Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Malat 1'

La formation des synapses met en jeu de nombreux facteurs protéiques dont la régulation n'est pas ou peu connue. De nombreux ARN non-codants (ARNnc) sont exprimés et régulés dans le système nerveux central (SNC) mais peu de fonctions leur ont été attribué. Nous avons isolé un long ARNnc localisé dans les speckles nucléaires, appelé Malat1, enrichi dans les neurones du SNC et régulé au cours de la synaptogenèse. Nous avons montré que Malat1 est nécessaire au recrutement et/ou à la stabilisation de facteurs d'épissage particuliers, les protéines SR, aux sites de transcription actifs. Dans des cultures primaires de neurones, Malat1 régule l'expression de deux gènes synaptogéniques (neuroligine 1 et SynCAM) ainsi que la formation de synapses selon un mode autonome cellulaire. Des résultats préliminaires indiquent que Malat1 peut être induit par différents types de stress et au cours de pathologies neuronales dégénératives ou traumatiques. Ces données constituent un argument supplémentaire au consensus actuel qui place les ARNnc comme des acteurs primordiaux de la régulation de l'expression des gènes au cours du développement et du fonctionnement du SNC.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur ett läromedel som är anpassat för både ämnena Svenska och Svenska som andraspråk hanterar kunskapsmålen för momenten tala och skriva i kursplanerna för Svenska 1 och Svenska som andraspråk 1 i gymnasieskolan. Analysen av läromedlet har genomförts genom en jämförande närläsning av innehållet i läromedlet och innehållet i kursplanerna. Det viktigaste resultatet i studien är att ingen av elevgrupperna får samtliga kursmål tillgodosedda. Målen för skriftlig framställning tillfredställs, men resterande mål möts enbart delveis eller inte alls för respektive grupp. Det som saknas i läromedlet är för ämnet Svenska 1 argumentationsteknik, prestationsteknik samt träning i den retoriska processen. För ämnet Svenska som andraspråk 1 saknas stoff om strategier för att göra sig förstådd och förstå, men också hur språkliga koder kan användas i olika kommunikationssituationer saknas i läromedlet.

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The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causative of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a pulmonary mycose acquired by inhalation of fungal airborne propagules, which may disseminate to several organs and tissues leading to a severe form of the disease. Adhesion and invasion to host cells are essential steps involved in the internalization and dissemination of pathogens. Inside host, P. brasiliensis use the glyoxylate cycle for intracellular survival. Here, we provide evidence that malate synthase of P. brasiliensis (PbMLS) is localized on the cell wall, and is secreted. PbMLS was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibody against this protein was obtained. By using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Western blot analysis, PbMLS was detected in the cytoplasm and the cell wall of the yeast phase of P. brasiliensis of mother and bud yeast cells. PbMLSr and the respective polyclonal antibody produced against this protein inhibited the interaction of P. brasiliensis to in vitro cultured epithelial cells A549. These observations indicated that cell wall-associated MLS of P. brasiliensis could be mediating the binding of fungal cells, thus contributing to the adhesion of fungus to host tissues and to the dissemination of infection.
O fungo de patogênico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis agente causador da Paracoccidioidomicose (PCM), uma micose pulmonar adquirida pela inalação de propágulos aéreos do fungo que pode se disseminar a vários órgãos e tecidos levando a uma forma severa da doença. Dentro do hospedeiro, P. brasiliensis usa o ciclo do glioxalato (CG) para sobrevivência intracelular. Adesão e invasão das células do hospedeiro são passos essenciais envolvidos na internalização e disseminação do patógeno. Aqui, nós evidênciamos que malato sintase de P. brasiliensis (PbMLS) é secretada, e é localizada na parede da célula. PbMLS foi superexpressa em Escherichia coli, e o anticorpo policlonal contra esta proteína foi obtido. Usando Microscopia Laser Confocal (CLSM) e análise de Western blot, PbMLS foi encontrada no citoplasma e na parede da célula na fase leveduriforme de P. brasiliensis nas células mãe e broto. PbMLSr e o respectivo anticorpo policlonal produzido contra esta proteína inibiram a interação de P. brasiliensis com células epiteliais A549 cultivads in vitro. Estas observações indicariam que MLS associada à parede da célula de P. brasiliensis pode estar mediando a ligação do fungo às células, contribuindo assim com a adesão do fungo aos tecidos hospedeiros e para a disseminação da infecção.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A presente dissertação busca aproximar memória e fotografia, bem como o ato de fotografar do ato de historiar. A partir daí, se volta para a proposta específica de analisar um grupo de fotografias que Augusto Malta fez das ruas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro no início do século XX. Já no século XIX foi atribuída aos fotógrafos a função de registradores de um mundo que se dissipava e de outro que se anunciava. Esses profissionais eram contratados como os responsáveis por guardarem as imagens que se transformavam rapidamente, especialmente nas cidades. Tratava-se de um desejo de construir um álbum que conservasse a memória do antes, do durante e do depois, e que servisse de registro confiável das mudanças promovidas. Esta é a função que Augusto César Malta de Campos assumiu na prefeitura da cidade-capital, comandada por Francisco Pereira Passos. É através desse caminho que se busca analisar a fotografia como artifício capaz de inventariar as transformações da cidade, uma representação fiel do mundo visível. Assim, as imagens dos Kiosques, dentre outras tantas, se tornaram instrumentos com valor de prova a serviço de um projeto modernizador da cidade-capital, numa íntima relação com a mobilização nacional em torno de uma identidade moderna que se forjava naquele tempo.
This work tries to approximate memory and photography, and at the same time the act of make photography and act of writing history. Then the work persecutes the propose of analyze a group of four photos that Augusto Malta made in the streets of Rio de Janeiro in the beginning of the 20th century. In the 19th century was given to the photographers the function of recorders of a world passing through many changes. Those professionals were hired as the responsibles to keep the images that were changing quickly, especially in the cities. There was a desire to build an album dedicated to the memory of times, and prove of the changes in the world. This was the work that Augusto Malta did for the mayor Pereira Passos. Through this way the photography is analyzed as a faithful representation of the visible world. The Kiosque s images became a prove to the project of modernization of the city, in a relation to the national mobilization around a modern identity.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Selection of raw materials for a consistent and high quality end product has been a challenge for brewers globally. Various different factors may influence quality and although a great number of methods for malt analysis exist today for the prediction of end product quality, some still do not accurately represent malt performance in beer. This research focussed on determining parameters in malts to predict two of the major beer quality determining factors namely, foam- and flavour stability. Specific biochemical markers in barley malt such as lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1) lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1), anti-radical/oxidant potential (AROP), free amino nitrogen and intact protein were determined and used in beer quality prediction from malt character. These biochemical quality predictions were then correlated with the end product beer quality as assessed in sensory analysis trials on micro-brewed beers. Being such a multi-faceted factor in beer, LTP1 have already become an attractive field of study. LTP1 is primarily associated with stable beer foam, as a foam protein in its own right, and acting as a lipid scavenger. This protein is also theorised to play a role in the stability of beer flavour by possibly acting as anti-oxidant. Lastly LTP1 is known to have anti-yeast activity, which could negatively impact fermentation. In this study LTP1 and its lipid bound isoform LTP1b were successfully purified in an economical and easy five step protocol. Both isoforms showed temperature stability at temperatures >90°C and prefer more neutral and basic pH environments. Although the reported antioxidant activity was not observed, both purified LTP1 and LTP1b inhibited lipoxygenase-1 (LOX-1) activity, which is responsible for the enzymatic breakdown of linoleic acid to form 2(E)-nonenal. This is a novel finding that links LTP1 also to flavour stability. LTP1 exhibited anti-yeast activity whereas LTP1b lost most if not all the activity. However, since most of the LTP1 is converted to LTP1b and glycosylated isoforms during the brewing process fermentation will not be greatly influenced, while foam and flavour stability could still be promoted by the presence of LTP1b. Flavour deterioration of the final packaged product is partially due to the enzymatic production of 2(E)-nonenal by LOX-1 and the presence of free oxygen radical species, limited anti-radical/oxidant potential (AROP) and LTP1. The development of two 96-well micro-assays based on the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay for the determination of LOX-1 and AROP was successfully accomplished and compared well with established assays. The LOXFOX and AROP-FOX assays were specifically developed for the on-site, high throughput comparative determination of LOX-1 and AROP in malt and other brewery samples. The AROP-FOX and LOX-FOX micro-assays and a number of established assays were used to categorise malts in different predicted quality groups, various biochemical markers were measured which included LOX activity, LTP1 content, FAN values, intact protein concentration and AROP. An excellent trend (R2=0.93) was found between FAN/LOX and LTP1/LOX which also correlated with the novel observation that LOX-1 activity is inhibited by LTP1 at various concentrations. These trends could assist brewers in optimal blending for not only high quality end products but also fermentation predictions. To determine whether these biochemical markers selected for screening in barley malt are predictive of shelf life potential of the end product, sensory trials were performed. Three barley malt cultivars were selected for LOX, AROP, LTP1, protein and FAN content and used in micro-brewery trials at 0 and 3 months and evaluated using sensory analysis. Good correlation was found between the biochemical predictors and sensory trial for the best quality malt and beer. These parameters were therefore highly relevant for predicting shelf life potential, although additional research is required to elucidate the effect of LTP1 and LOX-1 on each other during the brewing process, since it seems that high LOX-1 concentrations could be leading to LTP1 decreases. With this study it is proposed that if more detailed protein or FAN characterisation is used together with the screening of LOX-1, LTP1 and AROP, an more accurate shelf life prediction, based on malt analysis, is possible and with the help of these parameters brewers can simply blend malts accordingly.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die keuse van roumateriaal om 'n konstante eindproduk van goeie kwaliteit te lewer, was nog altyd 'n uitdaging vir brouers wêreldwyd aangesien verskeie faktore 'n invloed het op die kwaliteit van die produk. Alhoewel daar tans verskeie metodes vir moutanalise bestaan wat die eindproduk–kwaliteit voorspel, is daar min wat werklik die eindproduk kwaliteit soos voorspel deur moutanalise verteenwoordig. Hierdie navorsing fokus op die bepaling van mout-eienskappe om twee van die belangrikste bierkwaliteitvereistes, naamlik skuim- en geurstabiliteit te voorspel. Spesifieke biochemiese eienskappe in garsmout soos lipiedtransportproteien-1 (LTP1), lipoksigenase-1 (LOX-1), antioksidant-antiradikaal potensiaal (AROP), vry aminostikstof (FAN) is geïdentifiseer en gebruik in voorspelling van bierkwaliteit vanaf moutkarakter. Hierdie biochemiese kwaliteit voorspellings is dan gekorreleer met die eindproduk soos ge-evalueer d.m.v sensoriese analise op mikro-gebroude bier. Omdat LTP1 soveel fasette in bier beïnvloed, het dit reeds 'n aanloklike studiefokus geword. LTP1 word hoofsaaklik geassosieer met stabiele skuimkwaliteit in bier en tree op as 'n lipiedmop (“lipid scavenger”). Die proteien speel teoreties ook 'n rol in die stabiliteit van bier geur deur moontlik as 'n anti-oksidant op te tree. Laastens is LTP1 bekend vir sy antigis aktiwiteit wat moontlik 'n negatiewe uitwerking op fermentasies het. Gedurende hierdie navorsing is LTP1 en sy lipiedbinding isoform LTP1b suksesvol gesuiwer met 'n ekonomies en eenvoudige 5-stap protokol. Beide isoforme het stabiliteit by temperature >90°C en meer neutrale en basiese pH omgewings getoon. Alhoewel die voorheen gerapporteerde anti-oksidant aktiwiteit vir LTP1 nie bevestig kon word nie, is daar wel gevind dat beide LTP1 en LTP1b, LOX-1, wat verantwoordelik is vir die ensimatiese afbraak van linoleensuur na 2(E)-nonenal, se aktiwiteit inhibeer. Dit is 'n unieke bevinding wat LTP1 ook koppel aan geurstabiliteit. LTP1 het antigis aktiwiteit getoon, maar LTP1b het die meeste, indien nie alle antigis-aktiwiteit verloor. Omdat die meeste van die LTP1's omgeskakel word na LTP1b's en geglikosileerde isoforme tydens die brouproses, sal fermentasie nie beduidend beinvloed word nie, maar die skuim- en geurstabiliteit sal steeds bevorder word deur die blote teenwoordigheid van die LTP1b. Geurverval van die finale verpakte produk is gedeeltelik a.g.v die ensimatiese produksie van 2(E)-nonenal deur LOX-1 en die teenwoordigheid van vry suurstofradikaal spesies, beperkte AROP en LTP1. Die ontwikkeling van twee 96-putjie mikroessaïs, gebasseer op die yster oksidasie-xilenol oranje (FOX) essai vir die bepaling van LOX-1 en AROP, was suksesvol en het goed vergelyk met reeds gevestigde essaïs. Die LOX-FOX en AROP-FOX mikroessaïs is spesifiek ontwikkel vir die residente, hoë deurvloei vergelykende bepaling van LOX-1 en AROP in mout en ander brouery-monsters. Die AROP-FOX en LOX-FOX mikroessaïs en 'n paar gevestigde essaïs is gebruik om moute te kategoriseer in die verskillende voorspelde kwaliteitsgroepe. Die biochemiese merkers wat gemeet is het die volgende ingesluit: LOX aktiwiteit, LTP1 inhoud, FAN waardes, proteïen konsentrasie en AROP. 'n Merkwaardige korrelasie (R2=0.93) is gevind tussen FAN/LOX en LTP1/LOX wat ook ooreenstem met die waarneming dat LOX-1 aktiwiteit onderdruk word deur LTP1 by verskeie konsentrasies. Hierdie korrelasies kan brouers help met optimale versnitting van moute vir, nie net die hoogste kwaliteit eindproduk nie, maar ook vir fermentasie voorspellings. Om te bepaal of hierdie geselekteerde biochemiese merkers in mout die potensieële raklewe van die eindproduk verteenwoordig, is sensoriese evaluerings uitgevoer. Drie gars-mout kultivars is geselekteer o.g.v LOX-, AROP-, LTP1-, proteïen- en FAN-inhoud en gebruik in mikro-brouery proewe en op 0 en 3 maande en is ge-evalueer deur sensoriese analise. Goeie korrelasie is gevind tussen die biochemiese voorspellers en sensoriese evaluering vir die beste kwaliteit mout en bier. Hierdie maatstawwe is daarom uiters relevant vir voorspelling van die potensiele rakleeftyd, alhoewel addisionele navorsing nodig is om die effek van LTP1 en LOX-1 op mekaar gedurende die brouproses te bepaal. Dit blyk dat 'n hoë LOX-1 konsentrasies kan lei tot 'n afname in LTP1. Met hierdie studie word dit voorstel dat, as meer gedetaileerde proteien of FAN karakterisering saam met LOX-1, LTP1, en AROP analise uitgevoer word, 'n meer akkurate raklewe voorspelling moontlik is en met behulp van hierdie parameters kan brouers moute dienooreenkomstig versnit.

The master’s thesis focuses on a process contaminant 3-MCPD (3-chloropropane-1,2-diol), which is formed during food processing. The first part of the thesis summarizes scientific knowledge about its chemical and physical properties, toxicity, occurrence in food and methods of analysis. In the second part is monitored the content of 3-MCPD in barley, in standard and special types of malts and beer. Samples were derivatized with phenylboronic acid (PBA) and 3-MCPD derivatives were analyzed by gas chromatography with a mass detector. Deuterated 3-MCPD was used as an internal standard. The limit of quantification was 1 gkg-1 for barley and malt samples and 10 gkg-1 in case of beer. The barley samples contained concentration of 3-MCPD below LOQ. In samples of malt was found concentration

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Mdh-1 enzyme locus coding for cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase has three common alleles Mdh-1100 (F), Mdh-180 (M) e Mdh-165 (S) and it has been extensively used as racial marker in populational studies of Apis mellifera. Additional isoforms are detected by electrophoretic analysis during ontogenetic development of A. mellifera, indicating differential expression of this locus, and a large set of evidences suggests that Mdh-1 alleles are under temperature-mediated selection. In this work, we proposed to study molecular aspects of this locus aiming to understand the nature of observed polymorphism and possible mechanisms leading to the formation of additional isoforms. Our results suggest Mdh-1100 as the ancestral allele that gave origin to alleles Mdh-180 and Mdh-165, and electrophoretic mobility differences of allelic products may be attributed to the substitution of a single aminoacid in each variant. Regarding genic expression during development, we re able to determine that both loci Mdh-1 and Mdh-2, coding for mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, have high expression in larval and late pupal stages, and present a significant decrease in expression during transitional stages between larva and pupa. We also determined that additional isoforms are characteristic of pupae fat body and hemolymph, not being detected in other tissues, appearing at late larval stage and starting to disappear with beginning of pupal pigmentation. We were not able to identify the causes promoting the formation of the new isoforms, but our results suggest that this phenomenon is not due to alternative splicing or expression of a stage- and tissue-specific gene.
O loco enzimático Mdh-1, codificante da malato desidrogenase citoplasmática, possui três alelos comuns Mdh-1100 (F), Mdh-180 (M) e Mdh-165 (S) e tem sido extensivamente utilizado como um marcador racial nos estudos de população de Apis mellifera. Análises eletroforéticas demonstram o surgimento de isoformas adicionais durante o desenvolvimento ontogenético de A. mellifera, indicando que o loco apresenta expressão diferencial, e um amplo conjunto de evidências sugere que os alelos deste loco estão sob ação da seleção natural mediada pela temperatura. Neste trabalho, nos propusemos a estudar aspectos moleculares deste loco com o objetivo principal de entender a natureza do polimorfismo observado e os possíveis mecanismos que levam à formação das isoformas adicionais. Nossos resultados sugerem que o alelo Mdh-1100 é ancestral e originou os outros alelos Mdh-180 e Mdh-165, e que a diferença na mobilidade eletroforética dos produtos destes alelos pode ser atribuída à alteração de um único aminoácido em cada uma das variantes. Em relação à expressão gênica durante o desenvolvimento, pudemos determinar que tanto o loco Mdh-1 quanto o loco Mdh-2, codificante da malato desidrogenase mitocondrial, apresentam elevada expressão durante a fase de larva e no final da fase de pupa, e uma significativa redução durante a transição de larva a pupa. Também determinamos que as isoformas adicionais são características do corpo gorduroso e da hemolinfa, não sendo encontradas em outros tecidos, e surgem no final da fase larval e começam a desaparecer com o início da pigmentação das pupas. Não pudemos identificar as causas que promovem o aparecimento dessas novas isoformas, porém, nossos resultados sugerem que o fenômeno não deve ser devido a splicing alternativo ou expressão de um novo gene estágio- e tecido-específicos.

This doctoral study explores whether engineering metaphors are used in the translation of an engineering text from English to Malay and examines how the usage of metaphors in the target text (TT) compares to that in the source text (ST). The study focuses on Holtzapple and Reese’s “Foundations of Engineering” and its Malay version “Asas Kejuruteraan” translated by Juneta Zawawi. The “Metaphor Identification Procedure” (MIP) by the Pragglejaz Group is applied in the process of gathering examples while the Cognitive Metaphor Theory is used for the purposes of metaphor analysis. A combination of Newmark’s (1988), Deignan’s (2005) and Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) classifications of metaphor are used to categorize the SL and TL metaphorical expressions. Metaphor translation procedures identified were benchmarked to those proposed by Newmark (1988). Analysis of the 174 ST and 82 TT engineering metaphors reveals that the use of metaphorical language does indeed characterize the English technical text and its translation into Malay. Identifying equivalence in the TL discloses somewhat similar problems to those that are present in literary metaphor translation. The ease of translation and the identification of suitable engineering metaphors are not determined solely by the type of metaphor but rather are also partially dependent on cultural and linguistic factors. Metaphor translation procedures as outlined by Newmark are found to be unable to account for all the examples, which results in the creation of the two variants of one of his translation procedures, the proposal of three new ones that are identified and the abandonment of two of his procedures. The selection of translation procedure appears to be dependent not only on the metaphor type but also on whether the translator simply decides to use equivalent SL metaphors or non-metaphorical expressions in the TL. It is also highly likely that the type of text being translated plays a role.

O teor de β-glucanas interfere diretamente nos parâmetros de qualidade do malte para a produção de cerveja, principalmente na etapa de filtração. Elevadas concentrações de β-glucanas na cevada exigem maior tempo e temperatura na maceração e germinação. A aplicação de β-glucanase comercial é uma alternativa para reduzir o conteúdo de β-glucanas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o efeito da adição da β-glucanase no malte produzido a partir das cultivares de cevada BRS - Cauê e Elis (safra 2013/2014) com um tempo reduzido de germinação. As cultivares foram submetidas a micromalteações com 96 horas (convencional) e 64 horas (tempo reduzido) de germinação. As análises de β-glucanas e de qualidade da cevada, do malte e do mosto foram realizadas segundo a metodologia analítica EBC (European Brewery Convention). As cultivares BRS - Cauê e Elis, germinadas com 96 h apresentaram respectivamente os teores de 90,7 e 64,3 mg/L de β-glucanas. O processo com 64 h de germinação resultou em teores acima do limite máximo recomendado pela EBC (178 mg/L), sendo 320,0 e 370,7 mg/L para os maltes das cultivares BRS-Cauê e Elis respectivamente. A aplicação de 100 mg/kg de β- glucanase no malte produzido com 64 h de germinação reduziu os teores de β- glucanas para 74,7 (BRS-Cauê) e 81,7 mg/L (BRS-Elis). Houve uma redução no teor de β-glucanas de 76,67% para BRS - Cauê e 77,96% para BRS - Elis. Sendo que para o malte da cultivar BRS - Cauê a aplicação de 25 mg/kg da enzima e para a BRS - Elis a aplicação de 50 mg/kg foram suficientes para a obtenção de maltes com teores de acordo com o recomendado. A redução nos valores de viscosidade também foi observada. A aplicação da β-glucanase comercial reduziu o teor de β- glucanas no malte produzido em um tempo menor de germinação permitindo a otimização do tempo no processo de malteação.
The β-glucan content interferes directly in the malt quality parameters for the production of beer, especially in the filtration step. High β-glucans concentrations in barley require more time and temperature in the steeping and germination. The application of a commercial β-glucanase is an alternative to reduce the content of β- glucans. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the addition of β-glucanase in malt produced from barley cultivars BRS - Cauê and Elis (season 2013/2014) with a reduced germination time. The cultivars were subjected to micromalteações 96 hours (conventional) and 64 hours (reduced time) germination. The analyzes of β-glucans and quality of barley, malt and wort were performed according to the analytical methodology EBC (European Brewery Convention). The BRS - Cauê and Elis, germinated after 96 hours respectively showed the levels of 90.7 and 64.3 mg / L of β-glucans. The process with 64 h of germination resulted in levels over the maximum limit recommended by the EBC (178 mg / L), with 320.0 and 370.7 mg / L for the malts of BRS-Cauê and Elis cultivars respectively. The application of 100 mg / kg of malt β-glucanase produced in 64 h germination lowered β-glucan content to 74.7 (BRS-Cauê) and 81.7 mg / L (BRS-Elis). There was a reduction in β-glucan content of 76.67% for BRS - Cauê and 77.96% for BRS - Elis. Since for malt cultivar BRS - Cauê application of 25 mg / kg of the enzyme and the BRS - Elis application of 50 mg / kg was sufficient to obtain malt content according to recommended. The reduction in viscosity values were also observed. The application of commercial β-glucanase reduced the β-glucan content in malt produced in a shorter germination allowing the optimization of time in the malting process.

This work aims at verifying through the analysis of the novels La mala vida, by Venezuelan writer Salvador Garmendia, and Hotel Atlântico, from Brazilian João Gilberto Noll, which are the possible structural and thematic changes the novel has been going through in order to represent contemporary human experiences. To do so, the analysis parameters were the narrator-character category and the time-space coordinates, as well as the relationship between the novel s characters, those two parameters and the other characters in the stories. The analysis made suggest the novel has been going through a transformation process, which meets the progressive diminishing of the representation of an experience, which is registered in La mala vida and is very highlighted in Hotel Atlântico. This happens because in the La mala vida the experience figures through the existential fragments inherent to the narrator s life, while in the Hotel Atlântico novel, the experience is non-existent because the protagonist cannot convert its experiences. Thus, it is concluded that, in order to represent contemporary social and human practices, the novel seems to abdicate its main component, the representation of an experience, and consequently it does not tend to have a role in human existence.
Neste trabalho, procura-se verificar, através da análise das obras La mala vida, do escritor venezuelano Salvador Garmendia, e Hotel Atlântico, do brasileiro João Gilberto Noll, quais as possíveis mudanças estruturais e temáticas que o romance vem registrando para representar as experiências humanas contemporâneas. Para tanto, serviram como parâmetros de análise, em ambas as narrativas, a categoria narrador-protagonista, as coordenadas de tempo e espaço, bem como a relação dos protagonistas das referidas obras com estas coordenadas e com as demais personagens. As análises sugerem que o romance vem apresentando um processo de transformação, que coincide com a mingua progressiva da representação de uma experiência, declínio que se registra em La mala vida e que se encontra bem acentuado em Hotel Atlântico. Isto porque em La mala vida a experiência é figurada através dos fragmentos existenciais inerentes à vida do narrador, enquanto que em Hotel Atlântico a experiência parece ser nula, pois o protagonista não consegue converter suas vivências em experiência. Assim, conclui-se que, para representar as práticas sociais e humanas da contemporaneidade, o romance parece abdicar de seu principal componente, a representação de uma experiência, e consequentemente tende a não desempenhar mais uma função na existência humana.

MALA-2 (Murine Lymphocyte Activated Antigen-2) is a murine cell surface antigen that is detected at high concentration on activated, proliferating lymphocytes, but only weakly on resting lymphocytes. It is thought to play an important role in lymphocyte activation since the rat monoclonal antibody YN1/1.7.4 which recognizes MALA-2 is capable of inhibiting the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Considering the central role of lymphocyte activation to the generation and maintenance of the immune response, I undertook the purification and biochemical characterization of MALA-2. In these studies, MALA-2 was isolated and purified to homogeneity using immobilized YN1/1.7.4 monoclonal antibody and sodium docecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Biochemical characterization studies revealed that MALA-2 is a Mr 95-100 kD glycoprotein containing a protein backbone of approximately 66 kD, and N-linked carbohydrate chains amounting to a Mr of approximately 35 kD. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis suggested that MALA-2 has an isoelectric point of 4.9. Although it was previously suspected that MALA-2 might be associated with the transferrin receptor on the cell surface, this was shown not to be the case on NS-1 cells. Additionally, ³²P-orthophosphate labelling of MALA-2 on NS-1 or MBL-2 cells could not be detected. Finally, the partial amino acid sequence of MALA-2 was determined by sequencing trypsin-generated peptides from purified MALA-2. Computer-assisted homology comparisons of the MALA-2 partial amino acid sequences with other known sequences showed that MALA-2 shared its most consistent homology with a class of proteins known as the immunoglobulin superfamily. Subsequent to this study, the partial amino acid sequences obtained within this study were used to construct oligonucleotide probes. These probes were used for the screening of cDNA libraries, facilitating the successful cloning of the MALA-2 gene. This, in turn, resulted in the identification of MALA-2 as the murine counterpart of the human ICAM-1 molecule, a protein known to play a significant role in intercellular adhesion and lymphocyte activation within the immune system. Significantly, results obtained from the biochemical characterization of MALA-2 carried out in this thesis have been confirmed by the subsequent nucleotide sequence data from the cloning of MALA-2.
Medicine, Faculty of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of
Graduate

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A cidade do Rio de Janeiro, da primeira década do século XX, e a sua ambiência cultural são tomadas como os principais interlocutores para esta tese, que se dedica a refletir, a partir de três eixos temáticos, a relação entre distintos atores e a cidade. O primeiro eixo articula três movimentos: uma investida no Rio de Janeiro em busca das identidades ou especificidades; a retomada de alguns argumentos presentes na literatura acadêmica que contribuíram mais diretamente para a elaboração das distinções entre o espaço da capital e os lugares da cidade; e reflexões sobre as relações entre projetos de civilização, cultura e progresso com as reformas dirigidas pelo governo do presidente Rodrigues Alves e as reformas do prefeito Pereira Passos, a partir de visões diferenciadas sobre a cidade e a capital. O segundo eixo articula quatro movimentos: no primeiro deles o cronista João do Rio e a cidade do Rio de Janeiro são postos frente a frente como sujeitos, considerando que ambos interfiram mutuamente na visão construída de/por um e outro; nos três movimentos seguintes se estabelecem diálogos entre o cronista João do Rio e alguns contemporâneos seus, observando o jogo de ondulação entre algumas fronteiras dos sistemas de interpretação. O terceiro eixo é composto por três movimentos: o primeiro deles entretece os campos da fotografia e da memória; o segundo questiona sobre os estatutos que a fotografia assumiu desde a sua aparição no século XIX; e o terceiro observa o ofício do fotógrafo Augusto Malta como um lugar privilegiado para inventariar as transformações que aconteciam na cidade, de modo que algumas fotografias das séries Kiosques e Avenida Central são analisadas com a finalidade de distinguir algumas visões construídas sobre a modernidade carioca.
The city of Rio de Janeiro, especially in the first decade of the twentieth century and its cultural environment are considered as key partners for this thesis, which is concerned to think three wide themes from the relationship between different actors and the city. The first bundle articulates three movements: an attempt in Rio, to seek the identity or specific features; recap some points presented in academic literature that most directly contributed to elaborate distinctions between the space of the capital and city places; and reflections on the possible links between projects of civilization, culture and progress during reforms led by President Rodrigues Alves and the mayor Pereira Passos, from differing views over the city and the capital. The second line works a ratio of four movements: first, the chronicler João do Rio and the city of Rio de Janeiro are placed facing each other as subjects, whereas both interfere with one another on the built each other s vision; in the three following movements, there are dialogues established between João do Rio and some of his contemporaries, watching the game waving borders between some of the systems of interpretation. The third and final axis consists of three movements: the first one interweaves the fields of photography and memory; the next inquires on the statutes that photography has taken since its appearance in the nineteenth century; and the third notes the job of the photographer Augusto Malta as a privileged spot to list the changes that happened in the city, so some photos of Central Avenue and snack bar sets are analyzed in order to distinguish, again, some views on modernity constructed in Rio.

CAPES
A germinação pré-colheita é um dos principais problemas da triticultura mundial. Na germinação pré-colheita ocorrem transformações bioquímicas próprias da germinação que também ocorrem na maltagem, porém sem controle e com intensidade variável. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de trigo com germinação pré-colheita na produção de malte. Treze amostras de trigo com germinação pré-colheita obtidas de diferentes regiões do Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul foram analisadas a fim de avaliar a intensidade das mudanças nas propriedades físicas, composição química e atividade enzimática, em função da intensidade do dano causado pela chuva. Foram avaliados falling number (FN), peso hectolitro, peso de mil sementes, nitrogênio total, nitrogênio solúvel (NS), nitrogênio de aminoácidos livres (NAL), cinzas, açúcares redutores, atividade enzimática e alterações na fração de gliadina. A segunda etapa teve como objetivo otimizar a maltagem de uma amostra de trigo com germinação pré-colheita, utilizando metodologia de superfície de resposta e avaliando o efeito da temperatura de embebição e germinação, umidade inicial de germinação e tempo de germinação. Os maltes foram avaliados quanto as perdas de maltagem, extrato, atenuação limite, viscosidade, atividade de α e β-amilase, nitrogênio total, NS e NAL. Na terceira etapa foi avaliada a qualidade do malte de amostras de trigo com diferentes intensidades de germinação pré-colheita, quanto às perdas de maltagem, extrato, atenuação limite, viscosidade, atividade de α e β-amilase, nitrogênio total, NS e NAL. Nas amostras de trigo com germinação pré-colheita, as variáveis açúcares redutores, NS, NAL, atividade de α-amilase, β-glucanase e protease apresentaram correlações significativas com FN. À medida que houve redução do falling number, as gliadinas apresentaram alterações nas bandas entre 40 e 30 KDa que ficaram mais intensas. No estudo de otimização da maltagem, a temperatura de embebição e germinação foi o fator que influenciou um maior número de parâmetros de qualidade do malte, seguido por tempo de germinação e umidade inicial de germinação. A metodologia de superfície de resposta possibilitou otimizar a maltagem do trigo, e as melhores condições definidas pela ferramenta de desejabilidade foram 45% de umidade inicial, embebição e germinação a 12,5oC e germinação por 78 horas. A maltagem de amostras com diferentes intensidades de germinação pré-colheita nas condições anteriormente citadas, produziram maltes que atenderam aos parâmetros de viscosidade, extrato, níveis de perdas, nitrogênio de aminoácidos livres, nitrogênio solúvel e índice de Kolbach. A amostra com falling number acima de 200 s apresentou nitrogênio solúvel inferior; mas atividade de α e β-amilase e extrato, superiores às amostras com germinação pré-colheita. O conjunto de resultados obtidos indica a viabilidade técnica de produção de maltes de trigos com germinação pré-colheita.
The preharvest sprouting damage (PHSD) is one of the main problems in world wheat crop. During the preharvest sprouting typical germination biochemical process occurs, which also happens in malting, but without control and with variable intensity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of preharvest sprouted wheat in malt production. Thirteen samples of preharvest sprouted wheat were collected in Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states and were analyzed to assess the changes in physical properties, chemical composition and enzyme activity, due to rain damage. Falling number (FN), hectoliter weight, thousand seed weight, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (SN), free amino acid nitrogen (FAN), ash, reducing sugars, enzyme activity and changes in the gliadin fraction were investigated. In the second study response surface methodology was used to optimize the malting of preharvest sprouted wheat. The influence of three malting parameters (degree of steeping, germination time and temperature) on the quality of wheat malt was investigated. Malt quality was evaluated as malting losses, extract, attenuation limit, viscosity, α and β-amylase activity, total nitrogen, Kolbach index, SN and FAN. In the third study, the quality of preharvest sprouted wheat malt containing various levels of PHSD was investigated about malting losses, extract, attenuation limit, viscosity, α and β-amylase activity, total nitrogen, Kolbach index, SN and FAN. In samples of preharvest sprouted wheat, reducing sugars, SN, FAN, α and β-amylase activity, and protease activity showed significant correlations with FN. In samples with lower falling number values, the gliadins displayed changes to the 40 and 30 kda bands, which become more intense. In the malting optimization study, temperature of malting was the factor that influenced a greater number of malt quality parameters, followed by germination time and degree of steeping. The response surface methodology enabled to optimize the malting of the wheat, and the best conditions defined by the desirability tool were degree of steeping 45%, temperature 12.5oC and germination time 78 hours. Wheat malt samples containing various levels of PHSD reached the desible parameters: viscosity, extract, malting losses, free amino nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and kolbach index. The sample with falling number greater than 200 s showed lower soluble nitrogen concentration; but higher α and β-amylase activity and extract than the samples of preharvest sprouted wheat with lower values of falling number. The set of results indicates that is possible to produce malt, using pre-harvest sprouting wheat.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
En las últimas décadas, Chile se ha dotado de una institucionalidad y una regulación que norma el vínculo que se produce en el acto de consumo y establece los derechos del consumidor. La ley 19.496 y, particularmente, el artículo 23 inciso 1° contenido en ella, es la piedra angular de dicho ordenamiento en materia de responsabilidad. Pese a la importancia de esta normativa, su interpretación desde la doctrina y la aplicación en la práctica, así como la jurisprudencia no han generado consenso. En la aplicación del artículo 23 inciso 1° de la Ley 19.496, el presente trabajo se propuso identificar su uso más apegado al sentido de la normativa. La conclusión a la que arribamos es que debe primar el principio de Especialidad vigente en nuestro ordenamiento. Ello se traduce en la pertinencia de aquellos artículos que regulan específicamente conductas negligentes de los proveedores, apelando al artículo 23° solamente en los casos en los que el legislador no ha regulado la negligencia en una materia específica.
23/09/2017

L'industrie du malt tente actuellement de réduire les coûts énergétiques (touraillage) sans affecter la qualité de malt obtenu. Cette économie d’énergie passe nécessairement par une diminution de la teneur en eau du grain d’orge en fin de trempe et durant la germination. Nous avons choisi d'étudier des paramètres clés de la qualité brassicole des malts concernant leurs capacités diastasiques et pro-mousse. Ainsi la diffusion et les modifications de la LTP1, protéine pro-mousse du malt, ont montré des résultats équivalents pour un malt faiblement hydraté comparé à un malt fortement hydraté. Par contre, le taux d’hydratation du grain affecte la diffusion et l'activité des β-glucanases et en conséquence la dégradation des β-glucanes. Ces effets sont liés à une différence dans la cinétique de diffusion et de synthèse de ces enzymes et peuvent être fortement réduits en augmentant la durée de germination. La migration de l’eau dans le grain suit un cheminement particulier lié au contournement des barrières hydrophobes du grain situées en surface du péricarpe et à l’interface entre aleurone et péricarpe (testa). Sur des variétés produisant, au niveau pilote industriel, des malts qualitativement différents suivant le taux d’hydratation, nous avons remarqué de faibles différences de composition et d’épaisseur entre les assises cuticulaires. En revanche, nous avons mis en évidence une très grande variabilité de composition des cuticules dans les différentes parties du grain, par exemple le scutellum, le sillon ou les glumelles
During kilning, reduction of energy costs without impacting significantly the malt quality, represents a major challenge of the malting industry. This energy reduction requires a reduction of barley grain water content at the end of steeping and during germination. In the present work, we focused on key malting quality parameters involved in diastatic power and foam promoting capacities of malt. When analysed in a low hydrated malt and a high hydrated malt, the LTP1 (a foam promoting protein) modifications and its diffusion from the aleurone layer to the starchy endosperm were similar. The hydration level of the grain affects however β-glucanase diffusion and activity, and consequently the β-glucan degradation. These effects are linked to a delay in the synthesis and the diffusion of these enzymes. An increase of the time of germination allows to sharply reduce these effects. According to grain hydrophobic barriers localized at the pericarp surface and at the interface of aleurone and pericarp (testa), water diffusion inside the grain follows a specific pathway. Only weak, although significant, differences in cuticular thickness and composition were observed between cultivars with different malt qualities according to their hydration levels. On the contrary, we observed a great variability in the cuticular composition of the various tissues of the grain e. G. Scutellum, chalaza or husk

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work aimed to study the enzymatic hydrolysis of malt bagasse, using mechanical agitation, ultrasonic probe and supercritical CO2. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on granular starch. For this, was used a commercial amylolytic complex suitable for this type of hydrolysis, STARGENTM 002. For each technology were studied different variables. The first planning was carried out for the hydrolysis assisted by mechanical agitation and the variables studied were temperature (°C), enzyme concentration (%, m/m) and substrate concentration in the medium (m/m). TRS concentrations were found up to 75.5 g per kg of substrate and all variables had a significant effect on the response. This concentration of TRS was defined as mass yield of the process and this yield was corroborated by a kinetic, developed under the same conditions, with slight increase in temperature (70°C). From this initial planning, the temperature variables (70°C), enzyme concentration (8.2%) and substrate concentration (170 g.L-1) were fixed to carry out the hydrolysis assisted by direct and indirect ultrasound. The variables were investigated in the second planning were amplitude (%) and pulse factor (-) for 2 hours of reaction. With the application of direct sonication, it was possible to achieve 100% efficiency in the starch conversion process. The TRS for the best essay (5) was 370.86 g.kg-1. For indirect sonication TRS concentration at the best condition (run 6) was 162.96 g / kg of substrate. A kinetic assay for the best condition under direct sonication was carried out for 3 hours, confirming that the ultrasound increases the reaction rate resulting in better yields in less time compared to the other techniques. For reactions with supercritical CO2 was studied the influence of the moisture content, temperature and pressure, where the best result among all the reactions was using at pressure 175 bar, 40 °C for temperature and moisture content of 80%, resulting in 104.28 g of TRS per kg of dry pulp. Ultrasound showed better results than other technologies investigated in this study.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de malte, utilizando agitação mecânica, sonda de ultrassom e CO2 supercrítico. A hidrólise enzimática foi realizada sobre o amido granular. Para tanto, foi utilizado um complexo amilolítico comercial próprio para este tipo de hidrólise, STARGENTM 002. Para cada tecnologia foram estudadas diferentes variáveis. O primeiro planejamento foi realizado para a hidrólise assistida por agitação mecânica e as variáveis estudadas foram temperatura (ºC), concentração de enzima (%, m/m) e concentração de substrato no meio (m/m). Foram encontradas concentrações de ART de até 75,5 g por kg de substrato e todas as variáveis apresentaram efeito significativo sobre a resposta. Essa concentração de ART, foi definida como rendimento mássico do processo e este valor foi corroborado com uma cinética, desenvolvida nas mesmas condições do melhor ensaio, com leve aumento apenas na temperatura (70ºC), e indicou valor concernente ao anterior além de provar que o tempo de 4 horas de hidrólise foi suficiente. A partir deste primeiro planejamento, as variáveis temperatura (70°C), concentração de enzima (8,2%) e concentração de substrato (170 g.L-1) foram fixadas para a realização da hidrólise assistida por ultrassom, de forma direta e indireta. As variáveis investigadas neste segundo planejamento foram amplitude (%) e fator de pulso (-) durante 2 horas de reação. Com aplicação de sonicação direta, foi possível alcançar 100% de eficiência no processo de conversão do amido. A resposta encontrada para o melhor ensaio (5) foi de 370,86 g.kg-1. Já com aplicação de sonicação indireta, a eficiência do processo caiu pela metade e o melhor resultado foi para o ensaio de número 6, com concentração de 162,96 g ART/ kg de substrato. Uma cinética para o melhor ensaio de sonicação direta foi desenvolvida durante 3 horas, atestando que o ultrassom aumenta a velocidade da reação resultando no melhor rendimento em menor tempo comparado às outras técnicas. Para as reações com CO2 supercrítico, foi estudada a influência da umidade, da temperatura e pressão, onde o melhor resultado obtido, entre todas as reações, foi com a utilização de pressão de 175 bar, temperatura de 40ºC e 80% de água adicionada ao bagaço, resultando em 104,28 g de ART por kg de bagaço seco. Esse valor corresponde a 11,53% de eficiência da reação de hidrólise do amido em açúcares redutores totais. De um modo geral, os processos obtiveram um bom desempenho na obtenção de açúcares fermentescíveis, destacando-se o ultrassom em relação as demais tecnologias testadas.

This thesis contributes to the historiography of women in medicine by exploring, in-depth, one small specialty, public health, which, from 1974, offered women doctors working within it equality of opportunity with men for career development. At that time, most women doctors working in the English health service were relegated to junior or support roles, their particular needs for family-friendly working environments being largely ignored. This research examines the reasons behind the development of these equal opportunities and the subsequent rapid trajectory of women doctors in public health, comparing it with the much slower progress made by female colleagues in hospital medicine and general practice. In considering the factors helping or hindering women’s advance in medicine from 1974, it proposes that these changes occurred in public health because the specialty was not tied to the pyramidal model of medicine, developed in the 1930s by senior male doctors for male doctors, which dominated other specialties and which stifled progress. An innovative feature of this research, following women’s entry to consultant and training posts in proportions equal to men in public health, is to highlight their subsequent move into major strategic roles within the health service management structure from the late 1980s. Interviews with senior public health men and women doctors help shed light on how this move was achieved and how women in strategic positions were able to combine high profile careers with domestic responsibilities. Also includes five transcipts of interviews : The five interviewees, whose career stories are presented here - Professor Sian Griffiths, Professor Sheila Adam, Professor Mala Rao, Dr Sue Atkinson and Professor Fiona Sim - were selected, with the help of the Faculty of Public Health, for their considerable achievement in strategic leadership roles in public health practice, whether in leading complex organisation, chairing national policy committees, leading international work, promoting education and development.

Polycomb Proteins (PcG) are chromatin proteins that control the maintenance of “transcriptional memory” and cell identity by fixing the repressed state of developmentally regulated genes. This function has been linked to interaction with RNA moieties, in particular long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). However, specificity of PcG-RNA interactions has been controversial (Beltran et al., 2016; Chen Davidovich, Leon Zheng, Karen J. Goodrich, & Thomas R. Cech, 2013). In this study we took advantage of recent work published from our lab reporting about a novel and reversible mechanism regulating genome wide Ezh1-PRC2 activation in mouse skeletal muscle cells in response to atrophic stress (Bodega et al., 2017). Using this physiological, in vivo tool we could identify a functional dynamic crosstalk between Malat1 (Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1) and PRC2-Ezh1 complex. By combining immuno-fluorescence, biochemistry, epigenomics, ChIRP, DNA and RNA immunoprecipitation we identified a novel pathway in which Malat1 plays a role in compartmentalization, assembly and activity of PRC2 in chromatin, allowing epigenetic plastic response to atrophic stress and recovery. We conclude that Malat1 is an essential partner for PRC2-Ezh1 adaptive function in skeletal muscle cells.

Heterogeneous catalysis by Brønsted and/or Lewis acid sites isolated within microporous environments is a topic that is perpetually growing in scope and importance. While Brønsted acid sites in zeolites have been studied and applied extensively in the petrochemical industry, new opportunities for green processes based on renewable chemical feedstocks call for applications of new microporous materials that possess Lewis acid sites (e.g., zeotypes with framework Sn, Ti, Zr, or Hf). Characterization of such materials and the specific structures of the Lewis acid sites provides insights for rational catalyst design and application.

This work provides experimental evidence for the identities of the active sites in Sn-Beta zeotype for the 1,2-intramolecular hydride shift (1,2-HS) reaction that results in D-glucose isomerization to D-fructose, and for the 1,2-intramolecular carbon shift (1,2-CS) reaction that results in D-glucose isomerization to D-mannose. Specifically, by selective poisoning experiments, the partially-hydrolyzed, "open" Sn site is shown to be the active site for the 1,2-HS reaction. The participation of the proximal silanol of such an open Sn site in the 1,2-HS reaction is demonstrated thorough alkali-exchange experiments. Such experiments also reveal that the active site for the 1,2-CS reaction is an open Sn site with a cation-exchanged proximal silanol.

1,2-CS catalysts, in general, are shown to also catalyze retro-aldol reactions of hexoses at moderate temperatures (ca. 100 °C), and to be compatible with microporous 1,2-HS catalysts in tandem catalytic schemes that enable production of alkyl lactates.

Finally, the Lewis acidity of framework Zn in zincosilicate microporous materials is demonstrated through probe-molecule infrared spectroscopy. One such material is then shown to catalyze Diels-Alder cycloaddition-dehydration reactions of oxygenated furans and ethylene. To the best of our knowledge, these materials are the first heterogeneous catalysts reported to catalyze the direct formation of terephthalate esters from ethylene and dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate with appreciable selectivity.

A previously characterized rat monoclonal antibody, YN1/1.7, recognizes an antigen termed murine activated lymphocyte antigen (MALA-2). MALA-2 is a 95-100 kD monomeric glycoprotein and is expressed on mitogen activated spleen cells but is present at low levels onthymocytes, fibroblasts, and lymph node cells. Interestingly, YN1/1.7, inhibits mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) suggesting that MALA-2 is directly involved in lymphocytea ctivation. In this research project, the gene encoding MALA-2 was characterized by cDNA cloning, genomic cloning, and analysis of an assumed alternatively spliced mRNA. Two cDNA clones were isolated from an NS-1 cDNA library using oligonucleotide probes constructed from amino acid sequences of peptides derived by tryptic cleavage. The two cDNAs, 1(4-1.1 and 1(3-1.1, both encode MALA-2 but differ in their 5' untranslated sequences and those encoding the leader and N-terminal nine amino acids. MALA-2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with five immunoglobulin-like domains. It displays homology with the human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), as well as human ICAM-2, human ICAM-3, and murine ICAM-2. Screening of genomic libraries yielded a partial genomic clone (4.0 kb ), containing five 3'exons and a pseudo exon. The five exons are common to both cDNAs and have consensus splice donor and acceptor sequences. The pseudo exon lacks these splice donor and acceptor sequences. The exons encoding the 5 region of K4-1.1 were not isolated, but using data from Southern blot analyses a proposed map of the whole gene was constructed. Two 4.0 kb Barn HI fragments seem to contain all of the exons, with the 5' region probably consisting of two exons, and being located at least 6.0 kb upstream of the five 3' exons. The 1(3-1.1 cDNA has not been reported elsewhere, thus it was further analysed for its authenticity. The 5' region unique to1(3-1.1 did not seem to be linked to the 5' region of K4-1.1, and Northern blot analysis failed to detect a 3.0 kb message corresponding to the K3-1.1 cDNA. However, PCR analysis using primers spanning the common junction between the two cDNAs detected a fragment. These data suggest that a K3-1.1 transcript can exist but may be expressed at a very low level.

The impact of British rule in Malaya on Malay politics resulted in the emergence of two opposing streams of Malay political views. One stream totally favoured the modernism of the West while the other, drawn from the traditional order, preferred to adapt modern ideas to the maintenance of the old structure. The beginnings of modern Malay nationalism coincided with the growing conflict between these two streams. The conflict between the radical, modern element and the conservative old order characterized and dominated the development of modern Malay politics. From the turn of the century to the end of World War II, the radical stream, while it could not decisively defeat the conservative element, dominated the struggle for Malay leadership. However, the end of the war erased the gains of the radicals as the Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KKM) collapsed. The return of the British with the Malayan Union proposal for the political consolidation of Malaya directly threatened the Malay conservatives. Seizing the opportunity of the weakened position of the Malay radicals, the conservatives utilized the experience gained under the tutelage of the British as well as their traditional influence on Malay society to emerge as the dominant force in Malay politics. Thus the Malayan Union crisis boosted and propelled the Malay conservative elite to political dominance and ended over fifty years of the radical-conservative schism in Malay politics. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

碩士
靜宜大學
應用化學研究所
99
part 1. A new artificial receptor 1 was developed, and its chromogenic and fluorogenic behaviors toward various metal ions were investigated. Receptor 1 shows exclusively responses toward Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions. It selectively senses Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions through two different color changes in aqueous solution (DMSO/H2O = 4/1) and also distinguishes them from other metal ions. In addition, receptor 1 also exhibits pronounced enhancements of the fluorescence, which can visually be discernible by an orchid fluorescence in the presence of Hg2+ ions and a strong blue fluorescence in the presence of Cu2+ ions. part 2. Two chiral colorimetric sensors, 1 and 2, were synthesized and characterized. Their enantioselective recognition for chiral dicarboxylic anions (D/L aspartate and D/L malate, ) was examined by UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. When the receptors 1 and 2 interact with enantiomers of aspartate or malate, respectively, the obvious different color changes are observed. Thus for distinct color changes, 1 and 2 can not only act as optical chemosensors for recognition of D-aspartate vs. L-aspartate but also for recognition of D-malate vs. L-malate. Besides that, the receptor 1 exhibited highly enantioselective binding for aspartate anions [KA(D) / KA(L) = 12.15].