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Lovering, Timothy John. "Authority and identity : Malawian soldiers in Britain's colonial army, 1891-1964." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1966.
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This thesis examines the experience of Malawian soldiers serving in Britain's colonial army between 1891 and 1964. Until recently, the experience of East African colonial soldiers in particular has been largely overlooked, and African soldiers in general have been perceived either as collaborators in the machinery of colonial oppression or, conversely, as victims at the hands of the military authorities. However, little attempt has been made to unify these two views of military service. Using Malawi as a case study, this thesis investigates social relations within the colonial army and examines perceptions of their often-violent role within wider colonial society. Developing and expanding upon previous scholarship, this thesis provides the first sustained and unified study of the colonial army in Malawi. The project is based principally upon archival sources in Britain and Malawi, but also draws upon interviews with British and Malawian veterans. Chapter one provides an overview of the institutional history of the Malawian forces. Chapter two outlines the development of recruitment policy, with special reference to the concept of 'martial races', and examines the motivations behind Malawian enlistment. Chapters three and four investigate the reactions of African soldiers to the formal military environment and to barrack life. Chapter five examines perceptions of soldiers' roles in warfare and internal security, and contrasts this with the place of soldiers in their own communities. The thesis highlights the extent to which Malawian soldiers were successfully co-opted by the military authorities, but also stresses the capacity of soldiers to influence the conditions under which they served. This, combined with the unusually long association which many Malawians had with the army, fed into a growing perception of the colonial army as a Malawian institution.
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Rennick, Agnes. "Church and medicine : the role of medical missionaries in Malawi 1875-1914." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3188.
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This is the first systematic account of early mission medical activities in the Malawi Region (comprising present day Malawi, north eastern Zambia and the eastern shore of Lake Malawi). It compares the policies and practices of three missions - Livingstonia, Blantyre and the UMCA - between 1875 and 1914, from pioneering medical provision through to the establishment of hospitals and participation in largescale public health campaigns. The study acknowledges Megan Vaughan's important analysis of the discourse of missionary medicine, but suggests the need to reflect the different religious and professional influences informing the practice of individual mission doctors. The study further suggests that the organisation and professionalising of medicine within the three missions, from 1900, was dependent upon the activities of those doctors who prioritised their professional rather than their evangelising roles. The study also considers the important contribution of missionary nursing personnel and African medical assistants in delivering both hospital and out-patient services, and identifies the professional, gender and racial factors which influenced their status and roles. The study also considers, as far as sources allow, the African patient's experience of missionary medical services. In particular, it identifies the key role of referring agents, such as African medical assistants and European employers, in directing African patients to mission medical services. It suggests that, in contrast to the conflict in belief systems presented by the mission medical discourse, Western medicine was incorporated alongside indigenous treatments within a plurality of healing systems. Finally, the study assesses the impact of missionary medical provision within the Malawi region up to 1914. It demonstrates that, during the period of this study, the Blantyre, UMCA and Livingstonia missions remained the principal sources of both curative and palliative Western medicine for the African sick, contributing towards the wider development of the missions and the European settler economy.
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Johnson, Chalamanda Fiona Michaela. "'Interpretations in transition' : literature and political transition in Malawi and South Africa in the 1990s." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3427.
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In this thesis I explore instances of literary engagement with the major transitions in national political formation in Malawi and South Africa; both countries moved from a totalitarian regime to democratic government, brought in by multi-party elections, in 1994. Most analyses of the wave of democratic transitions in Southern Africa are either historical, political or economic in their approach. The shift of political power from one constituency to another also requires another kind of study, of the impact of the political changes on lived experience through an analysis of people's creative expression. The artistic expressions of the experi nce of change are at times strikingly similar in the two countries, especially how artists imagine newness and simultaneously negotiate a past which was subject to repression. Literature is important in this political process, for it has a licence to reinterpret conventional representations and dominant narratives, often through fictionalising and creating new imaginative possibilities. I consider whether literary production in Malawi and South Africa is comparable in the light of this idea, despite the obvious differences in political configuration, geographic factors and levels of industrialisation and urbanisation, and ask whether political transition is a legitimate point of departure for interpreting literature. In the process I seek to identify similarities, and even overt influences or alliances between the literary practices in Malawi and South Africa during and since the transition. I analyse a wide variety of literary forms, some of which may transgress conventional definitions of 'literature'. Examples include the reader-contributions sent in to a newspaper's literary pages by its readers and the two historical accounts of women's experience. I discuss the porous distinction between fiction and history, realism and magic realism, as well as the subjective distinctions between formal and popular literature. The ambiguity of the title of my thesis therefore conveys the fact that the more established modes of literary interpretation are themselves also currently in transition. My intention here is not to argue what kind of literature is good or bad, valuable or trivial, but to discuss and interpret contextually the kinds of literature which are being produced and published. Chapter 1 of my thesis discussesth e work of JackM apanje and Nadine Gordimer, two 'veterans' of censorship under their respective regimes, suggesting how their writing has changed with freedom of expression. With the transition came experimentation and a wave of writing on fantastical, magical and irrational subjects. The writers discussed in Chapter 2 serve as a contrast to the engaged realism of Gordimer and to some extent, Mapanje. Steve Chimombo, Lesego Rampolokeng, Seitlhamo Motsapi and Zakes Mda convey a burlesque, transgressive style, which I discuss, drawing on Bakhtin, under the eading 'carnivalesque'. Chapter 3's emphasis on newspaper literature from Malawi reflects the importance of the form in contrast to South Africa where popular writing largely finds its main outlet in literary journals and magazines rather than in daily newspapers. Chapters 4 and 5 are related in their considerations of memory and searches for truth. In Chapter 4 Antjie Krog and Emily Mkamanga challenge the distinction between literary and factual chronicle in their woman-centred accounts of the past. The final chapter discusses two texts that are overtly literary, yet function in a mode of mourning and reflection, returning from the bustle of the present moment to a continuing, necessary reflection of the past which defines the new present. I conclude by suggesting that the comparative analysis is viable and enriching and that this study of literature from societies in transition demonstrates how poetry and fiction tell stories of history.
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Dyer, Kate Wellard. "Official wisdom and rural people's knowledge : a study of environmental perceptions, policy and practice in southern Malawi (1895-1995)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247117.
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Malekano, Lawrence A. B. "Peasants, politics and survival in colonial Malawi, 1891-1964." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0017/NQ49280.pdf.
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Ombongi, Kenneth Sampson. "A history of malaria control policy in colonial Kenya, 1897-1963." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249034.
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Sessoms, Kari Lauralyn. "Life in Williamsburg, Virginia: 1891-1921." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539272206.
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Madida, Ngqabutho. "A history of the Colonial Bacteriological Institute 1891-1905." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10767.
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Bibliography: leaves 84-88.Africa was not a white man's grave just because it killed people, it was a white man's grave because it threatened to destroy the crops and animals that were the basis of the settlers' survival. Thus in 1891 the first research institute of its kind in Southern Africa if not in Africa was established in South Africa to deal with this threat. Its life span of fourteen years was accompanied by both personal and institutional achievement. Although still within the original aim of research, there was pursuit of 'breakthrough glory' that led to blunders and, in part, to the downfall of the man and the closure of the institute. The Colonial Bacteriological Institute (CBI) sometimes known as the Colonial Institute was the first bacteriological research laboratory set up in the Cape Colony to investigate human and stock diseases. This dissertation seeks to examine the history of that institute, from its beginning in 1891 to its closure in 1905.
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Kalinga, Owen J. M. "A History of the Ngonde kingdom of Malawi /." Berlin ; New York ; Amsterdam : Mouton, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34926299s.
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Weaver, Caroline Louise. "Colonialism, culture and visual education in British India, 1854-1891." Thesis, Online version, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.267749.
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SIMON, ROMUALD. "Wasalaw nijinski (1890-1950) : le danseur, le choregraphe, le malade." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX20175.
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Williams, David Langlois. "The Development and Consolidation of Atlanta’s Street Railways, 1866-1891." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/26.
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This is a map from a dissertation that was completed in 1975, which has been scanned to ensure greater access. Please search the GIL Online Catalog for more information about this thesis, or to locate the hard copy within the Georgia State University Library. A Note on Maps (from the Appendix): Two main sources were used in the mapping of streetcar routes: franchises and deeds of conveyance. Neither of these alone or combined were completely satisfactory in fixing the exact route, at any given time, of the lines which were built. While the franchise theoretically laid out the route to be followed, the wording of such legislation was often vague or incomplete, and the franchise was no guarantee that the line would eventually be constructed with no modifications. The deeds, on the other hand, represented the routes existing at the time of the conveyance of the property, often many years after initial construction. This leaves open the possibility that routes may have been slightly changed from time to time as traction companies constructed turn-outs, spur lines, parallel tracks, etc. These maps were drawn up under official auspices and therefore represent an additional primary source of information on this question. This does not, however, render them totally free from error or omission. In the case of the West End and Atlanta and the Atlanta Street Railroad companies, for example, the evidence overwhelmingly indicates that they occupied Broad Street between Marietta and Alabama Streets, which is not indicated on the 1886 official map. When one turns to the general problem of tracing downtown tracks, which were altered quite frequently, the problem of accuracy becomes almost insurmountable. Except in these notable instances, in drawing these lines the author has tried to closely follow the routes as already plotted by the map-makers for the year concerned, even though this has entailed minor deviations from the routes as indicated by primary sources. Such discrepancies pertain primarily to the short-lived Taylor Hill Line of the Atlanta Street Railroad Company and the Park Avenue line of the Metropolitan Street Railroad Company. The lines of the companies are drawn in the following color keys: the Atlanta Street Railroad Company, red (with the Taylor Hill Line in orange); the West End and Atlanta Street Railroad Company, brown; the Metropolitan Street Railroad Company, dark blue; the Gate City Street Railroad Company, light blue; the Edgewood and Atlanta Street Railroad Company, black; and the Fulton County Street Railroad Company, green; the Atlanta, West End and McPherson Barracks and Grant Park Electric Railway companies, pink. Prospective routes of other companies are not indicated. Also not included on the 1894 map are the lines which were built by the Chattahoochee River Railway Company (later the Collins Park and Belt Railroad Company), the Atlanta City Street Railway Company, and the Atlanta Consolidated Street Railway Company. These lines can be seen plotted on the map but are not included in the color key.
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Cowell, Christopher Ainslie. "Form follows fever malaria and the making of Hong Kong, 1841-1848." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42685618.
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Mirza, Rinchan Ali. "Essays in the economic history of South Asia, 1891 to 2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31ac00fe-f728-4e22-bcf1-62447a4e367c.
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This thesis presents research that subscribes to the broader theme of the Economic History of South Asia from 1891 to 2009. First, Chapter 2 shows that the Partition induced expulsion of religious minorities reduced school provision in Pakistan. The effect of minorities is explained by their education, occupational structure and their contribution towards local social capital. Then, Chapter 3 examines how areas affected by the Partition fare in terms of long-run agricultural development in India. It finds that areas that received more displaced migrants after Partition perform better in terms of crop yields, are more likely to take up of high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, and are more likely to use agricultural technologies. It highlights the superior educational status of the migrants as a potential pathway for the observed effects. Next, Chapter 4 shows that the agricultural productivity shock induced by the adoption of HYV of seeds reduced infant mortality across districts in India. It uses data on the characteristics of children and mothers in the sample to show that it was children born to mothers whose characteristics generally correlate with higher child mortality, children born in rural areas, boys, children born in rice and wheat producing districts and children born in poorer households who benefit more from HYV adoption. Furthermore, Chapter 5 shows that baseline differences in irrigation prior to the adoption of HYV are associated with differences in the growth of yields after adoption. It explores the relationship between irrigation and yields over time to uncover potential mechanisms for the observed relationship. Finally, Chapter 6 empirically investigates the relationship between religious shrines and literacy in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
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Gordon, Alan. "Contested terrain, the politics of public memory in Montreal, 1891-1930." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq20561.pdf.
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Estes, Sharon Lynn. "Inverted Audiences: Transatlantic Readers and International Bestsellers, 1851-1891." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376042728.
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Walsh, Bridget. "Dark desires : a literary and cultural history of domestic murder, 1828-1891." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539789.
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Nineteenth-century newspapers were awash with accounts of sexualized domestic murders which gripped the Victorian cultural imagination. This thesis examines the mediation of these crimes through a range of genres, arguing that the portrayal of domestic murder reflected significant discontent with the codes of behaviour imposed upon sections of society, particularly around the issues of gender and class. The thesis first examines the coverage of domestic murder trials in street literature and newspapers, before moving on to examine how the theatre was enlisted in the depiction of an idealized domestic sphere. The chapter then examines the public disarray at the 1828 trial of William Corder, which reflected a discontent with the constraints imposed within the theatre, and by the ideology of the domestic sphere. Chapter three engages with the debate surrounding the Newgate Novel, examining Sikes in Dickens's Oliver Twist (1838) and the eponymous 'heroine' of Thackeray's Catherine (1840). The ambivalent presentation of both murderers reveals an incongruity between public opinion, fictional representation, and press coverage. Chapter four assesses how debates on models of male behaviour were played out in five novels featuring sexually-motivated acts of violence: Wilkie Collins's Basil (1852), Hardy's Desperate Remedies (1871) and Far From the Madding Crowd (1874), and Dickens's Our Mutual Friend (1865) and The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870). The relationship between desirable male behaviour and the domestic sphere in these novels is shown to be a contested one. Chapter five argues that the ambivalent portrayal of the female domestic murderer at the fin de siecle reflected developments in psychology and the changing relationship between women and the domestic space. The chapter focuses on the trials of Florence Maybrick (1889) and Eleanor Pearcey (1890), and the female domestic murderers in Mona Caird's The Wing of Azrael (1889), Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891) and Ibsen's Hedda Gabler (1890).
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zur, Loye Tobias Percival 1985. "History of a Natural History: Max Ernst's Histoire Naturelle, Frottage, and Surrealist Automatism." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10700.
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x, 144 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.When André Breton released his Manifesto of Surrealism in 1924, he established the pursuit of psychic automatism as Surrealism's principle objective, and a debate concerning the legitimacy or possibility of Surrealist visual art ensued. In response to this skepticism, Max Ernst embraced automatism and developed a new technique, which he called frottage , in an attempt to satisfy Breton's call for automatic activity, and in 1926, a collection of thirty-four frottages was published under the title Histoire Naturelle. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of Histoire Naturelle by situating it in the theoretical context of Surrealist automatism and addresses the means by which Ernst incorporated found objects from the natural world into the semi-automatic production of his frottages. All previous scholarship on the subject is consolidated and critically examined, and the development of frottage is traced from its earliest manifestations to its long-lasting influences.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Sherwin Simmons, Chair; Dr. Joyce Cheng; Dr. Charles Lachman
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Silungwe, Ndumanene Devlin. "Juvenile crimes in Malawi : life-history narratives of male juvenile offenders." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10773.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-88).Juvenile crime is a growing problem in Malawi. International research has focussed on the causes of this type of crime in an attempt to explain and deal with this phenomenon. This study adds to the scholarly knowledge by exploring the life stories of 22 male juvenile offenders currently incarcerated for various crimes in Malawi. Semi-structured life-history interviews were conducted and results are consistent with the existing literature - specifically on risk factors, control theories and life-course theories. This study showed that several factors in childhood and adolescence contributed to the participants' offending behaviour. Participants also made sense of their behaviour by constructing themselves as victims of life circumstances, spiritual and supernatural forces, and an inequitable justice system. Some of these attributional models are uncommon in criminological literature.
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Jawali, George Berson Diston. "A history of contestations over natural resources in the Lower Tchiri Valley in Malawi, c.1850-1960." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97099.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores hunting in the Lower Tchiri Valley as an arena in which African and white hunting interests as well as conservation policies precipitated insurgence and accommodation, collaboration and conflict. Precolonial Magololo hunters, having supplanted Mang’anja hunting as a result of the superiority of their hunting technology by 1861, found themselves in competition with white sport hunters over game animals. Unequal power relations between the Magololo hunters and the white hunters, who formed part of the colonial administration in Nyasaland from the 1890s, saw the introduction of game laws that led to wild animals and their sanctuaries becoming contested terrains. Colonial officials and some whites enjoyed privileges in hunting game whose declining populations were blamed on Africans in general and the Magololo in particular. Some Africans and certain whites devised hunting strategies that brought them into conflict with the colonial state. In the Lower Tchiri Valley, the tsetse-game controversy led to game being slaughtered on an unprecedented scale in the Elephant Marsh region. The Game Ordinance of 1926, intended to prevent such wanton destruction, was protested by settlers, planters, white hunters and even missionaries who claimed to represent the interests of the “natives”. The colonial state and the Colonial Office in London quelled the protests, proclaiming Lengwe and Tangadzi as game reserves. As the state was consolidating the game preservation economy and establishing the game reserves from the 1930s to 1960, opposition continued. The implementation of international conservation trends locally, particularly after 1945, served to entrench illicit hunting and the position among some white settlers that game should be exterminated as it was incompatible with agricultural “progress.” The Nyasaland Game Department increased its efforts to ensure that killing game for crop protection was confined to Game Guards, one of whom, an African named Biton Balandow, became a local “hero”. Despite this, by 1960 game populations in the Lower Tchiri Valley reserves were still declining. Together with oral testimonies collected in the communities neighbouring the reserves (or former hunting grounds), the fresh perspectives rendered in this thesis derived from a systematic use of reports, original research papers, colonial administrative correspondence and autobiographical works of big-game hunters-turned preservationists. Specific material for the Lower Tchiri Valley hunting economies from these primary sources allowed this thesis to transcend the often generalised analyses necessitated by macrooverviews in Malawian historiography, and offer a more nuanced study of local contestations between state and subject, between competing individuals, between groups, races and generations and, enduringly, between human and animal.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek jagaktiwiteite in die Laer Tchiri-vallei van Malawi as ‘n gebied waar swart en wit jagtersbelange, asook bewaringsbeleid, teenstand en aanvaarding, sowel as samewerking en konflik ontketen het. Pre-koloniale Magololo-jagters, wat Mang’anja-jagters teen 1861 as gevolg van hulle superieure jagtegnologie verdring het, het toe met wit sportjagters om wild begin kompeteer. Ongelyke magsverhoudinge tussen die Magololo- en wit jagters, wat sedert die 1890’s deel uitgemaak het van die koloniale administrasie in Nyassaland, het tot die daarstelling van wildwetgewing gelei. Op sý beurt het die wildwetgewing en wildbewaringsgebiede betwiste terreine geword. Koloniale amptenare en sekere blankes het jagvoorregte geniet waarvoor die daarmee gepaardgaande blaam vir dalende wildpopulasies op swartes in die algemeen en die Magololo in die besonder geplaas is. Sommige swartes en wittes het jagstrategieë ontwikkel wat hulle in konflik met die koloniale staat gebring het. In die Laer Tchiri-vallei het die tseste-wild-twispunt daartoe gelei dat wild op ‘n ongekende skaal in die Olifant-moerasgebied uitgeroei is. Wit setlaars, boere en jagters, selfs sendelinge wat daarop aanspraak gemaak het dat hulle die belange van die “naturelle” verteenwoordig het, het egter beswaar gemaak teen die Wild Ordonnansie van 1926, wat veronderstel was om sulke ongebreidelde vernietiging te voorkom. Die koloniale staat en die Colonial Office in Londen het die besware onderdruk deur Lengwe en Tangadzi as wildreservate te proklameer. Van die 1930’s tot 1960, toe die staat besig was om die wildbewaringsekonomie te konsolideer en wildreservate te vestig, het teenstand daarteen voortgeduur. Die plaaslike implementering van internasionale bewaringstendense, veral ná 1945, het egter daartoe bygedra om onwettige jagaktiwiteite te verskans. Dit het ook die standpuntinname van sommige wit setlaars, dat wild uitgeroei moes word omdat dit onversoenbaar met landbou “vooruitgang” was, versterk. Die Nyassaland Departement van Fauna het pogings verskerp om te verseker dat die doodmaak van wild, ter wille van oesbeskerming, tot wildbewaarders beperk bly. Een van hulle, ‘n swartman genaamd Biton Bandalow, het ‘n plaaslike “held” geword. Maar ten spyte van hierdie maatreëls was die wildpopulasies in die Laer Tchiri-vallei wildreservate teen 1960 steeds aan die afneem. Hierdie proefskrif bring nuwe insigte aangaande jagaktiwiteite en wildbewaring in die Laer Tchiri-vallei na vore. Die bronne daarvoor is mondelinge getuienis wat in die gemeenskappe aangrensend aan die wildreservate (of voormalige jaggebiede) versamel is. Daarby is verslae, oorspronklike argivale dokumente, koloniale administratiewe korrespondensie en outo-biografiese werke van grootwildjagters wat wildbewaarders geword het, ook sistematies nagevors. Deur middel van spesifieke inligting aangaande die Laer Tchiri-vallei jagtersekonomie wat uit die primêre bronne verkry is, bring hierdie proefskrif nuwe perspektiewe na vore wat in teenstelling staan tot die dikwels geykte analises wat in makro-historiese oorsigte van Malawiese historiografie voorkom. Derhalwe is die proefskrif ‘n meer genuanseerde studie oor plaaslike wedywerings tussen staat en onderdaan, tussen wedywerende indiwidue, tussen groepe, rasse en generasies en op ‘n blywende basis ook tussen mens en dier.
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Gandié-Espalieu, Christèle. "La maladie de Van Gogh." Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1992STET6230.
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Reis, Rosinete Maria dos. "A escola isolada à meia-luz (1891/1927)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-30082011-152405/.
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A presente tese se insere na Área de História e Historiografia da Educação e objetiva analisar e compreender o processo de constituição das Escolas Isoladas enquanto modalidade escolar no contexto Mato-Grossense no período de 1890-1928. Trata-se de rehistoricizar o objeto escola de (des) naturalizá-la, retratá-la em seus aspectos internos, definindo sua cultura e os processos que configuram a sua modelização e organização. A busca pela compreensão dos aspectos internos da escola isolada, ou seja, como se dava a construção social e cultural das instituições escolares, exigiu o entendimento daquilo que chamamos de cultura escolar. Na medida em que a cultura escolar se constitui numa apropriada ferramenta teórica para explorar o passado e o presente da escola na sua relação com a sociedade e a cultura, e permite explorar o jogo tenso das lutas e tensões que perpassam a escola e expressam as contradições sociais. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, utilizei de documentos oriundos de atividades funcionais e pedagógicas, como: Mensagens governamentais, Relatórios dos inspetores (diretores, após 1880) da instrução; e de Diretores dos Grupos Escolares, alguns números de Jornais, Livros de Matrículas, Ofícios, Circulares, Livros de Notas, Atas de Exames, Mapas de freqüência de alunos e professores, Provas e Exercícios Escolares, Regulamentos, Regimentos e Fotografias. Essas fontes além de oferecerem preciosas informações sobre o funcionamento da escola ainda permitiu-me visualizar as representações dos profissionais envolvidos no processo, a forma pelas quais diretores, inspetores e autoridades do ensino interpretaram e cumpriram as determinações impostas pelas novas concepções pedagógicas. Nessa trilha a educação e a instrução da população estavam sendo amplamente discutidas e reafirmadas como essenciais, a fim de tornar o país, moderno e civilizado. Tais discursos tinham clara intenção em mostrar que, somente através da organização da instrução pública, seria possível elevar o país ao nível das nações civilizadas. Organizar a instrução era, segundo eles, romper com uma estrutura ineficaz, baseada em métodos ultrapassados e dispendiosos e, sobretudo, formar devidamente os professores. A partir de então, os Regulamentos e as Reformas da instrução pública teriam a finalidade de reordenar e restabelecer os critérios para a reorganização da instrução e também para o ingresso e a permanência dos professores no magistério primário. Propósito nosso foi demonstrar que se delineou nas escolas isoladas, a constituição e articulação de uma cultura e de uma forma escolar própria, caracterizada por dispositivos de normatização pedagógica e práticas dos agentes que se apropriaram deles, por meio de estratégias e táticas reveladoras de saberes socialmente acumulados permitindo reconstruir uma identidade escolar e difundir os seus valores e comportamentos específicos.This thesis falls within the Area of History and Historiography of Education and aims to analyze and understand the constitution of Isolated Schools as a school sport in the context of Mato Grosso in the period 1890-1928. It is the object rehistoricizar school (un) naturalizing it, portray it in its internal aspects, defining its culture and processes that shape modeling and organization. The search for understanding of the internal aspects of the school alone, that is, how was the social and cultural construction of educational institutions, demanded an understanding of what we call school culture. To the extent that the school culture is an appropriate theoretical tool to explore the past and present school in its relationship with society and culture, and the game lets you explore the tense struggles and tensions that pervade the school and express the social contradictions. As research tools, used documents from the functional and educational activities, such as government posts, the inspectors\' reports (directors, after 1880) Education, and Directors of School Groups, some numbers of Journals, Books Enrollment, Crafts, Circulars, Books, Notes, Minutes of Examinations, frequency maps for students and teachers, tests and exercises School, Regulations, Regiments and Photographs. These sources also provide valuable information about the school run has allowed me to see the representations of the professionals involved in the process, the way in which directors, inspectors and education authorities have interpreted and complied with the determinations imposed by the new educational ideas. That track the education and instruction of the population were being widely discussed and reaffirmed as essential in order to make the country, modern and civilized. Such speeches were clearly intent on showing that only through the organization of public instruction; the country could raise the level of civilized nations. Arrange the statement was, according to them, breaking with an ineffective structure, based on outdated methods and expensive and, above all, to properly train teachers. Since then, Regulations and Reforms of public education would have the purpose of reorganizing and re-establish criteria for the reorganization of education and also for entry and retention of teachers in primary teaching. Our purpose was to demonstrate that takes place in isolated schools, the creation and articulation of a culture and a school form itself, characterized by devices pedagogical norms and practices of the agents who took them through strategies and tactics that reveal knowledge socially allowing accumulated rebuild a school identity and spread its values and behaviors.
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Allison, Jessica Leigh. "Developing Medicine: Cuba, Modernization, and Public Health, 1898-1945." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3570.
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This dissertation examines the modernization of aspects of Cuba’s public health programs through the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation. As a result of its sponsorship of projects, the Rockefeller Foundation contributed to the spread of modernizing practices and policies from 1913 through 1945. An evaluation of medical modernization remains an important chapter in the study of post-colonial development. Current research has often portrayed public health modernization efforts as unidirectional with the United States imposing its ideas and practices onto developing nations. By examining institutional records, personal correspondence, and reports, this dissertation provides a more nuanced analysis of the relationship between Cuba and the United States during this period. This dissertation also argues that efforts to modernize Cuban public health were in fact the result of bilateral cooperation between Cubans and the United States.
This study evaluates efforts made by scientists, researchers, and professionals to expand educational programs, to implement public health structures, and to develop new techniques for treating disease. During its occupations of Cuba at the turn of the century, the United States advanced public health programs and infrastructure. This work was later continued under the Cuban Republic with the support of private US interests, the Rockefeller Foundation.
This dissertation addresses a significant gap in existing research by providing a different lens with which to view public health modernization in Cuba. Despite the past and ongoing presence of United States government interests in Cuba, the Rockefeller Foundation only pursued projects in Cuba after obtaining permission by the Cuban government. In one instance, Cuban physicians persistently requested for the involvement of the Foundation to forward their own aims. Both the Foundation and the Cuban government were interested in adopting successful programs established elsewhere and in using scientific findings from surrounding regions to advance research in Cuba. Instability in the newly formed Cuban Republic undermined these projects and prevented them from achieving their primary aims. Although these public health modernization plans made strong gains in some areas, at times they fell short in their primary agendas.
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Spiers, Angus A. "Seasonality and life history traits of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Malawi." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396849.
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Cohen, Martin. "The eclipse of 'elegant economy' : post-war changes in attitudes to personal finance in Britain." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1891.
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In Britain, almost all survivors of the Second Word War found themselves in a stronger and more secure financial position than at its outbreak. Simultaneously they were confronted by a host of intrusive controls, rationing, shortages and ubiquitous reminders of conflict. Pride in victory was immense, yet there were few perceivable signs of reward for sacrifice. The resultant widespread disorientation belied pecuniary fortune and gave rise to many formidable dilemmas demanding financial decisions. The solution of a majority was thrift and avoidance of money spending, which cleared the conscience and provided peace of mind. A substantial minority, often equally disorientated, followed their natural inclinations to spend freely and benefit from or enjoy their new-found resources. The latter discovered themselves not only severely restricted by bare-shelved shops and emergency legislation but by social censure of conspicuous consumption. The remaining options open to them most commonly involved expenditure on the intangible and the inconspicuous. Between 1945 and 1957, as austerity waned and greater opportunities returned for beneficial employment of private funds, attitudes appeared to evolve from despair into confidence. But austerity culture, embedded in the national mindset,took much longer to dispel than is popularly supposed and arguably has never been fully eradicated. The impact on British life of this gradual change is here highlighted by comparing and contrasting the relevant history of prior and subsequent periods. This thesis focuses on theoretical, political and practical influences on all forms of employment of private means without differentiating between the material and ethereal, including saving and investment as forms of consumption. Reinterpreting Britain's transformation from austerity to affluence from the perspective of personal finance demonstratest hat it is an essential but hitherto ignored factor which adds significantly to the understanding of social history.
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Henderson, Robert. "Vladimir Burtsev and the Russian revolutionary emigration : surveillance of foreign political refugees in London, 1891-1905." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1461.
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The thesis describes the early life in emigration of the Russian revolutionary, historian and radical journalist Vladimir L'vovich Burtsev (17/29 November 1862 - 21 August 1942). Particular emphasis is placed on the nature and extent of the police surveillance of Burtsev and the émigré community in Europe during the period. The relationship between the Criminal Investigation Department of London's Metropolitan Police and their Russian counterparts in Europe - the Zagranichnaia agentura, ('Foreign Agency') - is examined in detail. Burtsev's biography has great contemporary relevance, unfolding, as it does, in an atmosphere of increasing anxiety in Britain (both governmental and non-official) about growing numbers of foreign anarchists, terrorists, and `aliens' in general (which would lead, in due course, to the passing of the 1905 Aliens Act) and the increasingly interventionist police methods of the era. The thesis describes Burtsev's relationship with the émigré community and its British supporters, examines his (at times extreme) political views and reviews the radical journalism which led to his trial and imprisonment in 1898. This, the `Burtsev affair', signalled a major shift in British government policy towards political refugees on the one hand and to international counter-terrorist co-operation on the other and it is one of the aims of this thesis to detail the reasons for these changes.
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Hoffbeck, Valentine. "De l'arriéré au malade héréditaire : histoire de la prise en charge et des représentations du handicap mental en France et Allemagne (1890-1934)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG047/document.
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Cette thèse aborde l'histoire des enfants et adultes handicapés mentaux en France et en Allemagne entre 1890 et le milieu des années 1930. Ce travail prend pour objet les personnes atteintes de déficience mentale, qualifiées à l'époque de « débiles mentaux », « imbéciles », « idiots » ou du terme plus générique d' « arriérés ». Cette étude apporte un éclairage nouveau sur plusieurs thèmes, en adoptant une perspective transnationale pour éclairer la circulation et les résistances dans les pratiques médicales et pédagogiques destinées aux arriérés. Cherchant à mettre en valeur la part de construction qui est en jeu dans l'élaboration de ces catégories nosographiques, les critères aboutissant à créer la « faiblesse d'esprit » (Schwachsinnigkeit) sont étudiés à travers de points de vue variés (famille, instituteurs, psychologues et aliénistes). On montre ainsi comment la catégorie est forgée par ceux qui les observent au quotidien. A l'échelle des institutions étudiées, l'évolution des pratiques asilaires démontre une volonté progressive de rationaliser le tri entre ceux qu'on pense « éducables » et les « incurables » par l'emploi d'outils tels que les tests psychométriques. La thèse démontre aussi comment les arriérés sont envisagés peu à peu comme une charge, voire un danger à l'échelle nationale. Après la Grande Guerre, le coût de leur prise en charge est vu comme un fardeau dans les deux pays, justifiant une rationalisation des soins qui leur sont accordés. Ils sont surtout considérés comme porteurs de tares transmissibles héréditairement, soit des individus qu'il s'agit de sélectionner voire d'éliminer en tant que danger sanitaire. La thèse explore ces deux aspects observés en France comme en Allemagne, et leur part dans la légitimation de la stérilisation forcée des arriérés comme « Malades héréditaires » mises en place par la loi adoptée dès les premiers mois de l'avènement du IIIe Reich, ainsi que les réactions du milieu psychiatrique françaisThe topic of this PhD dissertation is the history of mentally deficient children and adults in both France and Germany between 1890 and 1934. This work focuses on people who suffered from mental retardation although at that time they would have been referred to as "feeble-minded," "idiots" or "imbeciles." This study provides a new focus on different subjects. The various circulations of medical models are considered in a dynamic perspective. lt also provides an original vision of the construction of the category of feeblemidness, influenced by agents like doctors [psychiatrists], families or teachers, questioning what was done in practical terms. Mentally deficient people were shaped by the gaze of the people they interacted with. They are also examined in a social and economic context to which these individuals respond. The evolution of the characterization of feeble-mindedness and the use of intelligence tests highlight various attempts to classify those individuals in a more rational way. From a more specific psychiatrie point of view, this thesis shows how the emphasis on their classification as "unproductive persans" as well as the description of feeble-mindedness as a hereditary and "racial" disease transformed them into a social issue in the context of the rise of social Darwinism and eugenics, which led fo their sterilization in Germany from 1934 on
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Ferguson, Matthew R. ""Baseball as Community Identity: Cleveland, Ohio -- 1891-2012"." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1363301386.
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Turley-Ewart, John Anthony. "Gentlemen bankers, politicians and bureaucrats, the history of the Canadian Bankers Association, 1891-1924." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/NQ53761.pdf.
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Lihoma, Paul. "The impact of administrative change on record keeping in Malawi." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3573/.
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This research traces the development of public administration in Malawi from the pre-colonial period to the post-colonial period up to 2012, and finds that public administration in Malawi has spanned four epochs: the pre-colonial traditional African administration; the British Colonial Administration from 1891 to 1964; the post-colonial administration under the one party regime from 1964 to 1994; and the post-colonial administration under the multiparty democracy from 1994 to the present period, 2012. Of particular interest to the research are the major factors that have led to administrative change through this public administration spectrum, and how the changes have affected information and record keeping. The research seeks to establish the relationship that exists between administrative change and record keeping. The research finds that colonialism was a change factor which transformed the pre-colonial administrative set-up and its information keeping systems, and led to the establishment of the Western bureaucracy and record keeping systems modelled on those in Britain. The enactment of the Native Authority Ordinance in 1933 established Native Authorities, which comprised local chiefs and their councillors, as part of the local government. The establishment of the Native Authorities resulted in the establishment of record keeping systems that captured and maintained official records at local levels of government throughout the country. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland as one of the remarkable administrative developments during the colonial period promoted records management programmes and led to the establishment of the National Archives in Malawi. As part of the administrative change in preparation for the transfer of power, the Treasury’s Organisation and Methods Unit reviewed and instituted new record keeping systems for government departments. Before the transfer of power, the research finds that the Colonial Administration exported some categories of records to London and ordered the destruction of certain categories of records held by District Commissioners throughout the country. Furthermore, the research finds that soon after the transfer of power, the new administration disregarded record keeping by repealing the Records Management regulations from the Malawi Public Service Regulations. This has been detrimental to public sector record keeping. Additionally, the one party government imposed controls on access to public archives by frequently closing the Archives, imposing lengthy and difficult access procedures, limiting areas for research, and using the Archives for intelligence surveillance. This thesis finds that, towards the end of the one party regime, some sensitive records were destroyed by the outgoing regime. After the attainment of democracy, the research finds that public archives were made widely and easily accessible, and that the public archives asumed a new meaning for ordinary people who had suffered from widespread attrocities during the one party regime. A number of governance reforms that have been undertaken have on the one hand, resulted in the promotion of records management and on the other hand, relied heavily on good record keeping for their successful implementation. Additionally, the research finds that technological developments have shaped the way in which the public sector generates and manages records today. Last, but not least, the research finds that implementation of some of the International Monetary Fund/World Bank policy reforms, such as privatisation of public enterprises, downsising, and freeze in public service employment, have impacted both positively and negatively on record keeping in Malawi. Likewise, implementation of the New Public Management policy reforms, such as commercialisation of the Staff Development Institute of Malawi, and compulsory competitive bidding in the public service, have had both positive and negative effects on record keeping. The research concludes that the developments that have taken place during all the four administrative epochs have had an immense bearing on record keeping, and therefore a direct relationship exists between administrative change and record keeping. Administrative change is responsible for shaping record keeping over a period of time and as long as administrative change occurs, record keeping will keep on developing in response. Although this is the case, good record keeping plays an important role in facilitating effective implementation of public sector reforms that result from administrative change. Citing Malawi as a case study, this thesis concludes that administrative change and public sector reforms provide a better context for understanding the history and development of record keeping in a country, than any other context because administrative change and public sector reforms are necessitated by the interaction of socio-political, economic and technological factors.
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Bohnlein, Ivy Briana 1974. "Wounded Knee in 1891 and 1973: Prophets, protest, and a century of Sioux resistance." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278658.
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Wounded Knee has been the site of two significant encounters between the United States and the Sioux nation: the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1891, and the takeover of Wounded Knee Village in 1973. These encounters are related to each other by more than location: both were the result of Sioux participation in a national movement. In the 1880s, that movement was the Ghost Dance, though Sioux involvement was characterized by a uniquely hostile approach. A century later, the Sioux of Pine Ridge reservation formed an alliance with the national American Indian Movement that resulted in a seventy-one day armed siege at Wounded Knee. During both time periods, similar historical factors, external forces, and internal conflicts resulted in the Sioux taking part in these movements, but the unique character of their resistance was shaped by internalized values and a cultural model which favored an aggressive response to perceived threats.
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Fransch, Chet James Paul. "Stellenbosch and the Muslim communities, 1896-1966." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1914.
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Thesis (MA (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.This study intends to investigate a facet of the race relations of the town of Stellenbosch within the context of state ideology and the reaction of the various local communities towards these policies. Against various internal and external forces, certain alliances were formed but these remained neither static nor constant. The external forces of particular concern within this study are the role of state legislation, Municipal regulations and political activism amongst the elite of the different racial groups. The manner in which the external forces both mould and are moulded by identity and the fluid nature of identifying with certain groups to achieve particular goals will also be investigated. This thesis uses the case study of the Muslim Communities of Stellenbosch to explain the practice of Islam in Stellenbosch, the way in which the religion co-existed within the structure of the town, how the religion influenced and was influenced by context and time and how the practitioners of this particular faith interacted not only amongst themselves but with other “citizens of Stellenbosch”. Fundamental to these trends is the concept of “belonging”. Group formation, affiliation, identity, shared heritage and history as well as racial classification – implemented and propagated by both political discourse and communal discourse - is located within the broader context of Cape history in order to discuss commonalities and contrasts that existed between Muslims at the Cape and those in Stellenbosch.
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Antonio, Victor Sá Ramalho. "Passe para trás! Os primeiros anos do rúgbi em São Paulo (1891-1933)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-15082017-140135/.
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Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a prática do rúgbi em São Paulo em seu período inicial (1891-1933) e fornecer elementos para se questionar as barreiras à sua difusão durante o período da Primeira República, em contraste com o futebol. O trabalho consistiu na identificação e análise de fontes jornalísticas e de documentos de arquivo privado que lançaram luz sobre a prática da modalidade no período. Buscou-se compreender a introdução do rúgbi na cidade num período caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento das práticas esportivas ditas modernas numa sociedade em constante transformação, na qual o esporte desempenhava papel importante na modernização da vida urbana. A história do rúgbi mundial, de suas origens às intensas disputas do fim do século XIX às primeiras três décadas do século XX, foi também objeto de análise, com suas disputas internas profissionalismo versus amadorismo, massificação e espetacularização sendo compreendidas, em diálogo com as mesmas disputas ocorridas dentro do futebol paulista.This research aimed to analyse the practice of Rugby Football in São Paulo in its initial, emerging period (1891-1933) and provide elements to question the barriers to the games expansion during the period of Brazils First Republic, in contrast to football. The research identifies and analyses journalistic sources and private archives that shed light on the practice of the sport during the period. These sources were sought to understand the introduction of Rugby Football in the city, in a period characterised by the development of modern sports practices; in a society in constant transformation, in which sport played an important role in the modernisation of urban life. The history of global rugby, from its origins to the intense disputes of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, was also analysed through its internal struggles - professionalism versus amateurism, massification and spectacularisation - being understood, in dialogue, with similar disputes occurring within local football in São Paulo.
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Main, Jessica Lynn. ""Only Shinran will not betray us": Takuechi Ryō'on (1891-1967), the Ōtani-ha administration, and «burakumin»." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114180.
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Shin Buddhism in Japan supports human rights today because it was forced to come to terms with its own discrimination against burakumin—a Japanese minority that has experienced severe caste-like disadvantage and exclusion based on heredity, occupation, and place of birth. The majority of burakumin follow Shin Buddhism, in which they have been treated as outcastes, just as they have been within other Buddhist schools and within Japanese society as a whole. Over the course of the twentieth century, buraku advocacy groups pressured the Shin sects to respond to specific doctrinal and structural incidents of discrimination, both contemporary and historical. One of these sects, the Ōtani-ha, developed its institutional policy on this serious social problem precisely by interacting with buraku advocacy groups, both secular and sectarian, and responding to their specific criticisms.The story of this institutional struggle can be effectively told through the story of one of its priest-bureaucrats, Takeuchi Ryō'on (1891-1967). Takeuchi, who flourished in the Ōtani-ha administration from the 1920s to the 1950s, worked to alleviate buraku discrimination and put forward a Shin Buddhist theory of social engagement. Takeuchi's story reveals how a Buddhist bureaucrat and his faction—with time, personnel, and money—worked under pressure to create an ethical social policy based on Shin doctrine. In addition to examining the issue of buraku discrimination, a Shin Buddhist sect, and a member of its "middle management"—topics rarely addressed in English language Buddhist studies—this dissertation performs two important tasks. First, it describes a type of Buddhist ethical thought that is self-consciously historical and concerned with the religious organization, the "order" (kyōdan), as a whole in its actual and ideal aspects. My examination of this type of ethical thought provides a rare but important complement to scriptural, philosophical, and individualistic accounts of Buddhist ethics. Second, it challenges current scholarly models of Buddhist social engagement, or "socially engaged Buddhism," which tend to neglect the early twentieth century and large, established Buddhist groups. I find social engagement in pre-1945, large, conservative organizations, and not just in post-1960, small-scale, progressive groups. This is because social engagement is a Buddhist response to modernity itself and not tied to a particular modern political ideology.Aujourd'hui au Japon, le bouddhisme Shin appuie les droits de la personne parce qu'il a été contraint d'assumer sa responsabilité relativement à la discrimination qu'il a lui-même exercée à l'endroit des burakumin, une minorité japonaise qui a subi de graves préjudices en matière de caste et qui a souffert d'exclusions basées sur l'hérédité, la occupation, et le lieu de naissance. La majorité des burakumin adhèrent au bouddhisme Shin. Au sein de celui-ci, tout comme au sein d'autres écoles bouddhiques et au sein de la société japonaise dans son ensemble, les burakumin ont été traités comme des hors-castes. Au cours du vingtième siècle, des groupes de défense buraku ont exercé des pressions sur les sectes Shin pour que celles-ci réagissent à des cas spécifiques – passés et contemporains – de discrimination doctrinale et structurelle. En interagissant avec les groupes de défense buraku (tant des groupes séculiers que des groupes religieux) et en prenant en compte les critiques de ceux-ci, l'une de ces sectes – la secte Ōtani-ha – a élaboré une politique institutionnelle qui traite directement de ce grave problème social. L'histoire de Takeuchi Ryō'on (1891-1967), l'un des prêtres-fonctionnaires de la secte Ōtani-ha, permet de retracer dans les faits l'histoire de cette lutte institutionnelle. Takeuchi, qui a œuvré au sein de l'administration de la secte Ōtani-ha à partir des années 1920 jusqu'aux années 1950, s'est affairé à contrer la discrimination exercée à l'endroit des burakumin et à développer une théorie bouddhique Shin concernant l'engagement social. L'histoire de Takeuchi montre comment – grâce à du temps, du personnel et de l'argent – un fonctionnaire bouddhiste et ses alliés ont travaillé sous pression afin de mettre sur pied une politique d'éthique sociale fondée sur la doctrine Shin. En considérant le problème de la discrimination exercée envers les burakumin, ainsi qu'en traitant d'une secte bouddhique Shin et d'un membre de l' « administration intermédiaire » de celle-ci, la thèse se penche sur des thèmes qui sont rarement abordés dans les études bouddhiques de langue anglaise. Par ailleurs, la thèse remplit deux autres fonctions importantes. Premièrement, la thèse décrit un type de pensée éthique bouddhique qui se perçoit réflexivement comme une pensée historique et qui se préoccupe de l'organisation religieuse – l'« ordre » (kyōdan) – dans sa globalité, tant sur le plan du réel que sur le plan de l'idéal. L'analyse que j'effectue de ce type de pensée éthique contribue singulièrement et substantiellement aux approches textuelles, philosophiques et individualistes portant sur l'éthique bouddhique. Deuxièmement, la thèse critique les modèles universitaires actuels de l'engagement social bouddhique, ou du « bouddhisme engagé socialement ». Généralement, ces modèles négligent la période du début du vingtième siècle et ne tiennent pas compte des groupes bouddhiques institutionnalisés à grande échelle. J'observe que l'engagement social est manifeste au sein de grandes organisations conservatrices antérieures à 1945 et que celui-ci ne se manifeste pas seulement au sein de petits groupes progressistes ultérieurs aux années 1960. En définitive, l'engagement social constitue une réaction bouddhique à la modernité elle-même et il n'est lié à aucune idéologie politique moderne particulière.
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de, Wilde Ari Creevey. "“The Dizzy Race to Nowhere:” The Business of Professional Cycling in North America, 1891-1940." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281498167.
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Lusaka, Mwayi. "Culture, History and Politics in Malawi: The Production of National Heritage, 1964-2009." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7438.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThis thesis is essentially about how Malawi’s national heritage was constituted, in particular how heritage emerged and how it has changed over time. It largely looks at the period from 1964 to 2009. This is significant period which covers the transition from colonialism to independence; dictatorship and the emergence of multiparty democracy. The study explores the changing governments during this period in relation to how knowledge about Malawi’s pasts were constructed and reconstructed as heritage using different cultural forms: national museums, ethnic festivals, cultural performances, national language, commemorations and memorials (monuments, commemorative days and biographical memory) and the framing of traditions and customs into what is referred to as intangible cultural heritage. The overarching question of the research is what changes were made to national heritage in relation to the changing of governments during this period? In response to this question multiple historical modes of inquiry were used to study and examine the production of different aspects of heritage during this period.
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Langeheine, Romy. "Von Prag nach New York : Hans Kohns (1891-1971) intellektuelle Biographie." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/43808/.
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Hans Kohn (1891-1971) continues to be considered as a founding father of the academic research on, and interpretation of, nationalism. In more than thirty books and hundreds of articles he outlined his theory of this worldwide phenomenon. His theory is well-known as the so called “Kohn Dichotomy”. Based on the main categories of West and East, understood as metaphors and not geographic locations, he differentiated between two forms of nationalism: The Western model, based on the 18th century Enlightenment, emphasized rationality and individual liberty as the basis of progress, tending to limit the state power and aiming at world unity. Its non-Western (Eastern) counterpart is characterized by a reaction against the Enlightenment: it is irrational and romantic, and it glorifies the state power, tending to narrow and exclusivist views. However, Kohn was more than just a theoretician of nationalism – he spent the first half of his life as an active and influential member of the Jewish national movement. As a Zionist he advocated a concept of ethical nationalism that would take the rights of other peoples, particularly the Arab population in Palestine, into consideration. Contemporary research views Kohn either as a theoretician of nationalism or as a Zionist. Therefore, this study is the first attempt to present Kohn's intellectual biography by emphasizing both dimensions. Based on and intertwined with the four main stages of Kohn's life – his youth in Prague (1891-1914), as a prisoner of war in Russia (1915- 1920), as a Zionist in London and Palestine (1921-1934) as well as an academic researcher in the United States of America (1934-1971) – it examines the main threads of his thinking. The leading interpretative idea of this thesis is that throughout his life Kohn kept the conviction that nationalism based on ethical grounds can be a positive force leading to the unity of the world.
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Proudfoot, Lindsay John. "Urban patronage and estate management on the Duke of Devonshire's Irish estates (1764-1891) : a study of landlord-tenant relationships." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235951.
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Gamble, Susan Ann. "The hologram and its antecedents, 1891-1965 : the illusory history of a three-dimensional illusion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/280116.
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Since 1962, a photographic invention by Gabriel Lippmann (1845-1921), his Nobel Prize winning interference colour photograph of 1891, has been cited by physicists as the antecedent of the three-dimensional hologram. However, Dennis Gabor (1900-1979) in his original publications on the hologram of 1948 and 1949 did not cite Lippmann’s work. This thesis explores how the hologram that featured in Gabor’s original theory, as an imaging technique to improve the electron-microscope, was significantly different from the hologram for which Gabor was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1971. The citation of Lippmann’s work as the antecedent to the hologram confirmed that the hologram was to be seen as a three-dimensional photograph, and attempted to give the invention a progressive historical lineage that would conform to photography’s existing history. This popular narrative, as demonstrated in this text, could overlook the pursuit of the hologram for Cold War surveillance by researchers at the University of Michigan on behalf of the United States military. This technology was, from 1955, engaged with aerial radar image processing, a significant application that was classified and hidden from the public, and initially from Gabor himself. Two researchers at the University of Michigan, Emmett Leith (1927–) and Juris Upatnieks (1936–) attracted the attention of the popular press for their development of a three-dimensional laser hologram. This thesis reveals the fragmented nature of the new discipline at the peak of holography’s popularity. This analysis explores some of the historical traits between the two Nobel Prize winning inventions, the Lippmann photograph and the hologram, that were exploited to promote a new imaging medium to the public. In presenting these technologies as images the text also reviews devices and papers––some cited within the popular Lippmann-to Gabor historical narrative––by father and son Frederic (1856-1937) and Herbert Ives (1882-1953), that have competed to produce a three-dimensional full-colour image.
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Danaher, Nessan John Eugene. "The Irish in Leicester, c.1841 to c.1891 : a study of a minority community in the East Midlands." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302442.
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Natal, Caion Meneguello 1980. "Ouro Preto : a construção de uma cidade historica, 1891-1933." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279438.
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Orientador: Silvana Barbosa RubinoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este estudo busca compreender o processo histórico de patrimonialização de Ouro Preto. Partindo do último decênio do século XIX e chegando até o momento de tombamento da cidade em pauta, em 1933, o presente trabalho analisa os modos como a antiga Vila Rica adquiriu seu qualificativo histórico e quais foram os fatores políticos e valores sócioculturais em jogo na construção e definição de sua imagem de monumento histórico e artístico nacional. No começo do século XX, portanto, após perder seu status de capital do Estado de Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto se afirma no imaginário social como cidade histórica, tornando-se uma referência cara à constituição da identidade e tradição brasileiras
Abstract: This study intends to understand the historical process that lead Ouro Preto to the status of national heritage and historical city. Focusing on the period starting in the last decade of the nineteenth century until 1933 when the city became a Brazilian heritage, this study analyses the ways in which former Vila Rica acquired its historical category and which were the political factors and social and cultural values that contributed to the construction and definition of its image as a historical and artistic monument. After losing its condition of capital of Minas Gerais in the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth, Ouro Preto is established as a historical city in the social imaginary, becoming a reference dear to the constitution of Brazilian identity and tradition
Mestrado
Politica, Memoria e Cidade
Mestre em História
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Walker, Gabrielle. "Behind the Fan: Conservative Activists in the New Orleans Christian Woman's Exchange, 1881-1891." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2009. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/946.
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In 1881, Margaret Bartlett of New Orleans crafted the Christian Woman's Exchange using the New York Exchange chapter as a model. Bartlett hoped this new organization would help alleviate at least some of the economic suffering "reduced gentlewomen"faced. Despite the Exchange's original mission to help the elite, the group soon crossed class and racial boundaries in a campaign of conservative activism. The Christian Woman's Exchange helped women provide for their families by training them to produce homemade goods for sale in consignment shops. Simultaneously, working-class women found employment within the Christian Woman's Exchange lunch room and other business ventures. Since the group's consignors had the opportunity to earn wages while remaining at home, and working-class women tied themselves to a respectable business, the accepted societal expectations for all women involved remained intact. In the group's first decade, the Christian Woman's Exchange members managed to maintain the Southern lady veneer while attracting attention from women around the world.
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Gunde, Anthony Mavuto. "The political role of the media in the democratisation of Malawi: The case of the Weekend Nation from 2002 to 2012." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97883.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015ENGLISH ABSTRACT : This study investigated the political role of the Weekend Nation newspaper in the democratisation of Malawi between 2002 and 2012 within the context of its foundational and ownership structures by a politician. Bearing in mind that the newspaper was founded by a politician belonging to the first democratically elected ruling party, the United Democratic Front (UDF), this research sought to examine the impact of media ownership on the political role of the Weekend Nation’s journalistic practices in Malawi’s democratisation. Between 2002 and 2012, Malawi was governed by three presidents – Bakili Muluzi of the UDF from 1994 to 2004, Bingu wa Mutharika of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) from 2004 to 2012, and Joyce Banda of the People’s Party (PP) from 2012 to 2014 – all of whom were hostile to the Weekend Nation. Taking into cognisance the ownership of the Weekend Nation by a politician, the critical political economy theory of the media was deemed to be the most appropriate theoretical framework for this study. In media research, the critical political economy theory asserts that owners are able to regulate the output of the media institution either by intervening in the day-to-day operations, or by establishing general goals and understandings and appointing managerial and editorial staff to implement them within the constraints set by the overall allocation of resources. The study employed a qualitative research methodology, in particular in-depth interviews and qualitative content analysis. Research findings indicate that overall, the political ownership of the newspaper had no direct bearing on the journalists’ political role in the enhancement of democracy and good governance in Malawi. It established that despite the ownership of the Weekend Nation belonging to a prominent and influential politician, the editorial independence was not compromised. Contrary to general expectations, this study established that the Weekend Nation in Malawi, was critical to the political elite in an indiscriminate manner. Although it was not the focus of this study, the research also showed that market forces, in line with the stance taken by the critical political economy theory, had some impact on the Weekend Nation’s editorial independence. The quest for more advertising revenue, to an extent, undermined the struggle for complete editorial independence.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : Hierdie studie het die politieke rol van die koerant die Weekend Nation in die demokratisering van Malawi tussen 2002 en 2012 vanuit die konteks van sy fundamentele rol en eienaarskap deur die politieke elite ondersoek. Met as vertrekpunt dat die koerant gestig is deur ’n politikus wat lid was van die eerste demokraties-verkose regerende party, die United Democratic Front (UDF), het hierdie navorsing die impak van media-eienaarskap op die politieke rol van die joernalistieke praktyke van die koerant in Malawi se demokratisering ondersoek. Tussen 2002 en 2012 is Malawi deur drie president regeer – Bakili Muluzi van die UDF van 1994 tot 2004, Bingu wa Mutharika van die Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) van 2004 tot 2012, en Joyce Banda van die People’s Party (PP) van 2012 tot 2014 – al drie was vyandiggesind teenoor die Weekend Nation. In ag genome dat die Weekend Nation aan ’n politikus behoort, is die kritiese politieke ekonomie van die media-teorie die mees toepaslike teoretiese vertrekpunt vir hierdie studie. In medianavorsing dui dié teorie daarop dat die eienaar die inhoud van die media-instelling bepaal deur hetsy inmenging in die dag tot dag uitvoering van pligte, of deur algemene doelwitte en veronderstellings wat gestel word, en deur bestuurders en joernaliste aan te stel wat dit sal uitvoer binne die bepalings van die toegewysde hulpbronne. Die studie het kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodologie toegepas, spesifiek indiepte- onderhoude en kwalitatiewe inhoudsanalsie. Die bevindings dui daarop dat die eienaarskap van die koerant geen direkte invloed op die joernaliste se politieke rol in die versterking van demokrasie en goeie bestuur in Malawi gehad het nie. Dit het vasgestel dat, ondanks die eienaarskap van die Weekend Nation aan ’n prominente en invloedryke politikus, die redaksionele onafhanklikheid nie gekompromitteer is nie. In teenstelling met algemene verwagtings het die studie bevind dat die Weekend Nation in Malawi krities ingestel was teenoor die politieke elite sonder om enige onderskeid te tref. Hoewel dit nie ’n fokus van die studie was nie, het dit ook aangedui dat markkragte, in ooreenstemming met die kritiese politieke ekonomie-teorie, tog ’n impak op die Weekend Nation se redaksionele onafhanklikheid gehad het. Die stewe na groter advertensie-inkomste het tot ’n mate die stryd vir algehele redaksionele onafhanklikheid ondermyn.
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Kalebe-Nyamongo, Chipiliro Florence. "Elite attitudes towards the poor and pro-poor policy in Malawi." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3398/.
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This thesis uses the theory of ‘social consciousness’ to analyse elite perceptions of poverty in Malawi,and identify the circumstances under which elites are willing to mobilize resources for poverty reduction. ‘Social Consciousness theory’ stipulates that pro-poor policies in European welfare states developed as a result of ideological and pragmatic concern about the negative impact of poverty on elite welfare. This study shows however that although elites in Malawi have a deep understanding and appreciation of the extent and severity of poverty and are linked with the poor through strong social networks and the extended family structure, they do not perceive the poor as a threat to their welfare. Therefore collective action to address the problem of poverty has not occurred. In circumstances where elites acknowledge some negative externalities of poverty requiring action, individual solutions are sought. However, elite perceptions still illuminate the following: first, there is a causal explanation between elites’ perceptions of the causes of poverty and their support for particular policies. Second, elites’ perceived causes of poverty include structural, behavioural and the perceived future actions of the poor, such as laziness, following implementation of redistributive policies. Third, elites’ seem to support policies with wider benefits for society.
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Musgrove, Lacar E. "Knights, Dudes, and Shadow Steeds: Late Victorian Culture and the Early Cycling Clubs of New Orleans, 1881-1891." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1753.
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In the 1880s, two cycling clubs formed in New Orleans—the New Orleans Bicycle Club in 1881 and the Louisiana Cycling Club in 1887. These clubs were institutions of Victorian middle class culture that, like other athletic clubs, arose from the conditions of urban modernity and Victorian class anxieties. The NOBC, like other American cycling clubs, conformed to Victorian values of order and respectability. The attitudes and activities of the LCC, whose membership was younger, reflected instead a counter-Victorian ethos. This paper examines these two clubs in the context of late Victorian culture in New Orleans as it responded both to the conditions of urban modernity common to American cities in this period and to the particular cultural situation of New Orleans at the end of the nineteenth century, including proximity to and amalgamation with the recently-dominant, non-Anglo culture of the Creoles.
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Freeman, Emily. "Older adults' experiences of ageing, sex and HIV infection in rural Malawi." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/544/.
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This thesis contributes to understanding two demographically important phenomena: African ageing, and the ageing of the African HIV epidemic. Building on the body of interpretivist demography that privileges context and meanings, it explores older adults’ experiences of becoming old, sexuality and living with HIV in rural Malawi. The research uses a constructivist grounded theory framework. It is based primarily on data produced using repeat dependent interviews (N=135) with older men and women(N=43). These are supplemented by fieldwork observations, as well as data from a three-month multi-site pilot study, interviews with HIV support groups (N=3), and key informant interviews (N=19) and policy documents. The thesis identified sets of meanings surrounding old age and ways of discussing ageing that, taken together, formed an analytical framework. The framework is focused on the importance of maintaining an ‘adult’ identity and draws insights from sociological and psychological identity theories. The adult identity was aligned with personhood. It was situated within the body-centred livelihood system of rural Malawi, and associated with physical production. Old age was understood to limit productivity and thereby an individual’s adult identity. This thesis argues that ostensibly contradictory narratives about ageing experiences can be understood as rhetorical strategies respondents employed to maintain their adult identities. A central tenet of the thesis is that the adult identity (and its childlike counter identity) influenced older adults’ broader experiences and behaviours. This framework is used to explore ageing, as well as sex and HIV infection. The grounded understandings of older adults’ experiences developed in the thesis are presented against dominant understandings of the situation of older adults documented by the academe and in policy and programmatic arena emerging in Malawi. The findings highlight the centrality of wider experiences of ageing for older adults’ experiences of sex and HIV, as well as the broader importance of identity for understanding demographic behaviours and processes. In addition, they demonstrate how grounded theory and repeat dependent interviewing can be used within demographic studies to produce nuanced analytical accounts of the experiences that are most salient for the population of interest.
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Bolanos, Isacar. "Environmental Management and the Iraqi Frontier during the Late Ottoman Period, 1831-1909." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1561565904771917.
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Sandwell, R. W. "Reading the land, rural discourse and the practice of settlement, Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, 1859-1891." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24350.pdf.
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Jansson, Martin. "Förberedelsernas år : Deltagande och subjektsformering kring den svenska socialdemokratin 1889-1891." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-322870.
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This master’s thesis revolves around the means of participation established around the newly formed Social Democratic Party in Sweden at the end of the 19th century. In 1889 the party was organized in close proximity to the editorial office of the party newspaper, Social-demokraten, and dependent on the support of its subscribers to uphold and increase circulation. Simultaneously, the consolidation of the Second socialist international provided a new framework for the national organisations as it was decided that May 1 of 1890 would be the date of synchronized mass- demonstrations for the legislation of the 8-hour working day. The thesis examines the means of participation and the associated construction of participatory political subjects in relation to the newspaper, the demonstration and the question of work time regulation. The analysis shows that the Swedish campaigns promoted an increased sense of self-awareness and obligation towards the larger organizational structures as well as society as a whole. Participation was put forth as a means of confessing to a genuine and unadulterated identity. This identity and its assigned biological features, as they were portrayed in relation to the question of work time regulation, created the physical characteristics of the participant as a focal point of the political project. The question was used to create knowledge about the participant as an objective outset in the quest for legitimacy. This process can also be seen as the creation of a situated public as an origin of power.
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Marques, Higina Teixeira. "Da fotografia na cidade a cidade na fotografia : Ribeirão Preto 1891-1923 /." Franca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134158.
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Orientador: Pedro Geraldo Saadi TosiBanca: Ricardo Alexandre Ferreira
Banca: Ana Raquel Marques da Cunha Martins Portugal L
Banca: Solange Ferraz de Lima
Banca: Paulo César Garcez Marins
Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns aspectos da produção e da divulgação de imagens fotográficas em Ribeirão Preto, correlacionando-os ao desenvolvimento urbano deste centro produtor de café. O recorte histórico proposto (1891-1923) considera o auge das intervenções urbanas motivadas pela expansão da cultura cafeeira, o contato com as novas técnicas decorrentes dessa experiência, a atuação de alguns fotógrafos na cidade e a publicação de álbuns fotográficos, almanaques e revistas elaborados para divulgar as transformações ocorridas no meio urbano. Ao mapearmos aspectos da produção e circulação de imagens fotográficas, um dos traços marcantes das sociedades modernas, esperamos recuperar também importantes elementos da historicidade da percepção local. A análise quantitativa e qualitativa de fotografias publicadas buscou identificar padrões de recorrência quanto aos motivos fotografados e as formas características destas imagens, elementos importantes na construção da visualidade da cidade associada ao imaginário da modernidade urbana
Abstract: This work intends to analyze some aspects of the production and diffusion of photografic images in Ribeirão Preto, correlating them to the urban development of this coffee producer city. The historical moment proposed (1891-1923) takes into account the urban interventions driven by the expansion of coffee culture, the contact with the new techniques which arose from this experience, the peformance of some photographers in the city and the publication of photo portfolios, periodicals and magazines created to disseminate the transformations occured in the urban area.When mapping aspects of production and circulation of photografic images, one of the remarkable features of modern societies, we also expect to recover important elements of the historicity of the local perception. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of published photos seeked to identify recurring patterns regarding the motifs and characteristic manners of these images, important elements for the construction of the visuality of the city, associated to the imagery of urban modernity
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