Relevant bibliographies by topics / Male circumcision (MC)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Male circumcision (MC)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Male circumcision (MC)"

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Kim, Hana, Adam Branscum, F. DeWolfe Miller, and Diego F. Cuadros. "Geospatial assessment of the voluntary medical male circumcision programme in Tanzania, 2011–2016." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 6 (November 2019): e001922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001922.

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IntroductionTanzania is one of the 14 priority countries in sub-Saharan Africa scaling up voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) for HIV prevention. In this study, we assessed the progress of VMMC by evaluating changes in the spatial structure of male circumcision (MC) prevalence and identifying age groups with low MC uptake.MethodsWe use data from two waves of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in Tanzania in 2011–2012 and 2015–2016. MC incidence rate was estimated using a method developed to calculate incidence rates from two successive cross-sectional surveys. Continuous surface maps of MC prevalence were generated for both DHS waves and compared with identified areas with high MC prevalence changes and high density of uncircumcised males.ResultsNational MC prevalence in Tanzania increased from 73.5% in 2011–2012 to 80.0% in 2015–2016. The estimated national MC incidence rate was 4.6 circumcisions per 100 person-years (py). The lowest circumcision rate was observed in males aged 20–24 years, with 0.61 circumcisions per 100 py. An estimated 1 567 253 males aged 15–49 years residing in low-MC prevalence areas were uncircumcised in 2015–2016.ConclusionTanzania has shown substantial progress in the implementation of VMMC. However, extensive spatial variation of MC prevalence still exists in the country, with some areas having an MC prevalence <60%. Here, we identified locations where VMMC needs to be intensified to reach the ~1.5 million uncircumcised males age 15–49 living in these low-MC areas, particularly for men aged 20–34.
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Iliyasu, Zubairu, Isa S. Abubakar, Ibrahim H. Sani, Abubakar M. Jibo, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Hamisu M. Salihu, and Muktar H. Aliyu. "Male Circumcision and HIV Risk Behavior Among University Students in Northern Nigeria." American Journal of Men's Health 7, no. 2 (August 14, 2012): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988312456698.

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Recent trials demonstrate the effectiveness of male circumcision (MC) in reducing HIV acquisition in men. However, little is known about the prevalence and acceptability of the practice in northern Nigeria. A cross-sectional study design was employed to explore knowledge and attitudes to MC among university students in Kano, Nigeria ( n = 375). Almost all respondents (98.1%) reported being circumcised ( n = 368; 95% confidence interval = 96.2% to 99.2%). There was no variation in circumcision status by age, ethnicity, religion, or marital status. Majority of the respondents were circumcised by a health worker (51.2%). Most circumcisions were performed between the ages of 5 and 10 years (57.9%) and for religious reasons (79.2%). Only 38% of the respondents ( n = 104) were aware of the role of MC in reducing HIV acquisition in heterosexual males. Three quarters of the respondents agreed that circumcised men still need to use condoms. The practice of MC is nearly universal in northern Nigeria, despite low awareness of its protective role in HIV transmission. Public health programs should seize the opportunity offered by high MC acceptance rates to integrate safe medical MC services into existing HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives.
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George, Clemon, Robin Roberts, Lynette Deveaux, Delon F. P. Brennen, and Stanley E. Read. "“Getting to Zero New HIV Infections in the Caribbean”: Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Male Circumcision Among Adolescent Males in The Bahamas." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 4 (July 2019): 155798831987207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988319872074.

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Male circumcision (MC) plays a significant role in reducing new HIV infections, particularly in high prevalence countries. This cross-sectional study assesses the prevalence of MC and attitudes toward MC among youth aged 15–18 years in The Bahamas, a medium HIV prevalence country. The survey included 797 young men who completed a questionnaire on MC. Data analyses included chi-squared tests. The self-reported prevalence of MC among youth was 16.7% (121/759). Most of the circumcised youth were circumcised as infants, 84% (107/121) were pleased with their circumcision, and 71% would recommend it to others. For uncircumcised youth, 35% (189/533) would consider voluntary male circumcision (VMC) and 26% would recommend MC to others. In all scenarios, circumcised youth were more likely to be positive about MC. Among uncircumcised young men, being older (17–18 years compared to 15–16 years) was the only variable statistically associated with considering MC or recommending MC. After being presented with information on the benefits of MC for HIV prevention, the number of men who were positive about MC increased. Most of the young men in this cohort would consider VMC for reducing HIV incidence. Also, many stated that, if they had a male child, they would have him circumcised. The attitudes of these youth emphasize the need to provide information on HIV in addition to general health benefits of MC if there were to be a sustainable MC program within this population.
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Odoyo-June, Elijah, Stephanie Davis, Nandi Owuor, Catey Laube, Jonesmus Wambua, Paul Musingila, Peter W. Young, et al. "Prevalence of male circumcision in four culturally non-circumcising counties in western Kenya after 10 years of program implementation from 2008 to 2019." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): e0254140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254140.

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Introduction Kenya started implementing voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) for HIV prevention in 2008 and adopted the use of decision makers program planning tool version 2 (DMPPT2) in 2016, to model the impact of circumcisions performed annually on the population prevalence of male circumcision (MC) in the subsequent years. Results of initial DMPPT2 modeling included implausible MC prevalence estimates, of up to 100%, for age bands whose sustained high uptake of VMMC pointed to unmet needs. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among adolescents and men aged 10–29 years to determine the population level MC prevalence, guide target setting for achieving the goal of 80% MC prevalence and for validating DMPPT2 modelled estimates. Methods Beginning July to September 2019, a total of 3,569 adolescents and men aged 10–29 years from households in Siaya, Kisumu, Homa Bay and Migori Counties were interviewed and examined to establish the proportion already circumcised medically or non-medically. We measured agreement between self-reported and physically verified circumcision status and computed circumcision prevalence by age band and County. All statistical were test done at 5% level of significance. Results The observed MC prevalence for 15-29-year-old men was above 75% in all four counties; Homa Bay 75.6% (95% CI [69.0–81.2]), Kisumu 77.9% (95% CI [73.1–82.1]), Siaya 80.3% (95% CI [73.7–85.5]), and Migori 85.3% (95% CI [75.3–91.7]) but were 0.9–12.4% lower than DMPPT2-modelled estimates. For young adolescents 10–14 years, the observed prevalence ranged from 55.3% (95% CI [40.2–69.5]) in Migori to 74.9% (95% CI [68.8–80.2]) in Siaya and were 25.1–32.9% lower than DMMPT 2 estimates. Nearly all respondents (95.5%) consented to physical verification of their circumcision status with an agreement rate of 99.2% between self-reported and physically verified MC status (kappa agreement p-value<0.0001). Conclusion This survey revealed overestimation of MC prevalence from DMPPT2-model compared to the observed population MC prevalence and provided new reference data for setting realistic program targets and re-calibrating inputs into DMPPT2. Periodic population-based MC prevalence surveys, especially for established programs, can help reconcile inconsistencies between VMMC program uptake data and modeled MC prevalence estimates which are based on the number of procedures reported in the program annually.
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Garasic, Mirko Daniel. "Male Circumcision in India: Some Considerations from the West." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2013): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i1.14263.

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In this work, I will analyse why Indian authorities find it so difficult to publicly acknowledge the medical benefits of Male Circumcision (MC). In doing so, the medical evidence in favour of the practice, as well as the moral duties that governing authorities have towards their citizens shall be taken to the fore. In addition to this argument, a brief explanation of the cultural dimension that refuses to evaluate the medical dimension of MC a priori shall be taken into account and, in relation to that, a parallel with the past and present Western tradition will be drawn, putting forward the conclusion that both contexts do not provide satisfactory justification for banning MC nor more relevantly for the Indian scenario can any cultural background represent a convincing argument against the public acknowledgement of the medical advantages provided by MC. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i1.14263 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(1):2-8
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Rossi, Serena, Giuseppe Buonocore, and Carlo Valerio Bellieni. "Management of pain in newborn circumcision: a systematic review." European Journal of Pediatrics 180, no. 1 (August 3, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03758-6.

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AbstractMale circumcision (MC) is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on neonates. In the last decades, there have been consistent advances in the understanding of pain mechanisms in newborns, and analgesia has become a fundamental part of neonatal care. MC is still often performed with inappropriate analgesic methods, and there is still great variability among the various centers about surgical and anesthethic techniques to do it. The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings in the literature about pain management and analgesia during newborn MC. We performed a systematic review of neonatal MC studies published in the last 20 years. The most effective technique appeared to be the combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of analgesia.Conclusion: Combining local anesthesia with non-pharmacological analgesic strategies appears to be effective preventing procedural pain during MC. However, a standardized protocol for analgesia during MC is yet to be determined. Sensorial saturation appeared to help when used in conjunction with the local anesthesia techniques. What is Known:• Male circumcision is a painful procedure and it is frequently performed with inappropriate analgesic methods.• A gold standard practice in analgesia during male circumcision is still lacking and there is a great variability in the modus operandi between centers. What is New:• The combination of RB + EMLA + sucrose appears to be an analgesic strategy superior to other approaches.• We advocate for the integration of sensorial saturation during male circumcision in order to improve the efficacy of current analgesic practices.
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Jayathunge, Parana H. M., William J. H. McBride, David MacLaren, John Kaldor, Andrew Vallely, and Stuart Turville. "Male Circumcision and HIV Transmission; What Do We Know?" Open AIDS Journal 8, no. 1 (September 30, 2014): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601408010031.

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Male circumcision (MC) has been shown to be protective against heterosexual HIV transmission and is being explored in some parts of the world as a means of combating the epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that MC be considered as an important component of HIV prevention in high prevalence settings. We review evidence that demonstrates that the inner foreskin is likely to be the main portal of entry for the HIV virus in males. Whether removal of the inner foreskin accounts for all the protection afforded by circumcision is yet to be established. The proposed mechanisms of protection range from inherent immunohistological factors of foreskin such as difference in thickness of keratin layer and density of target cells for HIV between inner and outer foreskin to physiological mechanisms that follow male circumcision such as drying of secretions underneath foreskin after sexual intercourse, loss of microbiome that attract target cells to the genital mucosa and lack of priming the genital mucosa with less abundant sexual transmitted infections among circumcised men. The aim of this review is to give an updated account on the mechanisms proposed so far on the demonstrated 50-70% protection from HIV transmission through heterosexual intercourse, by male circumcision.
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Ngodji, Terthu K., Jessica Rebert, Ehimario U. Igumbor, and Vistolina Nuuyoma. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of male circumcision for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention among voluntary counselling and testing clients in a centre in northern Namibia." International Journal of Healthcare 3, no. 1 (February 4, 2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijh.v3n1p42.

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Background: There is compelling evidence that male circumcision (MC) is associated with reduced risk of contracting HIV. For this reason, MC is recommended for countries like Namibia where HIV prevalence is high and MC rates are low. Following this recommendation, a national MC campaign was considered to introduce MC as an additional HIV prevention strategy with the intention of rolling it out in communities where MC is not traditionally practised and where heterosexually transmitted HIV infection rates are high. Little is known about the acceptability of MC in traditionally non-circumcising communities in Northern Namibia.Objective: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices of MC among men presenting for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) in a traditionally non-circumcising ethnic group in the northern Namibia.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 331 Oshiwambo-speaking males aged 18 years and older, presenting for VCT services. Data was analysed using Epi-Info 2008, Version 3.5.1.Results: The self-reported prevalence of MC in the study sample was 15.4%, with 38% of those reporting being circumcised during their childhood (1-13 years) and 44% being circumcised for health-related reasons. Most respondents (n = 241, 74.4%) had heard that MC reduces the men’s risk of HIV infection. Up to 53.1% of the respondents had good knowledge regarding MC; moreover, the majority of the respondents (n = 194, 66.6%) reported that it is easier for uncircumcised men to acquire HIV infection. It was found that men aged 25 to 34 years were more willing to be circumcised than the other age groups.Conclusions: A high level of knowledge of MC was revealed. Accordingly, the idea of MC is likely to be accepted, especially if it is implemented to reduce the risk of HIV infection.
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Rivin, Beth E., Douglas S. Diekema, Anna C. Mastroianni, John N. Krieger, Jeffrey D. Klausner, and Brian J. Morris. "Critical Evaluation of Adler’s Challenge to the cdc’s Male Circumcision Recommendations." International Journal of Children’s Rights 24, no. 2 (July 23, 2016): 265–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02402004.

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We evaluate Peter Adler’s challenge to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (cdc) draft recommendations on male circumcision (this issue, see pp. 237–262). Thecdcadvocates elective male circumcision (mc) to improve public health in theusabased on strong scientific evidence. In marked contrast to thecdc, Adler’s criticisms depend on speculative claims and obfuscation of the scientific data. Adler’s central argument that circumcision in infancy should be delayed to allow a boy to make up his own mind as an adult fails to appreciate that circumcision later in life is a more complex operation, entails higher risk, is more likely to involve general anaesthesia and presents financial, psychological and organisational barriers. These limitations are avoided by circumcision early in infancy, when it is convenient, safe, quick, low risk, usually involves local anaesthesia and provides benefits immediately. Benefits of male circumcision include: protection against: urinary tract infections that are ten times higher in uncircumcised infants; inflammatory skin conditions; other foreskin problems; sexually transmitted infections and genital cancers in the male and his female sexual partners. Circumcision during infancy is also associated with faster healing and improved cosmetic outcomes. Circumcision does not impair sexual function or pleasure. Some authorities regard the failure to offer circumcision as unethical, just as it would be unethical to fail to encourage paediatric vaccination. Since the benefits vastly outweigh the risks, each intervention is in the best interests of the child. In conclusion, Adler’s criticisms of thecdc’s evidence-based male circumcision policy are flawed scientifically, ethically and legally, and should be dismissed as endangering public health and individual well-being.
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Nxumalo, Celenkosini Thembelenkosini, and Gugu Gladness Mchunu. "The Role of Female Partners in the uptake of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 7 (May 30, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n7p9.

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BACKGROUND: Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) is a proven biological strategy for reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS by up to 60%. Following recommendations from the World Health Organisation (WHO), Medical Circumcision (MC) was rolled out in South Africa. Several issues, among them being individual perceptual factors and female partner influence, have constituted as both obstacles and drivers to the uptake of VMMC. AIM: To explore and synthesize research conducted on the role of female partners in the uptake of VMMC. METHODS: Electronic searches were conducted in PUBMED, MEDLINE and CIHNAL, studies included in the review are those that explored the importance of female partner involvement in the uptake of VMMC. The review was limited to sub-Saharan Africa with a focus on peer reviewed articles written in English only. RESULTS: The review has revealed that considering the gender dimensions of circumcision, the possible utilisation of women as vehicles to drive the uptake of MC could be key to achieving the desired uptake. CONCLUSION: It is postulated that women play a key role in terms of promoting circumcision in order to facilitate a successful scale up of the service. Further research is therefore necessary so that the benefits of female partner involvement in VMMC may be achieved.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Male circumcision (MC)"

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Young, Marisa R. "Scaling-up Male Circumcision (MC) for HIV Prevention in Western Kenya| Risk Compensation and Infant MC." Thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3736158.

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Background. Male circumcision (MC) is approximately 60% effective against heterosexual HIV transmission among men. MC is being scaled-up across East and southern Africa. If men engage in riskier sex after becoming circumcised (termed “risk compensation”), the protective effect of MC could be diminished. Several governments in East and southern Africa have signaled their intention to scale-up Infant Male Circumcision (IMC) to mitigate potential risk compensation and because the procedure is simpler, safer and less expensive.

Methods. Data for this dissertation come from two sources. The first is the randomized controlled trial of male circumcision for HIV prevention and post-trial follow-up data collected between 2002 and 2010. The trial randomized 2,784 HIV negative men to immediate or delayed circumcision. After a median of 24 months of follow-up, uncircumcised men were offered the surgery and follow-up continued to 72-months. Generalized estimating equations models with incorporation inverse probability of treatment and censor weights were used to estimate the association between circumcision status and four time-varying measures of sexual risk-taking behavior: no condom use at last sex, sex the same day as meeting someone in the previous six months, >2 sexual partners in the previous six months and exchange of sex for gifts or money in the previous six months. The second data source is the Mtoto Msafi study and post-study routine infant circumcision service provision. The case-control study was conducted in 2010 at five government health facilities in western Kenya. Cases were mothers and fathers accepting circumcision for their son. Controls were parents who declined IMC services. A questionnaire comprising 41 questions was administered. Clinical variables relating to the circumcision procedure, including clinical provider, experience level of provider, age of the infant, and adverse event data were collected during the study and after study completion.

Results. In the risk compensation analysis, no condom use at last sex increased modestly over time for both circumcised and uncircumcised men (OR for 6-month increase in time 1.06). Compared to uncircumcised men, circumcised men had increased odds of no condom use at last sex (OR=1.17, p=0.006). There was no evidence of risk compensation in the other sexual behavioral outcome variables. In the infant circumcision analysis, factors associated with accepting IMC among mothers in multivariable logistic regression modeling were: father circumcised, both partners Luo (vs. father uncircumcised, both partners Luo OR=5.47, p<0.001) and agreeing with the father about the IMC decision (OR=5.00, p<0.001). Among fathers, factors associated with accepting IMC were: being circumcised and Luo (vs. uncircumcised and Luo OR=3.96, p≤0.001) and having higher endorsement of MC (OR=3.79, p<0.001). Fathers were the primary decision makers in most instances (66%). Few parents (3%) reported they would prefer a future son to remain uncircumcised. With respect to safety, the overall AE rate among infants reviewed post-operatively was 2.7% (18/678; 95%CI: 1.4, 3.9). There was one severe AE involving excision of a small piece of the lateral aspect of the glans penis. Other AEs were mild or moderate and were treated conservatively. Babies one month of age or older were more likely to have an AE (OR 3.20; 95%CI: 1.23, 8.36). AE rate did not differ by nurse versus clinical officer or number of previous procedures performed.

Conclusions. Both circumcised and uncircumcised men were less likely to use condoms over time. Further studies on risk compensation following MC may not be warranted. Fathers are important in the IMC decision-making process. Fathers, as well as mothers, should be targeted for optimal scale-up of IMC services. Circumcision programs should offer services for males of all ages, since male circumcision at some age is highly acceptable to both men and women. IMC services provided in Kenyan Government hospitals in the context of routine IMC programming have AE rates comparable to those in developed countries. The optimal time for IMC is within the first month of life.

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Mbayi, Letsema. "The impact of a pro-male circumcision (MC) approach towards an HIV/AIDS prevention strategy in Botswana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12124.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-103).
This paper investigates how the emergence of male circumcision (MC) as part of a broader HIV prevention strategy will impact on Botswana's HIV/AIDS epidemic. Although is [sic] been more then two decades since Botswana's first case of HIV was diagnosed, HIV/AIDS is still the country's major development challenge. The government has played a key role in providing comprehensive treatment and care interventions and although prevention has always been the government's most important priority, the success of this has been limited. If Botswana is to succeed in decreasing the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in future generations there is a paramount need for more effective prevention interventions. Evidence of the preventative impact of MC presents a major opportunity to address this need. Botswana's government has recognized this opportunity and has begun a scale-up of the MC service in the country's health sector. Qualitative methods and quantitative methods show that the current pro-MC approach towards HIV prevention strategy in Botswana could have a positive impact on the country's HIV/AIDS epidemic. However, the possible unintended effects of the scale-up of MC on behaviour should be considered carefully. Great care should be taken in ensuring that there is clarity amongst circumcised men, as well as the general public, on the 'limited' preventative impact of MC to deter behavioural disinhibition from taking place.
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Goshme, Yewondwossen Mulugeta. "Factors influencing the uptake of male circumcision as HIV prevention strategy among adolescent boys in Nanogang Community Junior Secondary School (NCJSS) Gaborone, Botswana." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8837.

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A quantitative and descriptive type of study design was followed using structured self-administered questionnaires distributed among 84 conveniently selected male adolescent learners from Nanogang Community Junior Secondary School (NCJSS) in Gaborone. The purpose of this study was to describe factors that influence the uptake of safe male circumcision (SMC) as a human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) prevention strategy among male adolescent learners. The study findings show that protection from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was found to be the main reason for adolescent learners undergoing male circumcision (MC) (p<.01). Reasons such as maintenance of genital hygiene, culture, religion, and the enhancement of sexual pleasure were not found to be significant factors. Misconceptions such as the belief that girls do not like circumcised partners were found to be the main reason for adolescent learners not undergoing MC (p<.05). A number of factors which were claimed in previous studies to be obstacles for the uptake of MC, such as surgical complications, peer pressure, stigma, and discrimination, were not found to be major obstacles
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)
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Book chapters on the topic "Male circumcision (MC)"

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Fahmy, Mohamed. "Complications of Male Circumcision (MC)." In Congenital Anomalies of the Penis, 227–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43310-3_35.

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Maibvise, C., and B. S. Nsibandze. "An Assessment of Psychosocial Motives for Undergoing Male Circumcision (MC) in High HIV Epidemic Areas and Their Potential Impact on the Mass MC Strategy of HIV Prevention." In Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 13, 156–67. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/hmms/v13/4326d.

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