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Rahman, Md Arifur, Md Anwar Husain, Mahabubur Rahman Chowdhury, and Kanti Priyo Das. "Panmalarial Immunochromatographic Test May Help in Detection of Rare Species of Malaria." Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 27, no. 1 (October 8, 2016): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcmcta.v27i1.62287.
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We detected a case of Plasmodium malariae in Chittagong, Bangladesh, using traditional microscopy and pan malarial Immunochromatographic Test (ICT). The person was an adult male, presented clinically as severe malaria. Blood slide examination by microscopy and pan malarial ICT revealed the case as Plasmodium malariae infection. The patient presented as severe malaria case for which he was hospitalized and recovered after seven days of quinine treatment.
 JCMCTA 2016 ; 27 (1) : 59 - 60
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Salutondok, Welly, Nolly O. H. Rantung, Ronny ., and Michelle P. C. Nugroho. "A Case Report of Plasmodium Malaria Infection." Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 9, no. 4 (January 8, 2025): 105–8. https://doi.org/10.52403/gijhsr.20240411.
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Background: Malaria is a human infection caused by Plasmodium species. The Indonesia Ministry of Health reported 418,546 positive cases of malaria in Indonesia throughout 2023. Among the five major Plasmodium species, Plasmodium malariae infection is relatively rare and often overlooked by light microscopy due to its low parasitemia. Case Report: A 67-year-old female presented to the emergency room with a fever for almost one week. The fever went down for three days but rose again on the fourth day. The patient had a history of traveling to Papua. Vital signs were normal. Laboratory examinations revealed decreased levels of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and hematocrite. The serological examination was positive for malaria, and occult blood examination detected Plasmodium malariae schizont. The patient was subsequently treated with combination drug therapy for malaria and recovered successfully. Conclusion: The symptoms of the patient were attributed to malaria infection. Treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy is the most effective anti-malarial drug. Early and accurate diagnosis was also crucial delays in appropriate treatment could result in severe complications. Keywords: plasmodium malariae, malaria, tropical infection
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Utpat, Sandeepa, Fahad Hussain, Cem Dikengil, Nishka Utpat, and Vinod Nookala. "Antimalarial prophylaxis failure: Malaria in a returning traveler despite mefloquine prophylaxis." Tropical Parasitology 14, no. 1 (2024): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tp.tp_39_23.
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This case report presents a perplexing case of Plasmodium malariae breakthrough infection despite prophylaxis with appropriate antimalarial prophylactic regimen of mefloquine in a compliant patient. A 78-year-old missionary who travels each year to the African subcontinent for multiple weeks to months, over 25 years, adheres to stringent antimalarial prophylaxis with Mefloquine as prescribed, starting prior to the trip and continuing after the return to the U.S.A. She gave no prior history of malaria during her 25 years of travel to Africa and back. Since she had no prior history of malaria and due to her excellent compliance with antimalarial regiment, despite her presentation which were suggestive of malaria, neither the patient nor her providers recognized the onset of malaria in this case. Infectious diseases physicians approached this case with an open mind, investigated appropriately, requested appropriate tests, found the presence of malarial parasite, identified as P. malariae species thereafter. She was started on antimalarial treatment in a timely fashion and showed an excellent response. This intriguing recovery of malarial parasite and response to treatment despite the patient being on antimalarial prophylaxis raised the possibility of mefloquine failure as an antimalarial prophylactic agent against P. malariae species.
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Haque, Muhammad Ehsanul, Muhammad Anwar Husain, Nasima Akter, Muhammad Abdul Mazed, Khan Mashrequl Alam, Muhammad Tipu Sultan, Arup Kanti Dewanjee, Muhammad Shaqil Ahmed, Muhammad Arifur Rahman, and Muhammad Zakir Hossain. "Plasmodium malariae in Chittagong, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Microbiology 5, no. 2 (November 10, 2013): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16936.
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We detected a case of Plasmodium malariae in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The person was an adult male, presented clinically as severe malaria. B lood slide examination by microscopy and pan malarial immunochromatographic test (ICT) revealed the case as Plasmodium malariae infection. The patient presented as severe malaria case for which he was hospitalized and recovered after seven days of quinine treatment.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16936 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 30-31
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Haldar, Kasturi, and Narla Mohandas. "Malaria, erythrocytic infection, and anemia." Hematology 2009, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.87.
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Abstract Malaria is a major world health problem. It results from infection of parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax cause the major human malarias, with P falciparum being the more virulent. During their blood stages of infection, both P falciparum and P vivax induce anemia. Severe malarial anemia caused by P falciparum is responsible for approximately a third of the deaths associated with disease. Malarial anemia appears to be multi-factorial. It involves increased removal of circulating erythrocytes as well as decreased production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow. The molecular mechanisms underlying malarial anemia are largely unknown. Over the last five years, malaria parasite ligands have been investigated for their remodeling of erythrocytes and possible roles in destruction of mature erythrocytes. Polymorphisms in cytokines have been associated with susceptibility to severe malarial anemia: these cytokines and malaria “toxins” likely function by perturbing erythropoiesis. Finally a number of co-infections increase susceptibility to malarial anemia, likely because they exacerbate inflammation caused by malaria. Because of the complexities involved, the study of severe malarial anemia may need a “systems approach” to yield comprehensive understanding of defects in both erythropoiesis and immunity associated with disease. New and emerging tools such as (i) mathematical modeling of the dynamics of host control of malarial infection, (ii) ex vivo perfusion of human spleen to measure both infected and uninfected erythrocyte retention, and (iii) in vitro development of erythroid progenitors to dissect responsiveness to cytokine imbalance or malaria toxins, may be especially useful to develop integrated mechanistic insights and therapies to control this major and fatal disease pathology.
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Aqeel, Ahmad1 and Sultan Ahmad2*. "A Review: Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies [ACTs] and K13 Polymorphism." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 1, no. 4 (August 13, 2020): 088–09. https://doi.org/10.37871/jels1124.
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Malaria is caused by four plasmodium species in humans (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale) which spread from one person to another via the bite of female Anopheles mosquito. P. falciparum causes most deaths from malaria [1] and is most prevalent on the African continent whereas P. vivax has a wider geographical distribution [2]. According to the latest WHO estimates, released in December 2015, there were 214 million cases of malaria in 2015 and 438,000 deaths [3]. Existing strategies to control malaria include vector control, chemoprevention and case management [4]. Without a fruitful antibody that would offer security against malaria, we have to depend on anti-malarial prescription to treat just as lessen the odds of getting the disease [5-8]. Artemisinin in mix with other moderate acting medications is suggested for the treatment of P. falciparum.
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Dr., Tehmina Hayat Dr. Arshia Maqbool Dr. Muhammad Adnan Akbar. "PREVALANCE OF MALARIA IN EASTERN AREAS OF BALUCHISTAN AT BORDERS OF OTHER PROVINCES." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 05 (May 28, 2018): 4395–400. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1254447.
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Objective:<em> The objective of the study was to decide the occurrences of parasites causing malaria in far flung human populations of Balochistan. </em> Methodology:<em> A large group of 3340 subjects was examined for malarial parasites by testing the blood samples during the timeframe of 2 years i.e. July 2015 to June 2017.</em> Results:<em> The laboratory tests revealed that 1095 (32.78%) cases were diagnosed with malaria out of total suspected sample of 3340. Among 1095 infected cases, 579 were due to </em>Plasmodium falciparum<em> infection and 516 cases were infected with </em>Plasmodium vivax.<em> No other malarial parasites (</em>P malariae<em> and P </em>ovale)<em> were noticed in our case.</em> Conclusion:<em> The incidences of falciparum and ovale plasmodium were observed in Barkhan and Kohlu border areas of Balochistan. The existence of P. </em>falciparum and P. vivax is a great<em> health hazard because both the infections are closely associated with drastic complications such as cerebral malaria. No significant relation could be developed among the malarial parasites and subjects’ age groups. </em> Keywords:<em> Malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax.</em>
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Dr, Fatima Altaf Dr. Namra Tufail Dr. Shifa Batool. "PREVALANCE OF MALARIA IN EASTERN AREAS OF BALUCHISTAN AT BORDERS OF OTHER PROVINCES." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 05 (June 1, 2018): 4593–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1257636.
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Objective:<em> The objective of the study was to decide the occurrences of parasites causing malaria in far flung human populations of Balochistan. </em> Methodology:<em> A large group of 3340 subjects was examined for malarial parasites by testing the blood samples during the timeframe of 2 years i.e. July 2015 to June 2017.</em> Results:<em> The laboratory tests revealed that 1095 (32.78%) cases were diagnosed with malaria out of total suspected sample of 3340. Among 1095 infected cases, 579 were due to </em>Plasmodium falciparum<em> infection and 516 cases were infected with </em>Plasmodium vivax.<em> No other malarial parasites (</em>P malariae<em> and P </em>ovale)<em> were noticed in our case.</em> Conclusion:<em> The incidences of falciparum and ovale plasmodium were observed in Barkhan and Kohlu border areas of Balochistan. The existence of P. </em>falciparum and P. vivax is a great<em> health hazard because both the infections are closely associated with drastic complications such as cerebral malaria. No significant relation could be developed among the malarial parasites and subjects’ age groups. </em> Key Words:<em> Malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax.</em>
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Fakdul, Timloh, Shangshikmwa K. Gaknung, Mercy O. Simon, Nelson J. Nwankwo, Joel Paul, Hafsat S. Jagab, Daniel G. ThankGod, et al. "Molecular Epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum Infections Using PCR-based Assays in Jos, Nigeria-cross-sectional Study." Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i1273.
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Background: Malaria remains a significant health threat globally, with Plasmodium falciparum being the predominant and lethal parasite in Africa. Nigeria is still faced with ongoing cases of asymptomatic malaria, hindering effective control measures.
 Aim: The aim was to generate epidemiological data that will provide good background and guide strategies for driving malaria control efforts, research, and resource allocation in the region.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, where the samples were originally collected within about 16 months between October 2019 and January 2021.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional molecular epidemiological study was conducted using 136 microscopically screened 2 plus (++) and above positive malarial whole blood samples obtained in EDTA bottles from two hospitals in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The DNA extraction was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions using Zymo Research extraction kits. Plasmodium genus and Plasmodium falciparum were detected in the samples using the PCR method and gel electrophoresis.
 Results: In the results, using PCR techniques, 47.8% (65/136) of the total malaria-positive samples collected were confirmed for the presence of the Plasmodium genus. Out of these 65 positive samples, 63 were found to be Plasmodium falciparum.
 Conclusion: This study demonstrates that Plasmodium falciparum remains the predominant malaria species in Jos, Plateau State, comprising approximately 96.9% (63/65) of the malarial cases. This indicates that only about 3% of malaria cases affecting the residents of Jos, Plateau State might be caused by the other four species of malaria parasites (Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium knowlesi).
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Mandala, Wilson L., Chisomo L. Msefula, Esther N. Gondwe, James J. Gilchrist, Stephen M. Graham, Paul Pensulo, Grace Mwimaniwa, et al. "Lymphocyte Perturbations in Malawian Children with Severe and Uncomplicated Malaria." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 2 (November 18, 2015): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00564-15.
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ABSTRACTLymphocytes are implicated in immunity and pathogenesis of severe malaria. Since lymphocyte subsets vary with age, assessment of their contribution to different etiologies can be difficult. We immunophenotyped peripheral blood from Malawian children presenting with cerebral malaria, severe malarial anemia, and uncomplicated malaria (n= 113) and healthy aparasitemic children (n= 42) in Blantyre, Malawi, and investigated lymphocyte subset counts, activation, and memory status. Children with cerebral malaria were older than those with severe malarial anemia. We found panlymphopenia in children presenting with cerebral malaria (median lymphocyte count, 2,100/μl) and uncomplicated malaria (3,700/μl), which was corrected in convalescence and was absent in severe malarial anemia (5,950/μl). Median percentages of activated CD69+NK (73%) and γδ T (60%) cells were higher in cerebral malaria than in other malaria types. Median ratios of memory to naive CD4+lymphocytes were higher in cerebral malaria than in uncomplicated malaria and low in severe malarial anemia. The polarized lymphocyte subset profiles of different forms of severe malaria are independent of age. In conclusion, among Malawian children cerebral malaria is characterized by lymphocyte activation and increased memory cells, consistent with immune priming. In contrast, there are reduced memory cells and less activation in severe malaria anemia. Further studies are required to understand whether these immunological profiles indicate predisposition of some children to one or another form of severe malaria.
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Rehan, Muhammad, Shumaila Nargus, Saleem Ahmad, Sana Saddique, and Saleem Rana. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Malaria among Mothers of patients between 5 and 15 Years of age." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 11 (December 1, 2022): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2022161170.
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Background: Malaria continues to be a serious global public health and development issue. Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal type of the malaria parasite, is responsible for the great majority of malaria-related death and morbidity in children. Aim: To ascertain malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers of patients aged 5 to 15 in Bahawalgar District, Pakistan. Methods: The Cross sectional Descriptive study was done at District health quarter hospital Bahawalnagar. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from mothers of patients visiting medical OPD. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 25. Results: Findings of the study showed that a total of 241 malaria infected children were studied, to observe their plasmodium prevalence and their parental KAP of malaria. Most common age group of children was 13-15 years among 56.0%. Female’s children were commonest as 63.9%. Most of parents 46.1% were found with intermediate education. P-vivax was P-vivax was mostly seen among 66.4% children followed by p-falciparum 17.4%, p-malariae 3.3% and Plasmodium Vivax + falciparum 12.9%. The prevalence of plasmodiums was insignificantly related to demographic characteristics, with p-values that were relatively low. Conclusion: The study concluded that plasmodium vivax was the most prevalent malarial parasite. Parents had partial knowledge regarding malaria and its treatment. Parents had good attitude and agreed to participation in its prevention. Key words: Malaria, parents, knowledge, practice, children’s mothers
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Hitesh, Patel, Patel Dipa, Chugh Sawan, and Thakkar Ramkumar. "Prevalence of Malarial Retinopathy in Adults and its Prognostic Significance." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 7 (July 30, 2023): 1001–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11672431.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>Malarial retinopathy is a set of retinal signs in severe malaria due to falciparum malaria. It includes papilloedema, retinal hemorrhages, blurred disc margins, retinal whitening, retinal edema, vascular changes and soft exudates. <strong>Materials & Methods: </strong>This prospective study included retinal examination of 124 adult malaria patients admitted to tertiary care hospital. Retinal haemorrhages and vascular changes, papilloedema, peripheral whitening, and blurring of the disc borders were noted, <strong>Results: </strong>Prevalence of malarial retinopathy was 22.58%. Retinal hemorrhages was the most common feature (88.5% in severe malaria, 0.0% in uncomplicated malaria, 95.6% in cerebral severe malaria, 50.0% in non-cerebral severe malaria). Papilloedema was also significantly higher in cerebral malaria (81.8%) and non-cerebral malaria (25.0%). The case fatality rate of our study was higher (severe malarial – 42.9%, cerebral malaria – 50.0%). Papilloedema (p-0.009), renal failure (p-0.002) and serum lactate level (p-0.001) were significantly associated with mortality. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Malaria retinopathy is very common in adults with severe malaria, particularly cerebral malaria. When compared to severe non-cerebral malaria, cerebral malaria is more likely to cause haemorrhage and papilloedema. Papilloedema, lactic acidosis, and renal failure all significantly increase the risk of death.
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Hussain, Uzair, Ahmad Ali, Kashif Sultan, Asim Alvi, and Muhammad Waleed Khan. "Malaria Detection using Microscopic Image Analysis: A Convolution Neural Network Based Approach." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 5, no. 2 (September 16, 2022): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol5iss2pp188-192.
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Malaria is a potentially fatal disease which is caused by Plasmodium parasite. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes which play the role of disease vector. Five types of plasmodium cause malaria named P. Falciparum, P. Vivax, P. Ovale, P. Knowlesi, and P. Malariae, Among the Plasmodium parasites, Falciparum and Vivax are particularly lethal to humans. Therefore, early detection of malaria is mandatory to avoid the loss of human life. Different automatic/semi-automatic malaria detection techniques are available in the literature, which reduces the chance of human errors in the prognosis of malaria. In recent years, deep learning-based methods have proven to be effective for object detection. Therefore, such methods have caught the attention of researchers to use for the detection of malarial parasites in human blood. In this paper, we proposed a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, which detects malarial parasites in microscopic images of human blood samples with high accuracy. The proposed model comprises 15 layers. It has 8 convolution layers with ReLu activation function, 4 max-pooling layers, 1 flattening layer, and 2 fully connected layers. The proposed method has been evaluated using various statistical measures against existing state-of-the-art methods. The quantitative measures show the effectiveness of the proposed model. It has a 97.42% testing accuracy, 97.42% sensitivity, 97.41% specificity, 97.70% precision, 97.42% recall , 97.97% F1-score , 97.41% Area Under Curve (AUC), and 94.82% Mathews correlation coefficient.
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Jayaraj, Vivek J., Dhesi Baharaja, Navindran Gopalakrishnan, and Yomain Kaco. "Locally transmitted malaria in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia." MalariaWorld Journal 8, no. 16 (October 27, 2017): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10781197.
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<strong>Background.</strong> Tawau was the epicentre of malaria infections in the 1970-1990’s, when industrialisation swept across the state of Sabah, Malaysia. Since then, effective public health intervention, mainly the Malaria Elimination Programme, introduced in 1998, has seen the disease shrivel down into its final elimination phase. Here we retrospectively analyse the case of a 63 year old male with multiple comorbidities who had no exposure to localities with high risk of infection- thus raising the question regarding the means of transmission. <strong>Materials and methods.</strong> Multiple interviews and an entomological survey were conducted to elucidate the possible mechanism of infection in this patient. <strong>Results.</strong> Findings point to locally-transmitted malaria, likely introduced by a patient from an endemic region in Tawau. Transmission via this route is rare, and has never before been reported in our setting. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> This rare case highlights the need for constant vigilance in malaria control and elimination, especially when the target of country-wide elimination is close.
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A., Amsath. "EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGES ON VECTOR BORNE DISEASE, MALARIA IN SOME COASTAL DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 1, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 186–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1310600.
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Increase global warming and climate changes affect disease transmission by shifting the vector's geographic range and by shortening the pathogen incubation period in the children, the elderly and communities living in poverty. Severe climate sensitive vector-borne diseases are accompanied by increases in the incidence of the disease. The present investigation aimed to investigate regional analysis of malaria in some coastal districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Totally 120 samples were collected from both male and female (age range of 20 to 50 years) of during the period of monsoon (from September 2006 to November 2009) in Thanjavur, Nagapattinam and Cudallore districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Malaria was diagnosed by a thick film and thin film blood smears method. Later on blood smears were stained with 10% Giemsa stain and examined microscopically to identify the Plasmodium species. Malaria has reemerged as a major public health problem in India during the past few years. It out breaks was observed in certain regions of Tamil Nadu. Totally 120 samples were collected from both male and female (age range of 20 to 50 years) of during the period of monsoon (from September 2006 to November 2009) in Thanjavur, Nagapattinam and Cudallore districts of Tamil Nadu, India. 72 malarial infected individuals were identified. Out of 120 samples collected, 72 cases were malarial cases. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasite of the Plasmodium genus (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae) that develops to maturity inside certain species of mosquitoe, Anopheles stephensi. The samples contain only two species of parasites namely P. falciparum and P. vivax in different stages in the smears of malarial positive cases. Among 72 malarial cases, 42 male and 30 female identified. The maximum number malarial cases were observed in Cudallore than Thanjavur and Nagapattinam districts. Preventive measures like reduction of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and burning of plastics and reforestation directly reduce the global warming which indirectly decreases many mosquito borne infectious diseases, especially malaria.
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Sabbatani, Sergio, Roberto Manfredi, and Sirio Fiorino. "Malaria infection and the anthropological evolution." Saúde e Sociedade 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 64–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-12902010000100006.
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During the evolution of the genus Homo, with regard to species habilis, erectus and sapiens, malaria infection played a key biological role, influencing the anthropological development too. Plasmodia causing malaria developed two kinds of evolution, according to a biological and philogenetical point of view. In particular, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale, would have either coevolved with human mankind (coevolution), or reached human species during the most ancient phases of genus Homo evolution. On the other hand, Plasmodium falciparum has been transmitted to humans by monkeys in a more recent period, probably between the end of Mesolithic and the beginning of Neolithic age. The authors show both direct and indirect biomolecular evidences of malaria infection, detected in buried subjects, dating to the Ancient World, and brought to light in the course of archeological excavations in some relevant Mediterranean sites. In this literature review the Authors organize present scientific evidences: these confirm the malarial role in affecting the evolution of populations in Mediterranean countries. The people living in several different regions on the Mediterranean Sea sides, the cradle of western civilization, have been progressively influenced by malaria, in the course of the spread of this endemic disease during the last millennia. In addition, populations affected by endemic malaria developed cultural, dietary and behaviour adaptations, contributing to decrease the risk of disease. These habits were not probably fully conscious. Nevertheless it may be thought that both these customs and biological modifications, caused by malarial plasmodia, favoured the emergence of groups of people with a greater resistance against malaria. All these considered factors decreased demographical impact, influencing in a favourable way the general development and growth of civilization.
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Parikh, Harvy, Ravi Shah, Nilesh Doctor, and Hemant Shah. "A study of serum calcium level in cases of malaria in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 8, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20214518.
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Background: Malaria is a tropical disease caused by Plasmodium species, commonly P. falciparum and P. vivax. Carpopedal spasm has been noted in many patients presenting with malarial fever. Most of the patients are later found to have hypocalcaemia. Hypocalcaemia associated with malaria can cause many clinical manifestations, including life threatening conditions such as arrhythmias, convulsions etc.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim to determine the prevalence and clinical profile of hypocalcaemia in different types of malarial fever. 88 patients of malarial fever were studied. Patients were stratified according to the species of plasmodium and into complicated and uncomplicated malaria. Total serum calcium level and QTc interval were analysed in each patient. Data collected were analysed.Results: Prevalence of hypocalcaemia in malaria was found to be 54.45% in our study. Hypocalcaemia was more prevalent in complicated malaria than uncomplicated malaria. Complicated falciparum malaria showed highest prevalence of hypocalcaemia. Status of complexity of malaria was not found to be related to occurrence of hypocalcaemia in any types of malaria. Prevalence of QTc prolongation in malaria was found to be 48.46%. Prevalence of QTc prolongation was found to be more in complicated malaria than uncomplicated malaria. QTc prolongation was most prevalent in complicated falciparum malaria. 83.3% of those with QTc prolongation had hypocalcaemia.Conclusions: Hypocalcemia and QTc prolongation were more prevalent in complicated malaria than in uncomplicated malaria. Both Hypocalcaemia and QTc prolongation were most prevalent in complicated falciparum malaria.
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Djuidje Chatue, Ide Armelle, Maximilienne Ascension Nyegue, Severin Donald Kamdem, Franklin Maloba, Iqbal Taliy Junaid, Pawan Malhotra, and Palmer Masumbe Netongo. "Association between Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and severe malaria in pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic region of Cameroon." PLOS Global Public Health 4, no. 8 (August 12, 2024): e0003556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003556.
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Malaria kills nearly 619,000 people each year. Despite the natural immunity acquired to malaria, pregnant women and children under five die from severe forms of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Co-infection with acute Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection has been shown to suppress the anti-malarial humoral responses, but little is known about the impact of EBV reactivation on malaria-associated morbidity. This study investigated the association between EBV reactivation and malaria severity in pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic region in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 pregnant women attending antenatal consultations in three health facilities in the West region of Cameroon. Malaria was diagnosed by microscopy, and Plasmodium species were identified by Nested PCR. Plasma samples were analyzed by ELISA for the presence of EBV nuclear antigen, EBV viral capsid antigen, and EBV early antigen to determine EBV reactivation. All statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism and SPSS software. The prevalence of malaria among pregnant women was 23.2%, of which 18.6% were P. falciparum mono-infections and 4.5% mixed infections (3.6% P. falciparum and P. malariae; 0.9% P. falciparum and P. ovale). 99.5% of the women were EBV seropositive, and 13.2% had EBV reactivation. Pregnant women with reactivated EBV were more likely to develop severe malaria than pregnant women with latent EBV (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.08–17.25, p = 0.03). The median parasitemia in pregnant women with latent EBV was lower than in those with EBV reactivation (2816 vs. 19002 parasites/μL, p = 0.02). Our study revealed that lytic reactivation of EBV may be associated with the severity of malaria in pregnant women. Suggesting that, like acute infection, EBV reactivation should be considered a risk factor for severe malaria in pregnant women in malaria-endemic regions or could serve as a hallmark of malaria severity during pregnancy. Further detailed studies are needed.
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Oviedo, Adan, Camelia Herman, Alaine Knipes, Caitlin M. Worrell, LeAnne M. Fox, Luccene Desir, Carl Fayette, et al. "Spatial cluster analysis of Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae exposure using serological data among Haitian school children sampled between 2014 and 2016." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): e0010049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010049.
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Background Estimation of malaria prevalence in very low transmission settings is difficult by even the most advanced diagnostic tests. Antibodies against malaria antigens provide an indicator of active or past exposure to these parasites. The prominent malaria species within Haiti is Plasmodium falciparum, but P. vivax and P. malariae infections are also known to be endemic. Methodology/Principal findings From 2014–2016, 28,681 Haitian children were enrolled in school-based serosurveys and were asked to provide a blood sample for detection of antibodies against multiple infectious diseases. IgG against the P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae merozoite surface protein 19kD subunit (MSP119) antigens was detected by a multiplex bead assay (MBA). A subset of samples was also tested for Plasmodium DNA by PCR assays, and for Plasmodium antigens by a multiplex antigen detection assay. Geospatial clustering of high seroprevalence areas for P. vivax and P. malariae antigens was assessed by both Ripley’s K-function and Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic. Of 21,719 children enrolled in 680 schools in Haiti who provided samples to assay for IgG against PmMSP119, 278 (1.27%) were seropositive. Of 24,559 children enrolled in 788 schools providing samples for PvMSP119 serology, 113 (0.46%) were seropositive. Two significant clusters of seropositivity were identified throughout the country for P. malariae exposure, and two identified for P. vivax. No samples were found to be positive for Plasmodium DNA or antigens. Conclusions/Significance From school-based surveys conducted from 2014 to 2016, very few Haitian children had evidence of exposure to P. vivax or P. malariae, with no children testing positive for active infection. Spatial scan statistics identified non-overlapping areas of the country with higher seroprevalence for these two malarias. Serological data provides useful information of exposure to very low endemic malaria species in a population that is unlikely to present to clinics with symptomatic infections.
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OHNISHI, Kenji, Yasuyuki KATO, and Shigeyuki KANO. "Mixed Infection of Malariae Malaria and Falciparum Malaria." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 75, no. 3 (2001): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.75.219.
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O.A., Elakhe, Isere A.O., and Akerejola R.F. "Mathematical Model of Malaria Transmission with Anti-Malarial Herbal Therapy as Control." African Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Studies 6, no. 3 (May 31, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajmss-1276jr4u.
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Conventional anti–malarial drugs (chloroquine, Artesunate, Quinine, Amodiaquine etc) are used by most malaria-endemic countries as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. However, resistance by plasmodium parasite against these conventional anti–malarial drugs has necessitated the need for herbal medicine as alternative. So in this study, we formulate a mathematical model of malaria transmission in two interacting population of human (host) and mosquito (vector) incorporating anti-malarial herbal therapy as first line treatment for uncomplicated malaria infection. The region where the model is epidemiological feasible and mathematically well–posed is established and the basic reproduction number R_0 is derived using next generation matrix approach. The numerical experiment carried out to access the impact of the control measure on malaria transmission revealed a reduction in the number of complicated infectious human population. Hence this research work suggests a massive campaign on use of anti-malarial herbal therapy as first- line treatment for malaria infection cases.
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Dr, Khadeeja Safdar Dr Sidra Ahmed Dr Sana Bashir. "THE OCCURRENCE OF MALARIA INFECTION IN THE POPULATION OF MULTAN, PUNJAB." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 03 (March 11, 2019): 5127–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2590604.
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<strong><em>Objective:</em></strong><em> The purpose of this research work is to find out the occurrences of the infections due to malarial parasites in the populations of Multan city. </em> <strong><em>Methodology:</em></strong><em> The parasites of malaria were diagnosed in the slides of blood of patients of these infections from the start of July 2016 to June 2018 and this research included three thousand four hundred and seventy-one patients. Both procedures of PCS (Passive Case Detection) & ACD (Active Case Detection) were in utilization for the diagnosis of malaria patients. </em> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> Out of three thousand four hundred and seventy-one malaria patients, about thirty-eight percent participants found + for the parasites of malaria in the smear slides of blood. Out of + patients, four hundred and fifty-one patients discovered with the infection of Plasmodium vivax & eight hundred and sixty patients had the infection of P. falciparum. P. falciparum infection was very common in the district of Multan. We found no infection of Plasmodium malariae & P. ovale found in this research work. </em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>The infection of the malaria is very common in district of Multan, which is one of the hot areas of Punjab, the province of Pakistan. In medically supposed patients of malaria, the observation of high slide rate of positivity occurred. The rate of prevalence of 65.5% of P. falciparum creates a serious danger to health because not p. falciparum but with P. vivax infection of 34.4% may cause the serious diseases as malaria of cerebral malaria. The high rate infection due to malaria should be a concern for the officials of program of malaria control in the country. </em> <strong>Key Words:</strong> <em>Parasite, malaria, infection, patient, P. falciparum, P. vivax, common, prevalence.</em>
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Rehan, Muhammad, Sana Saddique, Saleem Ahmad, Shumaila Nargus, and Ruhamah Yousaf. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Malaria among mothers of patients from 5 to 15 years of age in the District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171185.
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Background: Malaria continues to be a serious global public health and development issue. Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal type of the malaria parasite, is responsible for the great majority of malaria-related death and morbidity in children. Aim: To ascertain malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices among mothers of patients aged 5 to 15 in the district of Bahawalgar, Pakistan. Methods: Study Design: Cross sectional Descriptive study. Settings: The study was done at District health quarter hospital Bahawalnagar. Duration of Study: The duration of study was 9 months from October to June. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from mothers of patients visiting medical OPD. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 25. Results: Findings of the study showed that a total of 241 malaria infected children were studied, to observe their plasmodium prevalence and their parental KAP of malaria. Most common age group of children was 13-15 years among 56.0%. Female’s children were commonest as 63.9%. Most of parents 46.1% were found with intermediate education. P-vivax was P-vivax was mostly seen among 66.4% children followed by p-falciparum 17.4%, p-malariae 3.3% and Plasmodium Vivax + falciparum 12.9%. The prevalence of plasmodiums was insignificantly related to demographic characteristics, with p-values that were relatively low. Conclusion: The study concluded that plasmodium vivax was the most prevalent malarial parasite. Parents had partial knowledge regarding malaria and its treatment. Parents had good attitude and agreed to participation in its prevention. Keywords: Malaria, parents, knowledge, practice, children’s mothers
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Dr., Prabhanjan S., S. Kulkarni Swaroop, R. Kundargi Satvik, and Kumar R. Ranjith. "Detection of Malarial Parasites using Deep Learning." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 8, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): 28–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922711.
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Malaria is a fatal disease that leads to the death of lakhs of individuals every year. Malaria is caused by a microbe belonging to the Plasmodium group. Five types of these organisms cause this disease in a foreign body. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae are the five varieties of parasites that cause malaria. P. Falciparum infected are the ones who are more susceptible to keywords as others are mildly infectious. Malaria is spread by a mosquito species called anopheles it is the same that spreads dengue too. However, this disease could be cured if detected at early stages. Detecting malaria is an extremely challenging aspect considering the morphological aspects of the parasite. Malaria is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. Owing to the parts of our country the monsoon is the season where we could find increased cases. Malarial parasites enter the human body through mosquito saliva, which in turn is transmitted to the blood. In the body of an organism, it develops in the liver and matures there itself, and starts to reproduce. Generally, malaria symptoms are seen after 10-15 days the parasites intrude on the body. The real challenging part is to check the growth of malaria during the monsoon season in the rural part which faces problems like a lack of doctors, nurses, equipment, testing centers, and so on. The traditional methods of detection are time-consuming and not so accurate. Thus, our project aims to recognize and solve these issues.
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Lainy, Krisdianto Putra, Geraldo Laurus, and Yosef Samon Sugi. "CASE REPORT: PANCYTOPENIA IN SEVERE MALARIA WITH SUSPECTED HEMOPHAGOCYTIC SYNDROME AT ATAMBUA HOSPITAL." Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal) 12, no. 2 (March 25, 2023): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v12i2.36945.
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Background: Malaria is a parasitic infectious disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malaria. The signs of a malaria infection include fever, chills, anemia, and splenomegaly. In the Belu district, the incidence of malaria is still high. It’s about 10,6 per 1000 population. Objective: To describe a case of Malaria in one of patient in Indonesia.Methods: Case reportResults: A 61-year-old woman with Malaria with clinical manifestations as follow, fever, body aches, and chills felt since 3 days before hospital admissions. On the 4th day of treatment, plasmodium falciparum was found.Conclusion: A combination of anti-malarial medications (OAM) is used in the treatment of malaria with the goal of reducing plasmodium resistance to anti-malarial medications.
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Kifude, Carolyne, Deborah Stiffler, David Rockabrand, Robin Miller, Emily Parsons, Stephen Ocholla, Nathaniel I. Dizon, et al. "Asymptomatic falciparum and Non-falciparum Malarial Parasitemia in Adult Volunteers with and without HIV-1 Coinfection in a Cohort Study in Western Kenya." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0012.
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Abstract.Asymptomatic malarial parasitemia represents the largest reservoir of infection and transmission, and the impact of coinfection with HIV-1 on this reservoir remains incompletely described. Accordingly, we sought to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malarial parasitemia in Kombewa, Western Kenya, a region that is endemic for both malaria and HIV-1. A total of 1,762 dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic adults in a cross-sectional study. The presence of parasitemia was first determined by a sensitive Plasmodium genus–specific 18S assay, followed by less sensitive species-specific DNA-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The prevalence of asymptomatic malarial parasitemia by 18S genus-specific PCR assay was 64.4% (1,134/1,762). Of the 1,134 malaria positive samples, Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species (57.4%), followed by Plasmodium malariae (3.8%) and Plasmodium ovale (2.6%) as single or mixed infections. As expected, the majority of infections were below the detection limit of microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests. HIV-1 prevalence was 10.6%, and we observed a significant association with malarial parasitemia by χ2 analysis (P = 0.0475). Seventy-one percent of HIV-1 infected volunteers were positive for Plasmodium 18S (132/186), with only 29% negative (54/186). In HIV-1-negative volunteers, the proportion was lower; 64% were found to be positive for 18S (998/1,569) and 36% were negative (571/1,569). Overall, the prevalence of asymptomatic malarial parasitemia in Western Kenya is high, and knowledge of these associations with HIV-1 infection are critically important for malaria elimination and eradication efforts focused on this important reservoir population.
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Agarwal, Ajay K., Ghanshyam D. Katiyar, Swati Khan, Bharat C. Chaudhary, Mahendra Sharma, and Dharmendra Kumar. "A cross sectional study of thrombocytopenia in malaria positive cases in a tertiary care hospital of Bareilly." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 5348. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195497.
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Background: To find out correlation of thrombocytopenia with malaria. Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection with parasite of genus Plasmodium. Thrombocytopenia is a common and early sign of malarial infection and 60-80% thrombocytopenia is observed in malarial cases and present more frequently and severe in complicated P. falciparum malaria.Methods: A cross sectional study done in Central Pathological Lab of Department of Pathology, RMCH, Bareilly. Blood samples collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid vial and blood smear was examined for malaria parasite within red blood cells. Malaria rapid test was done for detection of Plasmodium species and platelet count was done.Results: 780 cases of malaria was studied from September 2018 to December 2018, male predominance of 54.5%, maximum malarial positive cases 26.92% in the age group of 21-30 years, maximum 86.28% cases were of P. vivax, and thrombocytopenia was observed in 91.54% cases.Conclusions: Mostly developing countries with limited resources and trained health manpower are malaria-endemic region of world. Thrombocytopenia is associated with both P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. In our study significance association between malaria and thrombocytopenia has been observed. We suggest malaria should be a consideration in all patients with fever and thrombocytopenia.
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Anwar, Ali Jamali Jawaid Hussain Lighari Ghulam Mustafa Jamali Bhojo Mal Tanwani Ameer Ali Jamali Muhammad Aslam Channa. "MALARIA: PLASMODIUM TYPE DIFFERENCE IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM MALARIA." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 09 (September 25, 2018): 9122–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1435086.
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<strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Frequency of malaria infection has been changed in region according to environmental factors and diseases. Plasmodium falciparum and vivax are both common in the areas where malaria is frequent. Studies suggest the management validity according to plasmodium type in disease. </em> <strong><em>Objective: </em></strong><em>The primary goal of study is to find out the plasmodium difference of malaria. </em> <strong><em>Design: </em></strong><em>This study was cross sectional.</em> <strong><em>Setting:</em></strong><em> The current study was performed at medical department of Peoples Medical College Hospital Nawabshah in between April 2017 to December 2017.</em> <strong><em>Sample Size: </em></strong><em>After achieving the selection standards a total of 385subjects from either gender having malaria were recruited.</em> <strong><em>Material and Methods: </em></strong><em>Variables such as age, gender, malarial features, and presence of malarial parasite and type of plasmodium in patients were analyzed after a brief discussion with patients. All the subjects were clinically examined for diagnosis of malaria. Thick and thin Geimsa stains were prepared to identify the type of plasmodium in the collected samples.</em> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> In <strong>385 </strong>diagnosed patients<strong> of </strong>malaria, 208 (54.0%) male and 177 (46.0%) were females. Plasmodium typing/grouping was done and different groups were analyzed in malarial parasite positive.</em> <em>Plasmodium falciparum was observed in 225 (58.4%), plasmodium vivax observed in 156 (40.5%) subjects, plasmodium malaria observed in 04 (01%) cases and plasmodium ovale observed in 0% cases.</em> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong><em>The plasmodium falciparum was common plasmodium causing malaria<strong>.</strong></em> <strong>Key Words: </strong><em>Malaria, Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Falciparum.</em>
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Saranya, Rajaram, Chandar Sahanaa, and Roselin Mohandass. "Malaria vaccine in India: need and choice." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 4776. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223246.
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Malaria is a major public health problem in India. India’s varied geography and diverse climatic conditions from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north, favor the distribution of vectors and species of the malaria parasite. Malaria in India takes several forms, including forest/ tribal malaria, urban malaria, industrial malaria, and plains malaria. P. falciparum and P vivax species contribute to the majority of malarial cases and deaths in India.
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Burté, Florence, Biobele J. Brown, Adebola E. Orimadegun, Wasiu A. Ajetunmobi, Nathaniel K. Afolabi, Francis Akinkunmi, Olayinka Kowobari, et al. "Circulatory hepcidin is associated with the anti-inflammatory response but not with iron or anemic status in childhood malaria." Blood 121, no. 15 (April 11, 2013): 3016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-10-461418.
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Farid, Asma, Fatima Saadat, Marina Asia, Shahid Waseem, and Wali Gul. "Detection of Plasmodium DNA in Saliva of ICT Positive Malaria Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 30, 2022): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221610587.
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Malaria is one of the most common and dangerous tropical infections. WHO estimates 3 million people in 24 countries are at risk for malaria. Malaria eradication is a top global health priority. Mosquitos spread Malaria, WNV, and Dengue Fever. A female Anopheles mosquito bite transmits malaria. Night and dawn are peak times. Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, vivax, ovale, and knowlesi infect humans. The deadliest parasite is Plasmodium falciparum. Objective: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of blood and salivary PCR among malaria patients and assess saliva as a Malaria diagnostic medium. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March 2020 to May 2020 at Rafah Hospital Islamabad. After approval from the ethical review board, 100 subjects were approached from patients admitted to the medical /pediatrics ward, diagnosed with malaria by ICT or Microscopy. After Informed consent, ICT malaria was again performed on all of these subjects; each subject had taken paired blood and saliva samples. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23 Results: The present study analyzed the prevalence of malarial DNA in the saliva of malaria- diagnosed patients and evaluated the efficiency of the saliva of malarial patients as an alternate medium for its diagnosis. Among 100 study participants, Blood PCR showed 100% Sensitivity and 51.9% specificity compared to salivary PCR among 100 study Participants. Moreover, Salivary PCR showed a Sensitivity of 65.8% and a Specificity of 27% compared to Blood PCR. Practical implication: This study will provide data about the comparison of sensitivity and specificity of blood and salivary PCR among malaria patients and assess saliva as a Malaria diagnostic medium. Conclusion: Our study concluded that Blood PCR has good sensitivity and specificity compared to saliva PCR keeping ICT as the Gold standard. Moreover, saliva can not be used as an effective medium for the Diagnosis of Malaria. Keywords: Malarial DNA, Saliva, Blood PCR, salivary PCR.
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Singh, Kuldeep, Praveen Kumar Bharti, Naorem Chaoba Devi, Naseem Ahmed, and Amit Sharma. "Plasmodium malariae Detected by Microscopy in the International Bordering Area of Mizoram, a Northeastern State of India." Diagnostics 12, no. 8 (August 20, 2022): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12082015.
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Northeastern states of India share international borders with Myanmar, China, Bangladesh, and Bhutan, contributing 7.45% of the overall malaria cases in the country. Mizoram accounts for the highest malaria burden in the northeastern states, with perennial transmission in the hilly and deep-forested areas. Plasmodium falciparum (93%) is the most prevalent human Plasmodium species, followed by P. vivax; however, information on P. ovale and P. malariae is negligible. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the most preferred malaria diagnostic tool followed by microscopy in this high malaria-endemic region. The present epidemiological study was carried out in July and August 2019 to assess the malaria burden in and around the Chawngte primary health center, Lawngtlai District of Mizoram, using RDTs and microscopy as diagnostic tools. World Health Organization-certified level I microscopists examined the blood smears. Diagnosis using RDTs resulted in 151 malaria cases (P. falciparum: 136; P. vivax: 15) out of 948 screened fever cases. However, blood smear examination detected 179 cases (P. falciparum: 154; P. vivax: 17; mixed P. falciparum + P. vivax infection: 3; P. malariae: 5). Analysis revealed that the risk of malaria infection was higher in the ≥5-year-old subjects than in the under-5 age group. The mean parasite density of P. malariae (1455.00/μL blood) was the lowest; cf. with P. falciparum: 12,275.08/μL blood. Surveillance at the point-of-care level using microscopy was able to detect all the four human Plasmodium species and their mixed infections, including P. malariae, which were missed with RDTs. Thus, the quality of microscopy along with trained manpower should be strengthened to diagnose all human malaria parasite species (particularly P. malariae and P. ovale) until the molecular tools are deployed at the field level to achieve malaria elimination by 2030.
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NISHIYAMA, Toshimasa, Tsuneji ARAKI, Hiroyuki AMANO, Hiroyuki OKAYAMA, Takuo TSUJIMURA, Shigeaki ISHIZAKA, Hiroshi FUKUI, and Tadasu TSUJII. "Imported Plasmodium malariae Malaria." Internal Medicine 32, no. 4 (1993): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.32.355.
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Marsh, K. "Malaria-a neglected disease?" Parasitology 104, S1 (June 1992): S53—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075247.
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SUMMARYIn situations where malaria eradication is not an option in the foreseeable future the emphasis must be on the control of morbidity and mortality due to malaria. Under such circumstances drawing a distinction between malarial parasitization and malarial disease may be important for workers in both field and laboratory. This concept is explored from the points of view of the epidemiological picture of malaria in endemic populations, the factors which may influence progression to disease and the processes which mediate disease.
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Ayyaz, Muhammad, Abubakar Saadiq, Zeenat Jehan, and Waseem ullah. "A case of Neonatal Plasmodium Vivax Malaria Caused by Exchange Transfusion in a G6PD Deficient Baby." Journal of Saidu Medical College, Swat 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2022): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52206/jsmc.2022.12.1.75.
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Abstract:
 Neonatal malaria is one of the differential diagnoses of sepsis in malaria endemic areas. Neonatal malaria is often ignored as it is considered to be uncommon. Transfusion acquired malaria is among the causes of neonatal malaria, as blood is rarely screened for malarial parasite. Here we present a unique case of neonatal malaria caused by exchange transfusion done for indirect hyperbillirubenemia in a G6PD deficient baby.
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Tewari, D. D., L. A. Braimoh, and K. G. Bokana. "Factors Affecting Malaria Epidemics and Its Economic Impacts on Households in Ajegunle, Lagos State, Nigeria." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 21, no. 1 (May 2009): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x09002100107.
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Malaria is one of the most common and deadly diseases, especially in sub-Saharan and tropical African countries, including Nigeria. Over the years, malaria epidemic affected about 3 million people in Nigeria. The disease does not only affect income or spending of individuals and households but also economic growth of the country. The major objectives of this study are (1) to estimate the costs of malaria to a household living in Ajegunle city, and (2) to build a logistic model which predicts the probability of occurrence of malaria based on a set of variables. One apparent pattern of the cost model was that a few spent more on direct costs of malaria while in terms of indirect costs slightly over 50 percent of respondents forwent income in case of illness or death due to malaria. The logistic model indicated that the use of any form of anti-malarial drugs did not reduce the malarial infection, only quinine among them found some empirical support in this study. Insecticide-treated bednets was the only mechanism which showed a promise to reduce the spread of malarial infection. Households that increased malaria treatment expenditures experienced lower level of probability of malaria occurrence under ceteris paribus conditions.
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Amoako-Sakyi, Daniel, Selorme Adukpo, Kwadwo A. Kusi, Daniel Dodoo, Michael F. Ofori, George O. Adjei, Dominic E. Edoh, et al. "A STAT6 Intronic Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism is Associated with Clinical Malaria in Ghanaian Children." Genetics & Epigenetics 8 (January 2016): GEG.S38307. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/geg.s38307.
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Malaria pathogenesis may be influenced by IgE responses and cytokine cross-regulation. Several mutations in the IL-4/STAT6 signaling pathway can alter cytokine cross-regulation and IgE responses during a Plasmodium falciparum malarial infection. This study investigated the relationship between a STAT6 intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs3024974), total IgE, cytokines, and malaria severity in 238 Ghanaian children aged between 0.5 and 13 years. Total IgE and cytokine levels were measured by ELISA, while genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Compared with healthy controls, heterozygosity protected against clinical malaria: uncomplicated malaria (odds ratios [OR] = 0.13, P < 0.001), severe malarial anemia (OR = 0.18, P < 0.001), and cerebral malaria (OR = 0.39, P = 0.022). Levels of total IgE significantly differed among malaria phenotypes (P = 0.044) and rs3024974 genotypes (P = 0.037). Neither cytokine levels nor IL-6/IL-10 ratios were associated with malaria phenotypes or rs3024974 genotypes. This study suggests a role for rs3024974 in malaria pathogenesis and offers further insights into an IL-4/STAT6 pathway mutation in malaria pathogenesis.
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Ullah, Farid, Yasmeen Bibi, Muhammad Arif, Fouzia Nawab, Ayesha Wakil, and Syed Luqman Shuaib. "Comparative Analysis of Rapid Diagnostic Test (ICT) and Microscopy for the Diagnosis of Malaria." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167337.
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Introduction: Malaria is caused by four Plasmodium species (vivax, falciparum, Ovale, and Malariae). Malarial parasites can be diagnosed by examining blood smear under microscope, rapid diagnostic test (ICT), and by detecting nucleic acid of parasite using polymerase chain reaction. This study was conducted to find out the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic test (ICT) in association with microscopy as a gold standard for the detection of malarial parasites P.vivax, P. falciparum and the effect of parasitic load on both diagnostic methods - ICT and light microscopy. Materials & Methods: The study design was cross sectional validation, done at a private clinical set up in Peshawar, Pakistan. Parasite count was performed to quantify parasitic load strictly according to the rules constituted by World Health organization (WHO). Results: A total of 32 patients were identified to be infected with malarial parasites on light microscopy and 68 cases were found negative. Among the positives, P.vivax was detected in 28 cases and P. falciparum in 4 cases. The ICT results showed 29 of the cases positive for malarial parasites and 71 negative. Among the positives, P.vivax was detected in 25 cases, P. falciparum in 2 cases, while 2 cases showed mixed infection. Thus the ICT result for malaria showed 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity with 97% of diagnostic accuracy. The parasitic count was found to be ≤ 208 in those false negative cases on ICT method which showed the impact of low parasitic load on the diagnostic accuracy of ICT method. Key words: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, ICT
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BUTCHER, G. A., and G. H. MITCHELL. "The role ofPlasmodium knowlesiin the history of malaria research." Parasitology 145, no. 1 (November 10, 2016): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001888.
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SUMMARYIn recent years, a malaria infection of humans in South East Asia, originally diagnosed as a known human-infecting species,Plasmodium malariae, has been identified as a simian parasite,Plasmodium knowlesi.This species had been subject to considerable investigation in monkeys since the 1930s. With the development of continuous culture of the erythrocytic stages of the human malarial parasite,Plasmodium falciparumin 1976, the emphasis in research shifted away from knowlesi. However, its importance as a human pathogen has provoked a renewed interest inP. knowlesi, not least because it too can be maintained in continuous culture and thus provides an experimental model. In fact, this parasite species has a long history in malaria research, and the purpose of this chapter is to outline approximately the first 50 years of this history.
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Patel, Abhishek, Srinivasa K., and Manjunath G. A. "Species wise incidence of malaria in pediatric age group of Raichur district, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 4 (June 22, 2018): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20182460.
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Background: The incidence of malaria is on the raise in Raichur district of Karnataka in the recent years and there is not much studies on malaria from this region. A hospital and community-based study was conducted to know the species wise incidence of malaria in pediatric age group of Raichur district and to know the efficacy of rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of malaria, against the gold standard ‘Microscopic examination’ of thick and thin smear.Methods: Blood samples from 676 children with clinical suspicion of malaria were tested by PBS study and RDT. Differentiation of malaria parasite is based on antigenic differences between pLDH isoforms. Results from the RDT were compared to those obtained by PBS.Results: A total of 302 (44.67%) samples were positive by PBS method of which 54 (8.0%) are Plasmodium falciparum, 248 (36.9%) are Plasmodium vivax and, while 218 (32.2%) were positive by RDT 37 (5.5%) Plasmodium falciparum, 181 (26.8%) Plasmodium vivax. In present study the overall incidence of Plasmodium vivax in Raichur district is 36.69% and Plasmodium falciparum incidence is 7.99% and none of the samples have tested positive for Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale species among the study group. The RDT showed sensitivities of 53.70% and 66.13% and specificities of 98.71% and 96.03%, respectively for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.Conclusions: Plasmodium vivax species remains the most common malarial parasite among the positive case by PBS method in Raichur district, but the incidence of plasmodium falciparum is on the rise which is a matter of concern. The RDT method has a low sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of malaria since the identification of the four-parasite species is not possible. The careful examination of a well-prepared and well-stained blood film currently remains the "gold standard" for malaria diagnosis.
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Hong, Sok Chul. "Malaria and Economic Productivity: A Longitudinal Analysis of the American Case." Journal of Economic History 71, no. 3 (September 13, 2011): 654–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711001872.
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Using longitudinal data linked to the 1850 and 1860 U.S. federal census manuscript schedules, this article examines the effect of migration to high-risk malaria counties on real estate wealth accumulation. Although the migrants recognized the risk of malaria, they still migrated to malarial regions. Those who migrated to areas with higher risk of malaria experienced smaller increases in real estate wealth than migrants to less malarial areas. The findings in this study provide historical evidence with which to estimate the potential modern-day economic benefit of malarial eradication.
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S., D. Dawada, and L. Pawar S. "An Overview On Malarial Parasites And Its Life Cycle." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research S6, no. 18 (April 10, 2025): 526–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15260364.
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<em>The present article highlights on the malarial parasites and its life cycle. Malaria is an ancient disease. Research has been going on for a century. When an infected Anopheles mosquito bites a person, that person gets malaria. It is the only mosquito that transmits malaria. Malaria is caused by the Anopheles mosquito biting an infected person. Mosquitoes are infected by feeding on the blood of an infected person containing the parasite. When that mosquito bites another person, that person becomes infected with malaria. According to WHO's </em>2022<em> report, the disease caused </em>608,000<em> deaths worldwide. For the past few years, research has been going on to take measures for this. The search for anti-malarial drugs is on-going. It is necessary to study malaria parasite which is harmful to human health and human life. From this point of view the malaria parasite and its fatal consequences has been highlighted by the present article.</em>
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Burhan, Hira, Askari Syed Hasan, Syed Mansur-ul-Haque, Ghazanfar Zaidi, Taha Shaikh, and Aisha Zia. "Association between blood group and susceptibility to malaria and its effects on platelets, TLC, and Hb." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2016): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.6828.
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Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, the estimated number of malaria cases in Pakistan is about 1.5 million. Hematological variables like platelets, total leukocyte count (TLC), and hemoglobin (Hb) need to be evaluated to diagnose malaria in suspects. This study aimed to investigate the association between blood group and susceptibility to malaria and effects on platelets, TLC, and Hb. Methodology: This was a case-control study with a sample size of 446, of which 224 were malarial cases and 222 were controls. A designated questionnaire was developed to know age, gender, malarial strain, Hb, TLC, platelets, and blood group. Results: Of 224 malarial cases, 213 were P. vivax, and 11 were P. falciparum. There were 58 patients with blood group A, 72 with group B, 69 were O and 23 were AB. There was no significant difference in the blood group of controls compared to malarial patients (p > 0.05). Mean Hb level was 11.5mg/dL in malaria patients and 12.5mg/dL in controls. There was significant difference (p<0.01) in the mean platelet count in malarial (11,7000/μL) and control (24,5000/μL) patients. All blood groups showed similar falls in Hb and platelet levels, showing no significant difference among blood groups (p = 0.79 and p = 0.52, respectively). TLC was not significant between malarial and control groups (p = 0.072). Males were two times susceptible to malaria. Conclusions: There was no significant association between the type of blood group and susceptibility to malaria or developing anemia or thrombocytopenia.
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Gawthrop, Mary. "Prescribing anti-malarials in the UK." Journal of Prescribing Practice 5, no. 5 (May 2, 2023): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2023.5.5.204.
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Malaria is a serious, potentially fatal parasitic infection spread by mosquitoes. It is a risk for international travellers visiting malarial regions in Africa, Asia, Central and South America and Oceania. Malaria is preventable, but every year in the UK, malaria cases and fatalities are reported in returning travellers. UK health professionals prescribing antimalarials should ensure they are familiar with the appropriate malaria guidelines and use them to access current malaria recommendations when advising travellers.
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Ebong, Omotayo O., Chijioke A. Nwauche, Ijeoma H. Ogbuehi, Nwauche Ifeyinwa N. Chijioke, Chinwe T. Ezirim, Ruth E. Umoh, Aniekan G. Afia, and Pius Zara-kokpa. "Is this Evidence of Success in Malaria Prevention and Control Measures?" Greener Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 26, 2015): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJMS.2015.1.051114379.
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In Nigeria, mass distribution of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLINs), community awareness programs, increased availability of Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) and Biolarviciding have been part of strategies employed, with the aim of contributing to the realization of the sixth Millennium Development Goal - Combating Malaria. This study investigates malaria prevalence among adult subjects presenting for routine medical examination at the Lulu Briggs Health Centre, University of Port Harcourt. Blood samples of 354 willing subjects were tested for parasitemia using double microscopy and standard Rapid Diagnostic (RDT) Test Kits. Axillary temperature, genotype, blood group and packed cell volume of the subjects were also determined. Questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding their demographics, previous use of antimalarials, and malaria prevention strategies they have adopted. The results obtained on the prevalence of malaria were as follows; RDT, 7.4%, double microscopy 11.0%. Among the parasite-positive samples, 32 (82.1%) were of AA, 6 (15.4%) AS, and 1 (2.5%) SS genotype, while on the other hand, 23 (59%) were of O+, 10 (25%) of A+, 3 (8%) of AB+, and 3(8%) of the B+ blood groups. The decline in malaria prevalence rate when compared to other studies, suggests that malaria control measures are having a degree of success and that individuals are making conscious effort to reduce mosquito bites. Also, the study reaffirms that microscopy still remains the gold standard in malaria diagnosis, even though RDTs are invaluable when immediate result is desired and where a laboratory is not in sight.
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Omale, Ugwu I., Benedict N. Azuogu, Adaoha P. Agu, and Edmund N. Ossai. "Use of malaria rapid diagnostic test and anti-malarial drug prescription practices among primary healthcare workers in Ebonyi state, Nigeria: An analytical cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 19, no. 6 (June 4, 2024): e0304600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304600.
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Background The recommendation of universal diagnostic testing before malaria treatment aimed to address the problem of over-treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy and the heightened risk of selection pressure and drug resistance and the use of malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT) was a key strategy, particularly among primary healthcare (PHC) workers whose access to and use of other forms of diagnostic testing were virtually absent. However, the use of MRDT can only remedy over-treatment when health workers respond appropriately to negative MRDT results by not prescribing anti-malarial drugs. This study assessed the use of MRDT and anti-malarial drug prescription practices, and the predictors, among PHC workers in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Methods We conducted an analytical cross-sectional questionnaire survey, among consenting PHC workers involved in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria, from January 15, 2020 to February 5, 2020. Data was collected via structured self-administered questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariate generalized estimating equations. Results Of the 490 participants surveyed: 81.4% usually/routinely used MRDT for malaria diagnosis and 18.6% usually used only clinical symptoms; 78.0% used MRDT for malaria diagnosis for all/most of their patients suspected of having malaria in the preceding month while 22.0% used MRDT for none/few/some; 74.9% had good anti-malarial drug prescription practice; and 68.0% reported appropriate response to negative MRDT results (never/rarely prescribed anti-malarial drugs for the patients) while 32.0% reported inappropriate response (sometimes/often/always prescribed anti-malarial drugs). The identified predictor(s): of the use of MRDT was working in health facilities supported by the United States’ President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI-supported health facilities); of good anti-malarial drug prescription practice were having good opinion about MRDT, having good knowledge about malaria diagnosis and MRDT, being a health attendant, working in PMI-supported health facilities, and increase in age; and of appropriate response to negative MRDT results was having good opinion about MRDT. Conclusions The evidence indicate the need for, and highlight factors to be considered by, further policy actions and interventions for optimal use of MRDT and anti-malarial drug prescription practices among the PHC workers in Ebonyi state, Nigeria, and similar settings.
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Mannu, Alexander, Sunil Kumar Agarwalla, Jaishree Vasudevan, Kathir Subramaniam T., and Ahamed Basha A. "Hepatic dysfunction in children with complicated malaria." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 2 (February 22, 2018): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20180552.
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Background: Complicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum alone or with P. vivax can lead to multi organ dysfunction. There is a paucity of studies about hepatic dysfunction in children with complicated malaria. Hence, this retrospective study was done to find out the clinico-biochemical profile of children with complicated malarial hepatic dysfunction from a malaria endemic region of India. Further, liver function test (LFT) response to Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) i.e. artesunate + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine therapy in the malarial hepatic dysfunction children was assessed. Methods: Out of 203 children confirmed to have malaria, 60 children were found to have complicated malaria with jaundice as per WHO malaria guidelines (total serum bilirubin >3 mg%). Physical examination, malaria related biochemical and ultra-sonographic findings were noted. All the children were found to be uniformly on ACT as per institute protocol adapted from WHO guidelines. Biochemical parameters of hepatic function were compared between day 1 and 4.Results: Presentations were fever, pallor and clinical jaundice in 100%, reddish urine in 63.3%, tender hepatomegaly in 100% and splenomegaly in 81.7% of the study population. Liver function test showed mild to moderate elevation of serum bilirubin and enzymes with remarkable recovery noticed with the use of ACT in all the study subjects.Conclusions: Clinical presentations of malarial hepatic dysfunction although mimics viral hepatitis, LFT showed mild to moderate elevation only. Further, ACT therapy was found effective in the management of all children with hepatic dysfunction in complicated malaria.
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Pradhan, Subal Ku, Pawan Mutalik, Tirumal Subudhi, Arakhita Swain, and Niranjan Mohanty. "Outcomes of paediatric malarial hepatopathy: a study from Eastern India." Paediatrica Indonesiana 54, no. 5 (October 30, 2014): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi54.5.2014.256-9.
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Background Severe malaria causes multi-organ involvement ,including hepatic dysfunction.Jaundice in severe malaria is foundmore commonly in adults than in children. It is important toassess the factors associated with malarial hepatopathy, the variedclinical presentations, as well as the complications in order toinitiate early interventional measures. There are a limited numberof studies in the pediatric population on malarial hepatopathy.Objective To assess the factors associated with malarialhepatopathy, the varied clinical presentations, as well as itscomplications.Methods This prospective study was conducted in the Departmentof Paediatrics, Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Post Graduate Institute ofPaediatrics (SVPPGIP), Cuttack, Odisha, India from January 20 10to June 2013, and included 70 children with malaria and jaundice,aged 6 months to 14 years. Malaria was confirmed by microscopicexamination of blood smears. Detailed clinical evaluations andinvestigation s were carried out to find multi-organ afflictions,with a special emphasis on hepatic involvement.Results Of218 children with malaria admitted during this period,70 (32%) children had fever and jaundice on presentation. Allchildren who had both Plasmodium faldparum and vivax infectionhad malarial hepatopathy. Complications, including acutekidney injury (AKI), disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), cerebral malaria, and mortality, were significantlyhigher among children with malarial hepatopathy compared tochildren without hepatopathy. Howevei; there was no significantdifference of hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS),convulsions or severe anemia, between children with and withouthepatopathy.Conclusion Hepatopathy is more common with mixed malariainfections. The incidence of AKI, DIC, cerebral malaria, andmortality are significantly higher in patients with hepatopathy.Malarial hepatopathy should be considered in patients presentingwith acute febrile illness and jaundice so that specific treatmentcan be initiated early to prevent increased morbidity and mortality.
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Devi, C. Suvarna, H. A. Nadiger, T. Sharmila Krishna, and J. N. Naidu. "Serum acid phosphatase level - is it a marker for diagnosis of malaria." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 10 (September 28, 2017): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174566.
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Background: Malaria is endemic throughout most of the tropics. Technically, detection of malaria parasite may be missed due to low parasite density at sampling time and poor blood film preparation. The study was aimed to evaluate the serum acid phosphatase levels as a possible diagnostic marker for malarial infections.Methods: This study was conducted on a total of 100 subjects (40 malaria cases, 30 non-malarial cases and 30 sex and age matched healthy controls attending the department of medicine, PESIMSR, Kuppam. Venous blood sample was collected and serum acid phosphatase (ACP) level estimation was be done by enzymatic method using commercial kit (Raichem diagnostics kit).Results: Serum ACP level was highly significantly elevated in malarial group (Mean±SD) (3.14±1.22) when compared with control (1.33±0.72) and non-malarial (1.81±0.30) groups (P value <0.001.).Conclusions: In this study, there was a significant increase in the serum ACP levels in malarial patients as compared to other groups. This suggests that serum ACP levels can be used as a marker for malaria.
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Lawton, Jonathan G., Albert E. Zhou, Drissa Coulibaly, Emily M. Stucke, Antoine Dara, Matthew B. Laurens, Joana C. Silva, Mahamadou A. Thera, and Mark A. Travassos. "272 Differential expression of two Plasmodium falciparum variant surface antigen families in Malian children with cerebral malaria compared to mild malaria." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 7, s1 (April 2023): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2023.330.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Recent in vitro evidence suggests that diverse parasite protein families called RIFINs and STEVORs are displayed on the surface of infected red blood cells and may have a role in severe malaria, but they remain sparsely studied in natural infections. We measured the RNA expression of these antigens in Malian children with severe or mild malaria illness. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We collected blood samples from Malian children aged six months to five years, including 14 with cerebral malaria, 10 with severe malarial anemia, and demographic-matched controls with mild, uncomplicated malaria. We extracted total RNA from each patient and used a custom capture array to selectively enrich Plasmodium falciparum parasite RNA. We then performed Illumina next-generation RNA sequencing and reconstructed parasite transcriptomes using reference-free de novo assembly. We identified RNA encoding RIFINs and STEVORs using an in-house classifier, then measured the diversity and abundance of gene expression for each infection. Expression diversity was defined as the number of unique variants transcribed. Expression abundance was calculated as transcripts per million (TPM). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Cerebral malaria cases, but not severe malarial anemia cases, had higher diversity and abundance of RIFIN expression compared to mild infections. Type A RIFINs predominated over Type B RIFINs, and the same two RIFINs were predominantly expressed in all disease phenotypes. We anticipate that predominantly expressed RIFINs share high sequence homology with variants previously shown to bind blood antigens or immune inhibitory receptors. STEVOR expression was also higher in cerebral malaria compared to mild malaria, but STEVOR transcripts were sparse overall. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Elevated RIFIN expression in cerebral malaria over mild malaria supports a role for these antigens in pathogenesis. Severe malarial anemia may progress through a different pathogenic mechanism. Predominantly expressed RIFIN variants may be promising targets for vaccines and therapeutics to protect children against cerebral malaria.