Academic literature on the topic 'Malaria morbidity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Malaria morbidity"
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Ghanghoriya, Pawan, Rahul Borkar, Monica Lazarus, and Manish Ajmariya. "Study of malaria and associated co-morbidity in children admitted with fever manifestation in a tertiary care centre." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 7, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20203161.
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Background: Children under five year of age are highly vulnerable to malaria infection and often face dire consequences such as severe malaria if they are not promptly and adequately treated with anti-malarial medications. Authors set out to evaluate malaria and associated co-morbidity among children admitted with febrile illness in tertiary care center NSCB Medical college Jabalpur, India.Methods: This prospective and analytic study focused on children admitted with fever in pediatric unit of N.S.C.B. Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. If any co-morbidity present with malaria their manifestation was noted. Association of co-morbidity with malaria was done, and effect of co-morbidity on severity of malaria and outcome of patients was noted.Results: A total number of 1950 of children suspected to have malaria who were tested by RDT and microscopy (PSMP), out of them 100 children were positive. Mean age calculated was 7.3±4.3 years. Maximum number of severe malaria cases (40.6%) were found in 6 months to <5 years age group. Most common co-morbidity associated with malaria was anemia (53%) followed by pneumonia (36%) hepatitis (26%), diarrhea (24%), enteric fever (15%), septicemia and meningoencephalitis (10%) each, UTI (4%), and AKI (6%), while dengue (3%) and severe acute malnutrition (2%). Out of 69 cases of severe malaria 46.3% cases had two and 34.7% cases had more than two co-morbidities while in 31 cases of uncomplicated malaria 38.7% cases had two co-morbidity and only 3% had more than two co-morbidity.Conclusions: All RDT positive cases have associated co-morbidity with malaria in our study, more is the co-morbidity is longer were the duration of stay and higher the complications and even mortality.
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Snow, R. W., A. Menon, and B. M. Greenwood. "Measuring morbidity from malaria." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 83, no. 3 (January 1989): 321–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1989.11812350.
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Marsh, K. "Malaria-a neglected disease?" Parasitology 104, S1 (June 1992): S53—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075247.
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SUMMARYIn situations where malaria eradication is not an option in the foreseeable future the emphasis must be on the control of morbidity and mortality due to malaria. Under such circumstances drawing a distinction between malarial parasitization and malarial disease may be important for workers in both field and laboratory. This concept is explored from the points of view of the epidemiological picture of malaria in endemic populations, the factors which may influence progression to disease and the processes which mediate disease.
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Soma-Pillay, P., and A. P. Macdonald. "Malaria in pregnancy." Obstetric Medicine 5, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/om.2011.110063.
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Malaria is a complex parasitic disease affecting about 32 million pregnancies each year in sub-Saharan Africa. Pregnant women are especially susceptible to malarial infection and have the risk of developing severe disease and birth complications. The target of Millennium Development Goal 6 is to end malaria deaths by 2015. Maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality due to malaria may be reduced by implementing preventive measures, early diagnosis of suspected cases, effective antimalarial therapy and treatment of complications.
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Orish, Verner N., Joseph Y. Ansong, Isaac B. Anagi, Onyekachi S. Onyeabor, Adekunle O. Sanyaolu, and Nnaemeka C. Iriemenam. "Malaria and associated co-morbidity in children admitted with fever manifestation in Western Ghana: A retrospective study." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 1257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6316.
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Introduction: Children under five years of age are highly vulnerable to malaria infection and often face dire consequences such as severe malaria if they are not promptly and adequately treated with effective anti-malarial medications. We set out to evaluate malaria and associated co-morbidity among children admitted with febrile illness in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Methodology: This retrospective study focused on children admitted with fever over a three-year period at the pediatric unit of Effia-Nkwanta Regional Hospital. The children were identified, and the medical records of those who were successfully treated and discharged were searched, retrieved, and reviewed. Results: A total of 1,193 children were identified and selected for analysis. The mean duration of admission increased from 2.17 days in 2010 to 3.36 in 2012. Conversely, the mean age decreased from 3.85 years in 2010 to 2.74 in 2012. Overall, laboratory-confirmed malaria prevalence decreased; however, this decrease was only observed among children five years of age or younger, while malaria prevalence increased among children one year of age or younger. The proportion of children with severe malarial anemia significantly increased, while the proportion of those with mild malaria decreased significantly. Conclusions: Despite the general decrease in malaria morbidity seen in this study, children younger than one year of age remain at increased risk of malaria morbidity. With an increase in malaria prevalence among children younger than one year of age over the three years of study, integrated and targeted control measures are highly needed for this age group.
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Hafsari, Tria Anggita, Yulinda Nurul Aini, and Fuat Edi Kurniawan. "Malaria Morbidity Prediction Scenario in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v9i1.97.
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Governments commitment in eradicating malaria has been realized in Malaria elimination program. The program aims to reduce Malaria case to zero in 2030. Starting from 2011, Indonesia suffered a drop in APIs value from 1,75 to 0,84. Despite the numerous drop in Malaria cases, some regions are still suffering from large major outbreaks especially in eastern Indonesia. WHO declares that Indonesia is a country at risk of malaria, because of the high rates of malaria morbidity. The aims of this paper is to predict the trend of malaria morbidity with the API variable value of each province in Indonesia. The method used in this research is probabilistic method using extrapolation trends and ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) using variation percentage of training and testing data to obtain the best prediction method. Result of this article is API value scenario in Indonesia up to 2030. Based on the analysis result, the best method to predict the value of API is exponential growth method because it has the smallest MAPE value, which is 38.48 using 80% training data and 20% testing data. The prediction results show that from year 2018 to 2030, the value of API will decrease from 0.45 to 0.016.
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Miller, Max J. "Malaria morbidity in West Africa." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 80, no. 2 (January 1986): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90056-8.
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Greenwood, B. M., P. H. David, L. N. Otoo-Forbes, S. J. Allen, P. L. Alonso, J. R. Armstrong Schellenberg, P. Byass, M. Hurwitz, A. Menon, and R. W. Snow. "Mortality and morbidity from malaria after stopping malaria chemoprophylaxis." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 6 (November 1995): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(95)90419-0.
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Marsh, Kevin, and Robert W. Snow. "Host—parasite interaction and morbidity in malaria endemic areas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1359 (September 29, 1997): 1385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0124.
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Severe morbidity due to Plasmodium falciparum is a major health problem in African children. The patterns of morbidity in endemic areas are modified by the immune response, and vary markedly with transmission intensity. Severe disease falls into three overlapping syndromes: coma, respiratory distress, and severe anaemia. Recently, it has become clear that metabolic acidosis plays a major role in the pathogenesis of severe disease and is particularly important in the overlap between the different clinical syndromes. We propose that the different manifestations of severe malarial morbidity arise from the interaction of a limited number of pathogenic processes: red cell destruction, toxin–mediated activation of cytokine cascades, and infected cell sequestration in tissue microvascular beds. The pattern of severe morbidity varies with age within any one endemic area, with severe anaemia predominating in the youngest children and coma having its highest incidence in older children. Between endemic areas there is a marked variation in mean age of children with severe malaria, and therefore in the importance of different clinical syndromes. The shift in mean age is due to a combination of increased challenge and more rapid development of immunity at higher levels of transmission. Recent comparative studies indicate that at higher levels of transmission the net effect of these shifts may be a paradoxical reduction in total severe malarial morbidity.
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Hati, Jagannath, Gouri Oram, and Purna Chandra Karua. "Influence of ABO Blood Group Homozygous and Heterozygous Alpha Thalassemia on the Severity of Falciparum Malaria in India." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 52 (December 28, 2020): 3131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/638.
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BACKGROUND Malaria is a global health burden. About 300 - 500 million people suffer from the disease every year, out of whom, about 1 million succumb.1 This study was undertaken, as there has been no such study regarding the possible effect of - thalassemia and ABO blood group in Indian population on falciparum malarial infection. METHODS This is an observational study carried on in all malarial patients admitted in the Department of General Medicine, VSS Medical College & Hospital, Burla, between October 2008 - September 2010. Inclusion criteria: (i) Fever with positive asexual forms of falciparum malarial parasites [thick smear, thin smear, positive quantitative buffy coat (QBC), ICT test]. (ii) WHO criteria for severe falciparum malaria2 . “Controls”: Healthy persons of about same age, sex, ethnicity and locality. Exclusion Criteria: Blood transfusion within 3 months, cases of DM, CKD, hepatitis, SCD, tuberculosis, HIV, chronic liver disease, and COPD. RESULTS 128 cases of malaria, between 15 - 75 years, both sexes, pregnant / non-pregnant were included in the study. For control, the gene frequencies were / 29 (45.3 %), 3.7 / 27 (42.2 %) and 3.7 / 3.7 8 (12.5 %). For cases, it was found 33 (51.56 %), 25 (39.1 %) and 6 (9.4 %) respectively. In HPLC, HbA0 values of 3.7 / 3.7 (81.83 10) were > / (77.11 21.6) > 3.7 / , (64.8 ± 32.42), HbA2 values of / (2.1 1.4) > 3.7 / (1.8 ± 0.8) > 3.7 / 3.7 (1.43 0.27). In HbF, there were nearly same number of cases in all three variants and were negligible in HbS. Anaemia, jaundice, oliguria were the predominant causes of morbidity in alpha thalassaemic patients with severe falciparum malaria. Blood group A patients had significantly higher morbidity than blood group B, AB and O. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of anaemia, coma, convulsion and death was significantly less in homozygous alpha thalassemia cases in comparison to normal alpha thalassemia and heterozygous alpha thalassemia. Above features were also found to be significantly less in blood group O patients, and significantly high in blood group A patients, when compared to other blood groups. Prevalence of heterozygous and homozygous -thalassemia was lower in cases in comparison to controls. MCV was significantly lower in homozygous alpha thalassemia patients in comparison to other genotypes of alpha thalassemia. Anaemia, jaundice, coma, shock, oliguria, being the major co-morbidity conditions, should be detected and treated early. KEYWORDS Severe falciparum Malaria, ABO Blood Group, Homozygous & Heterozygous, -Thalassemia
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Malaria morbidity"
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Phiri, Kamija Samuel. "Assessment of iron deficiency in Malawian children living in an area of high malaria and bacterial infection morbidity." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425466.
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Luxemburger, Christine. "Effects of malaria and anaemia during pregnancy on survival and morbidity in infants living in an area of low malaria transmission." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416086.
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Tulu, Assefa Nega. "Determinants of malaria transmission in the highlands of Ethiopia : the impact of global warming on morbidity and mortality ascribed to malaria." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682286/.
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A study was undertaken in Debre Zeit sector, central Ethiopia to identify the most important determinants of malaria transmission with a specific purpose of assessing whether global warming was the main cause of increased morbidity and mortality ascribed to malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia. Both retrospective and prospective methods were employed to conduct the study in 430 localities with a total population of 406,891. Some nine data sets were collected including altitude, malaria incidence and prevalence, hospital morbidity and mortality, outbreaks of malaria, vector control, climate patterns and in-vivo drug resistance mostly on a monthly basis with varying time periods ranging from 1951 to 1993. Morbidity analysis revealed a 67-fold increase in monthly incidence of malaria in about two decades. Mortality patterns showed a 13-fold increase in deaths ascribed to malaria in the last decade alone. Furthermore, highland communities living in localities lying between 2,000 and 2,200 metres were affected by P. falciparum transmission for the first time since 1986. Time series analysis of climate patterns revealed a trend of increased climatic warming in both day-time and night-time temperature especially since 1988, at which time a coincident peak in the incidence rate of malaria was also observed despite a decrease in total rainfall. Each °C rise in monthly mean night-time temperature was associated with up to 64% and 58% estimated rise in monthly incidence of falciparum malaria two and three months later respectively. The historic epidemic of malaria in which 150,000 people were estimated to have died among 3 million cases of malaria in Ethiopia in 1958 was associated with abnormally high ambient temperature and rainfall. This year also saw a very strong El Niño event. A simultaneous peak was seen in incidence of malaria, hospital admissions and hospital deaths ascribed to malaria together with an abnormal rise in mean night-time temperature in 1988. Based on current data it is concluded that epidemics of malaria in the highlands of Ethiopia that were observed during the past decade were mainly due to an increase in night-time temperature. The coincident peak in both malaria and ambient temperature together with statistical evidence suggested that global warming was the main cause of the rise in incidence of highland malaria. This appeared to be the cause of new foci of transmission at high altitude localities while also increasing both the rate and duration of transmission in previously known epidemic-prone areas from highly seasonal to perennial transmission. Furthermore, non-climatic biological and human conditions such as chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria, decreased vector control efforts and large scale population migration were also identified as important factors amplifying the impact of global warming on morbidity and mortality ascribed to highland malaria by affecting more distal parts of the causal pathway.
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Chandiwana, Shingirai David. "The economic burden of 'malaria' morbidity on households in Mtoko district of North-Eastern Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9342.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-147).This thesis presents the findings of a research on the economic burden of malaria morbidity to rural households in Mtoko district of North-East Zimbabwe. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the household level impacts of direct costs (medical costs, consultation costs, transport costs and other related costs) and indirect costs (lost productive time by malaria sufferers whilst sick, lost time by caretakers whilst caring for the sick) due to malaria sickness. A cross sectional study with both descriptive and analytical features was carried out and the main finding from the research was that the economic costs of seeking malaria care were regressive. In other words the poor were using a higher percentage of their income whilst seeking malaria care. In addition, access to care was very limited for the poor as they either could not afford to access the care because of prohibitive costs or they were geographically too far away from sources of care to easily access it. Furthermore, indirect costs were far higher than direct costs as they constituted a greater percentage of total malaria costs. It was concluded that measures meant to exempt the poor from paying for malaria treatment and care were needed to limit the economic burden of malaria morbidity on poor households. The need to ensure that cheap affordable malaria drugs were available to the affected rural people is imperative.
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Douglas, Nicholas Martin. "Morbidity and mortality due to Plasmodium vivax malaria in Papua, Indonesia and its control using antimalarial drugs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3f758304-a3f6-4bfe-aeca-fcb135749267.
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Plasmodium vivax malaria threatens nearly half the world’s population. This relapsing disease may be more severe than previously recognised and is proving refractory to current malaria control measures. This thesis aimed to describe the burden of anaemia and mortality attributable to vivax malaria in Southern Papua, Indonesia, an area endemic for multidrug-resistant P. vivax and P. falciparum, and to determine the potential of currently available antimalarial drugs to reduce transmission of P. vivax in co-endemic regions. Approximately 0.5 million uniquely identified clinical records from patients presenting to Mitra Masyarakat Hospital between April 2004 and May 2009 were matched with corresponding laboratory and pharmacy data in order to determine the burden of anaemia in the hospital setting and the effectiveness of primaquine prescription for preventing P. vivax relapses. Clinical information extracted from patient notes was used to clarify the contribution of P. vivax malaria to a series of deaths detected by an active hospital-based surveillance system. Additional secondary sources of data used in this thesis included a large house-to-house survey and multiple clinical trials of antimalarial therapy from both Southern Papua and Northwestern Thailand. In Southern Papua, P. vivax malaria is an important cause of haematological morbidity both in the hospital and community setting. This morbidity is most significant in the first year of life when P. vivax infection accounts for 23% of all severe anaemia (haemoglobin <5g/dL) in the hospital and approximately 28% of all moderate-to-severe anaemia (haemoglobin <7g/dL) in the community. In this region concomitant P. vivax infection accentuates haematological impairment associated with P. falciparum malaria. Plasmodium vivax in Southern Papua rarely causes death directly but rather indirectly contributes to mortality through exacerbation of comorbid conditions. In Northwestern Thailand, 53.8% of patients with falciparum malaria who were treated with a rapidly eliminated drug between 1991 and 2005 had a recurrence of vivax malaria within two months making P. vivax infection the most common cause of parasitological failure in these individuals. Slowly eliminated artemisinin combination therapies (ACT) provided the greatest protection against recurrent P. vivax parasitaemia during 63 days of follow-up. In three randomised controlled trials from Papua and Thailand, P. vivax gametocytaemia was shown to mirror asexual parasitaemia closely and to have the same characteristics in acute and recurrent infections. This emphasises that the most important chemotherapeutic means of blocking P. vivax transmission is prevention of future relapse. Primaquine is recommended for this purpose but analyses in this thesis suggest that in Southern Papua, unsupervised primaquine at a dose of 0.5mg/kg/day for 14 days, does not reduce the risk of subsequent relapse (Adjusted Hazard Ratio = 1.01 [95% confidence interval 0.95-1.07]). Plasmodium vivax malaria should not be neglected. High priority must be given to new hypnozoitocidal drug discovery. In the interim, optimising the safety and effectiveness of primaquine and adoption of a unified ACT-based blood schizontocidal treatment strategy for malaria of any parasitological cause in co-endemic regions will be crucial for controlling P. vivax malaria.
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Wilson, Shona. "Hepatosplenic morbidity in Kenyan schoolchildren : clinical and immunological interactions between schistosomiasis and chronic exposure to malaria." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614229.
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Ansumana, Rashid. "Tiered laboratory analyses for common infections to characterize febrile morbidity not related to malaria in Sierra Leone." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2035608/.
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In tropical Africa, fever is commonly associated with malaria. However, there are many other illnesses presenting with fever. Non-malaria febrile illnesses (NMFIs) may be attributable to multiple etiologic agents including viral, bacterial and parasitic infections in malaria-endemic resource-poor countries. NMFIs pose challenges to peripheral health systems such that they are clinically under-diagnosed while malaria remains over-diagnosed. Misdiagnoses of a febrile condition may lead to wrong prescription that delays treatment and increases expenditure on health-care and also leads to increased morbidity and mortality. In Sierra Leone, dealing with infections other than malaria remain a serious problem, starting from diagnosis to providing care. Several factors make it difficult to test and treat for NMFIs. Fewer febrile people report their fevers to healthcare centers and there are fewer resources generally which include: fewer laboratories, insufficiently trained laboratory technicians, inadequate standardized infrastructure and unsuitable equipment, epileptic power supplies as well as poor cold-chain storage conditions for reagents among others. The primary goal of this Ph.D. study was to investigate the prevalence/incidence of NMFIs in Bo, Sierra Leone, using a tiered laboratory analyzes method. The specific objectives were to: investigate the types and etiology of non-malarial febrile illnesses in Bo, Sierra Leone; determine the prevalence/incidence of non-malarial pathogens causing febrile illnesses, and investigate the distribution of NMFIs. The study started with a baseline and syndromic survey of all households in the study community (n=882 households with 5410 persons). A total cohort of 1403 persons was recruited and followed for a period of one year. After obtaining informed-consent, bio-samples were obtained from febrile subjects and used for laboratory analyses involving three tiers. The first tier (T1) included the use of rapid, lateral flow assays (RLFAs). T1 tests were: chikungunya, malaria, typhoid fever, syphilis, HIV, hepatitis A, B and C, dengue fever, leptospirosis, influenza A and B, RSV and Streptococcus aureus. Subsequent tests at Tier 2 included singleplex and multiplex PCR and bacterial culture; with resequencing pathogen microarray at Tier 3. From the initial survey 882 households with 5410 individuals and 76.6% reported having malaria in a month prior to the study. About 1402 (25.9%) of persons in participating households were reported to have had a fever within the past six months. The rate of fever reported differed by age group and sex, with young children having the highest rate (p<0.001) and females reporting more fevers than males (p<0.001). Viral infections detected included; 46% chikungunya (95%CI 43.5-48.7), 24.2 human rhino virus/enterovirus (95%CI: 17.4-32.6), 19.2% corona virus (95%CI: 13.1-27.1), 9.7% HIV (95%CI: 8.2-11.4), 8.5% hepatitis B(HbSAg) (95%CI: 7.1-10.1), 8.7%HAV(IgG)(95%CI:7.3-10.3), 8.3% influenza B (95%CI:4.6-14.7 ), 5% adenovirus(95%CI: 2.1-11.0), 4.7% hepatitis C(95%CI: 3.7-5.9), 2.8% dengue fever (95%CI: 2.0-3.8), 1.7% parainfluenza virus and 1.7% influenza A(H1N1) (95%CI: 0.5-5.9), 0.8% cytomegalovirus (95%CI: 0.04-5.2) and 0.2 % human coxsackie virus A24 and A22(95%CI: 0.07-0.6). Bacterial infections detected included: 16.9% of Escherichia. coli (95%CI: 11.6-23.9); 12.6% of Klebsiella pneumonia (95%CI: 8.2-19.2); 12% of Citrobacter freundii (95%CI: 7.6-18.3); 8.5% of Enterobacter cloacae (95%CI: 4.9-14.2), 7.5% Haemophilus influenzae (95%CI: 3.7-14.2), 5%Chlamydophila pneumonia (95%CI: 2.9-11.6), 4.7% Burkholderia pseudomallei (95%CI: 3.7-5.9), 3.3% Moraxella catharrhalis (95%CI: 1.3-8.3), 2.8% Kluyvera spp. and 2.8% Serratia plymuthica /marcescens (95%CI: 1.1-7.0), 2.5% Mycoplasma pneumonia (95%CI: 0.9-7.1), 1.6% Treponema pallidum (95%CI: 1.1-2.5) and 0.7% Enterobacter intermedium, 0.7 Enterobacter aerogenes and 0.7% Escherichia hermannii (95%CI: 0.1-3.9) ), 1.1% Yersinia pestis(95%CI 0.7-1.8). Helminths detected included: 19.3% Ascaris lumbricoides (95% CI: 14.2-25.8); 10.8% hookworms (95% CI: 7.0-16.3); 6.3% Schistosoma mansoni (95% CI: 3.5-10.8); 1.1% had Schistosoma haematobium; 1.2% Strongyloides stercoralis (95% CI: 0.3-4.1); and 2.8% had Trichuris trichiura (95% CI: 1.2-6.5). It is worthy to note that these helminthes are collectively neglected tropical diseases and also known as diseases of poverty. Though malaria remains endemic, the results provide evidence of several other pathogens in circulation in Bo, Sierra Leone, one of which, Chikungunya, has a higher prevalence (46%) than malaria (23%). Among the bacteria, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is of importance as the population antibody levels has risen such that three-fifth of the study population had up to 1:120 titers of both Anti-O and Anti-H antibodies. A new cut-off point for the Widal test at about 1:160 or above is recommended to prevent over prescription of antibiotics for cases not related to typhoid. This study demonstrates the need to prioritize diagnosis and treatment of NMFIs in Sierra Leone.
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Odhiambo, Frank Ouma. "Efficacy and safety of paediatric immunization-linked intermittent preventive treatment in infants (IPTi) in the prevention of malaria morbidity in rural western Kenya." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501591.
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Background: Intermittent preventive treatment in infants (IPTi) with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for the prevention of malaria has shown encouraging results in recent trials. However, resistance to SP is rising and alternative drugs for IPTi need to be evaluated. Objectives: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of different drugs for IPTi and to better understand the role of treatment vs. prophylactic effect of IPTi by comparing short and long-acting antimalarials.
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Ngomane, L. N. (Lindokuhle Matrue). "The impact of indoor residual spraying (IRS) on malaria prevalence between 2001 and 2009 in Mpumalanga province, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24853.
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Background Malaria remains a serious epidemic threat in the Lowveld region of Mpumalanga Province. In order to appropriately target interventions to achieve substantial reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality, there is a need to assess the impact of current control interventions such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) for vector control. This study aimed to assess long-term changes in the burden of malaria in Mpumalanga Province during the past eight years (2001-2009) and whether IRS and climate variability had an effect on these changes. Methods All malaria cases and deaths notified to the Malaria Control Programme, Department of Health was reviewed for the period 2001 to 2009. Data were retrieved from the provincial Integrated Malaria Information System (IMIS) database. Climate and population data were obtained from the South Africa Weather Service and Statistics South Africa, respectively. Descriptive statistics were computed to determine any temporal changes in malaria morbidity and mortality. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were developed to assess the effect of climatic factors on malaria. Results Within the eight-year period of the study, a total of 35,191 cases and 164 deaths-attributed to malaria were notified in Mpumalanga Province. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of malaria in Mpumalanga Province from 385 in 2001/02 to 50 cases per 100,000 population in 2008/09 (P < 0.005). The overall incidence and case fatality rates were 134 cases per 100,000 and 0.54%, respectively. Malaria incidence and case fatality rate by gender showed significant differences, higher in males than in L.M. Ngomane University of Pretoria, 2012 iv females (166.9 versus 106.4; P < 0.001; CFR 0.41% versus 0.55%). The incidence of malaria increased from age 5-14 years (70), reaching a peak at age 25-34 years (190), declining thereafter (50 in those >65 years). Mortality due to malaria was higher in those >65 years, the mean CFR reaching a 2.1% peak. Almost half (47.8%) of the notified cases originated from Mozambique and Mpumalanga Province itself constituted 50.1%. The distribution of malaria varied across the districts, highest in Ehlanzeni district (96.5%), lowest in Nkangala (<1%) and Gert Sibande (<1%). A notable decline in malaria case notification was observed following the increased IRS coverage from 2006/07 to 2008/09 malaria seasons. A distinct seasonal transmission pattern was found to be significantly related to changes in rainfall patterns (P = 0.007). Conclusion Decades of continuous IRS with insecticides have proved to be successful in reducing the burden of malaria morbidity and mortality in Mpumalanga Province between 2001 and 2009. A decline of above 50% in malaria morbidity and mortality was observed following expanded IRS coverage. These results highlight the need to continue with IRS together with other control strategies until interruption in local malaria transmission is completely achieved and alternative vector control strategies implemented. Efforts need to be directed towards the control of imported cases, interruption of local transmission and focus on research into sustainable and cost-effective combination of control interventions.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
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Ratsimbasoa, Claude Arsène. "Prise en charge du paludisme au niveau communautaire chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans : evaluation de la mise en œuvre de la nouvelle politique nationale." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21848/document.
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ContexteSi l’efficacité de la stratégie de prise en charge du paludisme au niveau communautaire n’est pas remise en cause à Madagascar, la mise en place de la nouvelle politique nationale incluant le remplacement de la chloroquine par la combinaison artésunate plus amodiaquine et l’introduction des tests de diagnostic rapide (TDR) dans la prise en charge des fièvres chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans suscite plusieurs inquiétudes. ObjectifsLe principal objectif de notre travail a été d’évaluer la stratégie de prise en charge des fièvres chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans au niveau communautaire. Pour évaluer la stratégie de prise en charge,trois objectifs spécifiques ont été abordés, à savoir, (i) l’étude de l’efficacité thérapeutique de la combinaison fixe « artesunate-amodiaquine » dans la prise en charge des fièvres chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans au niveau communautaire, (ii) l’évaluation des performances des tests de diagnostic rapide utilisés au niveau communautaire et (iii) la description de la situation épidémiologie du paludisme au niveau communautaire et l’évaluation de l’impact des stratégies de lutte actuellement mises en œuvre.MéthodologiesDeux études longitudinales ont été mises en place. La première étude (objectifs 1 & 2) a été conduite de février 2008 à février 2010 (24 mois) chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans en zone de transmission stable (district de Manakara) et en zone de transmission instable (district de Moramanga). La deuxième (objectif 3) s’est déroulée entre février 2009 et mars 2011 en zone de transmission stable (district de Manakara). Résultats & ConclusionObjectif 1 : les données obtenues lors de notre étude, nous permettent d’affirmer l’excellente efficacité thérapeutique de la combinaison fixe « artesunate-amodiaquine ». Nous avons observé que le taux de guérison clinique global était de 98,4% au bout de 28 jours et 97,9% au bout de 42 jours. La compliance au traitement a été estimée à 83,4%. Aucun effet indésirable grave n'a été observé. : Objectif 2 : Cette étude a permis de confirmer que les performances diagnostiques des agents de santé communautaire utilisant les TDR en termes de sensibilité, spécificité, VPP et VPN étaient supérieures à 85%, que la concordance entre les résultats de la microscopie et des TDRs, estimée par la valeur Kappa était excellente (83%) et que les TDR étaient stable même conservés au niveau communautaire. L’introduction des TDR au niveau communautaire semble être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer la prise en charge des malades fébriles, pour réduire la surconsommation d’antipaludiques (et donc le coût des traitements inutilement utilisés) et pour réduire la pression de sélection exercée par cette surconsommation. Objectif 3 : Nous avons pu démontrer que les mesures de prévention et de traitement prises au niveau communautaire étaient efficaces avec la mesure objective de la réduction de la prévalence du paludisme. Nous avons également mis en évidence une variation importante de la prévalence du paludisme inter-villages dans une même commune de quelques kilomètres carrés, suggérant des interventions ciblées en fonction des risques liés à la situation géographique, agricole, et climatique. Ce travail a permis de proposer une première approche méthodologique qu’il serait souhaitable d’étendre pour collecter les données de prévalence et d’incidence dans les autres communes, et préciser ainsi les besoins ciblés en TDR et ACTs à MadagascarContext:One should think back of the effectiveness of malaria case management strategy at the community level Otherwise, questions will remain unanswered on the setting up of the new national Policy including the replacement of the chloroquine with combination artesunate and amodiaque and the introduction of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for fever case management among children under five.Objective:The principal goal of our essay is to assess fever case management strategy among children under five years old at the community level. To proceed to the assessment, three specific objectives were tackled: (i) Therapeutic effectiveness of the fixed combination (artesunate-amodiaque) in fever case management among children under five at the community level. ii)the assessment of RDT performances used at the community level and iii) description of malaria epidemiological situation at the community level and the assessment of the impact of the fight against malaria strategies implementedMethodology: Two long depth studies were applied. The first study (Objective 1 and 2) was conducted in February 2008 to February 2010 (24 months) among children under five years old in stable transmission area (Manakara district) and in changeable transmission area (Moramanga district). The second study (objective 3) was held in February 2009 and March 2011 in stable transmission area (Manakara).Outputs and Conclusion:Objective 1: Data collected during our study enabled us to confirm the excellent therapeutically effectiveness of the fixed combination “artesunate-amodiaque”. We have noticed that the global clinical recovery rate is 98.4% after 28 days and 97.9% after 42 days of treatment. Compliance with the treatment was estimated at 83.4%. Not any adverse effect was noticed.Objective 2: This study enabled us to confirm the diagnostic performances of community health workers using RDT in terms of sensitiveness, specification. VPP and VPN were more 85% than the reliability between microscopic results and the RDTs estimated by the kappa value was excellent (83%) and RDTs were stable even kept at the community level. The introduction of RDT at the community level seems to be an effective strategy to improve sick people case management, to reduce overconsumption of products anti-malaria (and so reduce the cost of treatments used uselessly) and to reduce the selection pressure from this overconsumption.Objective 3: We could prove that prevention and treatment measures at the community level were effective with the objective measure of reducing malaria rate. We could bring to evidence an important variation of malaria rate between villages of one same commune from few kilometers of distance, suggesting targeted interventions depending on the risks linked to the geographic, agricultural and climate situations. This work enabled us to suggest a first methodological approach that is better to extend to collect prevalence data and in adverse circumstances in other communes and to mention the RDT targeted needs and ACTs in Madagascar
Books on the topic "Malaria morbidity"
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Isabirye, Jennifer Namusobya. Factors associated with high morbidity and mortality due to malaria in Iganga District Uganda. [Kampala]: The Centre, 1998.
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Oduor, Jacob. Evaluating the impact of microfranchising the distribution of anti-malaria drugs in Kenya on malaria mortality and morbidity. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2010.
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Thakur, Kiran. Malaria. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0163.
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Malaria persists despite efforts for global eradication and vaccine development, and continues to prove lethal in endemic regions. The neurological manifestations of malaria are often devastating, with a high mortality rate and significant morbidity in survivors. A major life threatening complication of malaria infection is cerebral malaria (CM), most commonly occurring in children in sub-Saharan Africa and adults in Southeast Asia. There should be a high suspicion for CM in patients who present in coma residing in or having recently traveled to malaria endemic regions. Other neurological manifestations posing significant morbidity include postmalaria neurological syndrome and side effects due to antimalarial medications. Discussions in this chapter are focused around the neurobiology of malaria infection, and the host- and pathogen-related factors that contribute to neurological manifestations of the mosquito-borne illness.
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Cardona-Arias, Jaiberth Antonio, Luis Felipe Higuita Gutiérrez, and Juan Carlos Cataño Correa. Vínculos entre minería aurífera y salud: un estudio en Buriticá, Antioquia. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/9789587602876.
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The research about the relation of mining and health has traditionally been carried out ex post, that is, with evaluation of the effects of mining on the health profiles of miners or exposed people, time after to the start of this economic activity. This limits the evaluation of the impact of mining on health, given the lack of knowledge about health indicators prior to the start of mining, or due to the absence of a baseline to analyze series of time. In addition, specific indicators such as vector-borne diseases (for example, malaria morbidity or mortality in endemic areas with mining activity), respiratory problems, effects of contamination with materials used in mining, among other topics, are generally investigated in illegal mining contexts. In Colombia there are few publications about the health profiles in legal mining areas, prior to the mining phase, as a determining aspect to establish a baseline that allows quantitative evaluation of the impacts of this economic activity on the health of the exposed people. This research analyzes the health profile of the residents of a geographic area with the presence of underground gold mining in Buriticá-Antioquia, according to sociodemographic conditions during 2019. The central outcomes of this profile were risk factors related to health services and lifestyle, felt morbidity, overweight and obesity, high blood pressure, STIs, breast disorders, lung conditions, all with their potential socio-economic risks.
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Husin, Lubis Syarif, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Dept. of Community Health., and Lembaga Perancang Keluarga Berencana, eds. Survey on morbidity and mortality differentials: Malaysia. [Kuala Lumpur]: Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1987.
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Petit, Véronique, Kaveri Qureshi, Yves Charbit, and Philip Kreager, eds. The Anthropological Demography of Health. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862437.001.0001.
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This book provides an integrative framework for the anthropological demography of health, a field of interdisciplinary population research grounded in ethnography and in critical examination of the social, political, and economic histories that have shaped relations between peoples. The field has grown from the 1990s, extending to a remarkable range of key human and policy issues, including: genetic disorders; nutrition; mental health; infant, child and maternal morbidity; malaria; HIV/AIDS; disability and chronic diseases; new reproductive technologies; and population ageing. Collaboration with social, medical, and demographic historians enables these issues to be situated in the evolution of institutional structures and inequalities that shape health and care access. Understanding fertility levels and trends has widened beyond parity and contraception to the many life course risks and alternative healing systems that shape reproductive health. By going beyond conventional demographic and epidemiological methods, and idealised macro/micro-level units, the anthropological demography of health places people’s health-seeking behaviour in a compositional demography based on ethnographic observation of group formation and change over time, and of variance between what people say and do. It tracks family and community networks; class, linguistic, and religious groups; sectoral labour and market distributions; health and healing specialisms; and relations between these bodies and with groups controlling local and national governments. The approach enables examination of how local cultures and experience are translated formally into measures on which survey and clinical programmes rely, thus testing the empirical adequacy of such translations, and leading to revision of concepts of risk and governance.
Book chapters on the topic "Malaria morbidity"
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Adli, Ali, YT Ooi, YL Tan Isaac, WY Ho Katrina, HM Chai, Seet Ruijia, KW Teh, and KH Wong. "Social Determinants of Psychiatric Morbidity Among Malaysian Children." In The Malaysia-Japan Model on Technology Partnership, 71–83. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54439-5_7.
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Gianfrancesco, Angelo. "Morbus Animae: des vices monastiques à la morbidité sociale et à l’aliénation mentale, évolution et transformation du modèle monastique de la maladie de l’âme." In Saint-Victor de Marseille. Études archéologiques et historiques, 187–211. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.bat-eb.3.1381.
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Jayakumar, Angelina, and Zahir Osman Eltahir Babiker. "Malaria." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0072.
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Malaria is a tropical parasitic infection of the red blood cells caused by the protozoal species Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. It is transmitted through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. The average incubation period is twelve to fourteen days. Congenital and blood-borne transmissions can also occur. P. falciparum and P. vivax account for most human infections but almost all deaths are caused by P. falciparum, with children under five years of age bearing the brunt of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. P. falciparum is dominant in sub-Saharan Africa whereas P. vivax predominates in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. P. ovalae and P. malaria are less common and are mainly found in sub-Saharan Africa. P. knowlesi primarily causes malaria in macaques and is geographically restricted to southeast Asia. While taking a blood meal, the female anopheline mosquito injects motile sporozoites into the bloodstream. Within half an hour, the sporozoites invade the hepatocytes and start dividing to form tissue schizonts. In P. vivax and P. ovale, some of the sporozoites that reach the liver develop into hypnozoites and stay dormant within the hepatocytes for months to years after the original infection. The schizonts eventually rupture releasing daughter merozoites into the bloodstream. The merozoites develop within the red blood cells into ring forms, trophozoites, and eventually mature schizont. This part of the life cycle takes twenty-four hours for P. knowlesi; forty-eight hours for P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale; and seventy-two hours for P. malariae. In P. vivax and P. ovale, some of the sporozoites that reach the liver develop into hypnozoites and stay dormant within the hepatocytes for months to years after the original infection. The hallmark of malaria pathogenesis is parasite sequestration in major organs leading to cytoadherence, endothelial injury, coagulopathy, vascular leakage, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and tissue inflammation. Malaria is the most frequently imported tropical disease in the UK with an annual case load of around 2000. P. falciparum is the predominant imported species, and failure to take chemoprophylaxis is the commonest risk factor.
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Jr Fouda Abougou, Benjamin. "Finding Novel Strategies to Overcome the Impact of Malaria Vector Resistance in Limited-Resources Settings. The Case of Cameroon as a Basis for Reflection." In Plasmodium Species and Drug Resistance [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98318.
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Malaria remains one of the most important and deadliest diseases in many countries in Africa, in the Americas, in South-East Asia, in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the Western Pacific regions, with high morbidity and mortality, despite important successes for the control of this disease borne by the vector Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria elimination relies on different strategies including early diagnosis, improved drug therapies and better health infrastructure, and mainly the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual sprayings (IRS) of insecticide. In Cameroon, a country composed of several ethnic groups, malaria transmission is endemic in some regions, while it is seasonal in others; children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. Progress has been made towards malaria control, considering these specificities, and led to a reduction in both morbidity and mortality, but these accomplishments are under threat, mainly due to the development of resistance to insecticides among mosquitoes, targeting the 4 commonly used insecticide classes. To continue our route towards malaria control and elimination, it is urgent to have more knowledge about resistance mechanisms, in the objective of elaborating new strategies with the involvement of the community; these strategies should take into consideration socio-ecological factors such as the young age of the population, low literacy rate especially among women, population’s beliefs, traditions, and customs. Forest ecosystems with abundant rains, humidity and hot temperature, lower access to water for populations living in rural areas, and poverty level are other factors to consider when elaborating malaria control approaches.
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Cueto, Marcos. "A Return to the Magic Bullet?" In When People Come First. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the recent cycle of malaria elimination and control efforts and to raise some questions about the future of global health. It discusses policy changes that occurred against the background of the slow but steady growth of a killer that is second in its global impact only to tuberculosis. Despite a general decline in malaria morbidity during the 1960s and 1970s, especially in semitropical and temperate climate zones, the number of cases and deaths increased in the following years. Among the social factors that explain malaria's increase in the developing world were floods of refugees fleeing civil wars and famine, the marked precariousness of medical systems during a period of structural adjustment, and the growing number of unemployed rural people moving to previously uncultivated lands where infection rates were higher and medical care was scarce.
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Cambel Dieng, Cheikh, Colby T. Ford, Jennifer Huynh, Linda E. Amoah, Yaw A. Afrane, Daniel A. Janies, and Eugenia Lo. "Progress in Parasite Genomics and Its Application to Current Challenges in Malaria Control." In Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96530.
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A wide deployment of malaria control tools have significantly reduced malaria morbidity and mortality across Africa. However, in the last five to seven years, there has been a resurgence of malaria in several African countries, raising the questions of whether and why current control mechanisms are failing. Since the first Plasmodium falciparum reference genome was published in 2002, few thousands more representing a broad range of geographical isolates have been sequenced. These advances in parasite genomics have improved our understanding of mutational changes, molecular structure, and genetic mechanisms associated with diagnostic testing, antimalarial resistance, and preventive measures such as vaccine development. In this chapter, we summarize the current progress on: (1) genomic characteristics of P. falciparum; (2) novel biomarkers and revolutionary techniques for diagnosing malaria infections; and (3) current vaccine targets and challenges for developing efficacious and long-lasting malaria vaccines.
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Burton, Rosie. "Maternal infection in pregnancy." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Catherine Nelson-Piercy, 2671–77. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0277.
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This chapter will consider infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria in pregnancy. The global roll-out of antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved survival for people living with HIV and reduced mother-to-child transmission, but HIV infection remains a leading cause of maternal mortality, infant death, and early childhood death. Most women with HIV infection are in sub-Saharan Africa, where the highest prevalence is among young women of reproductive age. Meanwhile, tuberculosis is a major cause of maternal mortality. Active tuberculosis also adversely affects pregnancy outcomes, with an increased risk of preterm delivery, growth restriction, and perinatal death. Malaria is a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Pregnant women are more susceptible to malaria, have more severe disease, and may deteriorate rapidly. In severe malaria, mortality is 15–20% in non-pregnant women, compared to 50% in pregnancy. Primigravidae are at highest risk of severe malaria and death.
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Macnab, Andrew J. "School-based initiatives to reduce malaria morbidity and promote academic achievement in children." In Health in Transition: Translating developmental origins of health and disease science to improve future health in Africa, 247–89. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928357759/14.
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Lee, Mark, Bhanu Williams, and Anu Goenka. "Child infection." In Oxford Textbook of Global Health of Women, Newborns, Children, and Adolescents, 182–89. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794684.003.0036.
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The significant progress in reducing child deaths in the last thirty years has been driven in large part by reductions in deaths attributable to the commonest infections. Yet still, pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria remain the biggest killers and drivers of morbidity in children outside the neonatal period. Key determinants of mortality from childhood infectious diseases include poverty, maternal education, food security, and feeding practices. And although effective evidence-based interventions exist to reduce mortality and morbidity from childhood infectious diseases, their impact has been undermined by inadequacies in implementation. Future approaches will seek to address these issues through an integrated approach to reducing inequality and improving access to interventions such as vaccination, alongside tackling more recent threats such as antimicrobial resistance and emerging infections.
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Tandel, Nikunj, and Sarat K. Dalai. "T Cell-Based Vaccines: Hope for Malaria Elimination." In Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96767.
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Among the numerous infectious diseases, malaria still remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Every year more than 200 million cases are registered and death toll is of around 4,00,000. The emergence of insecticide and drug resistance has surged an alarming situation to find an effective means to tackle it. From various approaches used for reducing the damage created by malaria to the society, developing effective vaccine has gained the attention of scientific community. The large genome size (24 MB), heterogeneity of the genes, complex life cycle in two different hosts, and expression of wide range of these genes are claimed to hinder the malaria vaccine development. It requires good understanding of the host-pathogen interaction and its correlation with the sterile protection. Recently, subunit vaccine have shown certain promising responses; however, the currently in use of RTS,S vaccine has failed to generate the long-term sterile protection as well as effector memory CD8+T cells. However, the success of sterile protection through vaccination has been proven long back by experimental approaches, where it could be achieved using irradiated sporozoites (RAS) in rodents and humans. Similarly, GAP (genetically attenuated parasite) and CPS (chloroquine chemoprophylaxis with Plasmodium sporozoites) have been shown to induce sterile immunity. Despite all the developments, generation of species and stage specific-CD8+ T cell responses has been modest. In order to generate long-lasting immune response, particularly, liver-stage specific-CD8+ T cells, it is indeed required to study the CD8+ T cell epitope repertoire and its implications on the host immune system. In this chapter we will discuss the current status of T cell-based vaccines and the challenges associated with it.
Conference papers on the topic "Malaria morbidity"
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Rickman, R. "Reducing malaria mortality and morbidity in very young children: the new fully-protective 'Sleep-Safe' mosquito net™ and more appropriate diagnostic tools to ensure effective medical surveillance in the rural tropics." In 3rd IEE Seminar on Appropriate Medical Technology for Developing Countries. IET, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2004.0706.
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Awang, Aznida Che, and Nor Azah Samat. "Standardized morbidity ratio for leptospirosis mapping in Malaysia." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION, MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE 2016 (ICEMS2016) IN CONJUNCTION WITH 4TH INTERNATIONAL POSTGRADUATE CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS 2016 (IPCSM2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4983861.
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