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Journal articles on the topic 'Malawi, Lac'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Branchu, P., L. Bergonzini, M. Benedetti, J. P. Ambroisi, and J. Klerkx. "Sensibilité à la pollution métallique de deux grands lacs africains (Tanganyika et Malawi)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 18 (April 12, 2005): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705582ar.

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Les lacs Tanganyika et Malawi sont, de par leur volume, les deux plus grands lacs africains. Ces réservoirs semblent pour l'instant épargnés par la pollution en éléments en trace. Il est toutefois crucial, en raison de leurs caractéristiques hydrologiques, de poser la question du temps de réponse de ces systèmes à une pollution chronique potentielle véhiculée par les affluents. Cet article simule ainsi cette réponse dans la fraction dissoute suite à l'introduction pendant 50 ans de polluant par tous les affluents. Cette démarche s'appuie sur un modèle hydrologique intégrant les trois compartiments des colonnes d'eau (épi-, méta- et hypolimnion) et sur la prise en compte de la réactivité des éléments dissous dans ces compartiments par l'intermédiaire du taux de rétention élémentaire. Ainsi quatre types d'éléments sont considérés, (i) le type Cl, non réactif, (ii) le type Si, réactif-nutritif, (iii) le type Mn et (iv) le type V tous deux réactifs sensibles aux conditions d'oxydo-réduction. La réactivité de l'élément, l'efficacité du mélange vertical ainsi que la position de l'oxycline dans la colonne d'eau conditionnent l'amplitude et la cinétique de réponse des systèmes ainsi que le temps de retour à la situation initiale après l'arrêt des apports polluants. Ces caractéristiques propres à l'élément et au lac influent sur le risque potentiel encouru par l'écosystème et l'homme. Ainsi la pollution affecte principalement les eaux de surface (types Cl et V), les réseaux trophiques (type Si), les eaux profondes (types Si et Mn) et le compartiment sédimentaire (types Mn et V).

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2

Degos, Professeur Laurent. "Soigner un malade et non une maladie." Laennec 50, no. 3 (2002): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.023.0045.

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3

Owen Mhango, Mtendeweka. "The Constitutional Protection of Minority Religious Rights in Malawi: The Case of Rastafari Students." Journal of African Law 52, no. 2 (September 18, 2008): 218–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855308000107.

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AbstractIn Malawi, Rastafari students are prevented from attending public schools on account of their dreadlocks. This article seeks to analyse a framework for assessing whether Rastafari qualifies as a religion under section 33 of the Constitution of Malawi. The article argues that Rastafari is a recognized religion and that its sincere adherents should have full protection under the Constitution of Malawi, as do members of other religious groups. The article discusses potential problems for Rastafari litigants in Malawi and proposes some solutions. It introduces a three prong balancing test, which has been applied in particular cases in Zimbabwe and South Africa, and makes recommendations about future interpretation of the Constitution of Malawi using this test. It examines the current interpretation of the freedom of religion in Malawi and concludes with an argument for Malawi to follow the approach taken in Zimbabwe and South Africa.

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4

Jenkins, Rob, and Maxton Tsoka. "Malawi." Development Policy Review 21, no. 2 (February 27, 2003): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00206.

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5

Roca-Feltrer, Arantxa, Collins J. Kwizombe, Miguel A. Sanjoaquin, Sanie S. S. Sesay, Brian Faragher, Jim Harrison, Karen Geukers, et al. "Lack of Decline in Childhood Malaria, Malawi, 2001–2010." Emerging Infectious Diseases 18, no. 2 (February 2012): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111008.

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6

Nzunda, Matembo. "New Company Law for Malawi." Journal of African Law 33, no. 1 (1989): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300007944.

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Company law needs to be reformed so as to promote and maintain the protection of the interests of shareholders, creditors and the community. These are the three “social and economic needs to which a system of company law should respond”. These three purposes of company law are not mutually exclusive. However, the weighting of them depends on the space factor and time factor of law reform. Space factor refers to the differences in economic, social, political and other conditions and needs between one country and another at a given time. So, “Whereas in Britain one of the main purposes of company legislation is to protect the interests of shareholders, in a developing country like Malawi its main function should be to protect the interests of the national economy since most of the effective shareholders will in fact be non-resident in the country.” Time factor refers to the differences in economic, social, political and other conditions and needs of a country between one time and another. For example, the increasing internationalisation of the Malawian political economy, through branches and subsidiaries of multinational companies and joint-ventures, may demand that companies’ legislation in Malawi respond to the conditions and needs of such an economy. Of course, the two factors constantly act on each other.

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7

Burnham, Gilbert, Anthony Harries, Alan Macheso, Jack Wirima, and Malcolm Molyneux. "Chloroquine-induced pruritus in Malawi: lack of association with onchocerciasis." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83, no. 4 (July 1989): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(89)90278-2.

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8

De La Torre Campos, D., J. Achempong, A. Atta, S. Claybon, D. DeVincentis, A. Edrees, D. L. Jones, et al. "TEAM Malawi: Low Cost Digital Microscopy for Automated Lab Testing." Annals of Global Health 83, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.008.

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9

Husain, Wan Ahmad Fauzi Wan. "Malaysia's States and Regions : From the Legal History of the Malacca Malay Empire (The Law of the Malacca Code) To the Federation of Malaya (The Federation of Malaya Agreement 1957)." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 2228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201921.

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10

Perron, Michel, Suzanne Veillette, Françoise Desbiens, and Jean Mathieu. "Comportements socio-démographiques des individus atteints de dystrophie myotonique." Articles 15, no. 1 (October 20, 2008): 75–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600586ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Une recherche empirique sur les conditions de vie des individus atteints de dystrophie myotonique a été réalisée au Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean. S’agissant d’une maladie héréditaire dominante, il est important de comprendre les comportements de nuptialité et de fécondité des individus atteints. En matière de nuptialité, nous observons une très nette différenciation entre les comportements des femmes et des hommes atteints. En matière de fécondité, la population atteinte de DM suit globalement les mêmes tendances que la population québécoise. Cette recherche démontre l’utilité des sciences sociales pour dégager les structures socio-culturelles sous-jacentes au problème d’épidémiologie génétique que représente une maladie héréditaire.

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11

Mutharika, A. Peter. "The 1995 Democratic Constitution of Malawi." Journal of African Law 40, no. 2 (1996): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300007774.

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On 17 May, 1995, the Malawi National Assembly adopted a democratic constitution. In terms of Malawi’s post-colonial history, the adoption of the constitution was an unprecedented event. For a period of 30 years, Malawi had been subjected to a one-party dictatorship led by Dr Hastings Banda. Supported over the years by the West because of its anti-communist rhetoric, the Banda regime found itself abandoned with the ending of the Cold War and the collapse of apartheid in South Africa. Pressure from internal and external groups led to a referendum on the oneparty state in June 1993 which the Banda regime lost and to the first multi-party elections in May 1994 which the regime also lost. A day before the 1994 elections, the Malawi National Assembly adopted a Provisional Constitution for a period of 12 months. Pursuant to section 212 of the Provisional Constitution, the National Constitutional Conference was held in February 1995 for the purpose of making recommendations to the National Assembly on a permanent constitution. Rather than replace or repeal the Provisional Constitution, the National Assembly decided in April 1995 to make modest amendments to it in order to address some of the more blatant deficiencies that were identified at the Constitutional Conference. During the coming years, the Law Commission will make a detailed study of the entire document, make recommendations to the Minister of Justice and, it is hoped, address some of the obvious drafting oversights.

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12

Banda, Sibo. "Constitutional Mimicry and Common Law Reform in a Rights-Based Post-Colonial Setting: The Case of South Africa and Malawi." Journal of African Law 53, no. 1 (March 23, 2009): 142–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855309000060.

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AbstractCompetent courts in Malawi must, as courts have done in South Africa, undertake a radical path in order to enhance the common law position of distinct categories of persons. This article discusses judicial appreciation of the common law-changing function of a bill of rights and its associated values, and judicial understanding as to when such a function may be brought into play. The article examines approaches taken by courts in South Africa in determining the circumstances in which the South African Bill of Rights applies to private relationships, when private parties owe each other duties arising out of the Bill of Rights and the scope of a court's authority to amend the common law in that regard. The article projects the debate, analysis and critique of these approaches onto the Malawian legal landscape through a discussion of the tenant worker contracted on the Malawi private estate.

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13

Nkhata, Mwiza Jo. "Emerging Trends from the Resentencing of Capital Offenders in Malawi." New Criminal Law Review 22, no. 2 (2019): 164–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2019.22.2.164.

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In 2007, the High Court of Malawi, sitting as a constitutional court, declared that the mandatory sentence of death for murder was unconstitutional. At the time of the High Court’s invalidation of the mandatory death penalty, Malawi’s prisons had over 190 prisoners serving their sentences as a result of the imposition of the mandatory death penalty. Some of these prisoners were on death row, while others had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. When the mandatory death penalty was declared unconstitutional, the High Court also directed that all prisoners serving their sentences for murder should be brought before the High Court so that they could receive individual sentences taking into account the circumstances of the offense, the offender, as well as the interests of the victim(s). This paper interrogates the application of the sentencing discretion that was introduced with the outlawing of the mandatory death penalty in Malawi. Specifically, the paper analyzes decisions that have emerged from the resentencing of capital offenders in so far as judges have either considered or refused to consider the relevance of post-conviction factors during the resentencing. It is this paper’s central finding that a refusal to consider post-conviction factors, as some judges held, was not only unjustified but was also contrary to Malawi’s Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code and the Constitution of the Republic of Malawi. This refusal, the paper argues, resulted in sentencing discrepancies as well as a failure to properly utilize the discretion vested in the courts for purposes of sentencing.

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14

Glorion, Françoise. "Accompagner la famille d'un enfant gravement malade." Laennec 50, no. 1 (2002): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.021.0025.

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15

Zucker, Jean-Michel. "L'annonce de la maladie grave chez l'enfant." Laennec 55, no. 2 (2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.072.0013.

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16

MAROLENG, CHRIS. "MALAWI GENERAL ELECTION 2004." African Security Review 13, no. 2 (January 2004): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2004.9627287.

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17

HUSSEIN, MUSTAFA. "COMBATING CORRUPTION IN MALAWI." African Security Review 14, no. 4 (January 2005): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2005.9627593.

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18

Hatchard, John. "The Human Rights Commission Act, 1998 (Malawi)." Journal of African Law 43, no. 2 (1999): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011396.

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19

Nzunda, Matembo. "Control of corporate litigation: The Malawi experience." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 15, no. 3 (July 1989): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.1989.9986043.

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20

Kirby, Michael. "Malawi: The arrival of multi‐party democracy." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 20, no. 2 (April 1994): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.1994.9986369.

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21

Mungai, Leah M., Joseph P. Messina, and Sieglinde Snapp. "Spatial Pattern of Agricultural Productivity Trends in Malawi." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041313.

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This study aims to assess spatial patterns of Malawian agricultural productivity trends to elucidate the influence of weather and edaphic properties on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) seasonal time series data over a decade (2006–2017). Spatially-located positive trends in the time series that can’t otherwise be accounted for are considered as evidence of farmer management and agricultural intensification. A second set of data provides further insights, using spatial distribution of farmer reported maize yield, inorganic and organic inputs use, and farmer reported soil quality information from the Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS3) and (IHS4), implemented between 2010–2011 and 2016–2017, respectively. Overall, remote-sensing identified areas of intensifying agriculture as not fully explained by biophysical drivers. Further, productivity trends for maize crop across Malawi show a decreasing trend over a decade (2006–2017). This is consistent with survey data, as national farmer reported yields showed low yields across Malawi, where 61% (2010–11) and 69% (2016–17) reported yields as being less than 1000 Kilograms/Hectare. Yields were markedly low in the southern region of Malawi, similar to remote sensing observations. Our generalized models provide contextual information for stakeholders on sustainability of productivity and can assist in targeting resources in needed areas. More in-depth research would improve detection of drivers of agricultural variability.

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22

MacColl, D. "Studies on Maize (Zea mays) at Bunda, Malawi. II. Yield in Short Rotations with Legumes." Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (July 1989): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014885.

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SUMMARYMaize was grown for six years on two soil series in annual rotation with groundnuts, soyabean, lab-lab and sunflowers, and for up to four years after two year crops of pigeonpea. Nitrogen left by the annual legumes was estimated to vary from 0.0 to 52.2 kg ha−1 depending on year, soil and species. Summed over three successive maize crops, nitrogen left by two year crops of pigeonpea varied from 23.5 to 109.6 kg ha−1. Vigorous vegetative growth and low seed yield in the legume were associated with increased residual nitrogen. Groundnuts left more nitrogen on the more fertile soil. High rainfall at the beginning of the maize cropping season was associated on one soil series with the complete disappearance of residual nitrogen from the immediately preceding legume crop.

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23

Mkondiwa, Maxwell, Charles B. L. Jumbe, and Kenneth A. Wiyo. "Poverty-Lack of Access to Adequate Safe Water Nexus: Evidence from Rural Malawi." African Development Review 25, no. 4 (December 2013): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12048.

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24

Mayaud, Professeur Charles. "Le médecin devant le malade qui refuse le traitement proposé." Laennec 59, no. 4 (2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.114.0031.

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25

Pujol, Nicolas, Domitille Gueneau-Peureux, and Sadek Béloucif. "La question spirituelle dans le contexte de la maladie grave." Laennec 64, no. 4 (2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.164.0006.

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26

Manda-Taylor, Lucinda, Fanuel Meckson Bickton, Kate Gooding, and Jamie Rylance. "A Formative Qualitative Study on the Acceptability of Deferred Consent in Adult Emergency Care Research in Malawi." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 14, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264619865149.

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Research in emergency medical care is challenging due to a limited therapeutic window for intervention, which may compromise informed consent. “Deferred consent” allows initiation of study procedures before full consent is recorded. We conducted a formative qualitative study exploring perspectives on deferred consent in Malawi among research ethics committee members, health care professionals, and lay representatives. Participants identified several advantages of deferred consent including scientific value and potential health benefits to the study subjects and wider population. Participants also had concerns, including regulatory barriers and the risk of abuse and malpractice. Conditions affecting acceptability are related to the role of proxies, the nature of the research, the availability of robust regulatory oversight, and the need for community engagement. Our findings show deferred consent would be acceptable in Malawi, provided that a clear case can be made to advance medical knowledge and that adequate regulatory and ethical protections are in place.

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27

Mwaungulu, Dunstain Fipamutima. "Governance, Democracy and Constitutionalism in Africa: The Malawi Experiment." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 32, no. 2 (June 2006): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050710600907098.

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28

MACDOUGALL, N. A. "A Report from Malawi, Africa." Water and Environment Journal 3, no. 6 (December 1989): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01444.x.

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29

Breeveld, Richenel, Leon Hermans, and Siemen Veenstra. "Water operator partnerships and institutional capacity development for urban water supply." Water Policy 15, S2 (November 1, 2013): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.018.

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One way in which international water operator partnerships can contribute to capacity development is through the exchange of experiences with water institutions in different countries. This paper looks at a partnership between water operators in the Netherlands and Malawi to see to what extent institutional experiences in the Netherlands can contribute to capacity development of the Lilongwe Water Board in Malawi. For this, it combines insights from policy transfer, with a conceptual framework based on the Institutional Analysis and Development framework. Stylized game theoretic models are used to analyze in-depth the institutional (dis)incentives that contribute to improved performance for customers. Experiences in the Netherlands are analyzed by studying four specific action situations, such as asset management at drinking water company Vitens NV. Potential lessons are derived from this, which are evaluated for potential transfer to Malawi. The analysis suggests ways in which improved information gathering and data management can support allocation of investment and budgets for operation and maintenance. Furthermore, it suggests ways to increase the frequency of encounters between government and financing institutions and water utilities, as well as the use of a system of benchmarking to provide a platform for sharing best practices and to create competition.

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30

Wanda, B. P. "The Rights of Detained and Accused Persons in Post-Banda Malawi." Journal of African Law 40, no. 2 (1996): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300007786.

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The new Constitution of Malawi came into force provisionally on 18 May, 1994. It replaced the Republican Constitution of 1966 which had been amended in 1993 in order to allow for the re-introduction of a multi-party democracy, the reincorporation, as an interim measure, of the Bill of Rights as contained in the Independence Constitution of 1964, and the abolition of the life presidency created under section 10(3) of the 1966 Constitution as amended in 1970 so as to provide that Dr Banda was to be president of the Republic for his lifetime.

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31

Haab, Professeur François. "Les innovations en médecine. Quelle place pour le malade et son corps ?" Laennec 51, no. 3 (2003): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.033.0004.

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32

Verspieren, Patrick. "Les innovations en médecine : quelle place pour le malade et son corps ?" Laennec 52, no. 2 (2004): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.042.0004.

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33

Lachenal, Florence. "La décision de non-transfert en réanimation : quelle information délivrer au malade ?" Laennec 59, no. 1 (2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.111.0030.

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34

Piveteau, Denis. "Le vieillissement de la population est-il une menace pour l'assurance maladie ?" Laennec 59, no. 2 (2011): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.112.0018.

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35

Kirby, M. D. "Round table on transition to multi‐party democracy in Malawi." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 20, no. 1 (January 1994): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.1994.9986356.

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36

Kim, Hyuncheol Bryant, Syngjoo Choi, Booyuel Kim, and Cristian Pop-Eleches. "The role of education interventions in improving economic rationality." Science 362, no. 6410 (October 4, 2018): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6987.

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Schooling rewards people with labor market returns and nonpecuniary benefits in other realms of life. However, there is no experimental evidence showing that education interventions improve individual economic rationality. We examine this hypothesis by studying a randomized 1-year financial support program for education in Malawi that reduced absence and dropout rates and increased scores on a qualification exam of female secondary school students. We measure economic rationality 4 years after the intervention by using lab-in-the-field experiments to create scores of consistency with utility maximization that are derived from revealed preference theory. We find that students assigned to the intervention had higher scores of rationality. The results remain robust after controlling for changes in cognitive and noncognitive skills. Our results suggest that education enhances the quality of economic decision-making.

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37

Ruszniewski, Martine, and Carole Bouleuc. "L'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle médicale épreuve pour le malade, défi pour le médecin." Laennec 60, no. 2 (2012): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lae.122.0024.

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38

Chilumpha, C. H. "The new company, asset financing security and the law in Malawi." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 19, no. 2 (April 1993): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.1993.9986289.

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39

Bande, Lewis Chezan. "Defining money laundering under Malawian law: a critical appraisal for compliance with international standards." Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2020-0080.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically appraise the legal definition of the offence of money laundering under Malawian law. The goal is to evaluate whether the definition meets international standards and best practices on legal definition of money laundering, particularly as contained in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCATOC). Design/methodology/approach The paper is a doctrinal analysis of the legal definition of the offence of money laundering under Malawian law. It examines the constituent elements of the offence based on the traditional conception of a criminal offence as constituting the prohibited conduct (or actus reus) and the mental element (or mens rea). The paper comparatively evaluates the offence vis-à-vis international standards and best practices, particularly as contained in the UNCATOC. Findings The paper concludes that the definition is compliant with international standards and best practices. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on the statutory definition of the offence, but was unable to examine how the offence is interpreted and applied in concrete cases by Malawian courts. The reason is the lack of any case law through which courts have interpreted and applied the offence. Practical implications The paper provides the template for future interpretation and application of the offence by courts in the future. Social implications Enhancing the clarity and certainty in the law on money laundering in Malawi. Originality/value The paper is an elucidation of a statutory provision that was recently adopted in Malawi and for which there is no authoritative clarification. The paper, therefore, makes an invaluable contribution to the fight against money laundering in Malawi by being a guide to law enforcers, lawyers, courts and policy/legislative makers.

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40

Strand, Eric D., Richard Broadhurst, Irving Hoffman, Mlombe Yohannie, and Mina Hosseinipour. "The Burden of Anemia and Operational Challenges in Conducting Clinical Research at a Medical Ward in Lilongwe, Malawi." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3512.3512.

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Abstract Background: Anemia in sub-Saharan Africa is a significant problem, but has not been well studied in the general adult population. Factors contributing to anemia include: HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, hematological malignancy and nutritional deficiencies. Often, hematological malignancy presents as an anemia or cytopenia. Understanding the prevalence and types of anemia in this part of the world will help to fully understand the impact of these causes and may help to further identify the prevalence of hematological malignancy in this setting. Methods: We tracked all patients who were admitted to the medical service of Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi for a one-month period from 8 June until 9 July 2014. Data collected upon admission included: age, gender, admitting diagnosis, HIV status (if known), Antiretroviral (ARV) status, organomegaly, lymphadenopathy and any known comorbid illnesses. Complete blood counts (CBCs) were ordered on all patients during this period Results: The medical ward admitted372 patients during the study period. Anemia was the admitting diagnosis for 10.75% of patients. Other common admitting diagnoses were: Sepsis (11.83%), Pneumonia or TB (11.02%), and Malaria (7.53%). CBCs were ordered on all patients, but only 38.17% received a result. Of the patients who received a CBC result (n=142), mean Hgb was 9.40 gm/dL and mean WBC was 7.76 gm/dL. Anemia (Hgb<13 gm/dL in men and Hgb<12 gm/dL in women) was present in 73.33% of men and 71.64% of women with a CBC result. Of the patients with anemia, 74.80% had normocytic anemia, 9.76% had macrocytic anemia, and 15.44% had microcytic anemia. Anemia requiring transfusion per ASH guidelines (Hgb≤7 gm/dL) was present in 26.67% of men and 38.80% of women. Overall mortality of patients admitted during the study period was 11.04%. Of patients with a completed CBC, 21.4% of deaths were patients with Hgb<7 gm/dL. For the patients who did not receive a CBC, 68.93% of samples were not drawn or transported to the lab, 26.70% of patients were admitted during a time where there was no reagent for the hematology analyzer, 2.42% of samples arrived clotted, and 1.94% of orders arrived with no sample. Conclusions: Conducting clinical research in the developing world is challenging, but it presents opportunities for quality improvement and capacity building. This was the first time that the medical ward attempted to take blood draws on all patients. There was no department policy regarding responsibility for lab draws on the medical service at KCH, which resulted in many blood draws not being done. Supply of lab reagents ran out during the last week of the study period due to the order not arriving on time. This highlights the importance of all parts of a healthcare system in delivering quality patient care. Anemia was one of the top three admitting diagnoses at the KCH medical ward. This shows that anemia is a significant problem. The majority of patients at KCH had hemoglobin values below the WHO threshold for anemia, regardless of overall health. This, and the low mean hemoglobin, shows that western measurements of anemia may not be appropriate for Malawi. This is especially true given the shortage of blood in Malawi, and the risks of transfusion. The causes of anemia at KCH are still fully not known, which warrants further investigation. Study in hematological malignancy, aplastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease is ongoing at KCH in order to pursue these underlying causes. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Ngulube, Mzoma R. "Provenance variation in Eucalyptus urophylla in Malawi." Forest Ecology and Management 26, no. 4 (March 1989): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(89)90087-x.

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Plana, Juan Carlos. "Quimioterapia para el cáncer: las buenas y malas noticias." Revista Argentina de Cardiología 81, no. 2 (April 2013): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v81.i2.2497.

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Chirwa, Danwood Mzikenge. "Democratisation in Malawi 1994-2002: Completing the Vicious Circle?" South African Journal on Human Rights 19, no. 2 (January 2003): 316–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19962126.2003.11865184.

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Gumboh, Esther. "Examining the Application of Deterrence in Sentencing in Malawi." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 20 (December 14, 2017): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1167.

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This article is an exposition of the application of deterrence in Malawian sentencing jurisprudence. Drawing from case law, it explores how courts employed deterrence before 1994 and the role deterrence continues to play in the constitutional era. The paper looks at how it is reflected in the treatment of sentencing factors and influences sentencing policy. It also considers how courts have conceptualised the distinction between specific and general deterrence regarding the principle of proportionality and repeat offenders. The paper concludes with a discussion of an emerging attempt to go beyond deterrence towards giving rehabilitation a greater role in sentencing.

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Weyl, Olaf L. F., Anthony J. Ribbink, and Denis Tweddle. "Lake Malawi: fishes, fisheries, biodiversity, health and habitat." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13, no. 3 (August 31, 2010): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2010.504695.

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Chimbwete, Chiweni, Susan Cotts Watkins, and Eliya Msiyaphazi Zulu. "The evolution of population policies in Kenya and Malawi." Population Research and Policy Review 24, no. 1 (January 2005): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-0328-5.

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Robinson, Amanda Lea. "Nationalism and Ethnic-Based Trust." Comparative Political Studies 49, no. 14 (July 10, 2016): 1819–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414016628269.

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In diverse societies, individuals tend to trust coethnics more than non-coethnics. I argue that identification with a territorially defined nation, common to all ethnic groups, reduces the degree to which trust is ethnically bounded. I conduct a “lab-in-the-field” experiment at the intersection of national and ethnic boundaries in Malawi, which measures strength of national identification, experimentally manipulates national identity salience, and measures trust behaviorally. I find that shared nationality is a robust predictor of trust, equal in magnitude to the impact of shared ethnicity. Furthermore, national identification moderates the degree to which trust is limited to coethnics: While weak national identifiers trust coethnics more than non-coethnics, strong national identifiers are blind to ethnicity. Experimentally increasing national identity salience also eliminates the coethnic trust advantage among weak nationalists. These results offer micro-level evidence that a strong and salient national identity can diminish ethnic barriers to trust in diverse societies.

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Mchowa, J. W., and D. N. Ngugi. "Pest complex in agroforestry systems: the Malawi experience." Forest Ecology and Management 64, no. 2-3 (April 1994): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90302-6.

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Ng'ong'ola, Clement. "Controlling Theft in the Public Service: Penal Law and Judicial Responses in Malawi." Journal of African Law 32, no. 1 (1988): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300010238.

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The period covering the first seven years of Malawi's independence (1964–1971) stands out as one of the most controversial in the country's postcolonial legislative history. It was during this period, for example, that the local or “Native” Courts of the colonial era were transformed into the now controversial Traditional Courts and given an existence separate from and independent of the High Court, as well as extensive criminal jurisdiction encompassing offences like murder and manslaughter and, subsequently, treason and sedition which were hitherto the preserve of the High Court. At the same time, the participation of lawyers in traditional court processes and the right of legal representation were curtailed under the pretext of ensuring that the course of justice would not be subverted by the frequent invocation of “technicalities” which lawyers are wont to invoke because of the alien and esoteric nature of their training. This paper is not concerned with the “law” of the Traditional Courts in Malawi which, elsewhere, continues to excite appropriate scholarly interest, but with another equally controversial law of the same period whose formulation was buttressed by similar antipathy towards the legal profession. This law introduced a special and rigorous regime for the prosecution and punishment of thefts in the public service.

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Kachale, Mary. "The efficacy of international regulation of uranium mining: Malawi as a case study." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 36, no. 4 (December 2010): 653–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.2010.524286.

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