Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Malawi Case studies'

This thesis complements and extends understanding of the contribution of new approaches to development to the goal of achieving sustainable rural livelihoods. This is achieved by critically evaluating the concepts of agricultural sustainability and rural livelihoods. This study examines the use and management of natural resources by smallholder farmers in central Malawi. Development interventions by PROSCARP, a development project running nationally in Malawi and funded by EU, within the case study area were evaluated. This thesis has focused on land degradation and critically evaluates the new participatory or bottom up development paradigm in light of large-scale project interventions for land husbandry. A multidisciplinary approach, utilising a range of qualitative and quantitative methods provided a sound empirical basis for assessing the complexities of rural poverty and development interventions. This thesis identified a wide range of interlinked rural problems and opportunities. This clearly indicates that a single issue, such as soil conservation, cannot be separated from other aspects of sustainable rural livelihoods. This thesis therefore argues, on the basis of empirical evidence, as well as a critical review of the literature, that agricultural sustainability must encompass all aspects of rural livelihoods. The response of farmers to development interventions is highest for technologies that directly cater to their needs or which are based on local knowledge and technologies. This thesis highlights the need to identify and target appropriate interventions for individual households. Analysis of livelihood strategies also revealed a wide diversity of income sources within the case study area. The potential for increasing agricultural production is limited by landholding size and the potential for farmers to further diversify their income or food sources should be investigated in more detail. The evidence from the literature shows that participatory development processes have achieved successes in small-scale projects. This research concludes that it is also possible incorporate and change the type of participation in a pre-existing large-scale project. The analyses in this thesis suggests that unless interactive participation or self-mobilisation is achieved there is a strong possibility that introduced technologies will not be sustained and the community may not feel the long-term benefits of the project. The main obstacle to achieving interactive participation in a large-scale project is the empowerment of the beneficiaries. Finally, in light of the results of this research a number of recommendations are discussed which include a suggested focus on individual households or marginalized groups within a community, and a clear strategy for passing control of the project to the beneficiaries to ensure long term benefits after project withdrawal.

Even though agriculture is the backbone of Malawi‟s economy, food insecurity has remained a continuous threat among the poor. Until the 1980s, Malawi had been achieving national food security through an extensive system of agricultural inputs and marketing subsidies. However, these subsidies were removed and at the same time, the agricultural credit system collapsed. Consequently, agricultural productivity in Malawi remained low, poverty remained pervasive and food insecurity remains a main constraint to national and household food security. Therefore, the success of the agricultural sector in Malawi is very critical for raising the living standards and for food self-sufficiency. In this vein, the study hypothesized that Malawi can only achieve sustainable agricultural development if its agricultural policies are focused towards intensifying agricultural productivity through active participation of smallholder farmers. The major aim of the study was to contribute towards an improved understanding of how the issues of sustainable agricultural development have been addressed in Malawi and how they have influenced the lives of smallholder farmers. The analysis of the results revealed that even though what was implemented in the 1970s to early 1980s was financially unsustainable, but it provided some solutions to the fundamental challenges of smallholder development in Malawi. However, the liberalisations eroded whatever economic benefits achieved then. Never the less, the re-introduction of the agricultural input subsidies restored back the means of production leading to significant transformation of the country from a net importer to a net food exporter. On the other hand, although the agricultural input subsidy programme is being commended for having helped in achieving food security, the study revealed that the programme requires complementary services of credit, extension, research and market to support it. This will provide an exit strategy, which can enable the producers to sell their produce at higher prices sufficient enough for them to afford agricultural inputs without subsidies.

Bibliography: leaves 355-379.<br>Recognition since the 1970s of the adverse consequences in developing countries of deforestation on the livelihood of farmers and the poorer segments of urban households, and on the environment, has led to extensive investments in energy research and household energy projects. Poor performance and failures of woodfuel projects and other policy interventions have led to a radical reconsideration and criticism of the woodfuel scarcity paradigm and associated methodologies and assumptions. Recent research has been focussing on developing a new methodological framework for integrated fuelwood and household energy policies. Against this background, the main objective of this research consists in exploring and evaluating concepts and hypotheses which may be used for developing an effective analytical planning and policy framework for household energy policy. Empirical research has been conducted by the author over several years in Malawi. At the macro level, the often poorly-understood and contentious relationship between population growth, land tenure and land-use changes, fuelwood use and deforestation is examined. Another major methodological theme in household energy policy formation is the conceptualization of farm household decision behaviour and their responses to fuelwood pressures. Relationships between fuelwood and agricultural policies are examined. A range of rural and urban policy interventions are studied in depth. The empirical evidence from Malawi shows that there is no universal set of policy prescriptions which neatly apply to all household energy issues in developing countries. Nevertheless, the complexity of the interlinkages between factors impacting on household energy production, distribution and use points to the need for a coherent conceptual framework. Integrated Household Energy Planning provides this, not in a simple step-by-step set of procedures, but rather in terms of an approach which is sensitive to the range of factors which need to be analyzed and understood before policies are formulated and implemented.

Malawi is seen as a society in transition, and as a consequence, it is argued, Malawian managers face particular problems where traditional and Western values intersect. The role of the Polytechnic of Malawi as a provider of management education in this environment is thus problematical. The thesis begins with a description of the Malawian business environment in its geographical, historical, political, cultural, economic and institutional forms, and then goes on to examine the problems practising managers themselves feel they face, and attempts to explain these problems in terms of the environmental factors described, and the environmental changes taking place. It is concluded, from the analysis conducted, that the environmental features discussed interact in a complex way to make Malawian managers averse to exercising initiative and taking decisions. The question of what the Polytechnic can do to help overcome this aversion is addressed. The field research was conducted in Malawi in the seven months January to July, 1980, during which time 207 questionnaires were administered to junior and middle managers working in all sectors of the economy at levels equivalent to Polytechnic graduate entry. In addition, a number of senior managers (both Malawian and expatriate) were interviewed, a case study was conducted in a manufacturing organisation, and a second questionnaire was administered to all business students at the Polytechnic. Extensive use of official statistics was also made where appropriate.

This thesis reports on an exploratory study of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a developing countries context and with special reference to the mining and agricultural industries in Malawi. CSR in Malawi is progressively becoming a significant and complex area of investigation not only for business ethics scholars, but also to development scholars and practitioners. It is considered a crucial issue not only because of the complexity of the social, economic and political environment in which companies operate, but also because of the many social and environment impacts which business activities have on Malawian society. Whereas it is generally accepted that firms have moral responsibilities to respond to societal issues, crucially, evidence suggests that there has been lack of consensus on the nature of the responsibilities which a company should assume in a given society. Hence, the enlightened self-interest and stakeholder theories are critically examined to provide insights and inform the exploratory but empirically based CSR research which is fundamental to this thesis. Using a qualitative interpretative based case study strategy, this study examined the CSR agenda pursued by two firms operating in the mining and agricultural industries in Malawi. Findings from this study suggests that the current form of the CSR agenda practised by the case study companies in Malawi is largely guided by instrumental rationality rather than the normative perspective; the perspective some CSR theorists consider to associated with the CSR agenda pursued by companies in the developing countries. As such, this viewpoint can be understood to have a profound influence on the extent to which these companies make decisions about the CSR initiatives and stakeholder engagement practices they pursue as part of their CSR agenda in Malawi. This study makes the following contributions to the wider CSR literature. Firstly, it has provided an empirically based investigation of the CSR agenda in Malawi, and has directly contributed to attempts by scholars to develop an in-depth understanding of the nature of CSR in a developing country context; an area which is currently under-researched. Specifically, it has not only provided insights into managerial and stakeholders’ perceptions about CSR and about CSR drivers, but has also attempted to explore the link between the CSR agenda and the stakeholder engagement practices which the case study companies pursued. Secondly, this study pushes the normative frontier by showing that stakeholder engagement can be strategic, and can be used by companies in developing countries to pursue long-term corporate interests. It has done so by showing that corporate stakeholder salience patterns are a reflection of a series of complex interactions between instrumental influences (business case) and industry influences on firm. Finally, by having a combined focus on the stakeholder and the enlightened self-interest theories, this thesis has addressed the dearth of CSR research that draws insights from both perspectives in order to have a better understanding of variations in corporate orientations towards societal issues.

What are the policy-relevant factors that condition WASH sector performance in Sub-Saharan Africa? Close examination of three case study countries, Equatorial Guinea, Malawi, and Mauritania, reveals interesting insights. Delivery of WASH services is shaped to a large extent by the overall quality and structure of a country’s government. More specifically, having an excessive profusion of policy-making and policy-implementing actors can hinder WASH sector performance. Furthermore, governments may face strong incentives to invest more heavily in providing WASH services to urban areas over rural areas, and to invest more heavily in the water sub-sector than in the sanitation sub-sector. Adequate financing of WASH investment appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for performance in both the water and sanitation subsectors. Additionally, monitoring and evaluation appears to be a crucial factor in formulating and implementing effective policies. In the rural water subsector, a country’s institutional setup and technology choice can have a major impact on water source maintenance and operability.

The exchange rate is the price of one currency against another currency or currencies of a group of countries. Real exchange rates are important because they show the external competitiveness of a country‟s economy. Thus, when the exchange rate of a country is misaligned, this will affect its trade, production and the welfare of people. This study analysed macroeconomic determinants of the real exchange rate and dynamic adjustment of the real exchange rate as a result of shocks to these determinants. The study also determined the extent of misalignment of the real exchange rate in Malawi and Zambia and identified variables that contributed to it. Such information is important to policy makers. Quarterly data were used for both countries from 1980:1-2008:4. The literature review identified those variables that determine the exchange rate and these include government consumption, foreign aid, net foreign assets, commodity prices, terms of trade, domestic credit, openness and the Balassa Samuelson effect (technological progress). To determine the long-run relationship between the exchange rate and its determinants, we employed the Johansen approach and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). For robustness check on the long-run and shortrun effects of determinants on the exchange rate, variance decomposition and impulse response analyses were used. Results in the study show that in Malawi for both models, an increase in LAID, LGCON and LTOT resulted in real exchange rate depreciation and increases in LDC, NFA and LNEER resulted in an appreciation. In Zambia, increases in LAID, LGCON, LOPEN and LTOT caused the real exchange rate to depreciate while increases in LDC, NFA and LCOPPER led to an appreciation. Lagged LREER and LNEER were found to have short run effects on the equilibrium exchange rate for Malawi and lagged LCOPPER and LDC for Zambia. Periods of exchange rate misalignment were found in both countries. It was also found that the coefficient of speed of adjustment in Malawi in models 1 and 2 indicate that 11% and 27% of the variation in the real exchange rate from its equilibrium adjust each quarter respectively. The speed of adjustment for Zambia in both models was 45% and 47% respectively, higher than that of Malawi. Foreign aid has proven to be important in exchange rate misalignment in both countries, though this was not really expected in the case of Zambia. Given these results, it may be of interest to policy makers to understand which variables impact most on the exchange rate and how misalignment due to these determinants can be minimised.

Background: International agencies such as the World Health Organisation have highlighted the potential of digital information and communications technologies to strengthen health systems, which are underpinned by the 'building blocks' of information, human resources, finances, commodities, leadership and governance, and service delivery. In high income countries, evidence of the positive impacts of 'eHealth' innovations on the cost-effectiveness of healthcare is growing and many governments are now providing incentives for their adoption. In contrast, the use of eHealth in developing countries has remained low and efforts to introduce these new approaches have experienced high failure rates. There is even scepticism regarding the feasibility of eHealth in low-resource settings, which may be hindered by high costs, indeterminate returns on investment, technical problems and socio-organisational barriers. More research is needed to document both the value of eHealth for strengthening resource-limited health systems and the challenges involved in their implementation and adoption, so that insights from such research may be used to inform future initiatives. While many studies of eHealth for patient care in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are taking place, evidence of its role in improving administrative processes such as financial management is lacking, despite the importance of 'good governance' (transparency and accountability) for ensuring strong and resilient health systems. The overall objective of this PhD was to elucidate the enablers, inhibitors and outcomes characterising the implementation and adoption of a modular eHealth system in a group of healthcare facilities in rural Malawi. The system included both clinical and billing modules. The specific objectives were (i) to understand the socio-technical, organisational and change management factors facilitating or hindering the implementation and adoption of the eHealth system, (ii) to assess the quality of data captured by the eHealth system compared with conventional paper-based records, and (iii) to understand how information within the eHealth system was used for service delivery, reporting and financial management. A further aim was to contribute to the corpus of mixed-methods case studies exploring eHealth system implementation processes and outcomes (including data quality) in LMIC. As described in the following chapters, the research also gave rise to unanticipated and serendipitous findings, which led to new lines of enquiry and influenced the theoretical perspectives from which the analysis drew.

The distinctive features of inflation targeting include the publishing of the formal (official) target band or point target for the rate of inflation at one or more time horizons and the explicit confirmation that low and steady inflation is the long-run objective of monetary policy. There are four main preconditions of inflation targeting: 1) an independent central bank that is free from fiscal and political pressures; 2) a central bank that has both the ability to forecast inflation and the capability to model inflation data; 3) the presence of fully deregulated prices and an economy that is affected by changes of commodity prices, as well as exchange rates; and 4) the presence of sound banking system and well developed capital markets. In most developing countries, the use of seigniorage revenues as a source of financing government debts, the lack of commitment by monetary authorities to low inflation as a primary goal, the absence of the central bank’s functional independence, and of powerful models to make domestic inflation forecasts, prevent the satisfaction of these preconditions. This dissertation investigates the extent to which Malawi meets the preconditions for inflation targeting by comparing the situation in that country to other developing countries, which have already adopted the framework. Malawi is committed to the central bank’s functional independence as well as the pursuit of prudent fiscal policy measures for the attainment of low inflation. Despite the failure to meet all the preconditions, this study recommends that Malawi should adopt an inflation targeting framework due to the strength of commitment of the monetary authorities in satisfying these preconditions.

This study investigates the supply and demand side benefits and costs of low cost urban electrification in Mbayani Township in Blantyre City in Malawi. The low cost urban electrification program, which used compact ready boards to provide electricity to poor households in Mbayani, is the first such program in the country. The study therefore examines the strategies used to assess how they impact the service provider and the newly electrified households in terms of benefits and costs in order to draw lesson for similar programs in the future. Using an interview, the study first examines the financing and planning strategies, technologies used, tariff design and cost recovery strategies on the supply side. On users' side, the study uses a sample household survey to examine the effects of electrification on households' expenditures, fuel use and on the small and medium scale enterprises sector in Mbayani. The study conducted key informant interviews to assess community leaders' perception of the program. In addition, the study reviews the South African electrification program from which it draws lessons for Malawi. On the supply side, the strategies used reduced electrification costs and enabled the service provider to use infrastructure that was previously under-utilised. However, limited financing and planning which ignored user needs has negative implications on the program outcomes. Electricity tariffs were based on a monthly flat rate tariff, which is likely to negatively impact on the utility's revenue. However, at the scale that the program was carried out, this impact is negligible. The tariff nevertheless ensures cost recovery over a period of 5 years. While lack of data from the utility hindered detailed analysis of the supply side impacts, the study concluded that the strategies used yielded net costs for the utility. On the demand side, the study found that electrification strategies used had a positive impact on households' energy burden and budget control and that most households have switched to electricity for lighting, powering radios and partly for cooking. Major barriers in maximising benefits are high costs of electrical appliances and poor supply quality. The study recommends that future programs should use holistic participatory planning and should diversify sources of funding. Electrification strategies must also target small and medium enterprises and promote support for acquisition of better quality appliances.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>This study sought to investigate if there are common cultural elements for preventing and transforming violent conflict in selected patrilineal and matrilineal tribes in Malawi, as well as selected societies from other parts of Africa. The researcher argues that in both patrilineal and matrilineal tribes in Malawi, violent conflict prevention and transformation methods are inherently rooted in elaborate socio-political governance structures. This also applies to other societies in Africa, such as the pre-colonial traditional societies of Rwanda, the Pokot pastoral community in the North Rift of Kenya, the ubuntu societies in South Africa and the Acholi of Northern Uganda. The basic framework for these structures comprise the individuals (men, women and older children), as the primary building blocks, the family component comprising of the nucleus and extended families as secondary building block and traditional leadership component. Within these socio-political governance structures, individuals coexist and are inextricably bound in multi-layered social relationships and networks with others. In these governance structures, a certain level of conflict between individuals or groups is considered normal and desirable, as it brings about vital progressive changes as well as creates the necessary diversity, which makes the community interesting. However, violent conflicts are regarded as undesirable and require intervention. Consequently, the multi-layered social networks have several intrinsic features, which enable the communities to prevent the occurrence of violent conflicts or transform them when they occur, in order to maintain social harmony. The first findings show that each level of the social networks has appropriate mechanisms for dissipating violent conflicts, which go beyond tolerable levels. Secondly, individuals have an obligation to intervene in violent conflicts as part of social and moral roles, duties and commitments, which they have to fulfil. Thirdly, the networks have forums in which selected competent elders from the society facilitate open discussions of violent conflicts and decisions are made by consensus involving as many men and women as possible. In these forums, each individual is valued and dignified. Fourthly, there are deliberate efforts to advance transparency and accountability in the forums where violent conflicts are discussed. However, in general terms, women occupy a subordinate status in both leadership and decision-making processes, though they actively participate in violent conflict interventions and some of them hold leadership positions. In addition, the findings show that the tribes researched have an elaborate process for transforming violent conflicts. This process includes the creation of an environment conducive for discussing violent conflicts, listening to each of the disputants, establishing the truth, exhausting all issues, reconciling the disputants and in case one disputant is not satisfied with the outcomes of the discussions, referring the violent conflict for discussion to another forum. Furthermore, individuals in both patrilineal and matrilineal tribes are governed by moral values including respect, relations, relationships, interdependence, unity, kindness, friendliness, sharing, love, transparency, tolerance, self-restraint, humility, trustworthiness and obedience. These moral values enhance self-restraint, prevent aggressive behaviour, as well as promote and enhance good relationships between individuals in the family and the society as a whole. The researcher argues that the positive cultural factors for prevention and transformation of violent conflict, outlined above, which are inherent in the traditional African socio-political governance system should be deliberately promoted for incorporation into the modern state socio-political governance systems through peace-building and development initiatives as well as democratisation processes. This could be one of the interventions for dealing with violent conflict devastating Africa today.

This thesis examines the traditional knowledge and capabilities that disaster, conflict and unplanned development affected communities utilise to deal with uncertainties and dangers inherent in their lives. The key question is whether a model of individual care, core to the tradition of western disciplines, is appropriate for humanitarian assistance largely delivered to ‘non-western’ countries. The methodology uses both quantitative and qualitative techniques, and moves beyond a conventional science approach. Guided by a broader ontology and epistemology, it engages an evaluative judgement of three project based case studies in Sri Lanka, Sudan and Malawi. These evaluative judgements build on the adapted OECD/DAC criteria of relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and impact. The “lived experiences” of mental health and wellbeing for individuals amongst these communities are then further examined through their personal stories. The outcomes of this process are used to inform a discussion on mainstream interventions and to provide a basis for exploring improved practice in this field. The scope of the study presented here was limited to Sri Lanka, Sudan and Malawi. These countries were selected based on their geographical locations, nature of the disaster, conflict or development problem and most importantly access to communities through Disaster and Development Centre’s (DDC) research work with United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and Green Movement of Sri Lanka (GMSL). The researcher trained one colleague each from Sudan, Malawi and Sri Lanka to assist in the translation of Arabic, Swahili, Tamil and tribal dialects. This process was conducted by explaining the objectives of the research, refreshing basic interviewing skills, concepts of translation and addressing the research ethical framework. The findings of the study indicate that most disaster, development and conflict-affected communities are positively dealing with uncertainties and dangers in life without outside‘expert’ help. Although there are evident levels of mental health and wellbeing related issues that are visible to the outside view of a community, the inside view is that there are traditional knowledge systems, religions, cultures, attitudes and values that address uncertainty and dangers in a sophisticated though pragmatic manner. The conclusion of this research process is that suffering through danger and uncertainty is part of human experience; it is an attribute of the human condition. However, disaster and development experts, psychologists, psychiatrists and sociologists are occupied in documenting, describing, analysing and diagnosing risks, vulnerabilities, coping strategies, and post-traumatic stress. Along with the costs of murder, rape, torture, and other forms of human malice, a deeper understanding of mental health and wellbeing in adversity is little understood. This is complicated by the varying nature of events that take place and the variable ways they are experienced by individuals and communities. The onset of uncertainty and danger are sometimes sudden, like the brutal attacks in Western Darfur. At other times they take the form of a continuous reign of suffering like the failed development, disaster reduction and conflict mitigation strategies witnessed in Sri Lanka. Even when suffering is not present in such striking forms, there can be slow deterioration of communities through policies that severely disrupt the lives of people, such as experienced by refugees in Malawi. However, in the middle of the worst circumstances, communities continue to carry on with their livelihood regimes, to celebrate, and to enjoy. This is an achievement beyond everyday life. The thesis findings and conclusions point to the need for collaboration with disaster, conflict and unplanned development affected communities to retrieve their knowledge systems to improve their mental health and wellbeing. This can create new processes to deal with suffering.

There are enormous benefits for any organisation from practising sound records management. In the context of a public university, the importance of good records management includes: facilitating the achievement the university’s mandate; enhancing efficiency of the university; maintaining a reliable institutional memory; promoting trust; responding to an audit culture; enhancing university competitiveness; supporting the university’s fiduciary duty; demonstrating transparency and accountability; and fighting corruption. Records scholars and commentators posit that effective recordkeeping is an essential underpinning of good governance. Although there is a portrayal of positive correlation, recordkeeping struggles to get the same attention as that given to the governance. Evidence abounds of cases of neglect of recordkeeping in universities and other institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The apparent absence of sound recordkeeping provided a rationale for revisiting some universities in South Africa and Malawi in order to critically explore the place of recordkeeping in an organisation’s strategy in order to develop an alternative framework for managing records and documents in an era where good governance is a global agenda. The research is a collective case study in which multiple cases are used to critically explore the relationship between recordkeeping and governance. As qualitative research that belongs in the interpretive tradition of enquiry, it is not meant to suggest prescriptive solutions to general recordkeeping problems but rather to provide an understanding of the challenges and opportunities that arise in managing records and documents in the world of governance, audit and risk. That is: what goes on in the workplace; what are the problems; and what alternative approaches might address any existing problem situations. Research findings show that some institutions are making good use of their governance structures and other drivers for recordkeeping to put in place sound recordkeeping systems. Key governance structures and other drivers for recordkeeping identified include: laws and regulations; governing bodies; audit; risk; technology; reforms; and workplace culture. Other institutions are not managing their records and documents well despite efforts to improve their governance systems. They lack recordkeeping capacity. Areas that determine recordkeeping capacity include: availability of records management policy; capacity for digital records; availability of a records management unit; senior management support; level of education and training of records management staff; and systems and procedures for storage, retrieval and dispositions of records. Although this research reveals that the overall recordkeeping in the selected countries has slightly improved compared with the situation other researchers found a decade ago, it remains unsatisfactory and disjointed from governance. The study therefore proposes governance recordkeeping as an approach to managing records and documents in the world of governance, audit and risk. The governance recordkeeping viewpoint considers recordkeeping as a governance function that should be treated in the same manner as other governance functions such as audit and risk management. Additionally, recordkeeping and governance should be considered as symbiotic elements of a strategy. A strategy that neglects recordkeeping may not fulfil the organisation’s objectives effectively.

This thesis focuses on cases of drought since it is one of the most common and disastrous natural hazards that we experience on earth. Non-governmental organisations have traditionally offered humanitarian aid directed to response and relief measures. However, research shows that more long-term adaptive measures are more effective in reducing vulnerability and decreasing disaster risk. This thesis investigates how the International federation of the red cross and crescent society (IFRC) engage in vulnerability reducing measures through short-term coping and long-term adaptive measures and if it is in line with what the research presented in the theory section of this thesis has shown is the most effective way. Through the use of qualitative content analysis and a case-study design, four reports from two cases of drought in Sub-Saharan Africa have been analysed. The results indicate that the IFRC are still more prone to implement coping measures, but that adaptive measures are visible throughout the entirety of their projects. This thesis will have nuanced the work of Non-governmental organisations in disaster-struck areas and to contribute to future studies by its generalisability.

Thesis (DTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2001<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study and dissertation examines the mission methodologies of the Protestant church in Africa -- focusing on the country of Malawi as a case study. A historical study of early mission methods and an empirical study of current practices point to the need for a new approach to mission, a new approach that can best be described as a reformation of mission. This reformation requires the reversal of the five conventional trends that mission work in Africa has traced. At the crux of this reformation is the need to take the methodological phase of leadership development, a phase traditionally withheld until last, and make it paramount. In the process of making this assessment of mission in Africa it was necessary to first carry out historical research relevant to early mission work in Malawi. Historical research focused on the first five missions to initiate work in the country, all of which eventually established a permanent presence in Malawi. Three of these early churches were reformed or Presbyterian -- the Established Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland, and the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa. The other two missions were the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (Anglican) and the Zambezi Industrial Mission (independent/Baptist). These original missions to Malawi were directed and influenced by a vanguard of some of Africa's greatest pioneer mission workers -- David Livingstone, Robert Laws, A.c. Murray, William Murray, and David Scott. Details from this historical research assisted in determining what mission methodologies were being utilized at various points in time. The second segment of research pertinent to this dissertation is an empirical study of current mission and church work in Malawi. Over 100 denominations, missions, and parachurch organizations were studied. The findings from 83 of these organizations are analyzed in this paper. An exposition of data from this research is outlined in Chapter 4, but the most troubling discovery resulting from these findings was the absence of adequately trained Christian leadership and localized facilities to equip such leaders. This problem is compounded by a lack of vision for leadership development and a reluctance to commit the necessary resources. By combining this empirical research with the historical data cited above it was determined that mission in Malawi has proceeded through four paradigms of methodology: 1) pioneer mission work, 2) vocational (elementary education and vocational training), 3) church planting, and 4) pastor training. At present the church in Africa is entering a fifth dimension of mission methodology -- leadership development. Leadership training not in the traditional sense of preparing clergymen for the ministry, but a wholistic education that equips dedicated Christians for leadership in any spectrum -- religious, public or private. In order for this dissertation to present a comprehensive and effective model for mission it was also necessary to conduct a third investigation -- an analysis of what defines mission. Three important conclusions relevant to this paper can be drawn: 1) Every dimension of mission is equally valid. Whether it is ecclesiastical in its nature, proclamational, contextual, theological or liberational -- every aspect of mission is as vital as the next. 2) Mission is not mission if its central and ultimate purpose is not to reveal the grace of God made available through Christ. 3) The purpose of the church is mission -- not vise versa. These three elements of research -- historical, empirical and missiological -- form the foundation of the model for mission in Africa outlined in the final chapter of this dissertation. This model necessitates a reformation of mission that reverses the historic pattern of mission work and makes leadership development a priority. The significance of such a reformation is two-fold: 1) It will substantially increase the ability of national Christian leaders to effectively propagate the church and manage the affairs of mission in Africa. 2) It will enable expatriate mission personnel to be utilized at a point of contact where they can be most effective -- at the leadership development level. The church in Africa today is at a critical juncture. As mission enters the 21st century a reexamination of its methodology is imperative. Expatriate assistance is in decline, paralleled by swelling anti-Western sentiment that makes it progressively difficult for the foreign mission worker to maintain traditional footholds. As a result it is becoming increasingly pertinent that mission in Africa, and the church in the West, adopt a new model for mission that adequately equips the African for this inevitable transition. This new approach to mission offers a new hope to the continent. Africa's problems, as many believe, are not a result of poverty, civil unrest, or power-hungry potentates. At the root of Africa's problem is an absence of dedicated, wholistically equipped Christian leaders. Leaders with Christian morals, ethics and values -- equipped to serve the church and lead their country.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie en verhandeling ondersoek die sendingmetodologiee van die Protestantse Kerk in Afrika - en fokus op die land van Malawi, as 'n gevallestudie. 'n Historiese studie van vroee sendingmetodes en 'n empiriese studie van huidige praktyke dui op die behoefte aan 'n nuwe benadering tot sending, 'n nuwe benadering wat ten beste beskryf kan word as 'n hervorming van sending. Hierdie hervorming benodig die ommekeer van die vyf konvensionele tendense wat sendingwerk in Afrika gevolg het. Die kern van hierdie hervorming is die behoefte om die metodologiese fase van leierskapontwikkeling as van opperste belang te ago Hierdie fase is vroeer tradisioneel tot die laaste uitgestel en as van minder belang beskou. In die evanlueringsproses van sending in Afrika, moes daar eers 'n historiese ondersoek ten opsigte van vroee sending werk in Malawi gedoen word. Hierdie navorsing fokus op die eerste vyf sending ins tansies wat sendingwerk in Malawi gedoen word. Hierdie navorsing Fokus op die eerste vyf sending ins tansies wat sendingwerk in die land begin het. Hulle is al vyf uiteindelik permanent in Malawi gevestig. Drie van hierdie vroee Kerke was Gereformeerd of Presbiteriaans - die Church of Scotland, die Free Church of Scotland, en die Universities' Mission to Central Africa (Anglikaans) en die Zambezi Industrial Mission (onafhanklik Baptiste). Hierdie oorspronklike sendinge na Malawi is gerig en beinvloed deur voorlopers bestaande uit sommige van Afrika se grootste pionier sendingwerkers - David Livingstone, Robert Laws, AC Murray, William Murray en David Scott. Inligting ten opsigte van hierdie historiese navorsing het gehelp om vas te stel watter sendingmetodologieEr toegepas is tydens verskillende tydperke. Die tweede dee! van die navorsing van belang vir hierdie stud ie, is 'n empiriese studie van huidige sending - en kerklike werk in Malawi. Meer as 100 denominasies, sendinge, en para-kerklike organisasies is ondersoek. Die bevindinge van 83 van hiedie organisasies is ontleed in hierdie dokument. Hoofstuk bied 'n uiteensetting van data oor hierdie navorsing, maar die mees ontstellende bevinding wat hieruit gespruit het, was die afwesigheid van voldoende-opgeleide Christen leierskap asook plaaslike fasiliteite om sulke leiers toe te rus. Hierdie probleem is vererger deur 'n gebrek aan visie vir leierskapontwikkeling en 'n onwilligheid om die nodige bronne aan te wend. Deur hierdie empiriese navorsing to kombineer met bogenoemde historiese data, is daar vasgestel dat sending in Malawi deur vier paradigmas van metodologie beweeg het: 1) pioniersendingwerk, 2) beroepsopleiding (elementere sowel as beroepsopleiding, 3) kerkplanting, en 4) opleiding van leraars. Tans betree die kerk in Afrika 'n vyfde dimensie van sendingmetodologie, naarnlik leierskapontwikkeling -- nie in die tradisionele begrip van voorbereiding van predikante vir die bediening nie, maar 'n holistiese opleiding wat toegewyde Christene toerus vir leierskap in enige sfeer -- hetsy die godsdienstige, openbare of private sektor. Sodat hierdie verhandeling 'n algehele en effektiewe model vir sending kon bied, was dit ook nodig om 'n derde ondersoek te looks - 'n ontleding van wat sending beteken. Drie belangrike gevolgtrekkings tel' sake tot hierdie dokument, kan gemaak work: 1) Alle dimensies van sending is ewe geldig. Of dit kerklik, verkondigend, teologies kontekstueel of bevrydend van aard is -- alle aspekte van sending is ewe belangrik. 2) Sending is nie sending as sy sentrale en uiteindelike doe! nie is om God se genade, soos in Christus aangebied, te openbaar nie. 3) Die doel van die kerk is sending - nie omgekeerd nie. Hierdie drie elemente van navorsing - histories, empiries en missiologies - vorm die grondslag van die model vir sending in Afrika, S005 in die laaste hoofstuk van hierdie tesis geskets. Hierdie model benodig n hervorming van sending wat die historiese patroon van sendingwerk omkeer, en maak leierskapsontwikkeling n prioriteit. Die belangrikheid van so n hervorning is tweeledig: 1) Dit sal die verrnoe van nasionale Christen leiers subsansieel verhoog om die kerk te ontwikkel en sending sake in Afrika te bestuur. 2) Dit sal buitelandse sendingpersoneel in staat stel om benut te word by die mees effektiewe kontakpunt - die vlak van leierskapsontwikkeling. Die kerk in Afrika verkeer vandag in n kritieke tydsgewrig. Terwyl sending die 21 ste eeu be tree, is n herondersoek van sy metodologie gebiedend noodsaaklik. Buitelandse hulp neem af, terwyl groeiende anti-Westerse sentiment dit al moeiliker maak vir die buitelandse werker om tradisionele posisies te behou. Gevolglik word dit al meer belangrik dat sending in Afrika, en die kerk in die weste, n nuwe model aanvaar vir sending wat die Afrikaan voldoende sal toerus vir hierdie onafwendbare oorgang. Hierdie nuwe benadering tot sending bied nuwe hoop vir die vasteland. Daar word algemeen geglo dat Afrika so probleme nie die gevolg is van arrnoede, burgerlike onrus, of maghonger heersers nie. Baie glo dat die wortel van Afrika se probleem setel in n afwesigheid van toegewyde, holisties-toegeruste Christen leiers. Leiers met Christelike sedes en waardes - toegerus om die kerk te dien en hulland te lei.

Tanzania is close to reach one of the Millennium Development Goals; to reduce child mortality with two-thirds between 1990 until 2015. This qualitative case study focuses on under-five children’s health in Babati district, situated in the north-west of Tanzania. The empirical data used in this thesis has been collected through interviews with health personnel and mothers during three weeks in February to March 2012. The purpose of the study has been to identify direct and underlying reasons causing child mortality, and to investigate what measures are needed to improve the situation. The most prominent diseases creating death amongst children are pneumonia and malaria, and also diarrheal diseases are common. The prevalence of the diseases differs from wet and dry season, whereas there are more cases of illness and death during the wet season. Malaria and pneumonia are common causes of death during the wet season, and diarrheal diseases are more common during the dry season. Underlying reasons affecting child mortality in Babati district are the lack of infrastructure, such as few well-functioning roads to the main hospitals which affects the rural population in particular. Also the limited access to transport is a vast problem when there is acute illness or childbirth. The clinics available in Babati district are poorly equipped and have a lack of personnel, creating a stressful situation for both healthcare workers and patients. More governmental funds and infrastructure is needed in the area to be able to create a sustainable situation for future children.<br>Tanzania är nära att nå ett av Milleniemålen; att reducera barnadödligheten med två tredjedelar mellan 1990 till 2015. Den här kvalitativa fallstudien fokuserar på barn under fem års hälsosituation i Babati distriktet, beläget i nordvästra Tanzania. De empiriska data som används i studien har samlats genom intervjuer med sjukvårdspersonal och mödrar under tre veckors tid under februari och mars 2012. Syftet med studien har varit att identifiera direkta och indirekta orsaker till barnadödlighet, samt att undersöka vilka förbättringar som krävs för att förbättra situationen. De mest framträdande orsakerna för barnadödlighet är lunginflammation och malaria, men också sjukdomar kopplade till diarré är vanligt förekommande.  Förekomsten av sjukdomarna varierar beroende på om det är regnsäsong eller torrperiod. Under regnsäsongen så är det flest sjukdoms- och dödsfall, och lunginflammation och malaria är mest förekommande medans diarré är vanligast under torrperioden. Bakomliggande orsaker som påverkar barnadödlighet i Babati är bristen på infrastruktur, få välfungerande vägar till huvudsjukhusen vilket framför allt påverkar den rurala befolkningen. Den begränsade tillgången till transport är ett vidsträckt problem vid akut sjukdom eller förlossning. Klinikerna i Babati distriktet är undermåligt utrustade och har personalbrist, vilket skapar en ohållbar situation för både sjukvårdspersonalen och patienterna. Mer statliga resurser och infrastruktur behövs i området för att kunna skapa en hållbar situation för framtidens barn.<br>Miljö och utveckling i syd

This thesis examines healthcare provision in the Central African Federation, the late colonial union between the British colonies of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland (the later independent nations of Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi respectively). Unusually in federal formations, healthcare delivery in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland became a federal function. "Settler Visions of Health" seeks to explain how the white settler elite reconciled the language of development and multiracial partnership with the underlying values of a settler society. Throughout its short existence, the Federal Health Service maintained a celebratory narrative of success designed to legitimize and justify both the decision to federate health and the Federation’s existence. The takeover of health allowed the federal government to project an image of the Federation as a rapidly developing, progressive nation that had brought significant benefits to the standard of living of African people. The reality was more checkered. The Federal Health Service struggled to live up to its promise of benevolent biopower. It largely perpetuated a colonial legacy that neglected to establish solid foundations of health consisting of sufficient infrastructure, adequate training, and equitable healthcare policies. I argue that the decision to federate health is best understood within a context of settler nation building and that paying attention to the rhetoric and realities of healthcare provision in the Federation illustrates how progressive ideas about access to healthcare and medical careers for African people could serve to maintain a settler colonial order. In addition to maintaining earlier colonial inequities of healthcare provision, federal healthcare policies and practices tended to marginalize health delivery in the northern territories contributing to the fragile health systems that Zambia and Malawi inherited when they attained independence.

The Chinese education issues in Malaysia appear frequently in political discourse, often featuring contentious discussions of language learning and national education policies. Applying an historical approach to contextualize a political discourse, this thesis examines the politics and transformation of Malaysian Chinese education, in microcosm, at the level of a renowned Chinese school, Chung Ling High School in Penang. It explores and maps the question of "Chineseness" through the examination of the history and development of Chung Ling since its establishment in 1917. This thesis also aims to elucidate the complex negotiation between multiple stakeholders of the Chinese community which took place at different historical junctures in a postcolonial and multi-ethnic nation. I discuss memorial activities for two deceased educationists, David Chen and Lim Lian Geok, which have been readapted into contemporary discourse by different factions of educationists to express their dissatisfactions toward state hegemony on education policies. Lastly, I argue that the persistent pursuit of "Chineseness" is counterproductive to the aim of safeguarding interests of Chinese schools within and outside the national education system today.

Jusqu'au passage du Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act de 2010, loi réformant structurellement le système de santé américain, les politiques d'assurance santé aux Etats-Unis sont apparues comme particulièrement difficiles à réformer. Parmi les facteurs expliquant la résistance de ce secteur aux changements, des éléments institutionnels, tenant dans la configuration du système politique américain et dans un régime fédéral de séparation des pouvoirs, apparurent accentuer ces blocages. Cette thèse aborde cette question en réfléchissant à l'impact du Congrès américain dans la construction et dans les réformes du système de santé américain. Elle propose d'analyser l'implication des scènes législatives américaines dans ce secteur à partir d'une approche historique et qualitative mettant en relation les évolutions internes de la branche législative et la trajectoire des politiques d'assurance santé. L'objectif de cette recherche est d'aborder cette question en reliant deux sous-disciplines de la science politique : les études sur le Congrès d'une part, les analyses des politiques sociales d'autre part. Plus généralement, cette thèse aborde la question des rapports entre la politique (politics) et les politiques (policies) qui se donnent à voir au sein des scènes législatives. Constatant une accélération des réformes à partir des années 1990, elle soutient que les inflexions récentes qu'ont connues les politiques de santé trouvent leur explication dans l'évolution de l'organisation du Congrès et dans un certain renforcement de ses composantes partisanes<br>Until the vote of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, a law that structurally reformed the American health care system, important obstacles to change characterized health care policies in the United States. Among the explanations of the gridlock inherent to this policy sector, institutional features of the American political system - a federal regime of separation of power - appeared increasing these gridlocks. This dissertation tackles this question in focusing on the impact of the Congress on the development of the American health car system. Using an historical institutionalist and a qualitative approach, it offers an analysis of the legislative branch's involvement in this issue. For that purpose, this research links internal evolutions of the Congress and the development of health care policies. This research binds two subfields of political science : Congressional studies on one hand, health care analysis on the other hand. More generally, this dissertation approaches the question of the relationships between legislative politics ans health care policy. Noticing icreased reforms from the 1990s on, it supports the idea that recent inflexions are explained by an evolution of the internal organization of the Congress and by e recent strenghening of its parties

En partant d’une description des nombreux changements de la pratique médicale depuis quelques décennies, la thèse étudie divers aspects constitutifs du malaise du médecin. L’accroissement de la puissance médicale qu’a permis la technoscience est analysée et remise dans un contexte plus large où les technologies de l’information ont une grande place. L’augmentation considérable des connaissances pose un problème de maîtrise de la science médicale. La multiplicité des observations fait qu’il y a discordance de certaines d’entre elles avec les théories médicales largement acceptées. De cette manière, le gain d’efficacité est associé à une perte de la cohérence du discours médical. Le rôle du médecin disparaît derrière la technique, qui semble pouvoir, seule, rendre tous les progrès accessibles. Le médecin devient alors un simple distributeur de services et, à ce titre, développe parfois des offres de pratiques sans fondement, voire dangereuses.<p>Le pouvoir du médecin est évoqué, et se ramène in fine à la fourniture d’un diagnostic et d’une explication de sa maladie au patient. Le rôle des explications particulières que donne le médecin au malade est exploré à la lumière d’une conception narrative et évolutive de la vie humaine. Le rôle du médecin apparaît alors comme d’aider le patient à réécrire a posteriori le fil d’une histoire qui apparaît initialement comme interrompue par la maladie.<p>Le rôle social de maintien de l’ordre de la pratique médicale est alors évoqué. Ensuite, par une approche descriptive du phénomène religieux, on montre que la médecine du XXIe siècle a les caractéristiques d’un tel phénomène. Entités extrahumaines, mythes, rites, tabous, prétention à bâtir une morale, accompagnement de la vie et de la mort, miracles, promesse de salut, temples, officiants sont identifiés dans la médecine « classique » contemporaine. Seule la fonction de divination de l’avenir d’un homme précis est devenue brumeuse, la technoscience permettant régulièrement du « tout ou rien » là où auparavant un pronostic précis (et souvent défavorable) pouvait être affirmé.<p> L’hypothèse que la médecine est devenue une religion du XXIe siècle est confrontée à des textes de S. Freud, M. Gauchet et P. Boyer. Non seulement ces textes n’invalident pas l’hypothèse, mais la renforcent même. Il apparaît que le fonctionnement de l’esprit humain favorise l’éclosion de religions et donc la prise de voile de la médecine. La dynamique générale de la démocratisation de la société montre que la médecine est une forme de religion non seulement compatible avec une société démocratique, mais est peut-être une des formes accomplies de celle-ci, où chaque individu écrit lui-même sa propre histoire.<p>Le danger qu’il y a, pour le patient comme pour le médecin, si ce dernier accepte de jouer un rôle de prêtre, est ensuite développé. Enfin, la remise dans le cadre plus général de l’existence humaine, l’évocation de la dimension de révolte de la médecine, de son essentielle incomplétude, l’acceptation d’une cohérence imparfaite permettent au médecin de retrouver des sources de joie afin de, peut-être, ne tomber ni dans un désinvestissement blasé, ni dans un cynisme blessant.<p><p>From a description of the many changes medical practice has undergone for a few decades, the work goes on to study many sides of the modern doctor’s malaise. The gain of power made possible by technoscience is put on a larger stage where information technologies play a major role. The abundance of knowledge makes health literacy more difficult. the great number of observations makes discrepancies with general theories more frequent. The gain in power is associated with a loss of coherence of the medical speech. The doctor’s role vanishes behind technology that seems to be the only access to all medical progresses. Doctors becomes mere service providers and go on to offer unvalidated or even harmful services on the market.<p>Modern medical power resumes into the explanations and diagnosis given to the patient. The role of medical explanations is explored through an evolutive and narrative vision of human life. The duty of the doctors then appears to allow a new narration of the self that bridges the gap disease introduced into the patient’s life.<p>The role of medicine in maintaining social order is mentioned. Through a sociological approach of the religious phenomenon, one can see that XXIst century medicine is such a phenomenon. Medicine knows of extrahuman entities, myths, rites, taboos, miracles, temples; priests are present in modern mainstream medicine. Some want to derive objective moral values from medicine, and it brings companionship to man from birth to death. The only departure from old religions was the weakened ability to predict the future of an individual patient: for some diseases for which survival was known to be very poor, the possibilities are now long-term survival with cure, or early death from the treatment. <p>The hypothesis that medicine is a religion is confronted to texts from Freud S. Gauchet M. and Boyer P. Not only do they not invalidate the hypothesis, but they bring enrichment to it. Brain/mind dynamics is such that the appearance of religions is frequent, and makes the transformation of medicine into a religion easier. Society’s democratisation confronted to religion’s history shows that medicine is the most compatible form of religion within a truly democratic society, where each individual writes his own story.<p>To become a priest brings some dangers for the patient, but also for the doctor. These dangers are discussed. This discussion is put into the larger context of human life. The revolt dimension of medicine is discussed, as is its never-ending task. Their acceptance, as that of a lack of total logical coherence can open the possibility for the doctor to enjoy his work, without being neither unfeeling nor cynical.<p><br>Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation bioéthique<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail essaie d’identifier les enjeux rencontrés dans la pratique de la psychiatrie et de proposer des repères susceptibles d’éclairer une réflexion dans une perspective éthique. Dans une première partie, nous questionnons la démarche de la psychothérapie institutionnelle, mouvement humaniste d’ouverture des hôpitaux et de prise en considération du sujet, à la lumière des concepts de l’éthique médicale ; en retour nous tentons d’interpréter les principes éthiques dans le domaine de la psychiatrie. Cette approche met l’accent sur l’expérience vécue de la maladie, l’intersubjectivité et le contexte institutionnel. Dans un second temps, une étude par entretiens semi-directifs réalisée auprès de 12 psychiatres hospitaliers révèle que les pratiques collectives sont peu orientées vers la responsabilisation des patients. La troisième partie se situe du côté des personnes hospitalisées à travers deux enquêtes. Une étude qualitative explore la perception de l’isolement de 30 patients : prédominent des affects négatifs et un vécu de privation d’information. Ensuite, une enquête par questionnaire saisit l’opinion de 169 patients sur le déroulement et les effets du séjour hospitalier ; leur appréciation s’avère majoritairement favorable. La confrontation des points de vue des psychiatres et des personnes hospitalisées, à l’aune des trois principes fondamentaux, révèle la primauté d’une dimension bienveillante, à l’exclusion parfois de l’autonomie et de la non-malfaisance. La dimension éthique du soin doit être sans cesse interrogée et réaffirmée. A cet effet, nous discutons de la pertinence d’un outil de questionnement des pratiques qui validerait le point de vue des patients<br>This work tries to identify the issues encountered in the practice of psychiatry, and to propose reference points likely to clarify thinking from an ethical perspective. We initially examined institutional psycho-therapy, an open and humanistic movement of hospitals, and deliberated the topic in light of ethical medical concepts ; in return, we hoped to interpret ethical principles in the field of psychiatry. This approach placed the accent on the experience inherent in the illness, inter-subjectivity and the institutional context. Secondly, a study conducted via semi-directed discussions among 12 hospital psychiatrists revealed that collective practices are not oriented towards the accountability of patients. The third part dealt with two surveys of hospitalized people. A qualitative study explored the perception of seclusion by 30 patients : they predominantly show negative affects and an experience of being deprived of information. Then, a questionnaire survey showed the opinion of 169 patients on the procedure and effects of a hospital stay ; their rating was over-whelmingly favourable. The confrontation of opinions by psychiatrists and hospitalized patients, compared with the three fundamental principles, revealed the primacy of a benevolent dimension, to the exclusion at times of autonomy and non-maleficence. The ethical dimension of care must continue to be queried and re-asserted unceasingly. To this end, we will continue to discuss and interrogate the pertinence of a questioning tool of practices that would validate the patient’s viewpoints

The study was done to assess the information and care the men and women have on PCC and develop strategies that could improve provision of PCC that could advance maternal and newborn outcome after pregnancy in Malawi. Most for the interventions to improve pregnancy outcome are done too late in Malawi but there is an opportunity during preconception period to plan to improve the health of the couple so that the goal of a healthy mother and baby is attained. The objectives were to: explore and describe the knowledge men and women of childbearing age have on HTSP and PCC, identify variables that influence men and women to acquire appropriate knowledge on PCC and finally to develop strategies that could assist provision of PCC in developing countries like Malawi. Adverse issues that affect the couples could be addressed promptly before the occurrence of pregnancy. A quantitative non-experimental descriptive-correlation design method was used to determine the knowledge men and women of childbearing have on HTSP and PCC. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 300 men and women of childbearing age. The target population for the study was prospective parents that are couples that have an intention to conceive, women of childbearing age that could be accessible at family planning, gyneacological and under-five clinics between the ages of 18-35 years. A questionnaire was adapted from a study conducted in Texas. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data by generating frequencies and chi- square. Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine relationship between variables and knowledge on preconception care. The constructs examined were psychological preparation, reproductive health care and the physical care that are provided to ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. With a 100% response rate the findings indicated a gap of information and care on PCC.Services on PCC were not available in the clinics which indicated a great need to empower health care providers on PCC that could reduce maternal and neonatal mortality rate. The findings were used to develop relevant preconception strategies that would assist health providers to give PCC that would improve maternal and newborn outcomes in Malawi.<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This dissertation measured using appropriate methodology the degree of independence of the Reserve Bank of Malawi based on the Reserve Bank of Malawi Act of 1989. Furthermore the dissertation assessed the vulnerability of this independence in the context of good governance and a variety of internal and external threats on the independence. This comes from the understanding that even though central banks are accorded independence, there are situations where practice deviates from what the charters state. Therefore the dissertation provides recommendations on how to strengthen the Reserve Bank Act to support its legal independence.<br>Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2008.

The opening of the refugee camp in Dowa by the Malawi Government, with support from UNHCR meant that the population of that area was increased abruptly. This led to an increase in socio- economic activities resulting into high demand of energy, food and other amenities from the natural environment. The impact of the refugees on the host community and their relationship was central in this research. The main aim of the study was to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts for hosting refugees at the Dzaleka Refugee Camp in Dowa. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods in data collection. A structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were used to collect data and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0. In total, 237 household heads and 6 key informants were interviewed. In addition, 4 focus group discussions were conducted. Qualitative data, collected through focus group discussions helped in explaining and understanding the results from the questionnaire. The most evident environmental impacts reported by respondents were: deforestation and firewood depletion; land degradation and water pollution. It is important to note that such environmental impacts can affect the long-term livelihood opportunities of both refugees and host population. The camp establishment has had socio-economic impacts regarded as positive by the majority of the respondents. Although most hosts still struggle to survive, the camp has created a larger market for generating income and better opportunities to provide basic needs such as food and water. The majority of host respondents use the refugee camp for providing livelihoods. Most respondents reported that refugees are regularly benefitting from privileged access to resources unavailable to the local host population. In this respect, refugees at Dzaleka were offered opportunities for education, literacy, vocational training, health and basic livelihood. The most reported negative social impacts are exposure to more conflicts and increased insecurity. Both of these impacts relate to the relationship between the host community and refugee population.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Orientação: Elói João Faria Figueiredo;co-orientação: Luís Quaresma<br>O tema desta dissertação surgiu da observação, durante atividade profissional do autor no Malawi, da impressionante capacidade estrutural dos materiais lateríticos encontrados na rodovia M1, que apesar de não cumprirem com os requisitos mínimos das especificações tradicionais, desempenhavam satisfatoriamente sua função, mesmo tendo a vida útil do pavimento há muito findado. Embora existam diversos estudos sobre as peculiaridades dos materiais lateríticos, não há um consenso quanto às razões do seu excepcional desempenho em pavimentos rodoviários. Tentou-se nesta dissertação estabelecer alguns fatores que justifiquem o bom e insatisfatório comportamento desses materiais, através da análise dos diversos resultados de ensaios laboratoriais e in situ realizados na rodovia M1 no Malawi, o caso de estudo desta dissertação. Salienta-se que a rodovia do caso de estudo pode ser basicamente dividida em duas secções: a primeira, com camadas de base e sub-base do pavimento compostas por materiais lateríticos, de baixo custo e reduzido impacto ambiental; e a segunda, com camada de base composta por agregado britado, de custo elevado. A primeira secção, apesar de não cumprir com as especificações tradicionais ou regionais, demostrou um desempenho similar ao da segunda secção, mesmo quando sujeita a volumes de tráfego consideravelmente superiores. São ainda analisadas nesta dissertação diversas publicações sobre este tema bem como algumas especificações desenvolvidas exclusivamente para os materiais lateríticos. Expõe-se ainda o facto de as especificações tradicionais negligenciarem certas características mecânicas peculiares aos materiais lateríticos. Através da quantidade significativa de resultados de ensaios apresentados e analisados no caso de estudo desta dissertação, da extensa pesquisa literária sobre as características dos materiais lateríticos e da análise de diversas especificações desenvolvidas para estes materiais, busca-se contribuir de forma cientifica para o desenvolvimento do tema deste trabalho.<br>The subject of this dissertation arose from the observation, during a professional assignment of the author in Malawi, of the impressive structural capacity of the lateritic materials found on the M1 highway, which, despite not meeting the minimum requirements of traditional specifications, performed satisfactorily, even though, the pavement design life was long over. Although there are several studies on the peculiarities of the lateritic materials, there is no consensus as to the reasons for their exceptional performance in road pavements. It was attempted on this dissertation to establish some factors that justify the good and unsatisfactory behaviour of these materials, through the analysis of the various results of laboratory and in situ tests carried out on the M1 highway in Malawi, the case study of this dissertation. It should be noted that the highway of the case study can be basically divided into two sections: the first, with the base and sub-base layers of the pavement composed of lateritic materials, of low cost and low environmental impact; and the second, with a high cost crushed stone aggregate base layer. The first section, although not complying with traditional or regional specifications, performed similarly to that of the second section, even when subjected to considerably higher traffic volumes. It was also analysed in this dissertation several publications on this topic as well as some specifications developed exclusively for the lateritic materials. It is also pointed out that the traditional specifications neglect certain mechanical characteristics peculiar to lateritic materials. Through the significant amount of test results presented and analysed in the case study of this dissertation, the extensive literature research on the characteristics of lateritic materials and the analysis of several specifications developed for these materials, this dissertation aims to contribute scientifically to the development of the Theme of this work.

The purpose of the study was to analyse if the two year upgrading programme done at Malawi College of Health Sciences attended by Nurse Midwife Technicians (NMTs) is able to improve the competencies, knowledge, skills and attitude of the graduates when providing comprehensive nursing and midwifery care. The main objectives of this study were • to determine the effectiveness of the Upgrading Diploma in Nursing and Midwifery programme in preparing the competencies of State Registered Nurse Midwifes (SRNMs) • to make recommendations on the training of Upgrading Diploma in Nursing and Midwifery programme The researcher used a quantitative, exploratory, descriptive design. A questionnaire with closed and open-ended questions was used to collect data from SRNMs who completed the upgrading programme. The findings indicated that the upgrading programme has a significant impact to improve the competencies of the NMTs to work as SRNMs.<br>Health Studies<br>M.A. (Health Studies)

The overall aim of this study is to determine whether and how the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) can improve organisational performance in the Maluti-A-Phofung Municipality. There is a reason to believe that TQM can be and is a viable approach for improving productivity and performance in the public sector. TQM principles centred on customer satisfaction, process orientation and continuous improvement are very compatible with preferred public sector management styles. Therefore, a theoretical and conceptual analysis is undertaken of TQM as it is discussed in various volumes of published literature. As a result, quality is examined in terms of how it historically evolved during the various stages of development of mankind and overview of essential concepts that contributed to modern professional practice of the concept. Furthermore, TQM defined within a broad framework of management theory and its dimensions are scrutinised. These dimensions are analysed in such a way that describe a model of how organisations could use TQM as a management theory. A thorough analysis of individual dimension and unique contribution of each to organisational performance is made. The role of managers to implement TQM principles and practices is analysed as well as factors contributing to failures as a check list of what managers must avoid in order to implement TQM effectively. Moreover, the criterion upon which TQM in public institutions could be evaluated is also discussed as the corner stone of a performance measurement system. Local government introduced municipal performance management systems as part of the new public management paradigm shift, adopted in an attempt to find more effective and efficient methods of delivering services. Therefore, the concept of performance management and its impact on TQM on municipal performance is thoroughly discussed. The meaning of quality and performance is defined and evaluated in terms of components of performance management. In this way the fundamental value and impact TQM may have on performance management can be determined. To determine whether and how the application of TQM can improve organisational performance in the Maluti-A-Phofung Municipality, a structured questionnaire survey is undertaken based on nine TQM dimensions identified in the study.<br>Public Administration and Management<br>(M. Admin. (Public Admin.)

Ph.D. university of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities (Art History), 2012<br>Pictorial copies play an essential role in the creation of rock art knowledge, forming a bridge between the art and theories of interpretation. My thesis traces a ‘pictoriography’, that is, a historiography of the practice of recording rock paintings in pictures. I begin with the earliest examples dotting the shifting edges of the Cape Colony from the mideighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries. Thereafter, the focus shifts to the Maloti-Drakensberg, where two case studies bring this disciplinary history into more recent times. The first is the rainmaking group from Sehonghong Shelter (Lesotho). One of the first rock paintings to be published, it became one of the most iconic in southern Africa. I relate its various copies to one another and to wider views of Sehonghong, revealing how it has been decontextualized and reproduced in diagrammatic form. I develop a ‘digital restoration’, whereby copies circulating independently in the world are returned in digital images to their place of origin. I develop this process further in a site-wide study of eBusingatha Shelter (AmaZizi Traditional Authority Area, KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg). Once an impressive painted gallery, eBusingatha has been severely damaged by vandalism, removals and collapse, while documents tracking its demise accumulated elsewhere. I reunite scattered records, enabling copies to be contextualized and lost visual qualities of the originals to be restored. Throughout these pictorial genealogies, I explore the distance between the way the rock paintings are illustrated and the way they actually look. While recording strategies are diverse, one dominant convention has emerged in recent decades. Meticulous tracings converted into monochrome redrawings effect a translation of complex and ambiguous painted occurrences into clean forms ‘peeled’ from the rock and projected like shadows onto paper. The are more like text than picture. Colour for instance is considered an integral part of painting traditions worldwide, yet is expunged from the study of San rock paintings. A reintegration of such pictorial attributes into their study may encourage a return to the material world of the imagery and a contextualization of the semantics of its symbolic constituents.

Text in English<br>One of the critical challenges associated with migration is a need to acquire a destination language, which has never been an easy experience for immigrants. This study aims at exploring and analysing experiences of Malawian immigrant labourers in their process of acquiring spoken skills of isiZulu in Durban. In order to understand the phenomenon under investigation better, this study used a qualitative research approach and adopted a phenomenological research design. The data for this study was collected using semi structured one-to-one interviews. The data were analysed using content analysis method and was approached and discussed in light of Schumann‟s (1986) Acculturation Model and frame works and a destination–language acquisition model of Chiswick and Miller (2001). Empirical findings from this study have shown that adults; just like children, are also capable of mastering a second language if they can manage both social and psychological factors that impede acquisition.<br>Linguistics and Modern Languages<br>M.A. (Linguistics)

Orientação: Jorge Oliveira<br>A malária constitui uma das principais causas de mortalidade em Moçambique. As consequências desta infeção podem começar cedo na vida e continuar muito depois da exposição. A malária cerebral é uma forma severa da doença definida pelo coma e não por outras infeções do Sistema Nervoso Central, sendo a presença do parasita Plasmodium falciparum um requisito. Do ano de 2013 a 2018 foram examinados 4953 pacientes pediátricos do Hospital Central de Maputo, dos quais a Taxa de prevalência de Malária Cerebral encontrada foi de 9.8% (484), em idades compreendidas entre os 0 e os 12 anos em ambos os sexos. Segundo estudos recentes, as consequências da exposição de MC vão além da própria infeção e incluem cegueira temporária, epilepsia, alteração do comportamento e alterações ao nível da cognição, entre outras complicações ao nível da saúde geral. Deste modo, e a um nível individual, pode também manifestar-se através da perca de funções, comprometendo a aquisição de competências de aprendizagem e de realização profissional. Esta condição dá origem à encefalopatia aguda não traumática mais comum em África. Verificou-se no presente estudo que 7 (1.5%) dos casos de MC tiveram registo de sequelas imediatas. Cerca de 29 (6,0%) referem-se a pacientes infetados pelo vírus do VIH, dos quais 1 (0.2%) desencadearam óbito por MC. Todavia, não existem dados, estudos nem recursos para apoiarem na avaliação e guiarem na reabilitação da malária cerebral em Moçambique. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal estudar a prevalência da malaria cerebral dos pacientes com entrada na unidade infecto-contagiosa da pediatria do Hospital Central de Maputo como base de estudos futuros no campo da neuropsicologia sugerindo a necessidade da avaliação precoce para identificação de casos em que a possibilidade da reabilitação neuropsicológica possa conduzir a um desenvolvimento mais saudável e adaptativo.<br>Malaria is one of the main causes of mortality in Mozambique. The consequences of this infection can start early in life and continue long after exposure. Cerebral malaria is a severe form of the disease defined by coma and not by other infections of the Central Nervous System, and the presence of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a requirement. From 2013 to 2018, 4953 pediatric patients from the Central Hospital of Maputo were examined, of which the prevalence rate of cerebral malaria found was 9.8% (484), aged between 0 and 12 years in both sexes. According to recent studies, the consequences of exposure go beyond the infection itself and include temporary blindness, epilepsy, behavioural alterations and changes in cognition, among other general health complications. In this way, and at an individual level, the malaria effect can also be manifested through loss of functions, compromising the acquisition of learning and professional achievement. This condition gives rise to the most common non-traumatic encephalopathy in Africa. It was found in the present study that 7 (1.5%) of the cases of CM had a record of immediate sequelae. About 29 (6.0%) refer to patients infected by the HIV virus, of which 1 (0.2%) triggered death from CM. However, there is no data, studies or resources to support evaluation and guide the rehabilitation of cerebral malaria in Mozambique. This study aims to study the prevalence of cerebral malaria of patients admitted to the infectious-contagious unit of Paediatrics on Maputo Central Hospital as a basis for future studies in the field of neuropsychology suggesting the need for early assessment to identify cases in which the possibility of neuropsychological rehabilitation may lead to a healthier and more adaptive development..

Abstracts in English, Sotho and Zulu<br>Waste generation is a global problem encountered by many nations. In recent years, population growth, booming urbanisation, an increase in economic activities and rise of communities’ living standards have significantly escalated household waste generation which has been a cause for concern. Waste production in households and schools imposes serious concern on the environment. To curb further depletion of environmental resources, sustainable consumption and household waste management practices and systems cannot be over emphasised. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the views of secondary school teachers’ views with regard to learners’ awareness of household waste management in Newcastle, South Africa. This study, following a qualitative approach, adopted a case study design to explore secondary teachers’ views on learners’ awareness on household waste management in the Newcastle municipality, in the Amajuba District, South Africa. By using semi- structured interviews, non-participatory observation and documents analysis, data were collected from three secondary schools and nine teachers, teaching Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Life Orientation in Grade 8. The findings revealed that teachers understand the importance and benefits of household waste management although misconceptions of household waste management still prevailed. A challenge that emerged showed that teachers lack training to successfully integrate household waste management in their subjects. Their failure to identify household waste management themes in their CAPS subjects was sufficient evidence for the urgency of in-service training of teachers to assist them in integrating environmental education (EE) themes such as household waste management in their subjects. Although teachers experienced several challenges regarding implementing the theme of household waste management in their subjects, they considered the benefits outweighed the challenges.<br>Tlhahiso ya ditshila ke bothata bo aparetseng dinaha tse ngata. Dilemong tsa morao tjena, kgolo ya baahi, ho eketseha ha ditoropo, ho eketseha ha mesebetsi ya moruo, le ho phahama ha maemo a bophelo a baahi ho ekeditse tlhahiso ya ditshila tsa malapa ka mokgwa o bonahalang, e leng seo e leng sesosa sa ho tshwenyeha. Tlhahiso ya ditshila malapeng le dikolong e baka mathata a tebileng tikolohong. Ho thibela ho qepha ho eketsehileng ha mehlodi ya tikoloho, tshebediso e tsitsitseng le ditlwaelo tsa taolo ya ditshila tsa malapeng le ditsamaiso ho hloka ho elwa hloko ka tsela e kgethehileng. Kahoo, sepheo sa phuputso e ne e le ho hlahloba maikutlo a matitjhere a dikolo tse mahareng mabapi le tlhokomediso ya baithuti ka taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa Newcastle, Afrika Borwa. Phuputso, ka ho sebedisa mokgwa wa boleng, e amohetse moralo wa phuputso e ikgethileng ho hlahloba maikutlo a matitjhere a dikolo tse bohareng hodima tlhokomediso ya baithuti mabapi le taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa mmasepaleng wa Newcastle, Seterekeng sa Amajuba, Afrika Borwa. Ka ho sebedisa dipuisano tse hlophisitsweng hantle, tlhahlobo e sa kenyelletseng bonkakarolo le manollo ya ditokomane, datha e ile ya bokellwa ho tswa dikolong tse tharo tse bohareng le ho matitjhere a robong, a rutang Saense ya Tlhaho, Saense ya Phedisano le Thuto ya Bophelo bakeng sa baithuti ba Sehlopha sa 8. Diphetho di senotse hore matitjhere a utlwisisa bohlokwa le melemo ya taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa le hoja maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa a ntse a atile. Phephetso e ileng ya hlaha e bontsha hore matitjhere a haellwa ke kwetliso ya ho kenyelletsa ka katleho taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona. Ho hloleha ho kgetholla dihlooho tsa taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona tsa CAPS e ne e le bopaki bo lekaneng ba ho potlaka ha kwetliso ya matitjhere a tshebetsong ho ba thusa ho kenyelletsa dihlooho tsa thuto ya tikoloho (EE) jwalo ka taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona. Leha ele hore matitjhere a ile a ba le diphephetso mabapi le ho kenyelletsa dihlooho tsa taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona, ba ile ba utlwa hore melemo e feta diphephetso.<br>Ukukhiqizeka kukadoti kuyinkinga ehlangabezana nezizwe eziningi emhlabeni. Eminyakeni esanda kudlula, ukukhula kwenani labantu, ukukhula kwamadolobha, ukukhula kwemisebenzi yamabhizinisi kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinga lempilo yabantu yikho okuye kwadala ukuthi imizi ikhiqize izinga eliphezulu likadoti/lenkukuma, okuyinkinga ebekade ivele isikhona. Ukukhiqizeka kukadoti emakhaya kanye nasezikoleni kudala izinkinga ezibi kakhulu endaweni. Ukuqeda ukumoshakala/ukuguga kwemithombo yezendawo okuqhubekela phambili, kusobala ukuthi kudingeka izindlela ezisimelele zokugaywa kukadothi kanye nezindlela zokulawula kukadothi kanti konke lokhu kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikiswa. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yocwaningo kwakuwukuphenya imibono yabafundisi bezikole zamabanga aphakeme mayelana nokuxwayisa uhlelo lokulawulwa kukadoti endaweni yase Newcastle, eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo ngokulandela indlela yocwaningo eyencike kwingxoxo, luye lwalandela idizayini yocwaningo lotho ukuphenya imibono yabafundisi bamabanga aphakeme mayelana nokuxwayiswa kwabafundi ngokulawulwa kukadoti emakhaya ngaphansi kukamasipaladi waseNewcastle, ongaphansi kwesiFunda saseMajuba, eNingizimu Afrika. Idatha iye yaqoqwa ngokusebenzisa inhlolovo embaxambili, kwahlaziywa indlela yokuziphatha futhi kwahlaziywa imibhalo, kanti le datha iqoqwe ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme ezintathu kanye nakubafundisi abayisishiyagalolunye, okungabafundisi abafundisa izifundo phecelezi Natural Sciences, Social Sciences kanye neLife Orientation yabafundi bakaGreyidi 8. Ulwazi olutholakele luveze ukuthi abafundisi bazwisisa ukubaluleka kanye nezinzuzo zohlelo lokulawulwa kukadoti, yize kusekhona ukudideka/ukungazwisisani mayelana nohlelo lokulawula ukuphatha kukadoti. Inselelo ebonakele, ikhombise ukuthi abafundisi baswela ukuqeqeshwa ukuze bakwazi ukuzwisisa kahle uhlelo lokulawulwa kukadoti kwizifundo zabo. Ukwehluleka kwabo ukwehlukanisa izindikimba zokulawulwa kukadoti emakhaya ezifundweni zabo zeCAPS kuye kwaba wubufakazi obanele besidingo esisheshayo sokuqeqeshwa kwabafundisi abasemsebenzini ukubanceda ukuba bakwazi ukuhlanganisa izindikimba zezifundo zezendawo environmental education (EE) ezinjengokulawulwa kukadoti ezifundweni zabo.Yize abafundisi behlangabezana nezinselele ezimbalwa mayelana nokusebenzisa indikimba yokulawulwa kukadoti ezifundweni zabo, baye babona ukuthi izinzuzo zalokhu zedlula izinselele.<br>Curriculum and Instructional Studies<br>M. Ed. (Environmental Education Curriculum)