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1
Hasan, Md Ali. "Management development in Malaysia : within the context of the new economic policy /." Electronic version of summary, 1992. http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/gakui/gaiyo/1894.pdf.
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Masruri, Muzahet. "Malaysian privatization : its impact on public finance, efficiency, economic growth and the new economic policy." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296359.
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Simpson, Ralph Arthur. "Government intervention in the Malaysian economy, 1970-1990: lessons for South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study examined the role the Malaysian government played in developing the Malaysian economy as a means to eliminating poverty and inequality and explored the lessons South Africa can learn from Malaysia's development experience. Under British colonial rule Malaysia developed a divided multi-ethnic society characterised by gross inequality and high levels of poverty. Jolted by the 1969 race riots and in a major departure from the laissez-faire economic policy, the government embarked on the New Economic Policy in 1970. This ambitious twenty-year social engineering plan ushered in greater state intervention in the economy. It greatly reduced poverty among indigenous Malays and made substantial progress towards achieving inter-ethnic economic parity.
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Abdul-Hakim, Roslan. "Income distribution and the new economic policy in Malaysia." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/income-distribution-and-the-new-economic-policy-in-malaysia(fa84f71e-1b6b-417b-9fec-290da5b32583).html.
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Malaysian politics has long been dominated by tensions arising out of inter-ethnic inequality. However, economic policy in the earlier years of independence took a laissez-faire approach. Following the racial riots in 1969, there was a re-think on policy and the New Economic Policy (NEP) was promulgated in 1970. The underlying objective of the policy was to achieve national unity, which entailed improving the economic and social status of the Malay (Bumiputera) community visa-vis the non-Malays (non-Bumiputeras), especially the Chinese. The policy also attempted to transfer ownership of industries to the Malay (Bumiputera) community to develop a capitalist economy under the control of the Malay (Bumiputera) ethnic group. This study argues that, whilst the policy was successful at the outset in generating economic growth and reducing poverty, especially in the rural areas, it became obsolete even for that narrow purpose. The exclusive focus of the policy on inter-ethnic inequality made it insensitive to the problem of intra-Malay inequality. Due to the very success of NEP in the earlier years, the Malay community has become less homogeneous and cross-cutting cleavages have begun to emerge. Also, Malay tolerance of intra-Malay inequality has begun to erode. Many of Malaysia's current economic and political problems can be explained by the failure of income redistribution policy to reflect these changes within the Malay community. The argument is presented here using an analysis of the trends in income distribution. The required data are obtained from the literature and also from the Malaysian Family Life Survey (MFLS).
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Sab, Normee Che. "Trade orientation, industrial policy and economic performance : the case of Malaysia." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296954.
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Rahman, Rashidah Abdul. "The effect of corporate acquisitions on operating performance of Malaysian companies." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1776.
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Recent research observed in a number of countries with developed capital markets, including the US and the UK, have produced inconclusive evidence on the presence of gains to acquiring company shareholders and indeed to the existing of net wealth gains. Thus, the current study aims to contribute to the debate on takeover activity by examining whether operational gains arise, using operating cash flow to measure operating performance of Malaysian companies involved in takeover activity between the period 1988-1992. Rather than investigating the distribution of shareholder wealth changes, however, the focus is whether takeover in Malaysia lead to an improvement in corporate performance. Consistent with the characteristics of private acquisitions in the sample of 97 quoted acquiring and 117 target companies (comprising of 113 private, 3 public listed and 1 non-public listed), acquisitions in Malaysia appear to be non-disciplinary. Despite the non-disciplinary motives, the overall results reported in the current study suggest that acquisitions in Malaysia during the period 1988-1992 lead to operating cash flow improvements in the long run. The improvement in performance results from both increases in return on sales (operating cash flow per dollar of sales) and in asset turnover (sales per dollar of assets). These improvements are not achieved at the expense of the long-term viability of the combined firms nor does it appear to be driven by cost-cutting strategies. In addition, empirical evidence in the thesis indicates that the major source of operating gains is the acquisition of companies with a high overlap of product market relatedness. In addition acquisitions that are financed by equity produce higher operating gains. Acquirers who make no immediate change to the management team of the target company following the acquisition also achieve a greater increase in post acquisition performance, reinforcing the likelihood that this sample does not consist of disciplinary acquisitions. Further, the significant positive correlation between the share price market revaluation of acquiring firms around the bid period, the change in post acquisition operating performance and the premium paid for the target indicate that managers who anticipate post acquisition operating cash flow improvements will pay a premium to acquire the targets. The findings can also be viewed as evidence that cash flow data and market value data can capture real economic phenomena which explain a substantial proportion of the market's reaction to takeovers around the announcement period. The results demonstrate that Malaysian acquisitions do lead to improvements in operating performance that provide potential for benefits to both the economy as a whole and bidding company shareholders. However, as the majority of target companies in the current study were previously privately owned businesses, researchers and policy makers should be wary before generalising from these results.
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Qua, T. S. "An evaluation of fiscal policy performance based on a macroeconomic model : A case study of Malaysia 1962-83." Thesis, University of Kent, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375623.
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Ahmad, S. B. K. "Economic development and social stratification : occupational change and class structure in peninsular Malaysia under the New Economic Policy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595377.
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The focus of this thesis is to examine the structure of inequality in Malaysian society. It begins with a class based approach by measuring the class structure for peninsular Malaysia between 1970 and 1990. This time frame is considered crucial in the history of Malaysia's economic progress. It is during this period that Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented. The NEP aimed to promote rapid economic growth while attempting to correct ethnic imbalance between the Malays and the Chinese in particular, by propagating a policy of positive discrimination in favour of the Malays. This makes the issue of class inequality more complicated and calls forth an examination of the interplay between class and ethnicity in the structuring of inequality. Gender inequality, another issue central in the debate on class and stratification is also brought in. Inequality in this case is defined in terms of access to economic resources which in turn determine the income and social status of individuals. The class structure derived, therefore, represents the distribution of individuals based on differential access to available economic resources. Considering that the majority of Malaysians are wage earners, the class structure is measured using occupational position as a starting point. Employment status, education, job characteristics and definitions are then taken into account. Other supporting evidence is included wherever necessary. Such an approach is arguably not flawless. Nevertheless, given the limitations confronting this study, it has to consider a framework which derives a measure of inequality which incorporates some of the common criteria identified in economic as well as sociological theories in the analysis of social stratification. This framework draws upon the vast theoretical and empirical literature developed in Malaysia and in the West, especially in Britain and the United States. It is premised to some extent on the Marxist and Weberian conception of social classes and guided by the empirical methods used by Goldthorpe for Britain and Wright for the United States.
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Ahmad, Zaluki Nurwati Ashikkin. "The performance of Malaysian initial public offerings and earnings management." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/857.
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An initial public offering (IPO) of equity provides a significant source of finance for Malaysian companies. Due to the existence of inequalities of wealth within Malaysian society as a result of its colonial heritage, the government has used IPOs to redistribute wealth among ethnic groups with the main objective being to increase the involvement of the Bumiputera (local indigenous people) in the corporate sector. This thesis consists of three inter-related studies on Malaysian IPOs that were listed on the Bursa Malaysia (formerly known as the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange) during the period 1990 to 2000. In particular, this study investigates post-IPO performance using alternative performance approaches (market-based and accounting-based) and the earnings management explanation for observed performance. The results from the first study indicate that Malaysian IPOs significantly overperform their benchmarks when performance is measured using both equally-weighted cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) and buy-and-hold abnormal returns (BHARs), except when matched companies are used as the benchmark. However, this significant overperformance disappears when returns are calculated on a value-weighted basis and also when Fama-French (1993) three-factor regressions are employed. Cross-sectional analysis reveals differential performance related to year of listing, issue proceeds and initial returns. The results from the second study using accounting-based measures provide strong evidence of declining operating performance in the IPO year and up to three years following an IPO. The year-to-year analysis reveals that the declining performance is greatest in the year immediately following the IPO. The deterioration in performance is more pronounced when accrual-based operating performance measures are used. The difference in the results using accrual-based and cash flow-based approaches suggests the existence of earnings manipulation by the IPO manager. The investigation of the possible sources of operating performance changes suggests that post-IPO declines in asset turnover parially explain the poorer operating performance. Univariate analysis of the association between family relationships, retained ownership and post-IPO operating performance produces little evidence to explain the deterioration in operating performance. However, underpricing partially explains the deterioration when the cash flow-based performance measure is used. The results from the third study reveal that Malaysian IPO companies employ income-increasing strategies around offerings, and that these strategies were more prevalent during the East Asian crisis period, especially for those companies that provided a profit guarantee. Analysis of the assöciation between the magnitude of earnings management in the IPO year and post-IPO performance provides some evidence to support the view that aggressive earnings management at the time of an IPO subsequently leads to poor stock market and operating performance. Overall, the evidence in this thesis supports the consensus that has emerged from the international debate on studies involving long horizon returns, which suggests that the magnitude of long run performance depends on the method employed to measure performance. The evidence derived from the accounting-based measure of operating performance supports the existing international evidence that operating performance declines following IPOs. The results also provide a degree of support for the earnings management explanation of post-IPO performance. These findings have implications for investors, security analysts, companies and accounting standard setters.
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Ho, Khai Leong. "Indigenizing the state : the new economic policy and the Bumiputera State in Peninsular Malaysia /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487596807821657.
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Abdul, Karim Zulkefly. "Essays on monetary policy : macro and firm-level evidence from Malaysia, a small open economy." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/179115/.
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This dissertation is comprised of three empirical essays evaluating the effectiveness of monetary policy implementation in a small open economy (i.e. Malaysia) by using macro, and micro-level study. The motivations for these three studies evolve around the issue of the role of monetary policy in transmitting to economic activity at the macroeconomic level, and at the microeconomic level through firm-level equity returns, and firm-level investment spending. The first essay, which is in Chapter 2, examines the implementation of monetary policy in a small open economy at the macroeconomic level by using an open-economy structural VAR (SVAR) study. Monetary policy variables (interest rate and money supply) have been measured through a non-recursive identification scheme, which allows the monetary authority to set the interest rate and money supply after observing the current value of foreign variables, domestic output and inflation. Specifically, this chapter tests the effect of foreign shocks upon domestic macroeconomic fluctuations and monetary policy, and examines the effectiveness of domestic monetary policy as a stabilization policy. The results show the important role of foreign shocks in influencing Malaysian monetary policy and macroeconomic variables. There is a real effect of monetary policy, which is that a positive shock in money supply increases domestic output. In contrast, a positive interest rates shock has a negative effect on domestic output growth and inflation. The effects of money supply and interest rate shocks on the exchange rate and stock prices are also consistent with standard economic theory. In addition, domestic monetary policy enables to mitigate the negative effect of external shocks upon domestic economy. iii The second essay (chapter 3) investigates the effects of domestic monetary policy shocks upon Malaysian firm-level equity returns in a dynamic panel data framework. A domestic monetary policy shock is generated via a recursive SVAR identification scheme, which allows the monetary authority to set the overnight interbank rate after observing the current value of world oil price, foreign income, foreign monetary policy, domestic output and inflation. An augmented Fama and French (1992, 1996) multifactor model has been used in estimating the determinants of firm-level stock returns. The results revealed that firm stock returns have responded negatively to monetary policy shocks. Moreover, the effect of domestic monetary policy shocks on stock returns is significant for small firms’ equity, whereas equity of large firms is not significantly affected. The effect of domestic monetary policy also has differential effects according to the sub-sector of the economy in which a firm operates. The equity returns of financially constrained firms are also significantly more affected by domestic monetary policy than the returns of less constrained firms. The third essay, which is in Chapter 4, examines the effects of monetary policy on firms’ balance sheets, with a particular focus on the effects upon firms’ fixedinvestment spending. The focal point concerns the two main channels of monetary policy transmission mechanism, namely the interest rate and broad credit channels in affecting firms’ investment spending. Specifically, the interest rates channel is measured through the firm user cost of capital, whereas the broad credit channel is identified through the firms’ liquidity (cash flow to capital stock ratio). By estimating the firms’ investment model using a dynamic neoclassical framework in an autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) model, the empirical results tend to support the relevance of interest rates, and the broad credit channel in transmitting to the firm-level investment spending. The results also reveal that the effect of monetary policy channels to the firms’ investment are heterogeneous, in that the small firms who faced financial constraint responded more to monetary tightening as compared to the large firms (less constrained firms). The effect of monetary policy is also heterogeneous across subsectors of the economy, as some sectors (for example, consumer products, industrial products and services) are significantly affected by monetary policy, whereas other subsectors (for example, property) are not affected
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Nair, Sulochana. "The impact of government policy and technological change on poverty levels and resource use in the rubber smallholding sector of peninsular Malaysia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282745.
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Migdad, Abdalrahman Mohamed. "The contribution of the Islamic economic theory and institutions to human economic security : the case of the Islamic redistributive institution "Zakat" in Malaysia." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13069273/?lang=0, 2018. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13069273/?lang=0.
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Three main components represent the pillars of this research: Human Economic Security (HES), Islamic economics, and the Malaysian economy and policies addressing economic insecurities. HES is part of Human Security (HS), and both are presented in this research from the Islamic perspective to relate to both Islamic economics and Malaysia, the constitutionally Islamic country. To reach a conclusion regarding the subject, the researcher asks the question: "Can Malaysia actualize HES on the bases of equity and justice for all its citizens through enlarging and enhancing the performance of the Islamic Voluntary Economic Sector (IVES) institutions, specifically the redistributive institution of zakat?" The methodological approach of this research is basically a qualitative one. In the concluding chapter the researcher finds that Islamic economics could grow to become more social, more so through the growth of the IVES. However, a steady growth of the sector is not enough to actualize HES noticeably in Malaysian contexts. A more robust growth rate in the sector is conditional to decisive government interventions that favor the growth of the IVES.博士(グローバル社会研究)
Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Ko, Ariel Hui-min. "Not for political domination : China's foreign economic policy towards Vietnam, Singapore and Malaysia in the open era." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2235/.
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This thesis is an exploration of China’s bilateral foreign economic policy (FEP) towards Vietnam, Singapore, and Malaysia in the open era. It expects to answer the central question that what motivated China’s bilateral economic cooperation with small partners? Is it for political domination, or is it for national prosperity? Drawing upon the evidence from primary materials, this thesis challenges the hypothesis that China, as a rising economic power, intends to generate political gains from the creation of trade asymmetry of small partners. In contrast, this thesis argues that China’s bilateral economic cooperation with individual ASEAN members is for the pursuit of prosperity; in this process, the shared concerns of Beijing’s management of bilateral economic relations with individual ASEAN members are to raise the national income and to sharpen the national competitiveness in exports. In other words, Beijing’s FEP at bilateral level has the very strong implication for national economic development in general. Contrary to the realist expectations about foreign trade, this thesis shows that China did not take initiatives in bilateral economic cooperation to ensure the advantageous political gains; in addition, this thesis also finds that different political relations did not seem to affect the implementation of China’s bilateral FEP towards individual partners. By revealing China’s preference order of foreign economic cooperation at different levels, this thesis also argues that the calculations of welfare effects, rather than the consideration of relative gains, is more likely to be the determinant of China’s foreign economic behaviors.
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Mohd, Ismail Harun Mizam bin. "Malaysian Natural Rubber Industry: An Econometric Analysis on the Elasticity of Supply and Demand Approaches." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/27933888.html.
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Sankaran, Segar. "Education and training policy in a changing economic context : the case of polytechnic and industry collaboration in Malaysia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020348/.
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Lee, Wang Hwi. "The political power of economic ideas : comparative policy responses to the East Asian financial crisis in South Korea and Malaysia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1784/.
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This thesis explores the politics of economic adjustment in South Korea and Malaysia. Empirically, it examines how Korea and Malaysia responded to the East Asian financial crisis. A widespread perception is that Korea pursued orthodox policies (the Washington consensus) while Malaysia used unorthodox policies (the post-Washington consensus). However, this interpretation exaggerates the divergence in macroeconomic adjustment policies (e.g., different exchange rate regime policy and their relationship with the IMF), thereby underestimating the 'policy' convergence in macroeconomic stabilisation and structural reform at least from late 1997 to mid-1998. For this reason, this thesis explores the convergence and divergence in a balanced perspective. Theoretically, it interprets why the 'policy' convergence emerged between Korea and Malaysia from an ideational perspective. The convergence was caused, in part, by economic ideas - the Washington consensus or neoliberalism - that prevailed among both the international financial institutions (IFIs) and national policy makers. The consensus de-legitimised the existing economic system by attributing the underlying causes of the financial crisis to structural weaknesses in the financial and corporate sectors. In addition, the consensus provided a far-reaching blueprint for institutional change. This is why both countries embraced neoliberal policies particularly in structural reform, irrespective of IMF interventions. The emphasis on economic ideas does not mean that ideational approaches overlook the role of interests and institutions. Vested interests - big business and organised labour - and state capacity had a considerable impact on policy-making. Thus ideas-oriented approaches are complementary to - rather than conflicting with - interest-oriented and institution-oriented approaches.
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Mandla, Bulelani. "BEE and Malaysia's NEP : a comparative study /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/579.
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Abdul, Hamid Nor Fuad. "Family business culture, entrepreneurial orientation and the new economic policy on family business survival : a study between the Malays and Chinese of micro-and small-sized family businesses in Malaysia." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4300/.
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This thesis explores the influence of family business cultures (FBC) through three-circle model of family business by Gersick et al., (1997), entrepreneurial orientation (EO) by Covin and Slevin (1991) and the New Economic Policy (NEP) from 1971-1990 as the Malaysian government's intervention and affirmative policy on the survival of Malay (MFB) and Chinese (CFB) family businesses, specifically on micro- and small-sized family businesses. Since there was very little knowledge of the operation and survival of family business (FB) in the context of Malaysia across ethnicities, this research study takes a retrospective approach in reviewing secondary-source literature which covers the period from the era of British colonialism starting in the eighteenth century until the post-independence period, especially during the implementation of the NEP from 1971, in order to be able to gain a fair and adequate view of the socio-economic situations across the two major ethnicities i.e. the Malays and Chinese. In addition, two empirical studies were carried out in the Klang Valley as the fastest growing economic region and where the capital city of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, is located using the mixed-method research approach by combining both quantitative (Study 1) and qualitative (Study 2) research designs in order to derive more robust and reliable findings. The 226 MFB participants in the study completed a survey questionnaire designed to provide quantitative data, while a further ten samples, five each from MFB and CFB, undertook an in-depth interview of qualitative design. As well as entrepreneurs, the study was complemented by the inclusion of ten non-entrepreneurs, comprising two experts in the two different Malaysian ethnic businesses, two politicians from the ruling and opposition parties, two government policy makers and four bankers, including both commercial and government bankers in order to derive more conclusive understanding. The main findings revealed that the MFB and CFB were rooted differently in terms of their cultural resources, as the former were imbued with the religious beliefs of Islam while the latter practised Confucian cultural values in their businesses. Both ethnicities exhibited longer-term survival in their businesses succeeding beyond the critical first three years, but the CFB had the further advantage of strong bonding in terms of social capital networking within their ethnic group which surpassed that of the MFB, and this explained their dominance in the various businesses since the colonial period. A surprising result was the encouraging number of MFBs which had developed positive links with Chinese business networks, as well as the fact that both ethnicities exhibited similar characteristics in terms of EO. The findings on the effectiveness of the NEP’s implementation on the MFB’s and CFB’s survival were mixed in that there were both direct and indirect influences on their business survival, and that micro-sized businesses struggled more than small-sized businesses and that the more-educated owners gained an advantage in comparison with the less-educated in terms of access to micro and small financing schemes. This study advances the understanding of these issues in its theoretical, methodological and practical contributions; its limitations are acknowledged and suggestions for future research are recommended.
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Mersat, Neilson Ilan. "Politics and business in Sarawak (1963-2004)." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146562.
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Hecht, Dirk [Verfasser]. "Affirmative Action-Programme in Südafrika und Malaysia : eine Fallstudie am Beispiel der new economic policy und des broad-based economic empowerment mit Fokus auf die Implikationen für die Automobilindustrie in Südafrika / Dirk Hecht. Universität Flensburg." Flensburg : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Flensburg, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1018255915/34.
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Tableman, Leslie D. "The impact of structural adjustment policies on the education systems of developing countries : a comparative study between Thailand and Malaysia after the Asian financial crisis /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9167.
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Hamidon, Syahira. "The development of Malay entrepreneurship in Malaysia : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1009.
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Since the institution of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1971 and beyond its end in 1990, the Malaysian government has had mixed successes in developing Malay entrepreneurship. Despite on-going of privileges and assistance and the government’s concerted efforts and initiatives, Malay entrepreneurship still continues to lag behind that of the Chinese. This study centres on the challenges faced by the Government of Malaysia in the promotion of Malay entrepreneurial development. Based on interviews with diverse people, both within and outside the government, the study reveals that Malay entrepreneurial development is a complex process confronted by many issues and problems. The study also reveals that government privileges and assistance to Malays to promote entrepreneurship do not help much in boosting an entrepreneurial culture nor do they help them in enhancing entrepreneurial competitiveness and achievement. Instead, such privileges and assistance have conversely made the Chinese more resilient and competitive entrepreneurially but discriminative against the Malays. This conclusion confirms the proposition that “state assistance in the form of an affirmative action to an economically-challenged sector of society does little to create entrepreneurship; rather it challenges rival economic groups to sharpen their own competitiveness”. Finally, the study is able to indicate that Malay entrepreneurship differs slightly from the conventional Western concepts of entrepreneurship. The differences are largely due to the historical background of the Malays as a communitarian society; as Muslims; as a society still divided along class lines and as a status conscious community.
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Mohd, Yusof Zatun Najahah. "The role of university-industry-government relationship in cluster development : the case of MSC Malaysia." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/20387.
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Malaysia is a transition economic country that aims to be a developed country by 2020. In realising this mission (Vision 2020), the cluster concept has been an interest and adopted by the central authorities. There are few years ahead to reach the targeted year and it interest of this study to investigate the relevant development on its own engineered cluster of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) that was put forward on the success of Silicon Valley in the US. This thesis focuses on the development of the MSC cluster in the Malaysia context. It examines and measures the state of the cluster, the role played by its core actors (from Triple Helix perspective) and their relationship in the MSC. The role of collaboration has been used to measure the relationship among actors with the key determinants of cluster formation. A mixed data collection method was used to answer the research question and objectives involved. A conceptual model for analysing the MSC cluster is proposed, bringing together insights from the literature on clusters, role of actors, collaborative relationship and the complex systems of innovation approach. This conceptual model uncover the weaknesses of social dimension (social infrastructure) in Porter’s diamond model and the general approach of Triple Helix model in the cluster development. The cluster lifecycle model is used to add the depth to the analysis on the condition of cluster development.
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Nook, Yusoff Bin. "Economic crime in Malaysia : an analysis into the changing role of the police." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23430.
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Economic recession took effect in Malaysia in late 1984 and continued through 1985 and 1986. During this period, there was a sudden surge in economic crime. Its scale has Increased over recent years. When economic crime is on the increase, the costs to society are also increasing, not only in terms of money and property stolen by perpetrators, but also in terms of loss of confidence and respect by the public at large in our government. With the present rapid growth in business and commercial activities, economic crime has found a fertile ground. Economic crime is a 'growth industry'. Unless we study it, understand it, and develop tools to deal with it effectively, we may be witnessing only the beginning of a phenomenon that could undermine the social, economic and political stability of the country. Today's cost of economic crime in Malaysia is estimated to be more than $200 million a year. It victimises thousands of individuals. It undermines the very legitimacy of our institutions. With continued innovation in information and communications technologies, the dimensions of the problem expand; yet our legal and business systems cannot cope with what is happening today. In the opinion of the researcher, there can be little doubt that economic crime will continue to rob society as it has In the past. Despite its current scale, there has not been a study of economic crime In Malaysia. The reason is obvious; for a researcher to embark on a study in this particular area of criminal activity, there would need to be the accessibility to the highly sensitive data on such activities (while recognising that not all the crimes are detected). Many of the agencies charged with Investigation and prosecution of these non-traditional crimes, quite correctly, do not make their detailed findings public. Aggregated data, which are made available to the public, are often not sufficiently specific for research purposes. The secrecy of the Government agencies Is necessary in order for them to function effectively as law enforcement Instruments. Sutherland [1977, page 38] noted that explanations for crime could not be found in poverty alone; criminality is a much more complex phenomenon. For example, he noted that poverty Is no explanation for crimes of the rich and the professional segments of the society. It is noted by this researcher in his three years experience as the Head of Banking and Financial Investigations at the special unit of the Commercial Crime Department, Police Headquarters, Kuala Lumpur, that the problems In dealing with economic crimes could not be addressed in the same manner as In traditional crime. Studies were needed to explain and understand these crimes. From this knowledge base, there would be a better opportunity to formulate policy strategies to address the problems. This research, even though focussing in Malaysia, is meant to act as a springboard for future research within the researcher's organisation, the Royal Police Force of Malaysia, and also at least be useful for new Developing Countries which may have to encounter a similar economic crime phenomenon. The study also examines the major economic institutions in Malaysia such as cooperatives, insurance and stock-exchange and concludes that some of the main causes of economic crime are problems of management. They are: * poor quality and laxity of discipline and management; * financial and technical mismanagement in the operation of companies; * breaches of the law; * poor documentation and record keeping practices; * inadequate and ineffective control system. The findings of the research survey shows that the causes of economic crime in Malaysia are consistent with situational, opportunity and personal pressures. Economic crime in Malaysia is largely due to people who are in position of trust, who have abused their powers in a situation of poor accounting practices. Economic crime could possibly be prevented by improving the system of auditing, improving the management information system and improving the management environment.
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Basiron, Y. B. "An investigation into the use of macroeconometric model simulation and optimal control for policy planning in the Malaysian rubber and oil palm industry." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375413.
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Ismail, Roslina. "Malaysian economic development and the emergence of environmental foreign policy, 1874-1982." Thesis, Keele University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530770.
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Hwang, Chung-Hoon. "Influences of exogenous shocks on three Asian small open economies : evidence using a structural VAR with block exogeneity /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025625.
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Mesher, Gene Michael. "The political economy of telecommunications in Malaysia and Singapore a stakeholders-structure, conduct, performance comparative analysis /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/44047336.html.
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Wan, Ahmad Wan Marhaini. "Zakat investment in Malaysia : a study of contemporary policy and practice in relation to Shari'a." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7550.
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Zakat is an obligatory payment that a free and rational Muslim who owns a certain amount of wealth has to observe. The idea of zakat investment was initiated by the belief that providing the poor and needy with a non-substantial amount of fund that is mostly used to pay for their consumption is not enough to tackle poverty. Collection of zakat itself also has been shown insufficient even to provide them with a subsistence level of income. Muslim scholars suggest a long-term measure involving the investment of zakat that not only supplement the poor with a stream of income that is more consistent and continuous, equip them with the opportunity for equity participation or provide them with projects that help improve their livelihood but also provide a source of revenue to fund overall Muslim economic development. However, Muslim scholars found that investment of zakat may make the payment legally vulnerable from the Shari>ca (Islamic law) point of view. Thus, many fatwa>s and views have been expressed by the Muslim scholars as guidelines to ensure that the investment activities conform to Shari>ca. This study examines contemporary policy and practice in the management of zakat investment in Malaysia, particularly at two zakat institutions: Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan and Lembaga Zakat Selangor. These two institutions are selected because they are the most vibrant zakat institutions in the country in terms of zakat revenue and they also are the most active in investing zakat. Given the many background complaints about the institutions’ inefficiencies in managing zakat particularly the large amount of undistributed zakat, it is thus pertinent to analyze the compliancy of these investment activities with the principles and purposes of zakat. The study finds that these institutions accordingly have moulded their investment activities not only to observe the principles of zakat but also according to the modern changes in the administration of zakat in the country as well as to cater for the recipients’ current needs. The study also finds that various policies have been set up to guide the management of these investment activities. Still, there remain numerous possibilities for improving these further.
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Mukhtar, D. "Implementation of technology driven policy initiatives in emerging economies : the case of Malaysia's Commercialisation of Research and Development Fund." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2016. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/30106/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of a policy initiative to uplift innovation capabilities among indigenous high-technology small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. As an emerging economy, Malaysia has actively introduced policies to propel economic development. These policies are acknowledged as powerful tools to promote industrialisation and economic diversification. As the country moves towards a knowledge-based economy, this study provides insight into how a policy comprising a financial initiative introduced by Malaysian Government has been used to enhance capabilities of indigenous small and medium enterprises particularly for innovation. This study is exploratory since it seeks to find out how firms developed and enhanced their innovation capabilities in the presence of government policy. The goal is to learn 'what is going on here' and the phenomenon in light of the innovation process and Dynamic Capabilities (DC) concepts. This study adopts an interpretative approach and uses multiple case studies with semi-structured interviews as the main data collection technique. This study relies on this technique to explore the views and experience of the selected Commercialisation of Research and Development Fund (CRDF) recipient about the impact and application of that policy initiative (i.e. the CRDF). Overall, the researcher conducted 13 one-to-one and three group interviews. The interviewees consist of key informants from firms and MTDC personnel. Two additional data collection methods: documentary analysis and observations were utilised; thus, improving the triangulation of the findings. The findings show that the implementation of the CRDF in particular is in line with the specific objectives of the policy which is intended to support commercialisation of research outputs among indigenous small firms. This study also found that this policy initiative tends to affect the latter end of the innovation process (i.e. in particular in the exploitation phase) rather to the innovation process in general. These findings demonstrate how firms have been using funds from the CRDF to support the innovation process, especially for upgrading their capability regarding the new product development process for high technology products. The important dimension that emerged is that the CRDF is enhancing firms innovation and dynamic capabilities, especially those capabilities relating to their ability to carry out innovation. These capabilities are centred on firms’ ability to respond to a changing environment by producing high technology products that meet regulatory requirements as well as customer demand.
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YU-WEN, GUO, and 郭玉文. "A Study on Economic Impacts on Malays under 〝New Economic Policy〞in Malaysia." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13378415941012530139.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
東南亞研究所
92
The poverty problem of rural Malay is one major feature of Malay society. This thesis is an attempt to analyze the economic development relationship among the two major ethnic (Chinese and Malays) in Malaysia, from two aspects: the role of the Chinese middlemen and the entrepreneurial spirit of the Malays. The two factors were worsened the relationship between the two (Chinese and Malays). The racial riots of 1969 that gave Malaysia leaders an opportunity to critically examine Malaysia’s political and economic problems. Subsequently, the government put in the formulation of the New Economic Policy (NEP). The aims of restructuring society, eradication of poverty and alleviating economic imbalances were the imperatives of Malaysia policymakers in relation to the NEP. Under NEP, the government’s development strategy was to directly set up trust agencies. Some of the major trust agencies incorporated for this task include Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), and Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) etc. These agencies were expected to restructure society by increasing Malays share ownership, employment and participation in commerce and industry and through the development of selected rural areas. Finally, through these agencies, the government sought to attain 30 percent share ownership by Malays in commerce and industry (with 40 percent share for non-Malays and 30 percent for foreigners). Through the research attempts to review the efficacy and results of the Malaysia trust agencies, and the impact of the NEP on Malays economic development during the NEP period (1971-1990).
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Searle, Peter Whitford. ""Rent-seekers" or real capitalists? : the riddle of Malaysian capitalism." Phd thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/118720.
Full textAbstract:
This study argues that the nexus of business, politics and the state which has been central
to the capitalist upsurge in Southeast Asia (McVey, 1992:9) has also been central to the
rise of Malay capitalism and the transformation of Chinese business in Malaysia. That
nexus is intimate in Malaysia where the government through the New Economic Policy
(NEP) has sought to create a Malay commercial and industrial community, in short Malay
capitalists. In the process of creating Malay entrepreneurs the study shows how just as
the boundaries between business, politics and the state became blurred in the Malaysian
context there, as indeed elswhere in Southeast Asia, it is no longer easy in many cases to
distinguish between “rent-seeking” and true “productive” capitalism, between pariahs and
entrepreneurs or between patrons and clients. But from this amalgam what sort of
capitalism and capitalists have emerged in Malaysia? To throw light on the character and
strength of Malaysian capitalism answers are sought to two questions. First:
Has government manipulation created new sources of entrepreneurship or
only fostered rentiers?
The study identifies the complex interaction between the state, party [UMNO] and
business as the source of dynamism or defeat in the development of Malay capitalists. It
argues that significant changes are taking place in those relationships, while at the same
time more Malay groups are developing a greater independence of patronage - changes
that suggest it is imperative we keep our view of the nature of Malay capitalism open to
revision. But, just as the growth of Malay capitalism is more variegated than generally
supposed, so this survey of Malaysian capitalism also seeks to illuminate the change and
transformation occurring among Chinese business groups. So the second question
addressed is:
Have Malaysia's political circumstances trapped Chinese businessmen in
dependency relationships similar in kind if not degree to Riggs' pariah
entrepreneurs?
After a survey of Chinese business groups the study finds that analyses in the 1980s
which have described the relationship between the state and Chinese [as well as foreign]
capital as discrete entities and in antipathetical terms, no longer seem appropriate to the
more complex and complementary character of those categories in the 1990s. At a general
level this survey also challenges a common view that Chinese capital is completely
different to Malay capital. There are differences, but increasingly there are important
points of similarity in the manner of their growth, their relations with the state and the
UMNO leadership, and their credentials as capitalists.
Overall the study argues against drawing sharp contrasts between dependency and
self-reliance, between state and capital, and between rent-seekers and true productive
capitalists. For it is from that amalgam of categories and groups that this study shows a
form of capitalism emerging in Malaysia which is nonetheless remarkably dynamic,
vibrant and resilient despite its ‘unorthodox’ origins, and already well integrated into the
increasingly complex product cycles and investment patterns of the rapidly growing
Asian region.
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Ang, Beng Jiunn. "The role of financial intermediation in economic development : evidence from Malaysia." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147125.
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Yusoff, Rahamat Bivi. "The Malaysia incorporated concept : public-private sector collaboration in the development process." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147086.
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Lee, Wee-keng. "Markets and politics revealing state-business relation through financial market information /." 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3099477.
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Abd, Ghani Judhiana. "Market preserving federalism: implications for Malaysia." Thesis, 2014. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/25864/.
Full textAbstract:
In the Malaysian federal system, the central government is in a dominant position and the
states depend heavily on fiscal transfers from the centre to meet their budgetary needs.
This model of fiscal federalism is widely regarded to have a negative impact on states‘ fiscal
performance, in turn, affecting the overall performance of the economy. Having
experienced three decades of rapid growth, Malaysian economic growth has been sluggish
since the Asian financial crisis of 1997, and there is a widely shared view that the country
needs a radical change in its economic development strategy in order to break out of the
middle income trap. The National Economic Action Council of Malaysia has also been
critical of the previous growth model for being inadequate for meeting this challenge, and
the government‘s New Economic Model (NEM) aims at developing a system of governance
that empowers the private sector for broad-based inclusive development.
In this context, the aim of this thesis is to explore whether new insights gained from the
latest model of federalism – the Market Preserving Federalism (MPF) – can be applied in
Malaysia for reforming intergovernmental fiscal relations and for improving both national
and regional economic growth potential. The concept of market preserving federalism
(MPF) proposes a form of fiscal federalism with decentralised governance that functions on
market-based principles, hard budget constraints, and fiscal accountability. The thesis
investigates how the current model of fiscal decentralisation in Malaysia can be improved to
support a market-based economy. Using econometric analysis of public finance data for
two decades (1990-2009), the thesis evaluates the four critical attributes of Malaysian
federalism, namely fiscal decentralisation, subnational competition, efficiency of public
finances, and equity of outcomes by analysing the relationships between fiscal
decentralisation and governmental incentives for revenue raising, public expenditure, and
debt financing. In particular, the thesis analyses the nature of incentive structures
generated by the current soft budget constraints faced by subnational governments and
their effects on regional and national economic performance. Policy implications are drawn
for reforming the current federal framework in order to foster business investment and
inclusive economic development in Malaysia.
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Salazar, Lorraine Carlos. "States, market reforms, and rents : the political economy of telecommunications reform in Malaysia and the Philippines." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149991.
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Cook, Malcolm. "Paradigmatic mediation : globalization and banking policy reform in Malaysia and the Philippines." Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148592.
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Liau, Shaur Yn, and 廖韶吟. "The Effectness of Malaysia''''s Economic Development Policy on Chinese-Malay Ethnic Relation." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11910235261800387421.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東海大學
政治研究所
86
The mutual conflicts and hostile between Malays and Chinese in Malaysiahas been sustained for quite a long time. Generally speaking, this situationis attributed to the economic disparity of the recials. In a country with multi-religious and multi-lingual character of the populations, resents and conflicts among different racials will serious demage the political stabilityas well as impede the economic growth of this nation. Since the establishmentof Malaysia, the government has been adopting different policies in everyaspects to promote the union ligation and the development of this country. The political stability of Malaysia is very closely related to the relationship between Chinese and Malays. Economic disparity between this twobiggest racials of Malaysia has long been the argumental point. The objevtive of national development has been setting as economic growth, equality of share,political stability and the harmony among each racial. Economic development isthe means to reach these objectives. owing to ethnic plurality and economic disparity, economic growth as well as the equality of share has been takeninto consideration simultaneously. Malaysia''''s experience proved that this two objectives couldn''''t be reached simultaneously. The relative strength of political power of Malays and Chinese formed different economic policies in different periods. The purpose of this research is to study the chanhingrelationship between Malays and Chinese which has influenced by the differentpolitical, economic environment and national development objectives in each period.-1 -aThe Effectness of Malaysia''''s Economic Development Policy on Chinese-Malay Ethnic Relation
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Ismail, Mohd Yusof. "Malaysia's new economic policy its impact on urban, regional and sectoral distribution of income, inequality and poverty, 1970-1980 /." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23627922.html.
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"The politics of heritage conservation in a Southeast Asian post-colonial city: the case of Georgetown in Penang, Malaysia." 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894672.
Full textAbstract:
Li, Ho Fai.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-117).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
English and Chinese Abstracts --- p.ii
List of Contents --- p.iv
"Index of tables, figures, and diagrams" --- p.vi
Lists of abbreviations and acronyms --- p.vii
Notes --- p.ix
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background and Research Question --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Methodology --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Research Significance --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- "Theoretical Frameworks, Central Arguments and Organization of the Thesis" --- p.6
Chapter 2. --- Theoretical Frameworks and Literature Review --- p.8
Chapter 2.1 --- Historical Institutionalism --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- The Study of Heritage Conservation --- p.10
Chapter 2.3 --- The Study of Civil Society --- p.12
Chapter 2.4 --- Political Economy of Built Heritage Conservation --- p.14
Chapter 2.5 --- State-Civil Society Relations in Post-Independence Malaysia --- p.16
Chapter 3. --- "Case Study of George Town in Penang, Malaysia (1957-2008)" --- p.24
Chapter 3.1 --- Genesis of George Town as a British Colonial Town --- p.24
Chapter 3.2 --- Development of George Town in 1950s-1970s --- p.25
Chapter 3.3 --- Development of George Town in 1980s-2008 --- p.32
Chapter 3.4 --- Updates of Development of George Town since 2008 --- p.60
Chapter 4. --- "Analysis of the case of George Town in Penang, Malaysia" --- p.66
Chapter 4.1 --- A Path of Institutional Change towards Heritage Conservation --- p.67
Chapter 4.2 --- Structural Basis for Civil Society-state Synergy --- p.69
Chapter 4.3 --- Conceptualizing the Constructability of Civil society-state Synergy --- p.77
Chapter 4.4 --- "Identification of ""Critical Juncture"" in the Developmental Path" --- p.82
Chapter 4.5 --- Sustainability of Civil society-state Synergy --- p.83
Chapter 5. --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.88
Chapter 5.1 --- Brief Review of the Heritage Movement in Penang --- p.88
Chapter 5.2 --- Summary of Arguments --- p.89
43
Floyd, J. M. "The political economy of fisheries development in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10111.
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Wettasinghe, Asoka Malinie. "The diversity and effectiveness of industrial policies in East Asia : a case study of the Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Thailand, 1960-1997." Thesis, 2001. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15319/.
Full textAbstract:
The role of industrial policy is one of the contentious issues in applied economics. It is acknowledged in the literature that there exist a wide range of factors giving rise to deviations from the competitive market paradigm - sunk costs, economies of scale and scope, oligopoly, externalities and complementarities, information and
coordination failures, and incomplete markets. The existence of these factors may justify government intervention to generate a more socially beneficial outcome. Yet, disagreements are evident on two main matters. Firstly, there is no uniform view regarding the empirical importance of these theoretical effects, and on the extent and relevance of deviations from the market paradigm in various types of economies.
Secondly, arguments have been raised about the limitations on the potential role for the goverrmient to act effectively to produce a preferred outcome in the face of
deviations from the market paradigm. Some argue that such deviations are limited and are more than offset by the likelihood of government failure, so that it will be rare
for any improvement in economic activities to be achieved through industrial policies. Others argue that deviations from the market are pervasive and that in appropriate circumstances a strong and committed government can be very effective, so that there is a major role for industrial policies.
Against this background, assessments of the validity of industrial policy ultimately turn on empirical judgements rather than on theoretical differences. Economic theories, which are in many ways helpful in comprehending the
complicated world critically and systematically, are inevitably built on highly simplified assumptions. But empirical judgements must come to grips with the
diversity of real economies and industries, and of the many different types of market failure, A wide range of different policy measures and instruments have been applied
to address these market failures. Quite different levels of competence exist in different governments and agencies implementing industrial policies, and a host of exogenous factors other than the policy itself affect the overall economic outcome. Thus, forming well-founded empirical judgements and making justified assessments of the impact of policy are complex tasks.
This empirical challenge, and in particular that of carrying out empirical studies while incorporating this diversity, is central to assessing the effectiveness of
industrial policies. A central theme of this thesis is that this diversity - in deviations from the market paradigm, in instruments, in national and industry conditions, in the
competency of agencies and officials and in the factors affecting economic outcomes - must be fully taken into account in any assessment of the effectiveness of industrial
policies.
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Erten, Bilge. "Uneven development and the terms of trade: A theoretical and empirical analysis." 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3427523.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the voluminous literature on North-South macroeconomic interactions and the key role of terms of trade variations in growth transmission from one region to another, a significant research gap persists for two reasons. First, there has been very little empirical work on testing of the relationships between growth patterns and terms of trade movements. Second, the empirical studies dedicated to testing the Prebisch-Singer Thesis (PST) focused on testing the long-run tendency for the terms of trade of primary commodities to deteriorate and neglected the joint nature of the predictions arising out of a complete formulation of PST. This dissertation seeks to properly specify the PST, provide a generalization of it to the case of imbalanced trade, and extend it to a three-region framework through a structuralist North-South model. Multiple paths of growth divergence/convergence and terms of trade deterioration/improvement emerge depending on the structural changes influencing the income-elasticity differentials. I carry out two sets of empirical analyses. First, I use aggregate data on North-South terms of trade indices to test the presence and significance of a downward trend. Second, I use panel data analysis and rolling regressions to show the evolution of income-elasticity differentials. The results suggest that the growth rates of developing countries during the 1980s declined in both absolute and relative terms partly as a result of the downward trend in terms of trade and partly as a result of income elasticity differentials reflecting the productive and technological asymmetries between the developed and developing economies. However, these structural asymmetries have not remained constant: the results show that they changed both over time and over cross-sections of different groups of countries. In general the countries that diversified towards manufactured exports had better chances of eliminating the elasticity differentials, and thus attaining relatively higher rates of growth. The cross-country study is complemented by a comparative case study of Turkey and Malaysia. The results show that industrial and trade policies, if carefully designed and effectively implemented, can counter potential costs of external market dynamics while taking advantage of the opportunities for advancing dynamic comparative advantages.
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Lee, Hwok-Aun. "Racial inequality and affirmative action in Malaysia and South Africa." 2010. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3427549.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines racial inequality and affirmative action in Malaysia and South Africa, two countries with a politically dominant but economically disadvantaged majority group – the Bumiputera in Malaysia, and blacks in post-Apartheid South Africa. We aim to contribute comparative perspectives and current empirical research on affirmative action regimes and dimensions of inequality directly pertinent to affirmative action, chiefly, racial representation and earnings inequality among tertiary educated workers and in upper-level occupations. We discuss theoretical approaches to inequality and affirmative action, with attention to particular circumstances of majority-favoring regimes, then survey, compare and contrast affirmative action programs and their political economic context in Malaysia and South Africa. In the empirical portions, we outline patterns and evaluate determinants of racial inequality, focusing on the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. On Malaysia, we find that Bumiputera access to tertiary education has rapidly increased, but also observe disproportionate difficulties among Bumiputera degree-holders in participating in labor markets and in attaining upper-level occupations. Bumiputera representation at managerial and professional levels has remained static and dependent on the public sector. Econometric results indicate that quality of tertiary education impacts on the prospect of attaining upper-level jobs, and that Bumiputera are more adversely affected. Lack of data restricts our assessment of racial earnings inequality to a deduction that Bumiputera young graduates have experienced relatively greater decline in their earnings capacity. On South Africa, we find that blacks have steadily increased access to tertiary education, although disparities in quality of institutions and in student performance persist, which disproportionately and negatively affect black graduates. We observe that black representation has increased in upper-level, especially professional, occupations, largely in the public sector. We find that white-black earnings disparity declined substantially among degree-qualified workers, while not diminishing or not showing clear patterns among other educational and occupational groups. We conclude by considering, within the constraints of each country’s political economic context, implications that arise from our findings. Most saliently, while affirmative action raises quantitative attainment of tertiary education and representation in upper-level occupations for the beneficiary group, inadequate attention to qualitative development of institutions and progressive distribution of benefits may attenuate progress toward the ultimate objective of cultivating broadbased, self-reliant professionals and managers.
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Asih, Nora Dwi Prasasti. "Assessing the Effects of Tax Policy on Foreign Direct Investment in Southeast Asia." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/41778/.
Full textAbstract:
The benefits generated by foreign direct investment (FDI), such as transfer of technology and increase in productivity, have motivated governments, particularly in developing countries, to consider attracting FDI as one of their primary agenda. Various policies have been employed to promote FDI, including tax policy. In Southeast Asia, the prevalent use of tax policy to attract FDI can be observed in the declining trend of corporate income tax (CIT) rate and the widespread use of tax incentives. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that the effect of tax policy on FDI is often inconclusive. Further, in the context of Southeast Asia, very few studies have investigated the effect of CIT on FDI—with mixed findings—and tax incentives remain an area that is under-researched. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the effect of CIT and tax incentives on FDI into Southeast Asia. Accordingly, the results may assist policymakers in making informed decisions on the efficacy of tax policy to attract FDI and provide alternative policy options that can be utilised to promote FDI.
To assess the effect of tax policy on FDI, this study employs a panel data analysis with the sample consisting of six Southeast Asian countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, for the period 1996–2017. Following the eclectic paradigm, an extensive set of host country characteristics are included as the potential determinants of FDI, including economic determinants, policy variables and business facilitation. This study finds resource seeking as the primary motivation of FDI into Southeast Asia, which is shown by the positive and significant effect of natural resources endowment. The results also highlight the importance of economic and political stability, quality of infrastructure and control of corruption as the key determinants of FDI into Southeast Asia. In contrast to expectation, labour cost is found to have a positive effect on FDI, which implies that FDI into Southeast Asia may not be motivated by cheap labour.
The results for tax policy are counterintuitive because CIT is found to have a positive effect on FDI, whereas tax holiday and investment allowance show negative effects, albeit only statistically significant for investment allowance. While these results should not be interpreted to imply that FDI is attracted to countries with high CIT rate, they provide empirical evidence that lowering CIT rate and offering tax incentives may not help to attract FDI into Southeast Asia. The positive effect of CIT on FDI may be considered an indicator of the importance of better provision of public goods and services. Therefore, rather than lowering CIT and offering tax incentives, Southeast Asian countries should improve the overall investment climate, such as by improving the quality of infrastructure and controlling corruption.