Academic literature on the topic 'Malawi. Army'
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Journal articles on the topic "Malawi. Army"
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Newell, Jonathan. "An African army under pressure: The politicisation of the Malawi army and ‘operation Bwezani’, 1992–93." Small Wars & Insurgencies 6, no. 2 (September 1995): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319508423107.
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Schoffeleers, Matthew. "The Zimba and the Lundu State in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (November 1987): 337–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030073.
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This article is a partial answer to M. D. D. Newitt, who proposed that settled Maravi states were established only as a result of the rise of Muzura in the first half of the seventeenth century (cf. J. Afr. Hist., 1982, ii). Newitt thereby challenged the more orthodox view that a formal Maravi state system existed already by the middle of the sixteenth century, if not earlier. It is argued here that the orthodox view is still valid in the case of the Lundu state in the lower Shire valley, and perhaps also in the case of some of the neighbouring states. It is shown that around 1590 the then Lundu incumbent embarked on a course of strong state centralisation during which he appropriated the power of the traditional rain priests and thus became both the secular and the ritual leader of the country. It is also argued that this unusual degree of centralisation was achieved and could for a time be maintained with the help of the Zimba, an army of fugitives from the south bank of the Zambezi. However, the present article challenges Malawian historiographical orthodoxy on a very different point, by maintaining that Muzura is not to be identified with the Kalonga dynasty on the south-western shores of Lake Malawi, but with a separate state system in the western Shire Highlands, which gained prominence well before the Kalongas came to the fore.
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Porumb, Anca. "La mise à nu du moi malade chez Hervé Guibert." Anales de Filología Francesa 27, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesff.380511.
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Mientras la enfermedad hace su aparición en los años 1980, Hervé Guibert aparece como una de las victimas de una afección muy extraña todavia por el mundo de la medicina. Pero no es simplemente una persona infectada, Guibert es el escritor sincero del sida, abiendo escojido las palabras como su unico aliado por su proyecto de volver a nacer con un nuevo yo que no morirà nunca en la memoria de la gente. In the middle of AIDS explosion during the 80’s, Hervé Guibert is one of the victims of this unexpected and unknown illness even for the medecine. He is not an ordinary sick person but he is the writer revealing himself completely and considering writing the only way for struggling against AIDS, against himself in order to reborn as a new spirit thanks to the power of words. Au plein milieu de l'éclatement du sida dans les années 1980, Hervé Guibert se trouve parmi les victimes atteintes par une maladie encore inconnue à l'époque. Mais il n'est pas un malade ordinaire, il sera l'écrivain du sida qui se révèle entièrement, sans pudeur, et pour qui l'écriture reste l'unique arme à lutter contre la maladie, contre le moi malade, pour renaitre plus tard en tant qu'un moi nouveau, étrenel, qui survit grace aux mots.
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Stokes, Mary, Amber Olson, Mtisunge Chan'gombe, Bakari Rajab, Isabel Janmey, Carolyn Mwalwanda, Judy Levison, and Rachel Pope. "Reinventing the Pregnancy Wheel to Improve Pregnancy Dating and Antenatal Care Visits: A Pilot Randomized Trial in Malawi." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 10, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.474.
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Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a customized, culturally sensitive pregnancy wheel given to pregnant women to improve gestational age dating accuracy at the time of delivery and to improve antenatal care attendance. Methods: This was a pilot randomized trial involving pregnant women presenting to a regional hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. The primary outcome was accuracy of gestational age at the time of presentation to the hospital in labor. The secondary outcome was the number of antenatal visits. Results: At final analysis, 14 subjects were included in the pregnancy wheel (intervention) arm and 11 in the standard care arm. Fifty percent (n=7) of women in the intervention arm were accurately dated at the time of presentation for delivery, compared to only 9% (n=1) in the standard antenatal care arm (p=0.04). There was not a significant difference in the number of antenatal visits between the two study arms. No patients met the World Health Organization’s recommended eight antenatal care visits for prenatal care. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: The customized pregnancy wheel given to patients could improve gestational age dating accuracy, and as a result, clinical decision making. However, the barriers to greater antenatal care access are more complex and likely require a more complex solution. Significant attrition in this pilot trial limited statistical power, suggesting the need for future larger interventions. Accurate gestational dating requires access to ultrasonography and early antenatal care initiation, both of which are inadequate in Malawi. Although the customized pregnancy wheel did not improve antenatal care attendance, it improved gestational age dating accuracy in a pilot study at a central hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. Copyright © 2021 Stokes et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
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Swarthout, Todd D., Ana Ibarz-Pavon, Gift Kawalazira, George Sinjani, James Chirombo, Andrea Gori, Peter Chalusa, et al. "A pragmatic health centre-based evaluation comparing the effectiveness of a PCV13 schedule change from 3+0 to 2+1 in a high pneumococcal carriage and disease burden setting in Malawi: a study protocol." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e050312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050312.
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IntroductionStreptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is commonly carried as a commensal bacterium in the nasopharynx but can cause life-threatening disease. Transmission occurs by human respiratory droplets and interruption of this process provides herd immunity. A 2017 WHO Consultation on Optimisation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) Impact highlighted a substantial research gap in investigating why the impact of PCV vaccines in low-income countries has been lower than expected. Malawi introduced the 13-valent PCV (PCV13) into the national Expanded Programme of Immunisations in 2011, using a 3+0 (3 primary +0 booster doses) schedule. With evidence of greater impact of a 2+1 (2 primary +1 booster dose) schedule in other settings, including South Africa, Malawi’s National Immunisations Technical Advisory Group is seeking evidence of adequate superiority of a 2+1 schedule to inform vaccine policy.MethodsA pragmatic health centre-based evaluation comparing impact of a PCV13 schedule change from 3+0 to 2+1 in Blantyre district, Malawi. Twenty government health centres will be randomly selected, with ten implementing a 2+1 and 10 to continue with the 3+0 schedule. Health centres implementing 3+0 will serve as the direct comparator in evaluating 2+1 providing superior direct and indirect protection against pneumococcal carriage. Pneumococcal carriage surveys will evaluate carriage prevalence among children 15–24 months, randomised at household level, and schoolgoers 5–10 years of age, randomly selected from school registers. Carriage surveys will be conducted 18 and 33 months following 2+1 implementation.AnalysisThe primary endpoint is powered to detect an effect size of 50% reduction in vaccine serotype (VT) carriage among vaccinated children 15–24 months old, expecting a 14% and 7% VT carriage prevalence in the 3+0 and 2+1 arms, respectively.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Malawi College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (COMREC; Ref: P05.19.2680), the University College London Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 8603.002) and the University of Liverpool Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 5439). The results from this study will be actively disseminated through manuscript publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberNCT04078997.
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Ngwira, Lucky G., Elizabeth L. Corbett, McEwen Khundi, Grace L. Barnes, Austin Nkhoma, Michael Murowa, Silvia Cohn, Lawrence H. Moulton, Richard E. Chaisson, and David W. Dowdy. "Screening for Tuberculosis With Xpert MTB/RIF Assay Versus Fluorescent Microscopy Among Adults Newly Diagnosed With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Rural Malawi: A Cluster Randomized Trial (Chepetsa)." Clinical Infectious Diseases 68, no. 7 (July 27, 2018): 1176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy590.
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Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals globally. Screening for TB at the point of HIV diagnosis with a high-sensitivity assay presents an opportunity to reduce mortality. Methods We performed a cluster randomized trial of TB screening among adults newly diagnosed with HIV in 12 primary health clinics in rural Thyolo, Malawi. Clinics were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to perform either point-of-care Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) or point-of-care light-emitting diode fluorescence microscopy (LED-FM) for individuals screening positive for TB symptoms. Asymptomatic participants were offered isoniazid preventive therapy in both arms. Investigators, but not clinic staff or participants, were masked to allocation. Our primary outcome was the incidence rate ratio (RR) of all-cause mortality within 12 months of HIV diagnosis. Results Prevalent TB was diagnosed in 24 of 1001 (2.4%) individuals enrolled in clinics randomized to Xpert, compared with 10 of 841 (1.2%) in clinics randomized to LED-FM. All-cause mortality was 22% lower in the Xpert arm than in the LED-FM arm (6.7 vs 8.6 per 100 person-years; RR, 0.78 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .58–1.06]). A planned subgroup analysis suggested that participants with more advanced HIV (World Health Organization clinical stage 3 or 4) disease had lower mortality in clinics randomized to Xpert than to LED-FM (RR, 0.43 [95% CI, .22–.87]). Conclusions In rural Malawi, using point-of-care Xpert MTB/RIF to test symptomatic patients for TB at the time of HIV diagnosis reduced all-cause 12-month mortality among individuals with advanced HIV. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01450085.
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Indravudh, Pitchaya P., Katherine Fielding, Moses K. Kumwenda, Rebecca Nzawa, Richard Chilongosi, Nicola Desmond, Rose Nyirenda, et al. "Effect of community-led delivery of HIV self-testing on HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy initiation in Malawi: A cluster-randomised trial." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): e1003608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003608.
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Background Undiagnosed HIV infection remains substantial in key population subgroups including adolescents, older adults, and men, driving ongoing transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated the impact, safety, and costs of community-led delivery of HIV self-testing (HIVST), aiming to increase HIV testing in underserved subgroups and stimulate demand for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods and findings This cluster-randomised trial, conducted between October 2018 and July 2019, used restricted randomisation (1:1) to allocate 30 group village head clusters in Mangochi district, Malawi to the community-led HIVST intervention in addition to the standard of care (SOC) or the SOC alone. The intervention involved mobilising community health groups to lead the design and implementation of 7-day HIVST campaigns, with cluster residents (≥15 years) eligible for HIVST. The primary outcome compared lifetime HIV testing among adolescents (15 to 19 years) between arms. Secondary outcomes compared: recent HIV testing (in the last 3 months) among older adults (≥40 years) and men; cumulative 6-month incidence of ART initiation per 100,000 population; knowledge of the preventive benefits of HIV treatment; and HIV testing stigma. Outcomes were measured through a post-intervention survey and at neighboring health facilities. Analysis used intention-to-treat for cluster-level outcomes. Community health groups delivered 24,316 oral fluid-based HIVST kits. The survey included 90.2% (3,960/4,388) of listed participants in the 15 community-led HIVST clusters and 89.2% (3,920/4,394) of listed participants in the 15 SOC clusters. Overall, the proportion of men was 39.0% (3,072/7,880). Most participants obtained primary-level education or below, were married, and reported a sexual partner. Lifetime HIV testing among adolescents was higher in the community-led HIVST arm (84.6%, 770/910) than the SOC arm (67.1%, 582/867; adjusted risk difference [RD] 15.2%, 95% CI 7.5% to 22.9%; p < 0.001), especially among 15 to 17 year olds and boys. Recent testing among older adults was also higher in the community-led HIVST arm (74.5%, 869/1,166) than the SOC arm (31.5%, 350/1,111; adjusted RD 42.1%, 95% CI 34.9% to 49.4%; p < 0.001). Similarly, the proportions of recently tested men were 74.6% (1,177/1,577) and 33.9% (507/1,495) in the community-led HIVST and SOC arms, respectively (adjusted RD 40.2%, 95% CI 32.9% to 47.4%; p < 0.001). Knowledge of HIV treatment benefits and HIV testing stigma showed no differences between arms. Cumulative incidence of ART initiation was respectively 305.3 and 226.1 per 100,000 population in the community-led HIVST and SOC arms (RD 72.3, 95% CI −36.2 to 180.8; p = 0.18). In post hoc analysis, ART initiations in the 3-month post-intervention period were higher in the community-led HIVST arm than the SOC arm (RD 97.7, 95% CI 33.4 to 162.1; p = 0.004). HIVST uptake was 74.7% (2,956/3,960), with few adverse events (0.6%, 18/2,955) and at US$5.70 per HIVST kit distributed. The main limitations include the use of self-reported HIV testing outcomes and lack of baseline measurement for the primary outcome. Conclusions In this study, we found that community-led HIVST was effective, safe, and affordable, with population impact and coverage rapidly realised at low cost. This approach could enable community HIV testing in high HIV prevalence settings and demonstrates potential for economies of scale and scope. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03541382.
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Kauye, F., R. Jenkins, and A. Rahman. "Training primary health care workers in mental health and its impact on diagnoses of common mental disorders in primary care of a developing country, Malawi: a cluster-randomized controlled trial." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 3 (May 31, 2013): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713001141.
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BackgroundMental health problems are common in primary care, with prevalence rates of up to 40% reported in developing countries. The study aim was to evaluate the impact of a specially designed toolkit used to train primary health care (PHC) workers in mental health on the rates of diagnosed cases of common mental disorders, malaria and non-specific musculoskeletal pains in primary care in Malawi.MethodClinics with out-patient services in the designated district were randomly divided into control and intervention arms. Using a two-phase sampling process, Self-Reporting Questionnaire scores, data on diagnoses made by PHC workers and results of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for depression were collected from 837 consecutively attending adult patients in the pre-intervention study and 2600 patients in the post-intervention study.ResultsThe point prevalence rates for probable common mental disorder and depression were 28.8% and 19%, respectively. Rates for both anxiety and depression diagnoses by PHC workers at baseline were 0% in both arms. Following training, there were significant differences between the two arms in the rates of diagnosed cases of depression [9.2% v. 0.5%, odds ratio (OR) 32.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 7.4–144.3, p ⩽ 0.001], anxiety (1.2% v. 0%, p ⩽ 0.001) and malaria (31% v. 40%, OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.43–0.89, p = 0.01). The intervention arm had more cases diagnosed with depression and anxiety while the control arm had more cases diagnosed with malaria.ConclusionsTraining of PHC workers in mental health with an appropriate toolkit will contribute significantly to the quality of detection and management of patients seen in primary care in developing countries.
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Divala, Titus Henry, Katherine L. Fielding, Derek J. Sloan, Neil French, Marriott Nliwasa, Peter MacPherson, Chikondi Charity Kandulu, et al. "Accuracy and consequences of usingtrial-of-antibioticsfor TB diagnosis (ACT-TB study): protocol for a randomised controlled clinical trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e033999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033999.
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IntroductionOver 40% of global tuberculosis case notifications are diagnosed clinically without mycobacteriological confirmation. Standard diagnostic algorithms include ‘trial-of-antibiotics’—empirical antibiotic treatment given to mycobacteriology-negative individuals to treat infectious causes of symptoms other than tuberculosis, as a ‘rule-out’ diagnostic test for tuberculosis. Potentially 26.5 million such antibiotic courses/year are prescribed globally for the 5.3 million/year mycobacteriology-negative patients, making trial-of-antibiotics the most common tuberculosis diagnostic, and a global-scale risk for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Our systematic review found no randomised controlled trial (RCT) to support use of trial-of-antibiotic. The RCT aims to determine the diagnostic and clinical value and AMR consequences of trial-of-antibiotics.Methods and analysisA three-arm, open-label, RCT randomising (1:1:1) Malawian adults (≥18 years) seeking primary care for cough into: (a) azithromycin 500 mg one time per day for 3 days or (b) amoxicillin 1 g three times per day for 5 days or (c) standard-of-care (no immediate antibiotic). We will perform mycobacteriology tests (microscopy, Xpert MTB/RIF (Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin) andMycobacterium tuberculosisculture) at baseline. We will use audiocomputer-assisted self-interview to assess clinical improvement at day 8. First primary outcome will be proportion of patients reporting day 8 improvement out of those with negative mycobacteriology (specificity). Second primary outcome will be day 29 incidence of a composite endpoint of either death or hospitalisation or missed tuberculosis diagnosis. To determine AMR impact we compare proportion of resistant nasopharyngealStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates on day 29. 400 mycobacteriology-negative participants/arm will be required to detect a ≥10% absolute difference in diagnostic specificity with 80% power. We will estimate measures of effect by comparing outcomes in antibiotic arms (combined and individually) to standard-of-care.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been reviewed and approved by Malawi College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) Research Ethics Committee and Regional Committee for Health and Research Ethics – Norway, and Malawi Pharmacy, Medicines and Poisons Board. We will present abstracts at relevant conferences, and prepare a manuscript for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberThe clinical trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03545373
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Marcel, E. "Obusite, Shell Shock, parkinson de guerre, la découverte d’une nouvelle clinique durant la 1e guerre mondiale." European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S100—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.422.
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La synthèse en 1863 du trinitrotoluène et son introduction en 1902 dans les obus d’artillerie a marqué une étape dans les techniques de combats. La première guerre mondiale avec ses bombardements intensifs des soldats dans les tranchées a vu l’apparition d’une symptomatologie jusque-là inconnue et nommée par exemple en Grande Bretagne : Not YET Diagnosed, Neurology (NYDN). Ces troubles vont être présents dans toutes les armées du conflit. L’étiologie de ces troubles, relativement protéiforme dans leur présentation, posa de posternombreuses questions entre les tenants de l’organicité et ceux de la psychée, voire de la simulation avec des traitements parfois à la limite de la torture. Les termes utilisés : « les pythiatiques », l’« obusite », le « Shell shock » ; l’avatar moderne devenant le PTSD. Des étiologies neurologiques furent proposées dès 1915 mais sans suites immédiates. Plus récemment, des études contrôlées réalisées par l’US Army font cependant état d’un risque 2 fois plus important de développer une maladie de parkinson chez les vétérans de la WWII que la population contrôle non combattante. Une réhabilitation des pythiatiques de 1915 ?
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Malawi. Army"
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Lovering, Timothy John. "Authority and identity : Malawian soldiers in Britain's colonial army, 1891-1964." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1966.
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This thesis examines the experience of Malawian soldiers serving in Britain's colonial army between 1891 and 1964. Until recently, the experience of East African colonial soldiers in particular has been largely overlooked, and African soldiers in general have been perceived either as collaborators in the machinery of colonial oppression or, conversely, as victims at the hands of the military authorities. However, little attempt has been made to unify these two views of military service. Using Malawi as a case study, this thesis investigates social relations within the colonial army and examines perceptions of their often-violent role within wider colonial society. Developing and expanding upon previous scholarship, this thesis provides the first sustained and unified study of the colonial army in Malawi. The project is based principally upon archival sources in Britain and Malawi, but also draws upon interviews with British and Malawian veterans. Chapter one provides an overview of the institutional history of the Malawian forces. Chapter two outlines the development of recruitment policy, with special reference to the concept of 'martial races', and examines the motivations behind Malawian enlistment. Chapters three and four investigate the reactions of African soldiers to the formal military environment and to barrack life. Chapter five examines perceptions of soldiers' roles in warfare and internal security, and contrasts this with the place of soldiers in their own communities. The thesis highlights the extent to which Malawian soldiers were successfully co-opted by the military authorities, but also stresses the capacity of soldiers to influence the conditions under which they served. This, combined with the unusually long association which many Malawians had with the army, fed into a growing perception of the colonial army as a Malawian institution.
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Brisson, Michael Paul. "U.S. Army Enlisted Soldiers' Adherence to Prescribed Malaria Chemoprophylaxis in Afghanistan." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1456.
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Over the past 13 years, the United States Army has been engaged in armed conflict within Afghanistan. Unfortunately, the United States Army has been forced to evacuate soldiers from the battlefield because of malaria, a parasitic disease that is endemic in Afghanistan. Even though the U.S. Army has adopted an effective chemoprophylaxis protocol, soldiers' adherence to their prescribed medication has been historically low. This research addressed a gap in literature regarding the adherence rates of U.S. Army enlisted soldiers to their prescribed oral malaria chemoprophylaxis. In addition, this research investigated self-reported reasons for soldiers' nonadherence to this medication. The study employed an experimental, correlational research design to aid in understanding the relationship between adherence to malaria chemoprophylaxis and age, gender, military rank, education level, and previous deployment experience. Ninety-four active-duty U.S. Army personnel deployed to Afghanistan participated in the study. The frequency distribution of responses to the 8-questions Morisky Medication Adherence Scale were presented and indicated that for almost all of the questions, the percentage of participants who answered yes was larger than the percentage who answered no, indicating low levels of adherence among the study participants. The findings indicated that age, gender, and perception of risk all significantly contributed to the models predicting medication adherence. With the scientific and medical advances of the 20th and 21st centuries, few if any military personnel should contract malaria. These findings contribute to a greater awareness of medication adherence, which directly supports positive social change within the Armed Forces of the United States.
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TAILLADE, MARIE-PIERRE. "La preparation biologique : meilleure arme contre le dopage." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU31178.
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Pagel, Michael J. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Affecting Health Behaviors in the U.S. Army Special Operations Command Population of Rangers." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/717.
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Malaria is a threat to United States military personnel operating in endemic areas, from which there have been hundreds of cases reported over the past decade. Each of these cases might have been avoided with proper adherence to malaria chemoprophylaxis medications. Military operations may detract from the strict 100% adherence required of these preventive medications. However, the reasons for non-adherence in military populations are not well understood. This behavior was investigated using a cross sectional study design on a convenience sample of U.S. Army Ranger volunteers (n=150) located at three military instillations. Theoretical support was based on components of the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Social Cognitive Theory.
Data on knowledge, attitudes, and practices, as well as multiple environmental domains was collected using an original yet unvalidated questionnaire. The data was analyzed using bivariate Pearson correlations, binary logistic regression, and moderated logistic regressions employing a 0.05 criterion of statistical significance. Power analyses predicted 96-98% power for this analysis.
Multiple significant medium strength Pearson correlation coefficients were identified relative to the two dependent variables Take medications as directed and Intend to take the medications as directed the next time. Binary logistic regression analyses identified multiple variables that may predict behavioral intentions to adhere to these preventive medications, as a proxy for behavioral change. Moderated logistic regression analyses identified Command Support for adherence to these medications as a potential significant moderator that interacts with independent variables within three domains of the survey questionnaire.
The findings indicate that there may be potential significant beneficial effects, which may improve this behavior in this population of Rangers through 1) promoting affirmative interpersonal communications that emphasize adherence to these medications, 2) including malaria chemoprophylaxis medications in the mission planning process, and 3) military command support, in the form of including the importance of proper adherence to these medications in the unit safety briefings.
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Kanyerere, Geoffrey Zantute. "Age, growth and yield-per-recruit analysis of ndunduma Diplotaxodon limnothrissa (Teleostei: Cichlidae), in the southeastern arm of Lake Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005057.
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Diplotaxodon limnothrissa Turner (1995) is a widely distributed species occurring throughout Lake Malawi, extending from the surface to a depth of at least 220m. It is probably the most abundant cichlid in the lake with biomass estimates of around 87 000 tonnes in the pelagic zone alone. The species is exploited commercially in the southern part of the lake but since its inception the fishery has never been assessed. As such this study investigates some aspects of age and growth of the species besides applying a yield-per-recruit analysis to assess the status of the fishery. Analysis of sectioned sagittal otoliths revealed that D. limnothrissa is fast growing and relatively long-lived species, attaining ages in excess of 10 years. Growth in length was rapid in immature fish, with fish attaining almost half of their maximum size within their first year. Le ngth-at-age was described by the von Bertalanffy growth model with combined-sex growth described as Lt = 211.21(1-exp(- 0.24(t+1.36))) mm TL. Total, natural and fishing mortalities were estimated at 0.76 yr⁻¹, 0.31 yr⁻¹ and 0.45 yr⁻¹ respectively. Per-recruit analysis indicated that the D. limnothrissa stock in the southeast arm of the lake is fully exploited as indicated by the current spawner biomass-per-recruit ratios of 31-55% (SB/R)F=0. Modelling indicated that the current age-at-capture (2.67 years) is lower than the age at which yield is optimised (> 5 years) based on the F₀·₁ harvesting strategy. It is, therefore, recommended that the age-at-capture should be increased from 2.67 to 5 years to optimise yield.
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Ackerer, Léa. "Les Nanobodies, un nouvel outil de diagnostic de la maladie du court-noué de la vigne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ103/document.
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La maladie du court-noué est principalement causée en Europe par le Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) et l’Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV). Le principal moyen de lutte contre sa dispersion consiste à certifier l’absence de ces virus dans les vignes commercialisées par des méthodes sérologiques tels que le DAS-ELISA. De par leurs propriétés biophysique et structurale exceptionnelles, les Nanobodies (Nb) issus des domaines variables d’immunoglobulines (Ig) composées uniquement de chaînes lourdes, se distinguent avantageusement des Ig conventionnelles. L’objectif majeur de ma thèse était d’établir un test de diagnostic du court-noué à base de Nb. À partir de deux collections de Nb contre le GFLV et l’ArMV, j’ai identifié des Nb reconnaissant un large spectre d’isolats viraux. Leur fusion à une protéine fluorescente ou à la phosphatase alcaline a conduit à l’obtention de réactifs de détection performants du GFLV et de l’ArMV par DAS-ELISA. La structure atomique d’un complexe Nb/GFLV résolue à 2.8 Å par cryomicroscopie électronique a permis de cartographier l’épitope en surface du virus et a révélé une couverture maximale de la particule virale par le Nb. La comparaison des tests Nb à des réactifs sérologiques commerciaux a révélé leur supériorité en terme de sensibilité et de spécificité, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la commercialisation d’un nouveau test de diagnostic des virus du court-noué de la vigneThe grapevine fanleaf disease is mainly caused in Europe by the Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and the Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV). The principal mean to limit their spread, is to certify their absence in marketed grapevines by serological methods such as DAS-ELISA. Their unique biophysical and structural properties make the variable domains of heavy chain-only immunoglobulin, called Nanobodies (Nb) a real asset for the development of a diagnostic test against fanleaf disease viruses. I identified Nb able to detect a broad spectrum of viral isolates from two Nb collections against GFLV and ArMV. Their fusion to a fluorescent protein or to a bacterial alkaline phosphatase resulted in the production of efficient DAS-ELISA detection reagents. The atomic structure of a Nb/GFLV complex was solved at 2.8 Å by cryoelectron microscopy, allowing the precise mapping of the viral epitope. This result showed a maximum coverage of the viral particle by the Nb, leading to a maximal signal in DAS-ELISA. The full Nb tests against GFLV and ArMV were compared to commercial reagents and showed the superiority of the former in both sensitivity and specificity, opening the way for the development and commercialization of a new type of serological kits for the detection of grapevine viruses
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Arthur, William T. O. "The Padang, the Sahib and the Sepoy : the role of the Indian Army in Malaya, 1945 to 1946." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:15f7ad03-41df-4fdb-9b50-4d3e5936aff9.
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This thesis analyses the nation-building work that the Indian Army undertook during the military administration of Malaya, 1945-6. This was a two-part process, taking in military-led relief work and a political reform scheme. Historians have conducted little work on the Indian Army’s role in the British return to empire in Malaya, thus the army’s crucial and nuanced role has been overlooked. This limits the understanding of the army’s institutional development and role in Malayan nation-building between 1945-6. This thesis redresses this. It argues that the military administration of Malaya encapsulated the culmination of wartime changes to the role of the Indian Army fighting soldier. Whereas before the war the Indian Army found it expedient to keep its soldiers isolated from current affairs, British experience during the Second World War instead suggested that soldiers educated in current affairs could be very effective. Concurrently, British military leaders began to think on the role of the Indian Army and its men after the war. They concluded that the Indian Army’s soldiers could become catalysts of national political and social development, and initially identified this as a role for the army in post-war India. Furthermore, it was felt that the Indian Army could contribute both to the Commonwealth and United Nations ideals. The return to Malaya encapsulated these changes to the conception of the Indian Army soldier and was a practical expression and measure of these. The soldiers became agents of political change, imperial re-entrenchment and administration – which this thesis terms ‘soldier-administrators’. The Indian Army, it is argued, was deployed consciously as a nation-building force, using the new thinking on the role of Indian Army soldiers. In so doing, the Indian Army partook in targeted schemes for military relief, political reform and nation-building to try to build the new Malayan nation.
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Lauro, Daniel J. "The Battle of Malaya: The Japanese Invasion of Malaya as a Case Study for the Re-Evaluation of Imperial Japanese Army Intelligence Effectiveness During World War II." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1525994430487705.
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Gondwe, Mangaliso John Gibson Symon. "Environmental impacts of cage aquaculture in the southeast arm of Lake Malawi: water and sediment quality and food web changes." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4751.
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Lake Malawi is a great lake not only because of its size (30,800 km2) but also because of its unique fish diversity. The lake contains the highest number of freshwater fish species in the world. The fish species are hypothesized to have radiated within the lake, which is 1-2 million years old. The collapse of the capture fishery in Lake Malawi between the 1970s and 1990s led to the launch of cage culture of indigenous fish species in 2004 in the south east arm of the lake. While cage culture has been practiced for many years in temperate lakes and seas, the fish farm in Lake Malawi is the first in the African Great Lakes and, therefore, not much information currently exists that is relevant to the impact of cage culture on such a large, species-rich tropical lake. Consequently, a study was done between January and December, 2007, at the fish farm in Lake Malawi to determine potential impacts of cage wastes on the environment. The study found that, just like in temperate systems where 70-87% of C, N and P added through feed get dispersed into the environment, discharges from fish cages in Lake Malawi were between 71-88% of the nutrients added through feed. The discharges were proportional to the amount of feed added so that as production and feed supply increase over time, more cage wastes would be generated and released into the environment. The discharges were exacerbated by poor stocking and feeding regimes. Production periods were longer (mean of 376±42 days) than if recommended stocking and feeding rates were followed. Feed quality may also have affected production performance and waste generation in the cages, but was not studied. The cage wastes were incorporated into the food web and support the wild fishes in the vicinity of the fish farm. Impacts of the cage wastes on the water column and sediments in the vicinity of the cages were minimal during the study period, probably because of rapid and efficient dispersion of the wastes by strong water currents, that averaged 9.3 cm s-1, through the cages and high consumption of the cage wastes by large numbers of wild fishes which aggregated around the cages. The wild fishes also helped to disperse the cage wastes over a larger area through consumption, translocation and defecation. However, as production increases, the amount of cage wastes generated may overwhelm mitigation by dispersion by water currents and consumption by wild fishes, particularly if many cages are deployed close together and interfere with current flows. Based on my observations, a fish farm that produces 15,000 tonnes fish/yr in Lake Malawi would generate 1249, 113 and 21 megamoles/yr of C, N and P, respectively, that are comparable or higher than DOC, TDN and TDP loadings observed in the most disturbed large river systems draining into Lake Malawi. The impacts of these river systems in Lake Malawi have been well documented, particularly around river mouths and in the more densely populated and shallower southern portion of the lake, where algal communities and their sedimentation rates have begun to change. Cage culture discharges may accelerate these changes.
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Kanyerere, Geoffrey Zantute. "Age, growth and yield-per-recruit analysis of ndunduma Diplotaxodon limnothrissa (Teleostei: Cichlidae), in the southeastern arm of Lake Malawi /." 2003. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/68/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Malawi. Army"
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Njoloma, James. The Malaŵi Army: A hundred years today. [Lilongwe?]: J. Njoloma, 1991.
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Phiri, D. D. History of Malawi: From earliest times to the year 1915. Blantyre [Malawi]: Christian Literature Association in Malawi, 2004.
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Malawi) Malawi National Stakeholders' Meeting on Small Arms (2003 Lilongwe. Workshop report: Malawi National Stakeholders' Meeting on Small Arms. Lilongwe: Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation, 2003.
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Sweeney, Tony. Malaria frontline: Australian Army research during World War II. Carleton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 2003.
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Hussainmiya, B. A. Orang rejimen: The Malays of the Ceylon Rifle Regiment. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1990.
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Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Research. Battling malaria: Strengthening the U.S. military malaria vaccine program. Edited by Graves Patricia M and Levine Myron M. 1944-. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.
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Crocker, Denton W. My war on mosquitos, 1942-1945. [United States: D.W. Crocker, 1997.
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Manzur-ul-Haque, Hashmi, and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. The state of the environment. London: Butterworths, 1987.
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Hansen, Willy, and Jean Freney. Maladie d'hier, arme biologique d'aujourd'hui : La Maladie du charbon. Privat, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Malawi. Army"
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Hee, Wai-Siam. "A Singapore Story, Hollywood Version." In Remapping the Sinophone, 112–37. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888528035.003.0005.
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The fourth chapter examines anti-Communist films made by Hollywood in Cantonese and Malay in Singapore and Malaya in the Cold War context of the ‘Campaign of Truth’. In the early 1950s, the United States Information Agency, an arm of the State Department, secretly commissioned and funded New York Sound Masters Inc. to produce and shoot several anti-Communist films in Singapore and Malaya. In 1953, cinemas across Malaya and Singapore screened Singapore Story and Kampong Sentosa, two Cold War products of the ‘Campaign of Truth’. In addition to analysing the ideology of these films, this chapter combines declassified archive material from the US and Singaporean National Archives with primary materials from UK, US, Singaporean, and Malayan periodicals from the Cold War era, in order to explore how these two films use Malay and Cantonese to narrate a Hollywood version of the Singaporean story. As these two films have been largely passed over in scholarship and the films and archives have not been regularly accessible, records of these films are absent from histories of film and television in the US, Singapore, and Malaya. This chapter aims to remedy this absence.
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Bayly, C. A. "‘The Nation Within’: British India at War 1939–1947." In Proceedings of the British Academy Volume 125, 2003 Lectures. British Academy, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263242.003.0011.
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This lecture discusses the remarkable recovery of British India and the Indian army that made the reconquest of Burma and Malaya possible. The Indian army is shown to have displayed a number of strengths during its final years, such as its reorganisation and provision with new equipment. It was also given a higher political profile, and Indian soldiers were given new initiatives by their commanders. The lecture determines that the final campaign of the Indian army helped create the social order of the new nations of the Subcontinent.
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Joly, Vincent. "The French Army and Malian independence (1956–1961)." In Francophone Africa at fifty, 75–89. Manchester University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719089305.003.0006.
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In Mali, as analyzed by Vincent Joly, military continuities led in 1961 to a real crisis. In January 1961 Modibo Keïta, the President of the independent country, enforced the evacuation of the remaining French troops. The worries of the Malian government had been intensified by French activities during the Algerian War and by French nuclear tests in the south of the Sahara. Under the pretext of Malian anger over French behaviour during the split of the Federation of Mali one year earlier, the government in Bamako – defender of increasingly ‘radical’ positions – gladly used this occasion to get rid of structures that effectively constituted a counterweight in the country. The new Malian political elite were particularly distrustful of the presence of the French military forces because French officials maintained close relations to army veterans and to the nomadic populations in the north of the country. Joly interprets the process leading to the 1961 crisis as characteristic of the complex decolonization processes, in which the French army had its own clients and networks in the now-independent countries.
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Heckel, Waldemar. "The Campaign in Cilicia." In In the Path of Conquest, 89–97. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076689.003.0008.
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In the middle of 333, the Macedonian army invaded Cilicia, finding the difficult terrain of the Cilician Gates undefended. At Tarsus, the satrapal capital, Alexander became ill after bathing in the Cydnus River. Probably he suffered a bout of malaria. Darius, who had encamped in northern Mesopotamia, at Sochi, believed that the Macedonian king’s inaction betrayed caution, if not outright cowardice. He enter the satrapy via the Amanic Gates, to the north of Alexander’s position, and surprised the Macedonian army as it moved along the coast of the Gulf of Issus in the direction of the Beilan Pass, near Myriandrus. Alexander had to turn back to meet his enemy at a narrow place between the sea and the mountains, not far from the city of Issus. The site of the battlefield has been debated by scholars for more than a century, but it is generally believed to have been on the banks of the Payas River. Darius’ army was defeated when Alexander overcame the Persian center, where some of the best Persian troops (the Kardakes) and the Greek mercenaries were positioned. Darius found it necessary to flee in order to avoid capture. The collapse of the Persian forces all but sealed the fate of Asia Minor and allowed Alexander to threaten the Levantine coast and Egypt. Persian casualty figures are spectacular but cannot be verified.
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Christian, Patrick James. "Between Imajaɤen (Warrior) and Timogoutar (Helplessness)." In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 42–72. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3665-0.ch003.
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This chapter is drawn from a much larger qualitative phenomenological inquiry into the Kel Tamashek of the Central Sahara and its Sahelian transition zone. The impetus for this larger research was driven by US Army Generals John Mulholland (Ret), James Linder (Ret), and US Navy Admiral Brian Losey. These senior military leaders foresaw the coming clash between this powerful ethnic community and the rapid spread of globalization into the vast spaces of the Sahel and Sahara Desert. This ethnic community lives in an alternate reality in the northern parts of Niger and Mali, and the southern parts of Algeria and Libya. This alternate reality is of their own design and is well over a millennium in the making. The Kel Tamashek are of extreme interest to regional and international security forces because of their tendency to resist political control. After fighting the French Colonial governments to a standstill in the 17th and 18th centuries, they went on to overthrow the African-based governments in Mali and Niger several times each.
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S.O. Ugwu, Francis. "Herding and Stampeding: The Albatross of Mosquito/Malaria Control." In Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96917.
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Malaria is lingering globally with 3.3 billion people at risk of infection and 1.2 billion others classified as high risk. The economic burden caused by the disease and vectors is humongous globally. The epicenter is Sub-Sahara Africa which accounts for 92% of the annual death burden of 435,000 of which 61% are children of less than five years. Result of elimination activities are manifest in all other WHO regions except in Sub-Sahara Africa where efforts to control the disease/vector bear unsatisfactory testimony. This worst case scenario in the region is the handiwork of weak governments and institutions that appear to lead control strategies by showiness via information media; but in reality, they are part of the albatross that stampede the processes. Remedying the situation would require multi-tactics including arm-twisting relevant authorities in Africa by the international community and knowledge-based actions by private individuals and communities to stem the tide.
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Gomez, Michael A. "A Thousand Years." In African Dominion, 369–72. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691196824.003.0016.
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This epilogue discusses how, some four hundred years after its fall, the world was reminded of imperial Songhay's former glory when, in early January of 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawād—or the MNLA—attacked the towns of Menaka and Aguelhok, leading to the collapse of the national army in northern Mali. However, the twenty-first century was not the first instance in which the modern world reflected on West African anterior history, though prior occasions were largely artistic in nature. In any case, through both real-world events and artistic creativity, enactments of West Africa's medieval past have filtered into contemporary consciousness. Even so, in turning from the popular to the academic, histories purporting to convey a sense of global development since antiquity continue to ignore Africa's contributions, not merely as the presumed site of human origins, but as a full participant in its cultural, technological, and political innovations. The epilogue then summarizes the full trajectory of West African history examined in the previous chapters.
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Malcolm, Noel. "The Kelmendi." In Rebels, Believers, Survivors, 26–37. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857297.003.0002.
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The clan or tribe (‘fis’) system was fundamental to life in the northern Albanian highlands (Malësi e Madhe), and the Kelmendi were the most important of all the clans. This essay traces the story of their origin and development, and explains how and why they acquired their special pre-eminence over a much larger group of clans. Like the others, they began in the fifteenth century as a grouping, for self-defence purposes, around one prominent family. Unlike the others, they were given a special role by the Ottomans: derbend status, which meant that they functioned as armed guards of mountain passes and roads over a large area. This gave them a stronger collective identity, the privilege of bearing arms and the ability to extend their influence over other clans. The Kelmendi were active in many seventeenth-century revolts, and in the early eighteenth century the Ottomans tried to control them by means of a policy of mass deportation. Nevertheless they remained a dominant presence in the area until the early twentieth century.
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Joffé, George. "Algeria: Algeria’s response to violent extremism." In Non-Western responses to terrorism, 272–93. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0011.
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Since the 1980s Algeria has had to respond to political extremism. In the wake of the ‘Berber Spring’ in 1980, it had to react to the Bou Yali rebellion. Then, in October 1988, countrywide discontent and an organised Islamist movement challenged the single official political party’s claim to embody the legitimacy of the Algerian revolution by leading the struggle for national independence. In late 1991, the Algerian army, fearing that the Islamist movements might win legislative elections, took control. Within a year it faced a complex insurrection in which some groups sought to restore the electoral process and others attempted to replace the state with a caliphate. Algeria’s strategy and tactics in this struggle have evolved from counter insurgency during its 1990s civil war to suppression of ‘residual terrorism’ afterwards. Although this forced the groups concerned into the Sahara and the Sahel, it did not eliminate them, so Algeria has been forced to attempt to influence group behaviour in Northern Mali, despite pressure from the United States and, latterly, France for direct engagement. One approach has been to organise a regional response despite the tensions between Algeria and Morocco over the Western Sahara. However, the Libyan crisis has forced direct Algerian intervention and pushed the country into reluctant engagement with Western paradigms of confronting non-state terrorism and violence.
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Beinart, William, and Lotte Hughes. "Imperial Scientists, Ecology, and Conservation." In Environment and Empire. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199260317.003.0017.
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Imperial scientists have appeared in a number of our chapters: Cleghorn, protagonist of forest conservation in India; Willcocks, the self-critical dambuilder extraordinary in Egypt and India; Simpson, the plague doctor, and Bruce, who researched trypanosomiasis in southern Africa. The early centuries of empire preceded professionalization, but scientific interests were even then at its heart. Species transfers were, as we have suggested, a long-term preoccupation and closely related to scientific enterprise. The maritime empires that characterized the last half-millennium depended upon nautical technology and navigation science, and this distinguished them from preceding, more geographically restricted, land empires. Naval power and the expansion of shipping permitted a different social geography of empire, linking Europe to the Americas, the tropics, and the southern temperate zones, and partly bypassing the torrid task of conquest in Europe and the Muslim world. Shipping carried the freight of trading empires, literally and metaphorically. Especially from the mid-nineteenth century, scientists were central actors in imperial development. They helped to pioneer new technologies that facilitated discovery, and vastly more effective exploitation, of hidden natural resources, such as gold, oil, and rubber. A growing arms gap underpinned the European power bloc and conquest was so rapid and so widespread in the later decades of the nineteenth century not least because it was relatively easy and inexpensive. Constraints imposed by environment and disease were gradually driven back, by dams, boreholes, and the partial prophylaxis against malaria. Communications, based around steam and iron, telegraphs, railways, and roads were the ‘tentacles of progress’ in the new empire, opening up new routes for exploitation. They bound together increasingly modern, planned cities, zones of hydraulic imperialism, mining, and similar enterprises. Scientists and science in empire have received intense critical attention over the last couple of decades. This is especially so in African history and social sciences which, from their inception as self-conscious areas of academic enquiry, in the dying days of colonialism, tried to write from the vantage point of Africans and to decolonize European minds. From the late 1970s, when it was clear that African nationalist narratives and ambitions had been corrupted, Africanists tended to evince an unease with modernization and development, so closely linked to both the late colonial and nationalist projects.
Conference papers on the topic "Malawi. Army"
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Bratt, Ian. "The ARM® Mali-T880 Mobile GPU." In 2015 IEEE Hot Chips 27 Symposium (HCS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hotchips.2015.7477462.
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Davies, Jem. "The bifrost GPU architecture and the ARM Mali-G71 GPU." In 2016 IEEE Hot Chips 28 Symposium (HCS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hotchips.2016.7936201.
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