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1
Kishindo, P. "The Malawi Social Action Fund and community development." Community Development Journal 36, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/36.4.303.
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Chasukwa, Michael, and Dan Banik. "Bypassing Government: Aid Effectiveness and Malawi’s Local Development Fund." Politics and Governance 7, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i2.1854.
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Many practical and action-oriented international roadmaps to improve the quality of aid and its delivery and impact on development—including the Paris Declaration, Accra Agenda for Action, and Busan Partnership—emphasize a more active involvement of domestic institutions and procedures. Despite widespread agreement among both donor and recipient countries on this issue, we find that aid often tends to bypass national institutional structures. This practice is sometimes justified on grounds of high levels of political and administrative corruption and weak implementation capacity in recipient country bureaucracies. We examine how and to what extent multilateral and bilateral development agencies bypass national and local government institutions while channeling aid and the impact of such practices on aid effectiveness in Africa. Based on an empirical study of project aid and budget support provided to Malawi by the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the German Economic Group, we argue that earmarked funding, specialized procurement arrangements, and the proliferation of Project Management Units are among the mechanisms used to circumvent the involvement of national institutions. We conclude that while such practices may achieve short-term gains by displaying successful and visible ‘donorship’, the long-term impact is more uncertain. The bypassing of local institutions results in fragmentation of aid, lack of coordination among aid industry actors, and a general weakening of policy space and domestic capacity to formulate and implement development policy.
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Rumbold, Benedict, Victoria Charlton, Annette Rid, Polly Mitchell, James Wilson, Peter Littlejohns, Catherine Max, and Albert Weale. "Affordability and Non-Perfectionism in Moral Action." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 22, no. 4 (August 2019): 973–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-019-10028-4.
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Abstract One rationale policy-makers sometimes give for declining to fund a service or intervention is on the grounds that it would be ‘unaffordable’, which is to say, that the total cost of providing the service or intervention for all eligible recipients would exceed the budget limit. But does the mere fact that a service or intervention is unaffordable present a reason not to fund it? Thus far, the philosophical literature has remained largely silent on this issue. However, in this article, we consider this kind of thinking in depth. Albeit with certain important caveats, we argue that the use of affordability criteria in matters of public financing commits what Parfit might have called a ‘mistake in moral mathematics’. First, it fails to abide by what we term a principle of ‘non-perfectionism’ in moral action: the mere fact that it is practically impossible for you to do all the good that you have reason to do does not present a reason not to do whatever good you can do. And second, when used as a means of arbitrating between which services to fund, affordability criteria can lead to a kind of ‘numerical discrimination’. Various attendant issues around fairness and lotteries are also discussed.
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Parkinson, Joy, Philip C. Mkandawire, Timo Dietrich, Abi Badejo, Mohammad Kadir, and Violet Tembo. "Developing the UNICEF Malawi School Handwashing Program." Social Marketing Quarterly 24, no. 2 (April 22, 2018): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500418766355.
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Diarrhea is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among children and immune-compromised individuals in Malawi. Handwashing with soap (HWWS) is one of the most cost-effective health interventions to prevent diarrhea. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Malawi has adopted a social marketing approach to achieve large-scale behavioral change for HWWS. The study, commissioned by UNICEF Malawi, was developed by PSI Malawi and Griffith University and conducted by PSI Malawi. Formative research insights using two research studies are presented including observations at 30 primary schools in terms of HWWS behavior. Second, key informant interviews with school administrators and staff members were conducted to understand HWWS motivation, opportunity, and ability factors. This study found less than half of the assessed schools had handwashing facilities. Structural barriers that prevent school children from practicing HWWS were identified including a lack of financial resources to construct permanent handwashing facilities in schools. Many schools also experience a lack of support from the community as citizens are not aware of the benefits of HWWS. Changes to school and community infrastructure are required to facilitate the adoption of the behavior. Supporting activities to encourage school children to practice HWWS and reinforcement strategies to sustain the behavior over time should also be implemented. School children can then become change agents for HWWS by reinforcing the behavior at home thereby contributing to the achievement of the national objectives to reduce diarrhea and leading to improved health and well-being for communities in Malawi.
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Lognwe, Zainab. "Reflections from challenges of working with HIV/Aids affected and infected orphans in Malawi." Journal of Comparative Social Work 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2010): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v5i2.66.
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Karen Healy uses the term reflection in action to refer to processes of refining knowledge in action so as to promote new ways of responding to the problems we encounter in practice. Thus, social work entails working with different people with different non routine challenges that needs reflective action to be dealt with effectively. The importance of reflection in social work cannot be overtly emphasised. After experiencing an emotional circumstance or situation, in reflecting, and through these experiences we can ably find valuable options for professional development. This process is very much in line with critical incident method. This method is described as both an emotional and cognitive process, proceeding from lower to higher levels of reflection, from analysing the experiences to conceptualizing new knowledge.
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Golooba-Mutebi, Frederick, and Sam Hickey. "Governing Chronic Poverty under Inclusive Liberalism: The Case of the Northern Uganda Social Action Fund." Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 7 (August 2010): 1216–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2010.487097.
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Vézina, Martine, Majdi Ben Selma, and Marie Claire Malo. "Exploring the social innovation process in a large market based social enterprise." Management Decision 57, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 1399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2017-0090.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the organising of social innovation in a large market-based social enterprises from the perspective of dynamic capabilities and social transformation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyses the process by which Desjardins Group launched the Desjardins Environment Fund as the first investment fund in North America to integrate environmental screening. It uses longitudinal single case analysis and a theoretical framework based on Teece’s three dynamic capabilities.FindingsResults show that dynamic capabilities can be conceived as stages in the process of social innovation. Sensing refers to the capability to identify a societal demand for social transformation. Seizing capability is about shaping societal demand into a commercial offer. Reconfiguring concerns organisational innovation to integrate actual and new knowledge through innovative routines. Microprocesses of both path dependency and path building are in action at each of the three stages.Practical implicationsThis paper shows that managing dynamic capabilities is central to social innovation in the context of a large social business and provides genuine managerial input via an analysis of the microprocesses at work in the social innovation process.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the operationalization of Teece’s dynamic capabilities model. In mobilising a framework in the field of management of innovation, it contributes to the understanding of the process of social innovation and develops the organisational mechanism for multiscalarity of social innovation as a condition for social transformation.
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Pușcaș, Andreea, and Ioana Beleiu. "The mechanism of community led local development in Romanian urban areas." Virgil Madgearu Review of Economic Studies and Research 13, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/rvm.2020.13.65.
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Community led local development (CLLD) is a tool of the European Commission, used for territorial development. Local Action Groups were funded in the rural areas of Romania, since the 2007-2013 programming period through LEADER, demonstrating positive effects in terms of social innovation and disproof of social disparities. In urban areas, CLLD is a recent multi-fund approach, financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). Despite the intentions addressed for simplifying the implementation of the mechanism by the Romanian authorities, several challenges and delays however occurred. The present research reveals the similarities and the main differences between the implementation of the mechanism, in urban and rural areasesides, it proposes a set of recommendations to increase the efficiency of the studied mechanism, based on a case study on the implementation of the CLLD mechanism in Gherla, Romania.
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Serageldin, Ismail. "From vision to action after the Second World Water Forum." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2001): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0170.
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The World Commission for Water in the 21st Century set out the vision of a ‘water secure world’ and suggested a comprehensive set of measures to achieve this aim. Criticism of the role of water pricing in these measures underestimates the strength of its case in environmental, financial, economic, social, political and ethical terms. The Framework For Action has been devised as a guide for local action, but the proposal for a Water Innovation Fund may have particular impact.
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Mtika, Mike Mathambo. "Social and Cultural Relations in Economic Action: The Embeddedness of Food Security in Rural Malawi Amidst the AIDS Epidemic." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 2 (February 2000): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a31190.
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In its prescription of how food security among rural households can be attained and how problems such as AIDS can be addressed, the neoclassical utiliarian view envisions individual house-holds making atomistic decisions in the use of their resources, goods, and services (entitlements). In exploring the effect of illness and death on household food security in rural Malawi amidst the AIDS epidemic, I find that the embeddedness view explains more convincingly how rural households secure their food supply and deal with illness and death. This view suggests that individual households' use of their entitlements indeed contributes to household food security and the fight against illness and death, but that such use is shaped by the entitlement system that embodies collective beliefs, rules, expectations, and obligations. Social and cultural relations between households, anchored in the entitlement system, enable households to share their entitlements through reciprocity and redistribution, thereby contributing to collective food security and diffusing the burden of illness and death across households. Rural Malawians are thus not isolated actors envisioned by the utilitarian view but social actors who constantly engage in negotiations with each other, sharing their entitlements, and thus collectively securing their food supply and diffusing burdens. Food security then gets compromised when burdens reach a threshold that fractures social and cultural ties thus disabling households from sharing entitlements. AIDS is a threat to food security in rural Malawi because of its potential to make the spread of illness and death burdens so extensive that households would be unable to share their entitlements.
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Kinyondo, Abel Alfred, and Joseph Magashi. "The Impact of Cash Transfers on Women's Empowerment: The Case of the Tanzania Social Action Fund." Poverty & Public Policy 11, no. 3 (September 2019): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pop4.256.
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Harris, Ciorciari, and Gountas. "Consumer Neuroscience and Digital/Social Media Health/Social Cause Advertisement Effectiveness." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 4 (April 18, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9040042.
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This research investigated the use of consumer neuroscience to improve and determine the effectiveness of action/emotion-based public health and social cause (HSC) advertisements. Action-based advertisements ask individuals to ‘do something’ such as ‘act’, ‘share’, make a ‘pledge’ or complete a ‘challenge’ on behalf of a brand, such as doing ‘something good, somewhere, for someone else’. Public health messages as noncommercial advertisements attempt to positively change behavioural intent or increase awareness. Australian health expenditure was $180.7 billion AUD (Australian dollars) in 2016/17 with $17 million AUD spent on government health campaigns. However, evaluation of health advertisement effectiveness has been difficult to determine. Few studies use neuroscience techniques with traditional market research methods. A 2-part study with an exploratory design was conducted using (1) electroencephalography (EEG) using a 64 channel EEG wet cap (n = 47); and (2) a Qualtrics online psychometric survey (n = 256). Participants were asked to make a donation before and after viewing 7 HSC digital/social media advertisements and logos (6 action/emotion-based; 1 control) to measure changes in behavioural intent. Attention is considered a key factor in determining advertising effectiveness. EEG results showed theta synchronisation (increase)/alpha desynchronisation (decrease) indicating attention with episodic memory encoding. sLORETA results displayed approach responses to action/emotion-based advertisements with left prefrontal and right parietal cortex activation. EEG and survey results showed the greatest liking for the ManUp action/emotion-based advertisement which used male facial expressions of raw emotion and vulnerability. ManUp also had the highest increased amount donated after viewing. Lower theta amplitude results for the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) action/emotion-based advertisement indicated that novel (possessing distinct features) rather than attractive/conventional faces were more appealing, while the rapid presentation of faces was less effective. None of the highest peak amplitudes for each ad occurred when viewing brand logos within the advertisement. This research contributes to the academic consumer neuroscience, advertising effectiveness, and social media literature with the use of action/challenge/emotion-based marketing strategies, which remains limited, while demonstrating the value in combining EEG and neuroscientific techniques with traditional market research methods. The research provides a greater understanding of advertising effectiveness and changes in behavioural intent with managerial implications regarding the effective use of action/challenge/emotion-based HSC communications to potentially help save a life and reduce expenditure on ineffectual HSC marketing campaigns.
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Meyerricks, Svenja, and Rehema M. White. "Communities on a Threshold: Climate Action and Wellbeing Potentialities in Scotland." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137357.
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Community projects provide opportunities for their participants to collectively undertake climate action and simultaneously experience alternative concepts of wellbeing. However, we argue that community projects do so in ‘liminal’ ways—on the threshold of (unactualised) social change. We employed an ethnographic approach involving participant observation and qualitative interviews to investigate two community climate action projects in Scotland supported by the Climate Challenge Fund (CCF). We identify some of the outcomes and barriers of these projects in relation to promoting wellbeing through work, transport, participation and green spaces for food production, biodiversity and recreation. Projects’ achievements are contextualised in light of the urgent imperative to tackle climate change and against a background of social inequality. Liminal community projects are structurally constrained in their potential to create wider systemic changes. However, the projects’ potential to promote wellbeing among their participants can intersect with climate change mitigation when systemic and wide-ranging changes are adopted. These changes must involve a meaningful shift towards an economy that centres wellbeing, framed through principles of environmental justice and promoting social equity.
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Umar, Eric, Judith A. Levy, Geri Donenberg, Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti, Hening Pujasari, and Robert C. Bailey. "THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-EFFICACY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND HIV-RELATED STIGMA WITH ART ADHERENCE AMONG THE YOUTH IN MALAWI." Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia 22, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/jki.v22i2.952.
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Depression and HIV-related stigma, among other factors, have been inversely linked independently with adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among the youth. However, the processes through which the various factors influence this relationship is not fully known. Guided by Social Action Theory, we examined the interactive mechanisms through which depression, HIV-related stigma, and self-efficacy influenced ART adherence and whether or not these relationships are moderated by gender. A total of 450 HIV-positive youth (13–24 years) in Malawi receiving ART participated in this cross-sectional study. Moderated mediation analyses were conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro 2.11 in SPSS. ART adherence was measured by pill count. Findings showed that self-efficacy mediated the effects of depression and stigma on ART adherence. The analyses also revealed that gender moderated both the direct and indirect influence of depression and stigma (via self-efficacy) on ART adherence. Furthermore, self-efficacy simultaneously mediated and moderated the relationship between stigma and ART adherence. The interactive mechanisms through which various factors influence ART nonadherence must be considered to design effective interventions. To reduce the impact of depression and stigma on ART adherence, medication self-efficacy should be bolstered while taking gender in consideration. Keywords: Adolescent, Antiretroviral adherence, Malawi, Moderated mediation, Social action theory, Youth Abstrak Pengaruh Efikasi Diri Terhadap Hubungan antara Depresi dan Stigma HIV dengan Kepatuhan Terapi ART pada Remaja di Malawi. Depresi dan stigma HIV, di antara faktor-faktor lain, berhubungan terbalik secara independen dengan kepatuhan terapi antiretroviral (ART) pada remaja. Akan tetapi, dalam prosesnya faktor yang memengaruhi hubungan ini belum sepenuhnya diketahui. Berdasarkan Teori Perilaku Sosial, penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengkaji mekanisme interaktif depresi, stigma HIV, dan efikasi diri yang memengaruhi kepatuhan ART, dan untuk mengetahui apakah hubungan ini dimoderasi oleh gender atau tidak. Sebanyak 450 remaja dengan HIV-positif (13–24 tahun) di Malawi yang menerima ART ikut berpartisipasi dalam penelitian potong lintang ini. Analisis mediasi moderated dilakukan dengan menggunakan Hayes 'PROCESS macro 2.11 pada SPSS. Kepatuhan ART diukur menggunakan jumlah pil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efikasi diri memediasi efek depresi dan stigma pada kepatuhan ART. Hasil analisis juga mengungkapkan bahwa jenis kelamin memoderasi pengaruh langsung dan tidak langsung dari depresi dan stigma (melalui efikasi diri) terhadap kepatuhan ART. Lebih lanjut,efikasi diri secara bersamaan mediasi dan moderasi hubungan antara stigma dan kepatuhan ART. Mekanisme interaktif dengan berbagai faktor yang memengaruhi ketidakpatuhan ART harus dipertimbangkan untuk merancang intervensi yang efektif. Untuk mengurangi dampak depresi dan stigma terhadap kepatuhan ART, efikasi diri pengobatan harus didukung saat mempertimbangkan jenis kelamin. Kata kunci: Kepatuhan antiretroviral, Malawi, Mediasi tingkat menengah, Teori Perilaku Sosial, Remaja
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Assuah, Anderson, and A. John Sinclair. "Unraveling the Relationship between Collective Action and Social Learning: Evidence from Community Forest Management in Canada." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060494.
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An important outcome of social learning in the context of natural resource management is the potential for collective action—actions taken by a group of people that are the result of finding shared or common interest. Evidence of the relationship between collective action and social learning is beginning to emerge in the natural resource management literature in areas such as community forestry and participatory irrigation, but empirical evidence is sparse. Using a qualitative inquiry and research design involving a case study of the Wet’zinkw’a Community Forest Corporation, this paper presents research that examined the relationships between collective action and social learning through community forest management. Our findings show strong evidence of collective action outcomes on the part of board members responsible for the community forest, such as establishing a legacy fund, adding value to logs, protecting First Nations cultural values, and hiring locally. Our data also reveal that the actions taken by board members were encouraged through social learning that was related to acquiring (new) knowledge, developing an improved/deeper understanding, and building relationships. However, we found limited opportunities for community forest partners and the general public to learn and contribute to collective action outcomes since the actions taken and associated learning occurred mainly among board members.
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Barnes, Marian, and Kate Morris. "Networks, Connectedness and Resilience: Learning From the Children's Fund in Context." Social Policy and Society 6, no. 2 (March 12, 2007): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746406003459.
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During the past decade, expectations placed on child welfare services in the UK have moved away from individualised provision geared to meeting the needs of specific children at risk, to consideration of the broader context for children. The introduction of a series of national programmes aimed at addressing social exclusion and tasked with stimulating new approaches to enabling better outcomes for children formed the background for the recent legislation and guidance for local children's services. The Children's Fund was one of a raft of New Labour social policies promoting partnerships between statutory and voluntary organisations in order to address the cross-cutting issue of social exclusion. It was announced following the UK 2000 Spending Review and drew from the Policy Action Team12 (PAT12) Report, ‘Young People at Risk’ (SEU, 2000). Funding started in January 2001 and continues until 2008 with a total allocation during this period of £960 million. Like most special policy initiatives instigated following 1997, the establishment of the Children's Fund was accompanied by both national and local evaluation requirements. The National Evaluation of the Children's Fund (NECF) was undertaken by a team from the Universities of Birmingham and London and this themed section draws on selected findings from that evaluation. Overall results are reported in Edwards et al., (2006).
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Uwamahoro, Nadege Sandrine, Bagrey Ngwira, Kirsten Vinther-Jensen, and Gill Rowlands. "Health literacy among Malawian HIV-positive youth: a qualitative needs assessment and conceptualization." Health Promotion International 35, no. 5 (November 6, 2019): 1137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz107.
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Abstract Despite growing evidence of the significance of health literacy in managing and coping with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV), it is not yet an integrated part of HIV/AIDS-related health promotion research and practice in Africa. This article contributes to addressing the gap in research on health literacy and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to assess health literacy-related needs of young people living with HIV (YPLHIV) and adapt existing health literacy frameworks to the context of HIV/AIDS in Malawi. We used focus group discussions to collect data from a sample of the membership of the national association of YPLHIV. Twenty-four HIV-positive youth (18–29 years) participated in focus group discussions. Participants came from three regions of Malawi. Additionally, we conducted three in-depth interviews with key informants. We used a thematic framework approach to analyse data in MAXQDA. We contextualized definitions of four dimensions of health literacy: functional, interactive, critical and distributed health literacy, which we used as an a priori analytical framework. To further contextualize the framework, we revised it iteratively throughout the analysis process. We identified the need for comprehensive information about HIV and sexual reproductive health, skills to interact with healthcare providers and navigate the health system, and skills to appraise information from different sources, among others. The identified needs were translated into nine action recommendations for the national association of YPLHIV, and with relevance within the wider HIV sector in Malawi and beyond. We found that the dimensions in our analytical framework operate on the individual, system and public policy levels.
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Burtless, Gary. "Fixing Social Security: Major Reform or Minor Repairs?" ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 686, no. 1 (November 2019): 38–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219872161.
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Without congressional action, the Social Security reserve fund will be exhausted by 2035. When that occurs, benefit payments must be cut by one-fifth. To avoid that outcome, Congress must agree on a reform plan that boosts revenues, cuts pensions, or does both. The choice of a reform strategy should depend on voters’ support for the goals of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and evidence about the program’s effectiveness in achieving those goals. This article explains the aims of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) program, briefly describes how the program attempts to achieve those aims, and considers evidence on whether the goals have been achieved and at what cost. It then considers alternative reforms that address OASI’s main problem, namely, the long-term shortfall in program revenues compared with pension commitments. It concludes by identifying the reforms that seem best suited to achieving OASI’s core aims while conforming to voter preferences.
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Mulya, Dr Ali Sandy, and M. Si. "Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility and Good Corporate Governance can Reduce the Amount of Tax Avoidance." Restaurant Business 118, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i4.7209.
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This study was to analyze corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the application of good corporate governance (GCG) could reduce action tax avoidance action (T.Avoid) on manufacturing companies. The sample used a public company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study design using quantitative methods, and testing hypotheses by using Partial Least Square method with Smart PLS. The result is a significant direct effect of CSR and GCG against T.Avoid with values t-Statistics (61.558and 20.616) is greater than t-table (1.985).While the indirect effect, the results are significant CSR and GCG against T.Avoid through profitability as an intervening variable with a value of t-Statistics(23.094) is greater than t-table (1.985).Implications government needs to give attention to CSR and corporate governance practices that can reduce T.Avoid. T.Avoid even did not rule can be omitted, so that revenues can be maximized sector through taxation to fund the development of the State.
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Contri, Fernanda. "Social Policies against Drug Abuse in Italy: An Overview and Evaluation." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 4 (October 1994): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400402.
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Continuously changing social drug policies pose problems in presenting an homogeneous picture of the current situation in Italy. The Consolidation Act was passed three years ago, and in 1993 a national referendum substantially modified the 1989 law. Goals have been reached regarding coordination of repressive action at an international level, and a National Fund for the Fight against Drugs was established. Efforts have been made to coordinate a unitary, although not standardized, policy among different authorities involved in anti-drug activities. A prevention “culture” has been implemented, recognizing the basic role of the family in primary education, increasing activities from the first years of school, as well as improving programs for educators at the university level. Great efforts are also being made to achieve better coordination in the field among the various social services. Monitoring studies are in development.
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Saleh, Sepeedeh, Henry Sambakunsi, Kevin Mortimer, Ben Morton, Moses Kumwenda, Jamie Rylance, and Martha Chinouya. "Exploring smoke: an ethnographic study of air pollution in rural Malawi." BMJ Global Health 6, no. 6 (June 2021): e004970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-004970.
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Air pollution adversely affects human health, and the climate crisis intensifies the global imperative for action. Low-/middle-income countries (LMIC) suffer particularly high attributable disease burdens. In rural low-resource settings, these are linked to cooking using biomass. Proposed biomedical solutions to air pollution typically involve ‘improved cooking technologies’, often introduced by high-income country research teams. This ethnography, set in a rural Malawian village, aimed to understand air pollution within its social and environmental context. The results provide a multifaceted account through immersive participant observations with concurrent air quality monitoring, interviews and participatory workshops. Data included quantitative measures of individuals’ air pollution exposures paired with activity, qualitative insights into how smoke is experienced in daily life throughout the village, and participants’ reflections on potential cleaner air solutions. Individual air quality monitoring demonstrated that particulate levels frequently exceeded upper limits recommended by the WHO, even in the absence of identified sources of biomass burning. Ethnographic findings revealed the overwhelming impact of economic scarcity on individual air pollution exposures. Scarcity affected air pollution exposures through three pathways: daily hardship, limitation and precarity. We use the theory of structural violence, as described by Paul Farmer, and the concept of slow violence to interrogate the origins of this scarcity and global inequality. We draw on the ethnographic findings to critically consider sustainable approaches to cleaner air, without re-enacting existing systemic inequities.
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Bezner Kerr, Rachel, Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Laifolo Dakishoni, Esther Lupafya, Lizzie Shumba, Isaac Luginaah, and Sieglinde S. Snapp. "Knowledge politics in participatory climate change adaptation research on agroecology in Malawi." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 3 (April 12, 2018): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000017.
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AbstractClimate change is projected to have severe implications for smallholder agriculture in Africa, with increased temperatures, increased drought and flooding occurrence, and increased rainfall variability. Given these projections, there is a need to identify effective strategies to help rural communities adapt to climatic risks. Yet, relatively little research has examined the politics and social dynamics around knowledge and sources of information about climate-change adaptation with smallholder farming communities. This paper uses a political ecology approach to historically situate rural people's experiences with a changing climate. Using the concept of the co-production of knowledge, we examine how Malawian smallholder farmers learn, perceive, share and apply knowledge about a changing climate, and what sources they draw on for agroecological methods in this context. As well, we pay particular attention to agricultural knowledge flows within and between households. We ask two main questions: Whose knowledge counts in relation to climate-change adaptation? What are the political, social and environmental implications of these knowledge dynamics? We draw upon a long-term action research project on climate-change adaptation that involved focus groups, interviews, observations, surveys, and participatory agroecology experiments with 425 farmers. Our findings are consistent with other studies, which found that agricultural knowledge sources were shaped by gender and other social inequalities, with women more reliant on informal networks than men. Farmers initially ranked extension services as important sources of knowledge about farming and climate change. After farmers carried out participatory agroecological research, they ranked their own observation and informal farmer networks as more important sources of knowledge. Contradictory ideas about climate-change adaptation, linked to various positions of power, gaps of knowledge and social inequalities make it challenging for farmers to know how to act despite observing changes in rainfall. Participatory agroecological approaches influenced adaptation strategies used by smallholder farmers in Malawi, but most still maintained the dominant narrative about climate-change causes, which focused on local deforestation by rural communities. Smallholder farmers in Malawi are responsible for <1% of global greenhouse gas emissions, yet our results show that the farmers often blame their own rural communities for changes in deforestation and rainfall patterns. Researchers need to consider differences knowledge and power between scientists and farmers and the contradictory narratives at work in communities to foster long-term change.
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Chunga, Joseph J., and Arne Tostensen. "Clergy in Politics: The Opportunistic Engagement of Faith-Based Organisations in Malawi’s Politics." Journal of Religion in Africa 49, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340156.
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Abstract Malawi is a profoundly religious society and faith-based organisations (FBO s) play a significant role in politics, addressing social concerns and governance. This article investigates their role in Malawi’s political realm when engaging with the state and argues that the FBO s are opportunistic in their engagement. They seize upon opportunities for exerting influence when political and social issues dictate that action be taken in accordance with religious tenets of social responsibility, in tandem with fluctuating levels of political tension. Typical high points of tension are elections, but other controversial issues may also feature prominently. FBO s consider suitable entry points and tools of advocacy at their disposal within existing opportunity structures. As organised religion, we find that faith communities have engaged and continue to engage with the political establishment through various means, predominantly by issuing pastoral letters and statements.
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Santamarta, Juan C., Mª Dolores Storch de Gracia, Mª Ángeles Huerta Carrascosa, Margarita Martínez-Núñez, Celia de las Heras García, and Noelia Cruz-Pérez. "Characterisation of Impact Funds and Their Potential in the Context of the 2030 Agenda." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 6476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116476.
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The European Union has incorporated impact investment through two action plans: the Social Entrepreneurship Initiative and the Investment Plan for Europe. These financing tools seek to fund economic growth and promote job creation. Among the different measures carried out, the regulatory framework for impact investment funds stands out, under which the denomination, European Social Entrepreneurship Fund, is established to designate investment funds focused on social enterprises with the objective of generating a positive impact. It is possible to affirm that the creation of a solid impact intermediation infrastructure, by connecting both sides of supply and demand, is a critical aspect for the development and effective functioning of the impact market. Special importance is given to impact funds capable of attracting private capital. In order to categorise the different impact funds according to the most relevant aspects, a proposal form for the characterisation of impact funds has been drawn up and has been applied to a particular case. The presentation of Creas will allow for contextualising the practices that impact funds carry out and facilitate the general understanding of the article through a specific example that is considered successful in Spain.
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Lee, Hyun-Song. "A Study of Poverty and Social Security in Malaysia." International Area Review 5, no. 2 (September 2002): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590200500206.
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This paper makes a diagnosis of poverty and social security system in Malaysia. The socioeconomic gap between Malays and non-Malays, between urban dwellers and rural residents, and between Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah or Sarawak remains enormous despite government's aggressive affirmative action policies since the ethnic riot in 1969 along with the rapid economic growth. Malaysia's social security system holds institutional safety measures mainly for old age and industrial accidents, but none for sickness and unemployment. In the country the people covered by the institutional scheme of social security are limited to employed workers. About half of the total employed workers are covered by the Employment Provident Fund or related pension schemes, and those covered by the SOCSO's social insurance scheme stays at two thirds of the total workers. The rest of the populations are still not protected by any social security measures. New social insurance schemes to cope with unemployment and sickness together with a consistent effort to expand the comprehensiveness of existent measures are required for further socioeconomic development.
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Hastings, Gerard. "CSR." Social Marketing Quarterly 22, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500416631942.
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR), with its subdisciplines of corporate social marketing (CSM) and cause-related marketing (CRM), has an axiomatically attractive ring. The idea of publicly traded corporations doing good deeds and behaving well seems self-evidently desirable, and any addition to humankind’s pool of social responsibility is surely to be welcomed. So when a multinational offers to provide books for British school children, support indigenous rights in the Americas, or fund child literacy programs in Malawi, the temptation is simply to say “thank you kind sir and more power to your elbow.” However, all that glisters is not gold and good deeds are not always what they seem; a kiss can be a mark of love or an act of betrayal. So we need to look further, beyond the immediate act, and examine motives, repercussions, and morality before we decide. We marketers, of all people, should look carefully at the price tag before we make the purchase. And when we do so with CSR, CSM, and CRM, it becomes clear that the costs are simply unaffordable. In this article, I adopt an uncompromisingly critical stance. I do so because helping those in need, who have fallen on hard times or are less fortunate than ourselves, and to do so without expectation of return or advantage, is the defining quality of our humanity. When we allow this to be co-opted and distorted for commercial advantage, we create a profound moral hazard.
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Scognamillo, Antonio, and Nicholas J. Sitko. "Leveraging social protection to advance climate-smart agriculture: An empirical analysis of the impacts of Malawi’s Social Action Fund (MASAF) on farmers’ adoption decisions and welfare outcomes." World Development 146 (October 2021): 105618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105618.
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Phimister, Ian, and Alfred Tembo. "A Zambian Town in Colonial Zimbabwe: The 1964 “Wangi Kolia” Strike." International Review of Social History 60, S1 (September 8, 2015): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859015000358.
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AbstractIn March 1964 the entire African labour force at Wankie Colliery, “Wangi Kolia”, in Southern Rhodesia went on strike. Situated about eighty miles south-east of the Victoria Falls on the Zambezi River, central Africa’s only large coalmine played a pivotal role in the region’s political economy. Described byDrum, the famous South African magazine, as a “bitter underpaid place”, the colliery’s black labour force was largely drawn from outside colonial Zimbabwe. While some workers came from Angola, Tanganyika (Tanzania), and Nyasaland (Malawi), the great majority were from Northern Rhodesia (Zambia). Less than one-quarter came from Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) itself. Although poor-quality food rations in lieu of wages played an important role in precipitating female-led industrial action, it also occurred against a backdrop of intense struggle against exploitation over an extended period of time. As significant was the fact that it happened within a context of regional instability and sweeping political changes, with the independence of Zambia already impending. This late colonial conjuncture sheds light on the region’s entangled dynamics of gender, race, and class.
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Savall, Henri, and Véronique Zardet. "Action research and intervention research in the French landscape of organizational research." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 22, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 551–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-06-2013-0675.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present a concise history of the main action research (AR) contribution in France. The authors discuss the role of AR in the organizational research field in general and compare it with intervention research (IR) and presented Institute of Socio-Economy of Enterprises and Organizations’s specific contributions and its presence on the international stage through review publications and wider works. Design/methodology/approach – A narrative approach was used to analyze this history. Findings – AR is considered as a research family. The authors define and compare AR with other qualitative methods. They analyze AR and IR principles, which include interaction with practitioners, negotiation with them, focusing in the third part on the case of ISEOR research team. Social implications – AR and IR permit to bridge the gap between researchers and practitioners, to develop useful research. At the same time, they permit to develop new researchers' competencies and to fund research, in a context of reduced public research funds. Originality/value – This article permits to understand the reality of what is and how to develop an IR, and the difficulties for researchers to insert them in the academic community, although France seems to be more permissive than others’ contexts. It permits also to better know the French IR and AR research in management.
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Kerich, Henry. "International Financial Institutions and the Challenges of Global Business Ethics." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 3 (February 26, 2016): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n3p232.
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<p>Business ethics are moral principles and doctrines that determine behavior in the business world. Although the purpose of every business is to earn profits, it also ought to pay a major role in society by ensuring fair practices. Instead of fairness and equality, greed has taken over the present business scenario leading to unethical business practices. World Bank and International Monetary Fund have been criticized for harsh imposition of austerity measures on member borrower countries. IMF programs are connected with adverse social action like reduced investment in public health and education in the recipient countries resulting in ethical violation and lack of corporate social responsibility to the communities served. A number of World Bank financed projects have social and environmental effects for the people in the affected areas resulting in ethical issues criticism. The IMF and World Bank have also been criticized for violation of ethical issues of equity and fair play.</p>
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Park, Eri, and Marcin Sklad. "Global Citizenship and The Notion of Moral Emotions: Cognitive Polyphasia in Processes of Self-Other Constructions." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 8, no. 1 (June 16, 2015): 1498–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v8i1.3611.
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In the past, little attention has been paid to the socio-psychological dimension of the phenomenon of severe poverty in Africa. Despite the institutional nature of the global economic order, including policies of the European Union, the World Trade Organisation, and the International Monetary Fund, it is people who design, support, and maintain this system, and individual constructions of the world and structural inequalities reinforce one another. This also finds its expression in different ways in, e.g., peoples social representations of severe poverty in Europes former colonies (Park, 2008, 2011). This article investigates, how we members of the European middle class construct ourselves as ethical beings in the context of African poverty: What is the link between our social representations, identity construction and (in)action with regard to severe poverty in Africa? What are the discursive mechanisms we apply in the construction of an ethical self and what is the notion of the African Other? In a nutshell: What do our social represenations make us do
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Montojo Montojo, Vicente. "Chinchilla de Montearagón y el diezmo eclesiástico de su distrito. Siglos XVII-XVIII." Al-Basit : Revista de Estudios Albacetenses 65 (December 1, 2020): 41–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37927/al-basit.65_2.
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: In this text, the participation of the population of Chinchilla and others of its district in the administration and management of ecclesiastical tithe in the 17th and 18th centuries, a part of the agrarian production that is delivered to the Diocese of Cartagena (bishop and council cathedral, based in Murcia) and the king (royal thirds) or even the lord in the case of manors. This popular action in the ecclesiastical tithe took place on the part of diverse social groups, reason why it is illustrative of the social organization and its evolution, in which the policy of the enlightened governments of the eighteenth century influenced by the liberalization of the cereal prices (previously appraised) and the setting of new contributions, such as the pious fund and frutos civiles. In this way, the social composition of Chinchilla is made known a little more, a city to which hardly any attention has been devoted in these aspects.
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Holla, Radha. "The malnutrition bazaar: the case of RUTF." World Nutrition 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.2021122104-118.
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Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children is life-threatening. Its causes range from lack of access to balanced food, to incorrect feeding practices, lack of access to an efficient health system, to clean potable water and sanitation. However, the present approach to managing SAM is fortified packaged food – a paste made with peanuts or other protein rich food such as chickpeas, milk and sugar, to which micronutrients are added. Currently, a version of the paste with less energy levels is also being recommended for treating even moderate forms of malnutrition, as well as for prevention of malnutrition (World Health Organization (WHO), 2012; WHO/UNICEF/WFP, 2014; WFP/UNICEF/USAID, undated).
The large number of malnourished children around the globe furnish the food and pharmaceutical industries with an immense potential market for these fortified food packages. That the market for ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) is rapidly expanding is primarily due to its endorsement by the World Health Organisation (WHO, the World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition[1] (UNSCN) and UNICEF for treating SAM (World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition and the United Nations Children’s Fund. (2007).). Non state actors like Action Against Hunger (Action Contre La Faim) and Médecins Sans Frontières have also been working to introduce RUTF treatment in countries such as Ethiopia, Nigeria, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, Malawi, Yemen, India and Pakistan. In addition, several of the new manufacturers use unethical marketing practices to increase their share of sales.
The long-term sustainable solution to reducing undernutrition has to be based on policies that manage conflict, inequity, gender imbalance, food sovereignty and security, infant and young child feeding, basic health services and provision of safe drinking water and sanitation.
[1] In 2020, the UN Network for SUN (UNN) merged with the United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN) to form a new entity, called UN Nutrition. As of 1 January 2021, the UN Nutrition Secretariat, hosted by FAO headquarters, became operational.
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Johnsen, Dawn, and Marcy J. Wilder. "Webster and Women's Equality." American Journal of Law & Medicine 15, no. 2-3 (1989): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800012144.
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The National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL) and the Women's Legal Defense Fund (WLDF) co-authored an amicus curiae brief submitted to the United States Supreme Court in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. The brief was authored on behalf of seventyseven organizations committed to women's equality. The brief argued that continued constitutional protection of a woman's fundamental right to choose abortion is guaranteed by the liberty-based right to privacy. Further, we argued that this right is essential to women's ability to achieve sexual equality. In order to participate in society as equals, women must be afforded the opportunity to make decisions concerning childbearing. Women's unique reproductive capabilities have long served as a principal justification for their unequal and disadvantageous treatment by the state. Restrictive abortion laws continue “our Nation['s] … long and unfortunate history of sex discrimination” by depriving women of the freedom to control the course of their lives.
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Kerner, Jon F., Marion H. E. Kavanaugh-Lynch, Christopher Politis, Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati, Aviva Prager, and Ross C. Brownson. "Californians Linking Action with Science for Prevention of Breast Cancer (CLASP-BC)—Phase 2." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 8863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238863.
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Californians Linking Action with Science for Prevention of Breast Cancer (CLASP-BC) is part of California Breast Cancer Research Program’s (CBCRP) Initiative strategic priority to disseminate and implement high-impact, population-based primary prevention interventions. CLASP-BC is informed by six years of funded program dissemination and implementation (D&I) research and evaluation conducted by the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer (CPAC) through its Coalitions Linking Action and Science for Prevention (CLASP). In its second phase, CLASP-BC will fund multi-sector, multi-jurisdictional initiatives that integrate the lessons learned from science with the lessons learned from practice and policy to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer and develop viable and sustainable infrastructure models for primary prevention breast cancer programs and research evidence implementation. Applications will be solicited from research, practice, policy, and community teams to address one or more of the intervention goals for the 23 risk factors identified in Paths to Prevention: The California Breast Cancer Primary Prevention Plan (P2P), expanding upon existing primary prevention efforts into two or more California jurisdictions, focused on disadvantaged, high risk communities with unmet social needs. The lessons learned from CLASP-BC will be widely disseminated within the participating jurisdictions, across California and, where applicable, to jurisdictions outside the state.
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Chung, Janne O. Y., and Carolyn A. Windsor. "Empowerment Through Knowledge of Accounting and Related Disciplines: Participatory Action Research in an African Village." Behavioral Research in Accounting 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-10149.
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ABSTRACT Accounting scholars are challenged to discover ways to facilitate a broader engagement with the oppressed and poor toward a more just and fair world. This paper reports an interaction between an accounting educator and disadvantaged Kenyan villagers in an exploratory attempt to expand the reach of critical accounting research from the confines of academia to practice. In Africa, the end of colonialism left widespread poverty that was exacerbated by illiteracy and ignorance. At the same time, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) required newly independent African states to implement neo-liberal-inspired policies that weakened state social governance. This, in turn, led to the growth of religious and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) whose policies aimed to fill the gaps in government social services that alleviate inequities. Ignorance enslaves, but knowledge—including knowledge of accounting and financial systems—will empower the poor to evaluate the motives, desirability, and achievements of governmental and NGO services and programs introduced to ease poverty. The specific aim of this modest, grassroots intervention was to share financial knowledge with members of a church in Bungoma, a poor region in Northwestern Kenya. This participatory action research (PAR) intervention was carefully implemented to respect the values and culture of the village participants, and avoided Western values and praxis to maintain the villagers' status quo. Instead, the accounting educator introduced empathetic learning by relating accounting principles to the Christian values of the villagers. The paper concludes with a discussion on the outcomes and limitations of this intervention.
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Salminen-Tuomaala, Mari Helena, Elina Kangasluoma, Kirsi Paavola, Sami Perälä, and Sirke Uitto. "Health and social welfare professionals’ self-rated competence and feedback following a simulation-based coaching intervention in small and medium-sized enterprises." Clinical Nursing Studies 7, no. 4 (September 27, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v7n4p30.
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Objective: To examine how health and social welfare professionals in small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) rated their theoretical, practical, and interaction competencies following simulation-based coaching, and to collect feedback for the coaching intervention.Methods: This quantitative survey is part of a wider research and development project conducted in Finland in the years 2017-2019 with assistance from the European Social Fund and carried out in collaboration between two educational institutions. Respondents were 107 nurses and other health and social care professionals in 20 SMEs. Data collection took place using an online questionnaire in May 2019. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows 25.Results: The great majority of the participants were satisfied with the coaching intervention. Respondents rated their theoretical, practical, and interaction competencies as good. They also felt confident about their skills in learning, problem-solving, and action-based learning. Among the most salient learning needs were the use of digital tools, social media, and electronic learning environments, and the need to practice remote counseling.Conclusions: The results indicate a need to provide continuing education on information and communication technology for health and social welfare professionals in small and medium-sized companies.
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Fandika, Stirzaker, and Chipula. "Promoting Social Learning in Soil Water and Nutrients Management Using Farmer—Friendly Monitoring Technology." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036019.
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Soil water management is typically by trial and error among smallholder farmers. Social learning in the use of farmer—friendly soil-water and nutrients monitoring tools were promoted in Malawi to improve productivity. A simple tool (chameleon) which was designed to fit the mental model of African farmers and to give an output that is linked to action was deployed to 198 farmers in nine irrigation schemes. Chameleon illustrates information on soil moisture status by colours—blue, green and red colours representing adequate moisture, moderate and dry soil status, respectively. The use of colours and not numbers promoted inclusiveness across illiterate and all gender categories. Farmers participated in sensors’ installation, soil moisture measurement, data visualization and learning by doing to get insights from their participation. The chameleon was combined with an on-line communication and learning system to improve water management at scheme level. The results indicated that: (1) the tool gave farmers new frames of reference; (2) it improved farmers on time, labour and water saving by reducing irrigation intervals; (3) it gave farmers new reference of experience to change their irrigation traditions; (4) it also reduced conflict for water in irrigation schemes between users apart from improving water productivity. Use of these tools made a rigor that make scientists easily communicate science to lay farmer and initiated the movement of farmers who know how to manage water. Social learning in sensor technology helped to increase farmers’ resilience to climate change and shaping the science of the future.
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Fouqueray, Timothée, Lucile Génin, Michel Trommetter, and Nathalie Frascaria-Lacoste. "Efficient, Sustainable, and Multifunctional Carbon Offsetting to Boost Forest Management: A Comparative Case Study." Forests 12, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040386.
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Research highlights: Funding forest management with subsidies from carbon offsetters is a well-documented mechanism in tropical regions. This article provides complementary insights into the use of voluntary offset contracts in temperate forests. Background and objectives: The mitigation of greenhouse emissions has become a major global issue, leading to changes in forest management to increase the capacity of forests to store carbon. This can lead to conflicts of use with other forest ecosystem services such as timber production or biodiversity conservation. Our main goal is to describe collective actions to fund carbon-oriented forestry with subsidies from carbon offsetters and to analyze how their governance and functioning prevent conflicts pertaining to multi-functionality. Materials and methods: We assembled an interdisciplinary research team comprising two ecologists, a social scientist, and an economist. Drawing on a conceptual framework of ecosystem services, social interdependencies, and collective action, we based our qualitative analysis on semi-structured interviews from two French case studies. Results: Carbon-oriented intermediary forest organizations offer offset contracts to private firms and public bodies. Communication is geared toward the mitigation outcomes of the contracts as well as their beneficial side effects in providing the ecosystem services of interest to the offsetters. Subsidies then act as a financial lever to fund carbon-oriented forestry operations. Scientific committees and reporting methodologies serve as environmental, social, and economic safeguards. Conclusions: These new intermediary forest organizations use efficient forest operations and evaluation methodologies to improve forest carbon storage. Their main innovation lies in their collective governance rooted in regional forest social-ecological systems. Their consideration of multi-functionality and socioeconomic issues can be seen as an obstacle to rapid development, but they ensure sustainability and avoid conflicts between producers and beneficiaries of forest ecosystem services. Attention must be paid to interactions with broader spatial and temporal carbon policies.
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Carrascal Pérez, María F. "Art and Urban Regeneration in New York City. Doris C. Freedman’s Public Project." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2021.12709.
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<p>Given its positive economic, social and urban impact, even with low-cost or low-tech materialization, the urban creativity encouraged by the arts is of great interest today. This narrative reviews one of the most prolific careers in this regard addressing the pioneering work by Doris C. Freedman. The late 1960s and the 1970s, in the context of two financial crises, saw a groundbreaking effort to formalize innovative artistic programs that recycled the obsolete city and integrated local communities in the processes. Doris C. Freedman was the first director of NYC Department of Cultural Affairs, the Public Arts Council, and leader of the organization City Walls. These institutions promoted an unprecedented improvement of the public urban life through the cultural action. Such experiences led Freedman to the conception of her last project, the relevant and, still, ongoing Public Art Fund of New York City. This article focuses on her early professional years, when she began and consolidated herself in the task of legitimizing art as an urban instrument for shaping the city. This research provides a contextualized critical analysis on Freedman’s less-known experimental projects before the foundation of the Public Art Fund, enabling an extraordinary source of inspiration for a current creative city-making.</p>
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Klimaszewska, Krystyna, and Mariola Bartusek. "Urinary incontinence as the socioeconomic problem." Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century 16, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pielxxiw-2017-0029.
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Abstract Introduction. Urinary incontinence, meaning irrespective of will leakage of urine, is a serious health problem, and has the status of social disease basing on the epidemiological data concerning number of affected populations suffering from it Taking into consideration the chronic character of the disease and increasing social discomfort including social exclusion, the costs of treatment and rehabilitation should be lower so patients could improve the quality of their lives in other aspects. That is why it is important to deeply analyze the costs of urinary incontinence in terms of diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation. Aim. Costs analysis related to diagnostics and treatment of urinary incontinence incurred by patient, or co-financed/funded by the National Health Fund on the basis of the literature review. Summary. The few but regularly prepared reports show that there is a clear need for changes in the funding of services provided to patients with health needs. Both the social and economic aspects are important for each patient and should be deeply analysed by public funds decision makers. It would be much easier to take an action if the probability of complete cure was high.
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Ahuja, Deepti, and Venkatesh Murthy. "Social cyclicality in Asian countries." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 9 (September 11, 2017): 1154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2016-0112.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the cyclical pattern of social expenditure during 1980-2012 for a set of Asian countries. The extant literature available so far has captured the cyclicality of fiscal policy only for member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and for Latin American countries. Moreover, previous studies have largely ignored Asian countries. Design/methodology/approach The analysis used panel data from global macro-databases of the International Monetary Fund, Statistics of public expenditure for economic development and Asian Development Bank. The cyclical components of social spending (health, education, and social protection) and GDP were determined by using the Hodrick-Prescott Filter. A positive (negative) correlation indicates procyclical (countercyclical) fiscal policy. In line with the existing literature on fiscal cyclicality (Gavin and Perotti, 1997; Lane, 2003; Frankel et al., 2013) that has examined the behavior of fiscal policy over the business cycle, regression analysis is used to examine the impact of political and institutional factors on the behavior of social spending. Findings It was found that government social expenditure is procyclical across Asian countries during 1980-2012. However, during the past decade, emerging Asian countries have been able to shift from procyclical to countercyclical social spending. This shows that they had taken several initiatives to boost expenditure in the social sector – be it in social protection, health, or education services. The significant determinant of social cyclicality is the quality of institutions, which could help the government to increase fiscal deficit during recessions and repay the debt during economic booms. However, to some extent, their countercyclical action is restrained by the high accumulated level of public debt. Originality/value In the context of the Asian region, it is important to understand the cyclical pattern of social policy for several reasons. It has been said that crises offer an opportunity for countries to rethink their social policy to achieve more sustained and equitable development. By studying the social spending behavior, the authors can see whether Asian countries were able to grab the opportunity for reshaping their social and economic agenda after the Asian financial crisis.
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Chaudhury, Abrar. "Role of Intermediaries in Shaping Climate Finance in Developing Countries—Lessons from the Green Climate Fund." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 8, 2020): 5507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145507.
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Social scientists are increasingly interested in the processes that give shape to global policy solutions. I investigate the issues of intermediation and the role of intermediaries in climate finance. I use the case of the Green Climate Fund (GCF), a new consortium for dedicated funding set up under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to assist developing countries in responding to climate threats, to ask a fundamental question: What role do intermediaries (GCF-accredited and related entities) play in catalysing climate action through climate finance in these countries? This paper offers three propositions focused on the role of intermediaries in the GCF, and tests these using data from the GCF and the wider literature. The results show a growing dominance of international intermediaries in GCF project development and implementation, the low capacity of national intermediaries to conceive and scale projects, and the mismatch between planned and actual funding allocations. Collectively, these outcomes derail the GCF from its core objectives of promoting country ownership of projects, building capacity of local intermediaries, and equitable allocation of funding between mitigation and adaptation. I offer three learning models to help the GCF and intermediaries capitalise on the early lessons from GCF activities and to scale climate finance effectively in developing countries.
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Hendry, Anne. "Living well in later life in Scotland." Working with Older People 21, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-12-2016-0037.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the development, implementation and early impact of a national action plan for active and healthy ageing in Scotland. Design/methodology/approach The Joint Improvement Team, NHS Health Scotland, the Scottish Government and the Health and Social Care Alliance Scotland (ALLIANCE) co-produced the action plan with older people from the Scottish Older People’s Assembly. Together they supported partnerships to embed the action plan as an important element of the reshaping care for older people transformation programme in Scotland. Findings A cross-sector improvement network supported health, housing and care partnerships to use a £300 million Change Fund to implement evidence based preventative approaches to enable older people to live well. Older people in Scotland spent over two million days at home than would have been expected based on previous balance of care and impact of ageing. Practical implications Improving the health and wellbeing of older people is not just the responsibility of health and social care services. Enabling older people to live independent, active and fulfilling lives requires coordinated effort that spans national and local government policy areas, mobilises all sectors of society, and involves all health and care disciplines. Success starts with listening to what matters to older people, and working together, and with older people and local communities, to make that a reality. Originality/value This case study from Scotland offers transferable learning for other systems who have an ageing population and an ambitions to enable them to live well in later life.
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Morchain, Daniel, Dian Spear, Gina Ziervogel, Hillary Masundire, Margaret N. Angula, Julia Davies, Chandapiwa Molefe, and Salma Hegga. "Building transformative capacity in southern Africa: Surfacing knowledge and challenging structures through participatory Vulnerability and Risk Assessments." Action Research 17, no. 1 (March 2019): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476750319829205.
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Although participatory approaches are becoming more widespread, to date vulnerability assessments have largely been conducted by technocrats and have paid little attention to underlying causes of vulnerability, such as inequality and biased governance systems. Participatory assessments that recognise the social roots of vulnerability, however, are critical in helping individuals and institutions rethink their understanding of and responses to climate change impacts. This paper interrogates the contribution of Oxfam’s Vulnerability and Risk Assessment methodology to enabling transformation at both personal and institutional levels. Three Vulnerability and Risk Assessment exercises were conducted in Malawi, Botswana and Namibia by one or more of the authors in 2015 and 2016. Reflecting on these workshops, we explore the contribution that a process like the Vulnerability and Risk Assessment may bring to transformation. We conclude that these types of inclusive and representative participatory approaches can shift narratives and power dynamics, allow marginal voices to be heard, build cross–scalar relationships and enable the co-creation of solutions. Such approaches can play a key role in moving towards transformational thinking and action, especially in relation to climate change adaptation.
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Ugarte-Gurrutxaga, M. Idoia, Brígida Molina-Gallego, Laura Mordillo-Mateos, Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino, M. Carmen Solano-Ruiz, and Gonzalo Melgar de Corral. "Facilitating Factors of Professional Health Practice Regarding Female Genital Mutilation: A Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (November 8, 2020): 8244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218244.
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Introduction: According to figures released by UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), more than 200 million girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation (FGM) in 30 African and Middle East countries. An increasing number of African women who come from ethnic groups where FGM is practised are arriving in Western countries. Healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in its prevention. Goals: To learn about the factors that healthcare professionals consider as facilitators for prevention and action when faced with female genital mutilation. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study developed on the basis of the qualitative methodological perspective, where 43 healthcare professionals participated. A series of analysis dimensions were established, based on which, the interview and discussion group scripts were designed. Results: Addressing FGM requires a series of structural adaptations of the healthcare system that facilitate the recording and monitoring of cases, both for treatment and for prevention. In addition, it is necessary to establish coordination between the healthcare, social services and education sectors. Conclusions: The existence of a protocol of action and training in its use is one of the key tools to take into account.
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Hastanti, Atika Dinna. "The Transformation of Monopoly Game: Learning Media to Improve Students' Creativity and Interest in Learning." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 3 (April 30, 2020): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v3.555.
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This study aims to determine and applying how effective the design of The Transformation of Monopoly Game as a learning media in order to increase students' creativity and interest in learning. Technological progress has been rapid development in various fields such as social, political, cultural, economic and even education. Due to technological advances often cause trends and addictions to technology, especially among students. Based on a Study funded by UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) and carried out by the Ministry of Communication and Information by tracking online activities of a sample of children and adolescents aged 10-19 (as many as 400 respondents). The results of this study state the use of social media and digital become an integrated part in the daily lives of Indonesian young people. The study found that 98% of the children and adolescents surveyed knew about the internet and that 79.5% of them were internet users. This research uses descriptive method and action research. Descriptive method is used to describe the phenomena that are taking place now or in the past, and collect data from journals, book, as well as other sources. Then by applying the action research method which research objects use in the learning process. Through this media students not only play but also learn, so this can find out how effective The Transformation of Monopoly Game is as a learning medium in order to increase students' creativity and interest in learning.
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Siregar, Isyraqi Khairy, and Kurniati Putri Haeirina. "KOMUNIKASI KRISIS PT. JOUSKA FINANSIAL INDONESIA DALAM PEMULIHAN CITRA PERUSAHAAN." Jurnal Pustaka Komunikasi 4, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32509/pustakom.v4i1.1301.
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Jouska is an independent financial advisory company that provides offline and online consulting services that recently went viral in social media and had a strong brand image as a financial consultant related to today's needs. In July 2020, social media was outraged by the complaint, which claimed to have been harmed by them, because Jouska allegedly directed their clients to determine an Investor Fund Account Management Contract (RDI) with PT Mahesa Strategies Indonesia, whose shares are affiliated with Jouska. However, during the development, the client experienced a significant loss in the shares. This situation turned out to be similar complaints from other clients until Jouska underwent a crisis that led to the government's blocking, and the case ended in the realm of law. This study aims to analyze the communication that presents Image Restoration Theory through a lens. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, and it was found that Jouska did not yet have a clear SOP for communication with clients and had not implemented crisis management appropriately. There are several recommendations that Jouska can achieve to restore public trust, including collaborative action with various parties, building a communication strategy, and optimal media relations.
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Benyei, Attila, Gabor Bortel, Janos Patalenszki, and Peter Buglyo. "Supramolecular architecture of PGM-arene-amino acid complexes." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093607.
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Arene complexes of Platinum Group Metals (PGM) show various biological effects and there are several promising anticancer drug candidates in this class of compounds. Synergism of biological activity is foreseen when anciliary ligands such as amino acid derivatives or other bioligands are incorporated into the complexes. A series of Ru(II), Os(II), Rh(III) and Ir(III) complexes were studied and interesting kinetic/equilibrium/structural properties could be revealed [1-3]. According to our latest results presented here the N-acetylcysteine complex of the [(η6-Ar)Ru]2+ core (Ar = p-cymene) is a dimer showing bridging thiolate and chloride cordination (Figure 1, a) while a monomeric complex was formed with [S, COO–,NH2] coordination for S-methyl-cysteine when the counter ion is nitrate (Figure 1, b). With methionine an analogous compound was formed (Figure 1, c). Supramolecular analysis of the complexes indicates competing steric/Coulombic/van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic analysis revealed the structure of the complexes both in solution and in the solid state and also support kinetic/equilibrium findings. Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the EU and co-financed by the European Social Fund under the project ENVIKUT (TÁMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0043). The work was supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA K76142), too. P.B. thanks members of the EU COST Action CM1105 for motivating discussions. G.B. acknowledges the support of the Bolyai János Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
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Chabaud, Suzanne. "Children in hoarded homes: A call for protection, prevention, intervention and compassionate care." Children Australia 45, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2020.19.
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Abstract This is a call for action to protect and assist children of hoarding parents. Action that minimises harm to children living in hoarded homes also promotes family safety and health. Optimal care involves the whole family system, both children and parents. Prevention of harm through early identification and intervention for hoarding can reduce the burden of a disorder that often increases in severity over a lifetime and deprives humans of a full and safe life. Helping children and their parents severely affected by hoarding disorder is for the public good. Public policy and funded programmes can reduce long-term and immense costs to children, families and the many systems hoarding affects. Specifically, public policy can facilitate and fund outreach, education, coordination of providers of health, social and public services, and research-driven methods for assessment and intervention on behalf of children, individuals and families. Releasing people from the grips of hoarding disorder can enable them to devote generative resources to themselves, their families and their communities. Ultimately, prevention of hoarding through early assessment and intervention for minors and young adults is the most efficient, long-term and cost-effective method for minimising harm. When unidentified, hoarding disorder intensifies, people go into hiding, risk increases and opportunity for detection and intervention decreases. Informing the public about hoarding disorder must be followed with sufficient resources to address it, otherwise, helplessness ensues, and people will likely remain in the hidden world it governs.