization; (b1) physical accessibility; (b2) “art of care’’; and (b3) efficient malaria diagnosis and treatment services. Both FGDs and INIs participants had a positive perception of the quality of malaria outpatient services at private health facilities. The positive perceptions include safe and clean facility; availability of supplies and comprehensive services; convenient working hours; short waiting hours and motivated, competent and compassionate health workers. However, some participants raised their safety concerns due to perceived poor infection control practices, small working areas, interruption of anti-malarial supplies and inefficient malaria diagnosis and treatment services. Conclusion Both community members and healthcare providers had more positive perceptions towards outpatient malaria services offered at private health facilities. However, positive behaviour must be maintained and concerns must be dealt with by enhancing functional public private partnership for malaria care services to improve private sector malaria case management; build the service providers’ capacity; ensure uninterrupted anti-malarial supplies and empower the community with early health-seeking behaviour.
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Abamecha, Fira, Gachena Midaksa, Morankar Sudhakar, Lakew Abebe, Yohannes Kebede, Guda Alemayehu, and Zewdie Birhanu. "Perceived sustainability of the school-based social and behavior change communication (SBCC) approach on malaria prevention in rural Ethiopia: stakeholders’ perspectives." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (June 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11216-7.
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Abstract Background Evidence on what makes the school-engaged social and behavior change communication (SBCC) interventions on malaria prevention more sustainable are limited in literature partly due to its recent emergence. Enrolling the key stakeholders, this study explored the perceived sustainability of the SBCC interventions on malaria prevention through primary school communities in rural Ethiopia. Methods The SBCC interventions were implemented from 2017 to 2019 in 75 primary schools and villages in rural Jimma to promote malaria preventive practices. As a part of program evaluation, this study employed a mixed-method to collect qualitative and quantitative data from 205 stakeholders following the end of the program. Data were collected using interview guides and structured questionnaires. The SPSS version 26 and Atlas ti7.1 software were used to analyze the data. Multivariable linear regression modeling was used to identify predictors of the perceived sustainability of the program (SOP). Results The mean score of SOP was 25.93 (SD = 4.32; range 6–30). Multivariable linear regression modeling showed that the perceived risk to malaria (β = 0.150; P = 0.029), self-efficacy (β = 0.192; P = 0.003), and perceived fidelity of implementation (β = 0.292; P = 0.000) and degree of adoption (β = 0.286; P = 0.000) were positively predicted the perceived SOP. The qualitative result identified various barriers and opportunities to sustaining the program that summarized under three themes which include perceptions about the quality of program delivery (e.g inadequate involvement of stakeholders and staffs, concerns over short project life, immature sustainability efforts), school settings (e.g schools’ malaria priority, schools’ climate and quality of coaching) and the outer settings (e.g existing structures in the health and education systems). Conclusion The study identified key predictive variables such as stakeholders’ perceived risk to malaria, self-efficacy, perceived fidelity of implementation and degree of adoption that could help to improve the sustainment of the school-based SBCC approach on malaria prevention and control. Further longitudinal study should be conducted to examine the rate of decline in program components over time and how improved sustainability would contribute to the effectiveness on malaria preventive behaviors among students.
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Alkadir, Shemsia, Tegenu Gelana, and Araya Gebresilassie. "A five year trend analysis of malaria prevalence in Guba district, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, western Ethiopia: a retrospective study." Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 6, no. 1 (September 9, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40794-020-00112-4.
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Abstract Background In Ethiopia, malaria is a serious public health concern and has great impact on socio-economy. The trend analysis of malaria data from health facilities is useful for understanding its transmission dynamics and implementing evidence-based malaria control strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the trends of malaria infection in Guba district, western Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective study was undertaken at Mankush Health Centre, western Ethiopia. All malaria cases reported from 2014 to 2018 were carefully reviewed from the laboratory record books to determine the trends of malaria morbidity. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results In total, 16,964 malaria suspects were diagnosed using microscopy over the last 5 years, of which 8658 (51.04%) were confirmed positive cases. Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and mixed infection (both species) accounted for 75.2, 24.5 and 0.28% of the cases, respectively. Males patients were more affected (n = 5028, 58.1%) than female ones (n = 3630, 41.9%). Of the total confirmed cases, 60.4% were age group of subjects (≥ 15 years) followed by 22.6% of 5–14 years and 15.9% of under 5 years. High malaria prevalence was observed in spring (September to November) season, while the least was observed in autumn (March to May) with the prevalence of 45.6 and 11.5%, respectively. Conclusions The study demonstrated that malaria is a public health concern, in which P. falciparum is the predominant species followed by P. vivax. Therefore, the district health bureau and other concerned stakeholders should strength evidence-based malaria control and prevention interventions to interrupt disease transmission and eventual reduction malaria of malaria cases in Guba district.
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Wubishet, Mesfin Kelkile, Gebretsadik Berhe, Alefech Adissu, and Mesfin Segni Tafa. "Effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets in prevention of malaria among individuals visiting health centres in Ziway-Dugda District, Ethiopia: matched case–control study." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (July 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03833-9.
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Abstract Background Malaria is a major health problem in Ethiopia. Sleeping under long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is its major control strategy. Despite high LLINs use (84%) in Ziway-Dugda District, malaria remained a public health problem, raising concern on its effectiveness. Understanding the effectiveness of malaria control interventions is vital. This study evaluated the effectiveness of LLINs and determinants of malaria in Ziway-Dugda District, Arsi Zone Ethiopia. Methods A matched case–control study was conducted among 284 study participants (71 cases and 213 controls) in Ziway-Dugda District, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia from March to May, 2017. Three health centers were selected randomly, and enrolled individuals newly diagnosed for malaria proportionally. Cases and controls were individuals testing positive and negative for malaria using rapid diagnostic tests. Each case was matched to three controls using the age of (5 years), gender and village of residence. The information was collected using pre-tested structured questionnaires through face to face interviews and observation. Data were entered into Epi-Info version 3.5, and analysed using Stata version-12. Conditional logistic regression was performed, and odds of LLINs use were compared using matched Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value of < 0.05. Results One hundred twenty-three (61.2%) of the controls and 22 (32.8%) of cases had regularly slept under LLINs in the past two weeks. Using multivariate analysis, sleeping under LLINs for the past two weeks (AOR = 0.23, 95%CI = 0.11–0.45); living in houses sprayed with indoor residual spray (IRS) (AOR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.10–0.52); and staying late outdoors at night in the past two-weeks (AOR = 2.99, 95%CI = 1.44–6.19) were determinant factors. Conclusions Sleeping under LLINs is effective for malaria prevention in the district. IRS and staying late outdoors at night were determinants of malaria. It is recommended to increase attention on strengthening LLINs use and IRS in the area.
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Tarekegn, Mihretu, Habte Tekie, Sisay Dugassa, and Yitbarek Wolde-Hawariat. "Malaria prevalence and associated risk factors in Dembiya district, North-western Ethiopia." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (September 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03906-9.
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Abstract Background Ethiopia embarked on combating malaria with an aim to eliminate malaria from low transmission districts by 2030. A continuous monitoring of malaria prevalence in areas under elimination settings is important to evaluate the status of malaria transmission and the effectiveness of the currently existing malaria intervention strategies. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malaria and associated risk factors in selected areas of Dembiya district. Methods A cross-sectional parasitological and retrospective survey was conducted in the two localities of Dembiya District, selected based on their long standing history of implementing malaria prevention and elimination strategies. Thin and thick blood smears collected from 735 randomly selected individuals between October and December, 2018 were microscopically examined for malaria parasites. Six years (2012–2017) retrospective malaria data was collected from the medical records of the health centres. Structured questionnaires were prepared to collect information about the socio-economic data of the population. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine a key risk factor explaining the prevalence of malaria. The data were analysed using SPSS version 20 and p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results The 6-year retrospective malaria prevalence trend indicates an overall malaria prevalence of 22.4%, out of which Plasmodium falciparum was the dominant species. From a total of 735 slides examined for the presence of malaria parasites, 3.5% (n = 26) were positive for malaria parasites, in which P. falciparum was more prevalent (n = 17; 2.3%), Plasmodium vivax (n = 5; 0.7%), and mixed infections (n = 4; 0.5%). Males were 2.6 times more likely to be infected with malaria than females (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.0, 6.4), and individuals with frequent outdoor activity were 16.4 times more vulnerable than individuals with limited outdoor activities (AOR = 16.4, 95% CI 1.8, 147.9). Furthermore, awareness about malaria transmission was significantly associated with the prevalence of malaria. Conclusions Malaria is still a public health problem in Dembiya district irrespective of the past and existing vector control interventions. Therefore, the authorities should work on designing alternative intervention strategies targeting outdoor malaria transmission and improving community awareness about malaria transmission and control methods in the study area. For this, continuous monitoring of vectors’ susceptibility, density, and behaviour is very important in such areas.
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Esayas, Endashaw, Asefa Tufa, Fekadu Massebo, Abdulhamid Ahemed, Ibssa Ibrahim, Dereje Dillu, Eyuel Asemahegn Bogale, Solomon Yared, and Kebede Deribe. "Malaria epidemiology and stratification of incidence in the malaria elimination setting in Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia." Infectious Diseases of Poverty 9, no. 1 (November 22, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00773-5.
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Abstract Background Ethiopia has shown notable progress in reducing the burden of malaria over the past two decades. Because of this progress, the country has shifted efforts from control to elimination of malaria. This study was conducted to analyse the malaria epidemiology and stratification of incidence in the malaria elimination setting in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective study was conducted to analyse the epidemiology of malaria by reviewing the district health office data from 2013 to 2019 in Harari Region. In addition, three years of sub-district level malaria data were used to stratify the malaria transmission intensity. Malaria interventions (Long-lasting insecticidal nets [LLIN] and indoor residual spraying [IRS]) employed were reviewed to analyse the intervention coverage at the Regional level. Descriptive statistics were used to show the malaria transmission in terms of years, season and species of the malaria parasite. Incidence rate per 1000 population and death rate per 1 000 000 population at risk were computed using the total population of each year. Results In the Harari Region, malaria incidence showed a more pronounced declining trend from 2017 to 2019. Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and mixed infections accounted for 69.2%, 30.6% and 0.2% of the cases, respectively. There was an increment in malaria intervention coverage and improved malaria diagnosis. In the year 2019 the coverage of LLIN and IRS in the Region were 93.4% and 85.1% respectively. The annual malaria incidence rate dropped from 42.9 cases per 1000 population in 2013 to 6.7 cases per 1000 population in 2019. Malaria-related deaths decreased from 4.7 deaths per 1 000 000 people annually in 2013 to zero, and there have been no deaths reported since 2015. The malaria risk appears to be heterogeneous and varies between districts. A higher number of malaria cases were recorded in Erer and Jenella districts, which constitute 62% of the cases in the Region. According to the sub-district level malaria stratification, there was shrinkage in the malaria transmission map and about 70% of the sub-districts have achieved elimination targets. Conclusions In the Harari Region, malaria morbidity and mortality have been significantly declined. Thus, if this achievement is sustained and scaling-up of the existing malaria prevention and control strategies by focusing on those populations living in the higher malaria transmission districts and sub-districts, planning of malaria elimination from the study area might be feasible.
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Gari, Taye, Tarekegn Solomon, and Bernt Lindtjørn. "Older children are at increased risk of Plasmodium vivax in south-central Ethiopia: a cohort study." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (June 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03790-3.
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Abstract Background Better understanding of the distribution of Plasmodium vivax and its risk factors could be used to prevent and control malaria infection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the distribution and risk factors of P. vivax, and to compare them with Plasmodium falciparum occurrence in south-central Ethiopia. Methods A cohort of 34,548 individuals were followed for 121 weeks between 2014 and 2016 as part of larger cluster randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) on malaria prevention in Ethiopia. Weekly home visit (active search) and patient self- report to health post (passive search) between the weekly home visits were used to register malaria cases. A blood sample was collected by finger prick and malaria was diagnosed using rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Generalized estimating equation (GEE) Poisson model that accounts for repeated measure of malaria episodes was applied to assess the risk factors of P. vivax episode. Results The overall incidence rate of P. vivax was 7.4 episodes per 1000 person-years of observation. The study showed households closer to the lake Zeway and Bulbula river (potential mosquito breeding sites) were more at risk of P. vivax infection (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.33; 95% CI = 1.23–1.45). Furthermore, the age group under 5 years (IRR: 1.40, 95% CI = 1.10–1.79), the age group 5–14 years (IRR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.03–1.57), households with less educated household head (IRR: 1.63, 95% CI = 1.10–2.44) and house roof made of thatch/leaf (IRR: 1.35, 95% CI = 1.11–1.65) were at higher risk for P. vivax. Similar explanatory variables such as distance from the breeding sites, age group (under 5 years but not 5–14 years old), educational status and type of housing were also found to be the predictors of P. falciparum incidence. Conclusion Households living closer to a mosquito breeding site, age group under 15 years, less educated household heads and thatch/leaf roof housing were the risk factor for P. vivax. The result of this study can be used for tailored interventions for malaria control and prevention by prioritizing those living close to potential mosquito breeding site, enhancing bed net use of children less than 15 years of age, and improving housing.
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Nekorchuk, Dawn M., Teklehaimanot Gebrehiwot, Mastewal Lake, Worku Awoke, Abere Mihretie, and Michael C. Wimberly. "Comparing malaria early detection methods in a declining transmission setting in northwestern Ethiopia." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (April 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10850-5.
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Abstract Background Despite remarkable progress in the reduction of malaria incidence, this disease remains a public health threat to a significant portion of the world’s population. Surveillance, combined with early detection algorithms, can be an effective intervention strategy to inform timely public health responses to potential outbreaks. Our main objective was to compare the potential for detecting malaria outbreaks by selected event detection methods. Methods We used historical surveillance data with weekly counts of confirmed Plasmodium falciparum (including mixed) cases from the Amhara region of Ethiopia, where there was a resurgence of malaria in 2019 following several years of declining cases. We evaluated three methods for early detection of the 2019 malaria events: 1) the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) Early Aberration Reporting System (EARS), 2) methods based on weekly statistical thresholds, including the WHO and Cullen methods, and 3) the Farrington methods. Results All of the methods evaluated performed better than a naïve random alarm generator. We also found distinct trade-offs between the percent of events detected and the percent of true positive alarms. CDC EARS and weekly statistical threshold methods had high event sensitivities (80–100% CDC; 57–100% weekly statistical) and low to moderate alarm specificities (25–40% CDC; 16–61% weekly statistical). Farrington variants had a wide range of scores (20–100% sensitivities; 16–100% specificities) and could achieve various balances between sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions Of the methods tested, we found that the Farrington improved method was most effective at maximizing both the percent of events detected and true positive alarms for our dataset (> 70% sensitivity and > 70% specificity). This method uses statistical models to establish thresholds while controlling for seasonality and multi-year trends, and we suggest that it and other model-based approaches should be considered more broadly for malaria early detection.
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Minale, Amare Sewnet, and Kalkidan Alemu. "Mapping malaria risk using geographic information systems and remote sensing: The case of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia." Geospatial Health 13, no. 1 (May 7, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2018.660.
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The main objective of this study was to develop a malaria risk map for Bahir Dar City, Amhara, which is situated south of Lake Tana on the Ethiopian plateau. Rainfall, temperature, altitude, slope and land use/land cover (LULC), as well as proximity measures to lake, river and health facilities, were investigated using remote sensing and geographical information systems. The LULC variable was derived from a 2012 SPOT satellite image by supervised classification, while 30-m spatial resolution measurements of altitude and slope came from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Metrological data were collected from the National Meteorological Agency, Bahir Dar branch. These separate datasets, represented as layers in the computer, were combined using weighted, multi-criteria evaluations. The outcome shows that rainfall, temperature, slope, elevation, distance from the lake and distance from the river influenced the malaria hazard the study area by 35%, 15%, 10%, 7%, 5% and 3%, respectively, resulting in a map showing five areas with different levels of malaria hazard: very high (11.2%); high (14.5%); moderate (63.3%); low (6%); and none (5%). The malaria risk map, based on this hazard map plus additional information on proximity to health facilities and current LULC conditions, shows that Bahir Dar City has areas with very high (15%); high (65%); moderate (8%); and low (5%) levels of malaria risk, with only 2% of the land completely riskfree. Such risk maps are essential for planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating disease control as well as for contemplating prevention and elimination of epidemiological hazards from endemic areas.
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Tassew, Admasu, Richard Hopkins, and Wakgari Deressa. "Factors influencing the ownership and utilization of long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria prevention in Ethiopia." Malaria Journal 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1907-8.
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Girum, Tadele, Gebremariam Hailemikael, and Asegedech Wondimu. "Factors affecting prevention and control of malaria among endemic areas of Gurage zone: an implication for malaria elimination in South Ethiopia, 2017." Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 3, no. 1 (December 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40794-017-0060-2.
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Malede, Asmamaw, Mulugeta Aemero, Sirak Robele Gari, Helmut Kloos, and Kassahun Alemu. "Barriers of persistent long-lasting insecticidal nets utilization in villages around Lake Tana, Northwest Ethiopia: a qualitative study." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1 (October 16, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7692-2.
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Abstract Background Malaria remains a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The use of LLINs is an effective approach to reducing transmission. Persistent use of LLINs is determined by numerous factors. Quantitative studies have assessed LLIN ownership and utilization, but the behavioral, socio-cultural, socioeconomic and net distribution contexts that impact their use have not been examined in depth. This study aimed to explore barriers of persistent LLIN use among communities around Lake Tana. Methods Twenty-three community residents who owned LLINs (15) or not (8) during the study period and 38 key informants were interviewed from April to June 2017. Phenomenological study was employed to explore the local contexts and factors that influence persistent use of LLINs. Individuals were purposefully selected to capture different views. Community residents were selected based on their permanent residence and LLIN use experience. Key informants were health extension workers, local leaders, students, and health professionals. The data were managed using QSR International NVivo Version 10 software and coded, and themes were identified. Results Killing ability of nets against arthropods other than mosquitoes reportedly made use of LLINs a favored malaria prevention method despite their ineffectiveness after 3 months. Conical nets were preferred due to their compatibility with varied sleeping structures. Numerous factors influenced persistent use, notably erroneous perceptions about LLINs, malaria and mosquitoes; bedbug infestation; inconvenience; unintended uses; distribution problem of nets; and socio-cultural and economic factors. Unintended uses were often associated with local needs and seldom linked with social issues and deficiencies in information about malaria and LLINs. Collateral benefits were considered important, principally in terms of disinfestation of bedbugs. Conclusions Non-persistent LLIN use was associated with inconvenient bed net design and early damage; non-potency of the insecticide against other arthropods; facilitation of bedbug infestation; unintended uses; wrong perceptions about malaria, mosquitoes, and LLINs; and inadequate follow-up regarding LLINs utilization. Distribution of conical nets and provision of adequate information on LLINs and malaria may promote persistent use. Using an insecticide that also kills arthropods other than mosquitoes may reduce unintended uses and increase persistent use.
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Otten, Mac, Maru Aregawi, Wilson Were, Corine Karema, Ambachew Medin, Worku Bekele, Daddi Jima, et al. "Initial evidence of reduction of malaria cases and deaths in Rwanda and Ethiopia due to rapid scale-up of malaria prevention and treatment." Malaria Journal 8, no. 1 (January 14, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-8-14.
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Mutero, Clifford M., Collins Okoyo, Melaku Girma, Joseph Mwangangi, Lydia Kibe, Peter Ng’ang’a, Dereje Kussa, Gracious Diiro, Hippolyte Affognon, and Charles M. Mbogo. "Evaluating the impact of larviciding with Bti and community education and mobilization as supplementary integrated vector management interventions for malaria control in Kenya and Ethiopia." Malaria Journal 19, no. 1 (November 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03464-6.
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Abstract Background Malaria prevention in Africa is mainly through the use of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs). The objective of the study was to assess the effect of supplementing LLINs with either larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) or community education and mobilization (CEM), or with both interventions in the context of integrated vector management (IVM). Methods The study involved a factorial, cluster-randomized, controlled trial conducted in Malindi and Nyabondo sites in Kenya and Tolay site in Ethiopia, to assess the impact of the following four intervention options on mosquitoes and malaria prevalence: LLINs only (arm 1); LLINs and Bti (arm 2); LLINs and CEM (arm 3); and, LLINs combined with Bti and CEM (arm 4). Between January 2013 and December 2015, CDC light traps were used to sample adult mosquitoes during the second, third and fourth quarter of each year in 10 houses in each of 16 villages at each of the three study sites. Larvae were sampled once a fortnight from potential mosquito-breeding habitats using standard plastic dippers. Cross-sectional malaria parasite prevalence surveys were conducted involving a total of 11,846 primary school children during the 3-year period, including 4800 children in Tolay, 3000 in Malindi and 4046 in Nyabondo study sites. Results Baseline relative indoor anopheline density was 0.11, 0.05 and 0.02 mosquitoes per house per night in Malindi, Tolay and Nyabondo sites, respectively. Nyabondo had the highest recorded overall average malaria prevalence among school children at 32.4%, followed by Malindi with 5.7% and Tolay 1.7%. There was no significant reduction in adult anopheline density at each of the three sites, which could be attributed to adding of the supplementary interventions to the usage of LLINs. Malaria prevalence was significantly reduced by 50% in Tolay when using LLINs coupled with application of Bti, community education and mobilization. The two other sites did not reveal significant reduction of prevalence as a result of combining LLINs with any of the other supplementary interventions. Conclusion Combining LLINs with larviciding with Bti and CEM further reduced malaria infection in a low prevalence setting in Ethiopia, but not at sites with relatively higher prevalence in Kenya. More research is necessary at the selected sites in Kenya to periodically determine the suite of vector control interventions and broader disease management strategies, which when integrated would further reduce adult anopheline populations and malaria prevalence beyond what is achieved with LLINs.
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Molla Gedefaw, Zewdie Aderaw. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the Community towards Malaria Prevention and Control Options in Anti-Malaria Association Intervention Zones of Amahara National Regional State, Ethiopia." Journal of Tropical Diseases 01, no. 03 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-891x.1000118.
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