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Journal articles on the topic 'Malawian'
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1
Hayes, Nicole C. "“Marriage Is Perseverance”: Structural Violence, Culture, and AIDS in Malawi." Anthropologica 58, no. 1 (May 5, 2016): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/anth.581.a06.
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This article uses contemporary Malawian proverbs about gender as a window on connections between structural violence, culture, and AIDS in Malawi. Malawi's colonial and post-colonial history forms the backdrop for considerations of Malawi's changing sexual landscape. The author argues that Malawi's legacy of structural violence, particularly the colonial introduction of male labour migration and massive gender inequalities, irrevocably altered Malawian gender roles. Any attempt to explain Malawi's high rate of AIDS must therefore consider how structural violence became entwined with cultural norms in the production of a competitive sexual economy based on multiple concurrent partner and transactional sex.
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Demone, Bradley. "LGBT Rights in Malawi: One Step Back, Two Steps Forward? The Case of R v Steven Monjeza Soko and Tiwonge Chimbalanga Kachepa." Journal of African Law 60, no. 3 (October 2016): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855316000127.
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AbstractIn late 2009 two Malawians, a man and a transgender woman, united in an engagement ceremony. Police charged both under Malawi's anti-sodomy provisions. The case captured the nation's attention and drew scrutiny from foreign governments and human rights organizations. Several western nations threatened to withdraw aid unless the prosecution was discontinued. Nevertheless, the defendants were convicted and sentenced. Following a visit from the UN secretary general, Malawi's president pardoned the couple, but emphasized that the “two gay boys” had offended Malawi and its people. This article examines this case (R v Soko and Kachepa) and its impact on Malawi's LGBT rights movement. Using Thomas Stoddard's “rule-shifting, culture-shifting” paradigm, it considers the efficacy of international and domestic advocacy efforts and concludes that aid conditionality is, in many ways, counter productive. Conversely, multi-dimensional domestic advocacy is a promising strategy to change the relevant law and public attitudes associated with the Malawian LGBT community.
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Nyirongo, Mwaona. "From Watchdog to Lapdog: Political Influence of China on News Reporting in Malawi." Afrika Focus 33, no. 2 (March 11, 2020): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-03302005.
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The arrival of China in Malawi has been characterised by a growing sense of uncertainty among academics who have expressed concern over the intentions of the superpower in the country. There are fears that China would like to extend its influence to Malawi as part of a broader push to increase its influence in global politics and economics. That push is in part exercised through the media. This study analyses the perception of Malawian journalists on news media reports of Chinese activities in Malawi. It uses content analysis to understand how the mediascape had changed from 2001-2007 when China had not yet established diplomatic relations with Malawi, and the period from January 2008-2020 in which diplomatic relations with China have existed. The article examines the shifts in journalistic representations of China in Malawi and develops prompts and probes from which journalist interviews were conducted. From the content analysis, it appears that from 2001-2007, Malawian media, especially The Daily Times, was very negative about China, uncritically reproducing Western representations of China. This changed after January 2008 when the press leaned towards an acknowledgement of Chinese activities. Through interviews journalists have indicated that the Chinese government offers certain opportunities such as exchange visits to journalists, making it difficult for them to bite the hand that feeds them. This ‘soft power’ is backed up by the repressive power of the Malawian government that uses intimidation to force journalists to report in their favour, thereby helping to create a positive image for China in Malawi. Journalists report that the significant shifts in journalistic representations of China have been mirrored by changes in the conceptualisation of journalistic roles in Malawi’s mediascape.
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Taylor, Manda L., D. A. Sealy, and J. Roberts. "Factors associated with delayed Antenatal Care attendance in Malawi: Results from a Qualitative study." Medical Journal of Zambia 44, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55320/mjz.44.1.62.
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Background: Antenatal care has been identified as pivotal to improving maternal and child health in Malawi. Though Malawian women consistently seek antenatal care, they rarely do so during their first trimester. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to antenatal care uptake among Malawian women. This article adds to the literature by identifying common sociocultural barriers and their impact on ANC attendance.
Methods: Two large tertiary care hospitals in the central and southern regions of Malawi were selected as study sites. Twenty pregnant mothers and eight health workers were recruited and interviewed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed to identify themes. Posters in health facilities were also analyzed.
Results: Results revealed many contributors to delayed antenatal attendance among Malawian mothers including: attitudes toward pregnancy, hospital inefficiencies, ANC promotion at the health facilities/communities, and spousal/significant other involvement all contributed to delayed antenatal attendance among urban Malawian women.
Conclusions: Incorporating spouses/significant others in antenatal care activities, providing a consistent message in promotion materials used with the women and addressing the inefficiencies within the health system could be targets to improve early antenatal attendance in Malawi.
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Chirwa, Danwood Mzikenge. "Liberating Malawi's Administrative Justice Jurisprudence from Its Common Law Shackles." Journal of African Law 55, no. 1 (March 3, 2011): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855311000052.
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AbstractThe 1994 Malawian Constitution is unique in that it, among other things, recognizes administrative justice as a fundamental right and articulates the notion of constitutional supremacy. This right and the idea of constitutional supremacy have important implications for Malawi's administrative law, which was hitherto based on the common law inherited from Britain. This article highlights the difficulties that Malawian courts have faced in reconciling the right to administrative justice as protected under the new constitution with the common law. In doing so, it offers some insights into what the constitutionalization of administrative justice means for Malawian administrative law. It is argued that the constitution has altered the basis and grounds for judicial review so fundamentally that the Malawian legal system's marriage to the English common law can be regarded as having irretrievably broken down as far as administrative law is concerned.
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Mthatiwa, Syned. "Allusiveness, Language and Imagery in Francis Moto's Gazing at The Setting Sun." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.3.1.451.
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Francis Moto is a Malawian writer who has published poetry both in vernacular (Chichewa) and in English. His poetry in English appears in a collection titled Gazing at the Setting Sun published in 1994, the year Malawians voted Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda and his Malawi Congress Party (MCP) out of power. Besides recording the suffering of Malawians during the autocratic leadership of the first post-independence president, Dr Banda, and remembering the author's childhood experiences, the poetry also celebrates Malawi's political transformation from one party rule to multiparty democracy in the early 1990s. In the poems, Moto also looks to the future with a sense of hope for a better society where human rights and the rule of law will be respected. This article analyses Moto's poems with the aim of celebrating his successes as a poet. This is done by focusing on his more successful poems in terms of style. It is argued in this article that the success of some of Moto's poems in Gazing at the Setting Sun depends on his allusions to and evocations of dictatorship and political change in Malawi. These evocations and allusions depend on his imagery and choice of words and expressions. In the analysis of the poems, close reading with a particular focus on style is done. The discussion is in two parts. The first part discusses Moto's poems that allude to the dictatorial reign of Dr Banda in Malawi and the second part provides a discussion of Moto's imagery in relation to his evocation of political change.
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Zuza, Emmanuel Junior, Kadmiel Maseyk, Shonil Bhagwat, Andrew Emmott, Will Rawes, and Yoseph Negusse Araya. "Review of Macadamia Production in Malawi: Focusing on What, Where, How Much Is Produced and Major Constraints." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020152.
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Macadamia is an essential commodity crop in Malawi. The nuts are a lucrative commodity and are used for household consumption, income generation among farming families and as a foreign exchange earning crop at country-level. Macadamia production in Malawi has increased significantly in recent years. Malawi is the seventh top producer of macadamia nuts valued at £23.5 million, with a global market share of 3%. In 2018, the country was the fourth-largest exporter of macadamia nuts that were valued at £18.2 million. The majority (90%) of this crop was grown by large commercial estates with smallholder’s production only contributing about 10% of the total crop production. However, the smallholder sector is vital for the future growth of the macadamia sector in the country. Further, Malawian smallholders consider macadamia production as a low-input crop with large returns per unit area (£10.7 kg−1 ha−1), and it thus a lucrative commodity with high potential for poverty reduction and wealth creation among these farming families. This paper, therefore, explores: (i) the historical and current trends in macadamia nut production in Malawi; (ii) analyses the country’s macadamia value chain focusing on smallholder farmer contributions; and (iii) discusses the constraints of smallholder macadamia production in Malawi for informed policymaking. We conclude that the synthesis of the Malawian macadamia sub-sector provides an understanding of the vital contributions of macadamia to Malawi’s economic growth and improvement of livelihoods.
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Mkandawire-Valhmu, Lucy, Wendy S. Bauer, Patricia E. Stevens, Loren W. Galvao, Katarina M. Grande, April Yerges, Lindsay Emer, Thokozani Mwenyekonde, and Lance Weinhardt. "Rural Malawian Women’s Resistance to Systematic Oppression, Violence, and Abuse by Their Husbands." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2016): 268–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516682518.
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In Malawi, 41% of women aged 15 to 49 report ever experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). Although there is evidence of the pervasiveness of IPV in Malawian society, the context in which it occurs and how women respond is not well described. The purpose of this study was to describe experiences of IPV of rural Malawian women. In-depth interviews were conducted with 55 rural Malawian women aged 21 to 75 years ( M = 39) as part of a larger, mixed-methods study. This qualitative thematic analysis highlights husbands’ IPV against wives and women’s actions to protect themselves and their children, and to thrive despite the violence. Our use of a postcolonial feminist perspective led us to acknowledge Malawian women’s acts of resistance in the midst of the harsh realities of IPV and gender inequality. We contend women’s resilience and resistance against oppression within intimate relationships are critical tools in the process of reducing IPV. Structural interventions that (a) address the multiple distal and proximal factors affecting IPV, (b) are tailored to and owned by local populations, and (c) involve both men and women as architects and active participants, we believe, hold the greatest promise for reducing IPV in Malawi.
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Silver, Rachel. "“Nothing but Time”: Middle Figures, Student Pregnancy Policy, and the Malawian State." African Studies Review 62, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2019.2.
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Abstract:This article explores state/NGO/funder relations in Africa through an ethnographic case study of Malawi’s Readmission Policy. The Policy, which banned the permanent expulsion of pregnant girls from school in 1993, underwent a formal, government-led review in 2016. By focusing attention on the daily work of “middle figures”—the mid-level civil servants, NGO representatives, and consultants who participated in the policy reform process—this article shows how state disempowerment in Malawi was not wholesale, even as aid funding for development policymaking bypassed government. Rather, government actors deployed key strategies, including time (mis)management, to reclaim moral authority over Malawian schools.
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Gadama, Richard Gracious, and Johannes Wynand Hofmeyr. "THE EARLY FORMATION OF CHARISMATIC CHURCHES IN MALAWI AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE MAKING OF MALAWIAN SOCIETY." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 42, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/1232.
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In this article, we look at the history of charismatic churches in Malawi with a particular focus on some of the early charismatic churches. We first define what charismatic churches are. Secondly, we explore and explain the tremendous charismatic revival, tracing it from the time of its penetration in Malawi, its spread and also its survival on Malawian soil. The article also briefly focuses on the decisive role of women in the establishment of some of the early charismatic churches in Malawi. These include the Living Waters Church, Calvary Family Church, Glad Tidings Church and the Agape Church, among others, before some conclusions for the making of Malawian society are drawn.
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Chanika, Emmie, John L. Lwanda, and Adamson S. Muula. "Gender, Gays and Gain: The Sexualised Politics of Donor Aid in Malawi." Africa Spectrum 48, no. 1 (April 2013): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971304800105.
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Many Malawian politicians have exploited religious and cultural discourses, encouraging the discourse of the “God-fearing Malawi nation” while also acknowledging the country as a secular state. This discourse -which most recently underwent further development in the early 1980s when Christians and Muslims, funded by donor money, accelerated their evangelical drives in the context of a one-party Malawi – resonates with a patriarchal, conservative political dispensation. This paper traces the evolution of the “God-fearing nation” discourse in Malawian politics. It posits that the government used the “gay rights issue” as a strategy to disorient human rights activists and donors. Gay rights were de-linked from other civil rights, forcing a binary approach toward gay rights, which were seen by government supporters as “anti-Christian”, “anti-Malawian” concepts. The debate with donors enabled the government to claim “sovereign autonomy” and galvanise the population into an anti-aid mentality (better no aid than aid that supports homosexuality).
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Park, Andrew. "Trees, people, food and soil: A case study of participatory development in Malawi." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73221-2.
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In rural Malawi, rapid population growth has contributed to deforestation, land and other chronic resource scarcities. In 1995, a team of Canadian graduate students and Malawian extension workers investigated and attempted to find solutions to specific local resource scarcities. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was used to assess total resource supply, evaluate food security and gender issues, facilitate village fuelwood action plan and inquire into the non-adoption of a tree nursery scheme. This article relates the team's experiences and insights against reviews of the history of forestry in Malawi, recent initiatives in forestry extension, and the current condition of Malawi's indigenous woodlands. It is concluded that villagers are willing to plant trees provided their costs are minimized and maize production is not compromised. Key words: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), participatory development, refugee affected areas, deforestation; indigenous trees, fuelwood
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Ndeketa, Latif, Donnie Mategula, Dianne J. Terlouw, Naor Bar-Zeev, Christophe J. Sauboin, and Sophie Biernaux. "Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine in Malawi, using a Markov static model." Wellcome Open Research 5 (August 12, 2021): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16224.2.
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Background: The RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine is being assessed in Malawi, Ghana and Kenya as part of a large-scale pilot implementation programme. Even if impactful, its incorporation into immunisation programmes will depend on demonstrating cost-effectiveness. We analysed the cost-effectiveness and public health impact of the RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine use in Malawi. Methods: We calculated the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted by vaccination and compared it to Malawi’s mean per capita Gross Domestic Product. We used a previously validated Markov model, which simulated malaria progression in a 2017 Malawian birth cohort for 15 years. We used a 46% vaccine efficacy, 75% vaccine coverage, USD5 estimated cost per vaccine dose, published local treatment costs for clinical malaria and Malawi specific malaria indicators for interventions such as bed net and antimalarial use. We took a healthcare provider, household and societal perspective. Costs were discounted at 3% per year, no discounting was applied to DALYs. For public health impact, we calculated the DALYs, and malaria events averted. Results: The ICER/DALY averted was USD115 and USD109 for the health system perspective and societal perspective respectively, lower than GDP per capita of USD398.6 for Malawi. Sensitivity analyses exploring the impact of variation in vaccine costs, vaccine coverage rate and coverage of four doses showed vaccine implementation would be cost-effective across a wide range of different outcomes. RTS,S/AS01 was predicted to avert a median of 93,940 (range 20,490–126,540) clinical cases and 394 (127–708) deaths for the three-dose schedule, or 116,480 (31,450–160,410) clinical cases and 484 (189–859) deaths for the four-dose schedule, per 100 000 fully vaccinated children. Conclusions: We predict the introduction of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine in the Malawian expanded programme of immunisation (EPI) likely to be highly cost effective.
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Ndeketa, Latif, Donnie Mategula, Dianne J. Terlouw, Naor Bar-Zeev, Christophe J. Sauboin, and Sophie Biernaux. "Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine in Malawi, using a Markov static model." Wellcome Open Research 5 (November 3, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16224.1.
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Background: The RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine is being assessed in Malawi, Ghana and Kenya as part of a large-scale pilot implementation programme. Even if impactful, its incorporation into immunisation programmes will depend on demonstrating cost-effectiveness. We analysed the cost-effectiveness and public health impact of the RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine use in Malawi. Methods: We calculated the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted by vaccination and compared it to Malawi’s mean per capita Gross Domestic Product. We used a previously validated Markov model, which simulated malaria progression in a 2017 Malawian birth cohort for 15 years. We used a 46% vaccine efficacy, 75% vaccine coverage, USD5 estimated cost per vaccine dose, published local treatment costs for clinical malaria and Malawi specific malaria indicators for interventions such as bed net and antimalarial use. We took a healthcare provider, household and societal perspective. Costs were discounted at 3% per year, no discounting was applied to DALYs. For public health impact, we calculated the DALYs, and malaria events averted. Results: The ICER/DALY averted was USD115 and USD109 for the health system perspective and societal perspective respectively, lower than GDP per capita of USD398.6 for Malawi. Sensitivity analyses exploring the impact of variation in vaccine costs, vaccine coverage rate and coverage of four doses showed vaccine implementation would be cost-effective across a wide range of different outcomes. RTS,S/AS01 was predicted to avert a median of 93,940 (range 20,490–126,540) clinical cases and 394 (127–708) deaths for the three-dose schedule, or 116,480 (31,450–160,410) clinical cases and 484 (189–859) deaths for the four-dose schedule, per 100 000 fully vaccinated children. Conclusions: We predict the introduction of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine in the Malawian expanded programme of immunisation (EPI) likely to be highly cost effective.
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Agarwal-Harding, Kiran J., Ami Kapadia, Leonard Banza, Mabvuto Chawinga, Nyengo Mkandawire, and John Y. Kwon. "Improving the Management of Adult Patients with Acute Ankle Fractures in Malawi: An Examination of Providers’ Knowledge and Treatment Strategies." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 2473011420S0009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00092.
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Category: Trauma; Ankle; Other Introduction/Purpose: The burden of trauma is growing worldwide, especially in low-income countries. In Malawi, ankle fractures are common and may receive inadequate treatment due to limited surgical capacity and provider knowledge of evidence- based treatment guidelines. We sought to examine ankle fracture management in Malawi, identify providers’ knowledge gaps, and address these knowledge gaps in ways that were relevant to the Malawian context. Methods: This study had three phases. First, we performed a baseline assessment of orthopaedic providers’ knowledge of anatomy, injury identification, and ideal treatment methods. Second, we observed providers’ treatment strategies while they cared for adult patients with ankle fractures over a five-week period at a large central hospital. We performed blinded, post-hoc reviews of patient x-rays and compared our treatment recommendations to the plans and rationales of Malawian providers. Third, we implemented an educational course addressing the knowledge gaps we identified, performed pre- and post-course knowledge assessments, and launched a standardized protocol for ankle fracture management in Malawi. Results: In our baseline assessment, we identified significant knowledge gaps in identification of common injuries on x-ray and ideal treatment practices. In our observations of treatment practices, 17/49 patients (35%) met operative criteria based on evidence-based guidelines but did not receive operative treatment by Malawian providers. For 7/17 (41%) of these patients, Malawian providers believed nonoperative treatment was ideal. In our educational course, 51/61 participants (84%) performed better between the pre- and post-course assessments. Overall scores improved from a mean of 66% to 77%, an improvement of 5.2/49 questions (95% CI 3.8-6.6, p<0.001). Providers could identify one more injury correctly out of 6 that were tested (95% CI 0.6-1.6, p<0.001), and identify one more ideal treatment out of 7 (95% CI 0.5-1.4, p<0.001). Conclusion: In Malawi, ankle fractures are common, and most are treated non-operatively. This is partly due to resource limitations, but also due to gaps in provider knowledge and lack of treatment standardization. Here we demonstrated a comprehensive approach to examining the challenges to providing adequate care, as well as the successful implementation of an intervention to improve care capacity nationwide.
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Mtenje, Asante Lucy. "“Sex, Pleasures, Dangers, Love and Lies!”." Matatu 49, no. 1 (2017): 156–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04901009.
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This essay examines how contemporary Malawian female poets writing in the post-dictatorship era engage with aspects that inflect female sexuality such as eroticism, sexual desire, marriage, sexual violence, and HIV/AIDS through their poetry and how they represent these aspects against normative expectations of gender and sexuality. I am interested in how these poets depict the complex mediation of female sexualities by the state, the family, religious, and cultural bodies and how, in turn, they represent sexuality as simultaneously a domain of restriction, repression, and danger as well as a domain of exploration, pleasure, and agency. Through an analysis of selected works by Malawian female poets, I examine how the authors negotiate issues of female sexuality within the new democratic dispensation which have traditionally been relegated to the margins in favour of more politically ‘relevant’ issues. I argue that these poets challenge the monolithic status quo through which Malawian women’s sexualities have been constructed by portraying the nuances, complexities, and ambiguities that characterize female sexuality in Malawi.
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Nkuna, Onelie B., and Marrium Mustapher. "Regulatory Capital Requirements and Risk Taking Behaviour: Evidence from the Malawi Banking System." International Journal of Economics and Finance 14, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v14n11p60.
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Proponents of stringent regulation argue in favor of higher capital requirements that it promotes financial stability, while opponents argue that capital requirements might not enhance stability but might in fact increase a bank’s riskiness. In this paper, we test this hypothesis with a dynamic panel data model for eight Malawian commercial banks using GMM estimation technique. Our results reveal that there is high persistency in risk-taking behavior of Malawian banks. Further, the study finds that high capital ratios reduce risk-taking behavior of Malawian banks through reduction in NPLs ratio and investment in high risky-assets. Based on these results, imposition of stringent penalties on banks that fail to meet minimum capital requirements and strict enforcement of regulation is key to ensuring that all banks sustain sufficient capital buffers and hence safeguard stability of banking system. However, contrary to corporate governance propositions, the study finds that the structure of board of directors does not significantly influence the impact of capital regulation on bank risk taking in Malawi.
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Lipunga, Andrew Munthopa. "Integrated Reporting in Developing Countries: Evidence from Malawi." Journal of Management Research 7, no. 3 (June 24, 2015): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v7i3.7195.
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<p>The study investigated the level of Integrated Reporting (IR) in developing countries focusing on Malawi. It employed content analysis using an Integrated Reporting Index (IRI) in examining annual reports of Malawian listed companies. Based on the score range of 0 to 1 being the minimum and maximum respectively, the study revealed an average IRI of 0.43and consequently an IR gap of 0.57. The average IRI suggested achievement of some progress toward IR by the companies and on the other hand the IR gap indicates the need for much more effort to be exerted in promoting IR amongst the listed companies in Malawi. Besides, are view of the Malawian IR framework suggested that IR is being governed by a code of corporate governance that lacks detailed guidelines with respect to it hence in need of upgrading of the same.</p>
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Flax, Valerie L., Chrissie Thakwalakwa, and Ulla Ashorn. "Perceptions of Child Body Size and Health Care Seeking for Undernourished Children in Southern Malawi." Qualitative Health Research 26, no. 14 (July 9, 2016): 1939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732315610522.
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Child undernutrition affects millions of children globally, but little is known about the ability of adults to detect different types of child undernutrition in low-income countries. We used focused ethnographic methods to understand how Malawian parents and grandparents describe the characteristics they use to identify good and poor child growth, their actual or preferred patterns of health seeking for undernourished children, and the perceived importance of child undernutrition symptoms in relation to other childhood illnesses. Malawians value adiposity rather than stature in assessing child growth. Symptoms of malnutrition, including wasting and edema, were considered the least severe childhood illness symptoms. Parents delayed health care seeking when a child was ill. When they sought care, it was for symptoms such as diarrhea or fever, and they did not recognize malnutrition as the underlying cause. These findings can be used to tailor strategies for preventing and treating growth faltering in Malawian children.
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Nkhata, Mwiza Jo. "Safeguarding the Integrity of Judicial Appointments in Malawi: A Proposed Reform Agenda." Journal of African Law 62, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 377–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855318000153.
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AbstractThis article focuses on the appointment of judges in Malawi. It explores the constitutional provisions governing judicial appointments and finds that the system established by Malawi's Constitution has manifest weaknesses. For example, the composition of the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) is narrow and not representative of Malawian society; there are also no procedures for the JSC to follow in its operations. The article argues that the system for appointing judges has a bearing on the eventual character and integrity of the judiciary itself, hence it is important to align it with the constitution's ideals. In conclusion, the article makes recommendations for improving the system, including by broadening the JSC's composition, adopting a law to stipulate clear and transparent procedures for the JSC and also curbing presidential powers in relation to judicial appointments.
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Ntata, Pierson R. T., and Chrystal Biruk. "The challenges of doing gender research in developing countries." Journal of Comparative Social Work 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v4i1.45.
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We aim to illustrate how the tenor and character of the initial importation of the concept of gender into the Malawian context continues to impact, construct, and pose challenges to the study of gender in Malawi. Ultimately, we argue that complex and ethnographically grounded approaches to studying gender in Malawi may serve as a corrective to a long legacy of conceptual imperialism that has ramifications for both the researched and researchers in Malawi.
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Wangai, A. W., S. S. Pappu, H. R. Pappu, C. M. Deom, and R. A. Naidu. "Distribution and Characteristics of Groundnut Rosette Disease in Kenya." Plant Disease 85, no. 5 (May 2001): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.5.470.
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Groundnut rosette is a major virus disease of peanut in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by a complex of three agents: GRAV (groundnut rosette assistor luteovirus), GRV (groundnut rosette umbravirus), and the associated satellite RNA (Sat-RNA). During the 1997 to 1998 crop season, the incidence of rosette in farmers' fields was estimated at 24 to 40% in western Kenya and 30% in the Rift Valley. Sequence analysis of Kenyan isolates revealed that GRAV-CP sequences shared 97 to 100% and 95 to 98% sequence homology at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, amongst themselves and with the Malawian and Nigerian isolates. The ORFs 3 and 4 of GRV were similar, with a homology of 99% at the nucleotide and amino acid levels among Kenyan isolates. The GRV sequences of Kenyan isolates were closer to the Malawian (95 to 96%) than to the Nigerian (87 to 88%) isolates. Sat-RNA shared 89 to 94% nucleotide identity with those from Malawi and Nigeria. A closer sequence relationship was observed between Kenyan and Malawian isolates in all regions compared. This is the first report on the distribution and molecular characterization of groundnut rosette disease complex in East Africa.
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Bande, Lewis Chezan. "Defining money laundering under Malawian law: a critical appraisal for compliance with international standards." Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 559–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2020-0080.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically appraise the legal definition of the offence of money laundering under Malawian law. The goal is to evaluate whether the definition meets international standards and best practices on legal definition of money laundering, particularly as contained in the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCATOC). Design/methodology/approach The paper is a doctrinal analysis of the legal definition of the offence of money laundering under Malawian law. It examines the constituent elements of the offence based on the traditional conception of a criminal offence as constituting the prohibited conduct (or actus reus) and the mental element (or mens rea). The paper comparatively evaluates the offence vis-à-vis international standards and best practices, particularly as contained in the UNCATOC. Findings The paper concludes that the definition is compliant with international standards and best practices. Research limitations/implications The paper is based on the statutory definition of the offence, but was unable to examine how the offence is interpreted and applied in concrete cases by Malawian courts. The reason is the lack of any case law through which courts have interpreted and applied the offence. Practical implications The paper provides the template for future interpretation and application of the offence by courts in the future. Social implications Enhancing the clarity and certainty in the law on money laundering in Malawi. Originality/value The paper is an elucidation of a statutory provision that was recently adopted in Malawi and for which there is no authoritative clarification. The paper, therefore, makes an invaluable contribution to the fight against money laundering in Malawi by being a guide to law enforcers, lawyers, courts and policy/legislative makers.
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Morton, Ben, Kondwani Jambo, Tarsizio Chikaonda, Jamie Rylance, Marc Y. R. Henrion, Ndaziona Peter Banda, Edna Nsomba, Joel Gondwe, Daniela Ferreira, and Stephen B. Gordon. "The influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-13 on nasal colonisation in a controlled human infection model of pneumococcal carriage in Malawi: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial protocol." Wellcome Open Research 6 (June 16, 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17172.2.
Full textAbstract:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to community acquired pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and bacteraemia worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines protect against invasive disease, but are expensive to manufacture, limited in serotype coverage, associated with serotype replacement, and demonstrate reduced effectiveness against mucosal colonisation. For Malawi, nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci is common in vaccinated children despite national roll-out of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) since 2011. Our team has safely transferred an established experimental human pneumococcal carriage method from Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Malawi. This study will determine potential immunological mechanisms for the differential effects of PCV13 on nasal carriage between healthy Malawian and UK populations. We will conduct a double-blinded randomised controlled trial to vaccinate (1:1) participants with either PCV13 or control (normal saline). After a period of one month, participants will be inoculated with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B to experimentally induce nasal carriage using the EHPC method. Subsequently, participants will be invited for a second inoculation after one year to determine longer-term vaccine-induced immunological effects. Primary endpoint: detection of inoculated pneumococci by classical culture from nasal wash recovered from the participants after pneumococcal challenge. Secondary endpoints: local and systemic innate, humoral and cellular responses to PCV-13 with and without pneumococcal nasal carriage The primary objective of this controlled human infection model study is to determine if PCV-13 vaccination is protective against pneumococcal carriage in healthy adult Malawian volunteers. This study will help us to understand the observed differences in PCV-13 efficacy between populations and inform the design of future vaccines relevant to the Malawian population. Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (REF: PACTR202008503507113)
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Morton, Ben, Kondwani Jambo, Tarsizio Chikaonda, Jamie Rylance, Marc Y. R. Henrion, Ndaziona Peter Banda, Edna Nsomba, Joel Gondwe, Daniela Ferreira, and Stephen B. Gordon. "The influence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-13 on nasal colonisation in a controlled human infection model of pneumococcal carriage in Malawi: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial protocol." Wellcome Open Research 6 (September 20, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17172.1.
Full textAbstract:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality due to community acquired pneumonia, bacterial meningitis and bacteraemia worldwide. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines protect against invasive disease, but are expensive to manufacture, limited in serotype coverage, associated with serotype replacement, and demonstrate reduced effectiveness against mucosal colonisation. For Malawi, nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci is common in vaccinated children despite national roll-out of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) since 2011. Our team has safely transferred an established experimental human pneumococcal carriage method from Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Malawi. This study will determine potential immunological mechanisms for the differential effects of PCV13 on nasal carriage between healthy Malawian and UK populations. We will conduct a double-blinded randomised controlled trial to vaccinate (1:1) participants with either PCV13 or control (normal saline). After a period of one month, participants will be inoculated with S. pneumoniae serotype 6B to experimentally induce nasal carriage using the EHPC method. Subsequently, participants will be invited for a second inoculation after one year to determine longer-term vaccine-induced immunological effects. Primary endpoint: detection of inoculated pneumococci by classical culture from nasal wash recovered from the participants after pneumococcal challenge. Secondary endpoints: local and systemic innate, humoral and cellular responses to PCV-13 with and without pneumococcal nasal carriage The primary objective of this controlled human infection model study is to determine if PCV-13 vaccination is protective against pneumococcal carriage in healthy adult Malawian volunteers. This study will help us to understand the observed differences in PCV-13 efficacy between populations and inform the design of future vaccines relevant to the Malawian population. Trial Registration: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (REF: PACTR202008503507113)
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An, Ekaterina, Alyssa Tilly, Kenneth Mah, Warren Lewin, Mano Chandrakumar, Arnell Baguio, Nazira Jaffer, et al. "Protocol for the development and multisite validation of the Quality of Dying and Death-Revised Global Version scale." BMJ Open 12, no. 7 (July 2022): e064508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064508.
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IntroductionEvaluating the quality of dying and death is essential to ensure high-quality end-of-life care. The Quality of Dying and Death (QODD) scale is the best-validated measure of the construct, but many items are not relevant to participants, particularly in low-resource settings. The aim of this multisite cross-sectional study is to develop and validate the QODD-Revised Global Version (QODD-RGV), to enhance ease of completion and relevance in higher-resource and lower-resource settings.Methods and analysisThis study will be a two-arm, multisite evaluation of the cultural relevance, reliability and validity of the QODD-RGV across four participating North American hospices and a palliative care site in Malawi, Africa. Bereaved caregivers and healthcare providers of patients who died at a participating North American hospice and bereaved caregivers of patients who died of cancer at the Malawian palliative care site will complete the QODD-RGV and validation measures. Cognitive interviews with subsets of North American and Malawian caregivers will assess the perceived relevance of the scale items. Psychometric evaluations will include internal consistency and convergent and concurrent validity.Ethics and disseminationThe North American arm received approval from the University Health Network Research Ethics Board (21-5143) and the University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board (21-1172). Ethics approval for the Malawi arm is being obtained from the University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board and the Malawian National Health Science Research Committee. Study findings will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.
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Malaidza, Hector M., and Robert Strong Jr. "Forecasting Future Funds for Food Security Projects: A Reflection on Trainings for Frontline Extension Staff on Improved Agricultural Practices in Malawi." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 24, no. 1 (April 15, 2017): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2017.24103.
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Eighty percent of the Malawian population depends on agriculture for employment. This commentary is a reflection of a number of training workshops conducted to orient frontline extension staff on improved agricultural technologies. These trainings were conducted by the Technology Transfer Unit (TTU) is under the Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi. The manuscript contains an analysis across various activities were done before, during, and after a number of technical training sessions. The manuscript presents a detailed picture of processes associated with implementation of the trainings where technical information was shared. The results conceptualize insights of things what was effective, and suggests ways of improving trainings in the future. Therefore, this commentary stresses on the importance of conducting training needs assessments for specific technical groups. The lessons drawn from the analysis are sketched in a general schematic model that can be used for designing, implementing and evaluating future agricultural extension staff trainings to improve food security of Malawians.
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Fauskanger, Janne, Nina Helgevold, Mercy Kazima, and Arne Jakobsen. "Challenging Malawian primary teachers' views on mathematics teaching and learning through lesson study." International Journal for Lesson & Learning Studies 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlls-10-2021-0087.
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PurposeThe aim of the study is to better understand how lesson study (LS) contributes to challenging teachers' views of mathematics teaching and learning.Design/methodology/approachThis study is part of a wider ongoing project aiming at improving primary mathematics teaching in Malawi through professional development (PD) of teachers using a LS model. The units being analyzed are teachers' written reflections and lesson plans. The analytical approach is qualitative content analysis.FindingsInitially, the participating Malawian primary teachers report traditional views of mathematics teaching and learning. After having participated in a LS cycle, they reported on the need to work on how to involve and create space for learners' participation in mathematic lessons and highlight the importance for learners to discover mathematics on their own.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a small-scale study due to LS being quite new in the Malawian context and the need to test before possible upscaling.Practical implicationsThe paper includes a description on how LS might contribute to challenging Malawian teachers' views of mathematics teaching and learning; this can be valuable information for others who are attempting to use LS in a similar context.Originality/valueThis paper fulfills an identified need to learn more about how LS might contribute to challenging teachers' views of mathematics teaching and learning worldwide.
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Lwanda, John. "Doctoring the Brain Drain: Medical Case of Malawi." African Issues 30, no. 1 (2002): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006302.
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This article argues that the roots of the Malawian medical brain drain lie in colonial and postcolonial historical, economic, medical, political, social, racial, and class factors. Also involved are the image and expectations of doctors themselves and the culture of medicine in Malawi. Reversing this brain drain, therefore, requires tackling factors in all these domains.
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Chisale, Catherine D., and Alfred Maluwa. "Perceptions Of Customs Managers And Agents Towards Import Tax Non-Compliance During Goods Clearing In Malawi." Management and Economics Research Journal 7, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18639/merj.2021.9900036.
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Import tax non-compliance is increasing in Malawi. A study was conducted to explore the perceptions of custom managers and agents towards import tax non-compliance with import tax procedures and processes. The design of the study was descriptive and used qualitative data collection and analysis methods. The study was conducted in Malawi’s major border posts of Blantyre and Mwanza in the southern region. A total number of 25 participants were purposively sampled and administered an open-ended data collection tool to collect data using in-depth face-to-face interviews. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Two themes emerged from the study which were, customs agents' limited knowledge, and corruption. The study results further show that training sessions by the Malawi Revenue Authority created the requisite knowledge to the customs agents which improved import tax compliance. However, corruption needs a long-term solution to change the stakeholders’ mindset. It is recommended that awareness should be created among the stakeholders to change the attitude and perceptions of the Malawian general public towards import tax non-compliance.
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Manda, Levi Zeleza. "Herbicide toxicity awareness among smallholder farmers and agriculture extension officers in Malawi." Journal of Development and Communication Studies 8, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jdcs.v8i2.6.
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Using evidence from field key informant and written questionnaire interviews with agriculture extension officers, focus group discussions with some smallholder farmers, analysis of packaging labels, and a detailed literature review, this paper argues that Malawian smallholder farmers handle herbicides without adequate information about the advantages and negative impacts of such herbicides because, it appears, the agriculture extension workers themselves lack requisite knowledge on herbicide toxicity. Further, the study finds that herbicides are marketed in Malawi in breach of Malawian law and in contravention of the Rotterdam Convention as the information on the herbicide labels is sometimes inadequate, misleading, and unavailable in local languages. This exposes farmers to potentially carcinogenic chemicals without their knowledge. The paper recommends, inter alia, that an awareness campaign about the long term harmful effects of herbicides be mounted countrywide and internationally to protect illiterate smallholder farmers from herbicide toxicity.
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Scudero, Emma, Peggy Papathakis, Andrew Schaffner, and Suzanne Phelan. "Home Food Environments of Mothers in South-Eastern Africa and California-An Illustration of Global Extremes." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 11 (October 12, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n11p35.
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INTRODUCTION: The type and availability of food in the home is known to directly shape food intake and weight status, but cross-cultural differences remain poorly documented.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the home food environments of low-income, childbearing women living in a low-income country (Malawi) and a high-income country (United States).
METHODS: A home food environment survey was available in 714 mothers in Malawi (mean BMI 19.5, mean age 22.1 years) and 371 in California (mean BMI 31.8, mean age 28.1 years).
RESULTS: Mothers in California vs. Malawi had on average (SD) 22.8 (4.4) vs. 1.2 (1.4) different food items in the home. The women in California had an abundance of fruits and vegetables that were virtually absent in the homes of Malawian women. The most prevalent food in the homes in Californian women was rice (in 97% homes) and in Malawian women was corn flour (in 47% of homes).
CONCLUSIONS: Given the global extremes in food availability, efforts to address over and under food availabilities in the homes of childbearing women need to move beyond country centric approaches. It is time to consider maternal and child health as a global priority.
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John Rabson Matekenya, Dennis. "The Role of Leadership, Financing and Academic Promotion toward Research Culture in Malawi’s Higher Education Institutions." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS STUDIES 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajmbs2022v02i01.0006.
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The study sought to establish the role of leadership, financing and Academic Promotion toward research culture in Malawi’s Higher Education Institutions. The study used the quantitative approach and particularly the descriptive correlational design whereby items in the questionnaire were in numbers for determining the perception of respondents and relating variables under investigation. The study used purposive convenient sampling method to identify 112 researchers from various countries including Malawi, Kenya, United States and Canada who had taught in Malawian Higher learning institutions to fill the questionnaire. The results of the Cronbach’ alpha was .750 indicating high internal consistency of the instrument and the KMO measure of sampling adequacy was .739 which indicate that the instrument was valid and reliable. The study concluded that promotion into higher academic ranks is a better and significant predictor for research culture. If universities provide research-based promotions up the academic ladder, then the research culture would be realized and enhanced.
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Chipojola, Roselyn, Cindy-Lee Dennis, and Shu-Yu Kuo. "Psychometric Assessment of the Paternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Malawian Fathers." Journal of Human Lactation 38, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08903344211065036.
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Background: Only 61% of Malawian women exclusively breastfeed to the recommended 6 months. Paternal support is predictive of exclusive breastfeeding, and significantly related to paternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, defined as fathers’ confidence in their ability to assist mothers with breastfeeding. Research Aims: To (1) examine the psychometric properties of the Paternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) in Malawian fathers, including internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, construct validity using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and convergent validity; and (2) assess the relationship between the BSES-SF and paternal demographic and health factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a maternity hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, and 180 fathers whose partners had delivered a singleton infant were included. Participants completed the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and Quality of Life with confirmatory factor analysis performed to assess the construct validity. The internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intra-class correlations. Convergent validity was also assessed. Results: A unidimensional factorial structure of the Malawian Paternal BSES-SF was identified using confirmatory factor analysis. The scale had an excellent Cronbach’s alpha of .90 and a test-retest reliability of .93. Participants’ breastfeeding self-efficacy was significantly correlated with the Quality of Life domains of psychological health ( r = .23; p < .01), social relationships ( r = .28; p < .001), and environmental health ( r = .30; p < .001). Participants who were older, married, and with ≥ two children had significantly higher breastfeeding self-efficacy and were more confident in their ability to support their partner’s breastfeeding. Conclusion: The Paternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form was a valid and reliable measure to assess fathers’ confidence in their ability to assist mothers with breastfeeding in Malawi.
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Addison, Marc J., Michael O. Rivett, Peaches Phiri, Prince Mleta, Emma Mblame, Gift Wanangwa, and Robert M. Kalin. "Predicting Groundwater Vulnerability to Geogenic Fluoride Risk: A Screening Method for Malawi and an Opportunity for National Policy Redefinition." Water 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113123.
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Fluoride concentrations in Malawi’s groundwater are primarily controlled by geogenic sources that are highly variable and may cause a heterogeneous fluoride occurrence and local-to-regional variations in fluorosis health risks posed. Our aim was to address the challenge of developing a national solution to predicting groundwater vulnerability to geogenic fluoride risk in the country of Malawi where incidences of fluorosis are reported and typical developing world problems of limited data and resources abound. Previously there have only been sporadic, local-scale studies linking fluoride occurrence with health risks in Malawi with no attempts to tackle the issue nationally. We hence develop a screening method for predicting groundwater vulnerability to geogenic fluoride in the form of detailed risk maps developed from statistical relationships shown between groundwater fluoride occurrence and known geogenic fluoride sources. The approach provides for dynamic update and informed acquisition of new data and hence on-going improving capacity to manage fluoride risks in Malawi. Our screening method provides a technical basis for redefining national fluoride policy to ensure commensurate management of health risks posed. Specifically, the approach provides a pathway for stepped progression from the current 6 mg/L Malawian standard for fluoride in drinking water to adoption of the World Health Organisation 1.5 mg/L guideline standard.
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Lee, Youjung. "Diverse Needs of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Qualitative Research in Malawi, South Korea, and the United States." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2059.
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Abstract Despite custodial grandparents’ significant contributions to their grandchildren’s healthy development, unique needs of older adults often remain unmet with a limited cultural understanding of intergenerational caregiving. Using a phenomenological approach, interviews and focus groups were conducted with 75 custodial grandparents in Malawi (n=29), South Korea (n=23), and the U.S. (n=23). Malawian grandparents presented financial and physical hardships; however, they experienced strong support from community. Korean grandparents reported similar needs as Malawian grandparents while additionally experiencing cultural biases toward grandparent-headed families (maternal grandparenting and adult child’s divorce). The U.S. grandparents disclosed increased needs for social support as well as family trauma with intergenerational impacts. The increase in custodial grandparent population across the world and findings from this comparative transnational research highlight the need for development of a model for culturally responsive practice with grandparent-headed families in a global context. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Grandparents as Caregivers Interest Group.
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Ziba, Patrick W., and Juyoung Kang. "Factors affecting the intention to adopt e-government services in Malawi and the role played by donors." Information Development 36, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666919855427.
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Despite many papers written on the adoption of e-government services in developing countries, authors have not approached their articles empirically. For those that have, obvious constructs critical to the development of e-government in developing countries were overlooked. This paper extends the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework with a decomposed theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the technological acceptance model (TAM); it is guided by stimulus-organism-response (SOR) in its attempt to develop a successful model that can be used to study factors affecting the adoption of e-government services in Malawi, while taking into account missed constructs. Donor support was hypothesized to moderate the effect of e-government funding on perceived behavior control. Data were collected from 259 Malawian public servants, and structural equation modeling was used to evaluate factors affecting e-government services adoption. The study reveals that there is a need for the Malawian government to fund e-government projects to reduce over-reliance on donors.
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C. Banda, Limbikani, Michael Rivett, Robert Kalin, Anold Zavison, Peaches Phiri, Geoffrey Chavula, Charles Kapachika, Sydney Kamtukule, Christina Fraser, and Muthi Nhlema. "Seasonally Variant Stable Isotope Baseline Characterisation of Malawi’s Shire River Basin to Support Integrated Water Resources Management." Water 12, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051410.
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Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is vital to the future of Malawi and motivates this study’s provision of the first stable isotope baseline characterization of the Shire River Basin (SRB). The SRB drains much of Southern Malawi and receives the sole outflow of Lake Malawi whose catchment extends over much of Central and Northern Malawi (and Tanzania and Mozambique). Stable isotope (283) and hydrochemical (150) samples were collected in 2017–2018 and analysed at Malawi’s recently commissioned National Isotopes Laboratory. Distinct surface water dry-season isotope enrichment and wet-season depletion are shown with minor retention of enriched signatures ascribed to Lake Malawi influences. Isotopic signatures corroborate that wet-season river flows mostly arise from local precipitation, with dry-season flows supported by increased groundwater contributions. Groundwater signatures follow a local meteoric water line of limited spread suggesting recharge by local precipitation predominantly during the peak months of the wet-season. Relatively few dry-season groundwater samples displayed evaporative enrichment, although isotopic seasonality was more pronounced in the lowlands compared to uplands ascribed to amplified climatic effects. These signatures serve as isotopic diagnostic tools that valuably informed a basin conceptual model build and, going forward, may inform key identified Malawian IWRM concerns. The isotopic baseline establishes a benchmark against which future influences from land use, climate change and water mixing often inherent to IWRM schemes may be forensically assessed. It thereby enables both source-water protection and achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6.
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McIntosh, Novea A., and Connie L. Bowman. "Reflections: Professional Development Using a Gradual Release Model to Facilitate Culturally Responsive Strategies in a Rural Secondary School Curriculum in Malawi." International Journal of Educational Reform 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056787919858147.
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This self-reflection article explores the collaboration with a nongovernmental organization serving underserved students in Malawi and a private Midwestern university educator preparation program which provided research-based pedagogical culturally responsive practices to teachers. Through strong partnerships, education programs can combine their academic and activist voices to prepare teachers as change agents. This article examines the Malawian education system that is gradually shifting from a decentralized system. The authors provided professional development focused on a framework of gradual release model of culturally responsive strategies to be employed in a rural secondary school in Malawi. Finally, the article concludes by sharing lessons learned.
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Tengatenga, James, Susan M. Tengatenga Duley, and Cecil J. Tengatenga. "Zimitsani Moto: Understanding the Malawi COVID-19 Response." Laws 10, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10020020.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has unsettled societies and economies of people and countries all over the world. Malawi is no exception. As such, the COVID-19 pandemic is more than just a health crisis. Countries have responded by instituting lockdowns and other restrictive measures among the populace. These have, in turn, elicited negative responses and legal challenges; most of which are rights-based. The main challenge has been that of the restriction of individual and religious freedoms. It is, thus, no surprise that reactions against government decrees restricting religious gatherings in the wake of the pandemic have been challenged in the courts. We will explore the Malawian traditional religious concept of healing and wholeness, give a chronological outline of government decrees and the responses to the pandemic, and conclude with an analysis using some reflections on Ferdinand Tönnies concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft and recollection of traditional religion and critique of the new evangelicalism leading to an understanding of the Malawian response to the pandemic.
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Statham, Todd. "Teetotalism in Malawian Protestantism: Missionary Origins, African Appropriation." Studies in World Christianity 21, no. 2 (August 2015): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2015.0116.
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Although beer had a profound cultural, economic and religious significance among traditional societies in central Africa, teetotalism – in other words, abstinence from alcohol – has become widespread in Malawian Protestantism (as elsewhere in African Christianity), and in many churches it is regarded as a mark of true faith. This article examines the origins of the antipathy to alcohol in the Presbyterian missionaries who evangelised Malawi in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who drew a parallel between the ‘problem of drink’ among the working poor in their home culture and central Africans, to urge sobriety and its concomitant values of thrift and hard work among their converts. Yet research shows that it was new Christians in Malawi themselves (and not the missionaries) who took the lead in making temperance or teetotalism a criterion for church membership. By drawing upon the experiences of other socially and politically marginalised groups in the British Empire at this time, it is suggested that these new Christians were likely motivated to adopt temperance/teetotalism in order to assert to foreign missionaries their ability to lead and control their own churches and countries.
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Mtengezo, Jasintha T., Haeok Lee, Mary Cooley, Ling Shi, and MarySue Makin. "Cervical Cancer Screening Status Among Women Living With HIV/AIDs in Malawi: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Studies in Nursing 7, no. 3 (July 14, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v7i3.1286.
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Worldwide, cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth most common cancer among women. Approximately 90% of cervical cancer cases occur in resource limited countries. Malawi is one of the developing countries with the highest incidence (ASR 67.9 per 100,000) of cc and the highest number of deaths (ASR 51.5 per 100,000) from cervical cancer in the world. More than 80% of Malawian women diagnosed with CC are at the inoperable cancer stage and suffer from co-infection with HIV. The purpose of this situation-specific theory guided study was to examine the cervical cancer screening status and factors affecting the screening status among Malawian women living with HIV infection aged 18-50 from HIV support groups in Malawi. A two stage proportionate stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 291 respondents. The findings indicated that the prevalence of cervical cancer screening rate was 27.8%; and women had a high knowledge level and had a positive attitude towards cervical cancer screening. Despite a high knowledge level and positive attitude regarding screening, the cervical cancer screening rate was still low. The factors independently associated with cervical cancer screening in HIV positive women were: employment, OR = 6.37 (95% CI: 1.32, 30.80), knowledge OR =1.11 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.20), attitude, OR = 1.43 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.97) and social support networks OR =6.8 (95% CI: 1.41, 32.76). Community-based interventions and culturally tailored health education messages which include common myths about cervical cancer, HIV, and screening are critical when designing interventions to promote cervical cancer screening uptake in Malawi.
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Zileni, Barbara Debra, Pauline Glover, Kung-Keat Teoh, Chisomo Waazileni Zileni, and Amanda Müller. "Factors influencing labour and birthing positions in Malawi." African Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 15, no. 4 (December 2, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2020.0049.
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Background/aims The World Health Organization encourages women in labour to ambulate and assume upright positions shown to be associated with favourable childbirth outcomes. However, the literature shows that most women in developed and developing countries, including Malawi, give birth in the supine position. There is a lack of research on factors that influence choice of birthing positions among women in Malawi. This study aimed to identify these factors. Methods A face-to-face descriptive survey was conducted on 373 low-risk postnatal women in Malawi. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine association between sociodemographic characteristics and choice of labour and birthing position, as well as to identify predictive factors. Results Walking during labour was significantly associated with age (P=0.018) and monthly family income (P=0.012). During birth, women who had received some degree of education were more likely to use the supine position than those who had not (93% vs 78%; P=0.011). However, women with a higher level of income were less likely to use the supine position than women with low income (82% vs 93%; P=0.005). Conclusions Age, income and education influence Malawian women's choices for labour and birthing position. There is a need for Malawian women to be informed about and encouraged to use different labour and birthing positions, regardless of their socioeconomic and demographic status, to promote positions that improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Childbirth education sessions or classes during antenatal care should include information on different birthing positions.
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An, Danming, Natalie D. Eggum-Wilkens, Sophia Chae, Sarah R. Hayford, Scott T. Yabiku, Jennifer E. Glick, and Linlin Zhang. "Adults’ Conceptualisations of Children’s Social Competence in Nepal and Malawi." Psychology and Developing Societies 30, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333617747345.
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Adults in Nepal ( N = 14) and Malawi ( N = 12) were interviewed about their views regarding social competence of 5- to 17-year-old children in their societies. Both Nepali and Malawian adults discussed themes consistent with those expected in collectivistic societies with economic challenges (e.g., respect and obedience, family responsibilities, and social relationships). There were also unique themes emphasised in each country, which may correspond with country-specific religious beliefs or social problems (e.g., rules and self-control, and sexual restraint). Results provide novel information regarding adults’ perceptions of children’s social competence in Nepal and Malawi, and may help guide the development of measures of social competence.
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Tomás-Velázquez, Alejandra, Isabel Medina Baquerizo, Pedro Redondo, and Javier Romero Gómez. "Pellagra in a Malawian woman." Medicina Clínica (English Edition) 156, no. 4 (February 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2019.12.013.
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Calis, Job C. J., Kamija S. Phiri, E. Brian Faragher, Bernard J. Brabin, Imelda Bates, Luis E. Cuevas, Rob J. de Haan, et al. "Severe Anemia in Malawian Children." New England Journal of Medicine 358, no. 9 (February 28, 2008): 888–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa072727.
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Kuusipalo, L. "Scale morphology in Malawian cichlids." Journal of Fish Biology 52, no. 4 (April 1998): 771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1998.tb00819.x.
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Joy, Edward J. M., E. Louise Ander, Martin R. Broadley, Scott D. Young, Allan D. C. Chilimba, Elliott M. Hamilton, and Michael J. Watts. "Elemental composition of Malawian rice." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 39, no. 4 (July 20, 2016): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9854-9.
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Bonnes, Stephanie. "Education and Income Imbalances Among Married Couples in Malawi as Predictors for Likelihood of Physical and Emotional Intimate Partner Violence." Violence and Victims 31, no. 1 (2016): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00016.
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Intimate partner violence is a social and public health problem that is prevalent across the world. In many societies, power differentials in relationships, often supported by social norms that promote gender inequality, lead to incidents of intimate partner violence. Among other factors, both a woman’s years of education and educational differences between a woman and her partner have been shown to have an effect on her likelihood of experiencing intimate partner abuse. Using the 2010 Malawian Demographic and Health Survey data to analyze intimate partner violence among 3,893 married Malawian women and their husbands, this article focuses on understanding the effect of educational differences between husband and wife on the likelihood of physical and emotional abuse within a marriage. The results from logistic regression models show that a woman’s level of education is a significant predictor of her likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence by her current husband, but that this effect is contingent on her husband’s level of education. This study demonstrates the need to educate men alongside of women in Malawi to help decrease women’s risk of physical and emotional intimate partner violence.
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Hazarika, Gautam, and Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis. "Women's Access to Microcredit and Children's Food Security in Rural Malawi." Journal of African Development 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.14.1.0027.
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Abstract Using data from the 1995 Malawi Financial Markets and Food Security Survey, this study seeks to discover if rural Malawian women's relative control over household resources or intra-household bargaining power, gauged by their access to microcredit, plays a role in young children's food security. Access to microcredit is assessed in a novel way as self-reported credit limits at microcredit organizations. Since credit limits, that is, the maximum sums that might be borrowed, hinge upon supply-side factors such as the availability of credit programs and the financial resources of lenders, it is plausible they are more exogenous than demand driven loan uptake or participation in microcredit organizations, the common ways of gauging access to microcredit. It is found that household expenditure on food significantly increases in women's, though not in men's, access to microcredit. Thus, increasing rural Malawian women's relative control over household resources may yield children greater food security. It is also found that women's access to microcredit improves 0–6 year old girls', though not boys', long-term nutrition. Thus, empowering these women may deliver more benefit to girls than boys.