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Thirumalai, Arthi, and Stephanie T. Page. "Male Hormonal Contraception." Annual Review of Medicine 71, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042418-010947.
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The economic and public health burdens of unplanned pregnancies are evident globally. Since the introduction of the condom >300 years ago, assumptions about male willingness to participate in contraception, as well as concerns about failure rates and side effects, have stagnated the development of additional reversible male contraceptives. However, changing attitudes and recent research advances have generated renewed interest in developing reversible male contraceptives. To achieve effective and reversible suppression of spermatogenesis, male hormonal contraception relies on suppression of testicular testosterone and sperm production using an androgen-progestin combination. While these may be associated with side effects—changes in libido, weight, hematocrit, and cholesterol—recently, novel androgens and progestins have shown promise for a “male pill” with reduced side effects. Here we summarize landmark studies in male contraceptive development, showcase the most recent advances, and look into the future of this field, which has the potential to greatly impact global public health.
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Veräjänkorva, Esko, Mika Martikainen, Antti Saraste, Jari Sundström, and Pasi Pöllänen. "Sperm antibodies in rat models of male hormonal contraception and vasectomy." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 11, no. 1 (1999): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd98082.
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The presence of sperm antibodies correlates with nearly every pathological condition of the male reproductive tract. In the seasonal breeder, mink, a decrease in gonadotrophin secretion and testicular regression also induces sperm antibodies. Because the Sertoli cells and the principal cells of the epididymis (i.e. the cells mainly responsible for protection of germ cells from autoimmune destruction) are dependent on androgens, and because the androgen concentration decreases in both the testis and epididymis during male hormonal contraception, the presence of IgG class sperm antibodies in serum was studied in rats during the suppression and recovery phases of testosterone contraception and after vasectomy. Five-centimetre long testosterone implants were placed under the dorsal skin of rats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. The control rats received empty implants. All implants were left in the rats for 27 or 53 days. The total number of testicular antigens detected by sera from the vasectomized rats increased significantly until 66 days post-operation, and then decreased to the levels of intact rats. The number of testicular antigens detected by sera from rats receiving contraceptive doses of testosterone did not increase before the testosterone capsules were removed, but at 40 days post removal of the silastic capsules, the number of antigens detected by the sera was significantly higher than in intact rats and at 77 days post removal of the silastic capsules, the number of antigens detected by the sera was significantly higher than at 27 days after starting testosterone administration. No significant changes in the number of antigens detected by the sera could be observed after the implanting of empty capsules or after their removal. Vasectomy mostly induced antibodies against testicular antigens in the molecular ratio ranges of 70–82, 25–33 and 21–24.5 kD. Antibodies against antigens in these molecular ratio ranges were not significantly induced during or after treatment with contraceptive doses of testosterone. Cell nuclei with apoptotic morphology could be observed in the seminiferous tubules of the vasectomized rats, but DNA in situ 3′-end labelling of testes could not confirm any differences between the testes of vasectomized and sham-operated rats or between testosterone-treated and empty implant-treated rats. CD3 + T cells could not be observed in the testes of any of the treatment groups. These results suggest that the immunological conditions remain stable in the testes after vasectomy and during testosterone treatment, but that the animals are more prone to develop autoantibodies after vasectomy and during recovery from treatment with exogenous testosterone.
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Viejo-Borbolla, Abel. "Temperature control of spermatogenesis and prospect of male contraception." Frontiers in Bioscience S2, no. 2 (2010): 730–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/s97.
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Zdrojewicz, Zygmunt, Radosław Konieczny, Paulina Papier, and Filip Szten. "Brdt Bromodomains Inhibitors and Other Modern Means of Male Contraception." Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine 24, no. 4 (2015): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17219/acem/33827.
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Naz, Rajesh, K. "Gene knockouts that affect male fertility: novel targets for contraception." Frontiers in Bioscience Volume, no. 14 (2009): 3994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/3507.
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Multigner, Luc, and Alejandro Oliva. "Environment as a Risk Factor for Male Infertility." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.296.
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Infertility affects 15% of couples in Western countries. Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of attempts without contraception, but it is not synonymous with sterility. Between 30 and 50% of infertile couples are infertile due to male reasons, mainly due to sperm production disorders. Although some risk factors, most of which are infectious, have been identified, there is still much uncertainty about the origins of male infertility.
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Crawford, Jeremy Chase, Marylène Boulet, and Christine M. Drea. "Smelling wrong: hormonal contraception in lemurs alters critical female odour cues." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1702 (July 28, 2010): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1203.
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Animals, including humans, use olfaction to assess potential social and sexual partners. Although hormones modulate olfactory cues, we know little about whether contraception affects semiochemical signals and, ultimately, mate choice. We examined the effects of a common contraceptive, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), on the olfactory cues of female ring-tailed lemurs ( Lemur catta ), and the behavioural response these cues generated in male conspecifics. The genital odorants of contracepted females were dramatically altered, falling well outside the range of normal female variation: MPA decreased the richness and modified the relative abundances of volatile chemicals expressed in labial secretions. Comparisons between treatment groups revealed several indicator compounds that could reliably signal female reproductive status to conspecifics. MPA also changed a female's individual chemical ‘signature’, while minimizing her chemical distinctiveness relative to other contracepted females. Most remarkably, MPA degraded the chemical patterns that encode honest information about genetic constitution, including individual diversity (heterozygosity) and pairwise relatedness to conspecifics. Lastly, males preferentially investigated the odorants of intact over contracepted females, clearly distinguishing those with immediate reproductive potential. By altering the olfactory cues that signal fertility, individuality, genetic quality and relatedness, contraceptives may disrupt intraspecific interactions in primates, including those relevant to kin recognition and mate choice.
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FARDILHA, MARGARIDA, WENJUAN WU, ROSÁLIA SÁ, SARA FIDALGO, CRISTINA SOUSA, CATARINA MOTA, ODETE A. B. CRUZ E SILVA, and EDGAR F. CRUZ E SILVA. "Alternatively Spliced Protein Variants as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Male Infertility and Contraception." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1030, no. 1 (December 2004): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1329.059.
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Page, S. T., J. K. Amory, B. D. Anawalt, A. M. Matsumoto, A. T. Brockenbrough, M. S. Irwig, and W. J. Bremner. "94 IS THERE A ROLE FOR GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANTAGONISTS IN MALE HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION?" Journal of Investigative Medicine 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): S95.6—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.93.
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Mulatu, Teshale, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Yadeta Dessie, and Merga Deressa. "Modern Family Planning Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Currently Married Women in Rural Eastern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Study." BioMed Research International 2020 (December 29, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6096280.
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Background. The use of modern family planning methods among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) is of public health importance in Ethiopia. Nationally, modern family planning method use remains as low as 35%. Understanding factors associated with the use of modern family planning methods may help to improve maternal and child health. Hence, this study is aimed at assessing modern family planning method use and its determinants among women of reproductive age in the rural districts of Eastern Hararghe zone, Eastern Ethiopia. Methodology. A community-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 577 randomly selected, currently married, reproductive-aged women in selected rural districts of Eastern Hararghe, Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected using a pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire about women’s sociodemographic information, knowledge about contraception, reproductive history, contraceptive use and fertility desire, couple’s communication, and decision-making on family planning. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the dependent and independent variables. Result. A total of 555 study participants participated, yielding a 96.2% response rate. The overall modern family planning utilization among the study participants was 18.4%. Knowledge of modern family planning methods ( AOR = 16.958 , CI: 4.768, 60.316), husband approval ( AOR = 3.590 , CI: 2.170, 5.936), couple’s discussion ( AOR = 2.852 , CI: 1.759, 4.623), male involvement in decisions about family planning ( AOR = 2.340 , CI: 1.531, 3.576), desire for additional child ( AOR = 2.295 , CI: 1.528, 3.447), and previous use of contraception ( AOR = 0.018 , CI: 0.005, 0.063) were significantly associated with modern contraceptive utilization. Conclusion. Even though knowledge of modern family planning methods was very high, the overall modern family planning method use in the study area was low. The government should focus on increasing modern family planning method availability. It must also ensure family planning method security and create awareness on modern family planning methods through community-based education and proper counselling to empower women to make an appropriate choice.
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Oduwole, Olayiwola O., Natalia Vydra, Nicholas E. M. Wood, Luna Samanta, Laura Owen, Brian Keevil, Mandy Donaldson, Kikkeri Naresh, and Ilpo T. Huhtaniemi. "Overlapping dose responses of spermatogenic and extragonadal testosterone actions jeopardize the principle of hormonal male contraception." FASEB Journal 28, no. 6 (March 5, 2014): 2566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fj.13-249219.
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Ontiri, Susan, Vincent Were, Mark Kabue, Regien Biesma-Blanco, and Jelle Stekelenburg. "Patterns and determinants of modern contraceptive discontinuation among women of reproductive age: Analysis of Kenya Demographic Health Surveys, 2003–2014." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): e0241605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241605.
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Objectives This study aimed to examine patterns and determinants of modern contraceptive discontinuation among women in Kenya. Methods Secondary analysis was conducted using national representative Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys of 2003, 2008/9, and 2014. These household cross-sectional surveys targeted women of reproductive age from 15 to 49 years who had experienced an episode of modern contraceptive use within five years preceding the surveys from 2003 (n = 2686), 2008/9 (n = 2992), and 2014 (5919). The contraceptive discontinuation rate was defined as the number of episodes discontinued divided by the total number of episodes. Weighted descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression analysis, and Cox proportional hazards analysis were used to examine the determinants of contraceptive discontinuation. Results The 12-month contraceptive discontinuation rate for all methods declined from 37.5% in 2003 and 36.7% in 2008/9 to 30.5% in 2014. Consistently across the three surveys, intrauterine devices had the lowest 12-month discontinuation rate (6.4% in 2014) followed by implants (8.0%, in 2014). In 2014, higher rates were seen for pills (44.9%) and male condoms (42.9%). The determinants of contraceptive discontinuation among women of reproductive age in the 2003 survey included users of short-term contraception methods, specifically for those who used male condoms (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.13–5.11) and pills (HR = 2.68; 95CI = 1.79–4.00); and younger women aged 15–19 year (HR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.49–2.87) and 20–24 years (HR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.61–2.35). The trends in the most common reasons for discontinuation from 2003 to 2014 revealed an increase among those reporting side effects (p = 0.0002) and those wanting a more effective method (p<0.0001). A decrease was noted among those indicating method failure (p<0.0001) and husband disapproval (p<0.0001). Conclusions Family planning programs should focus on improving service quality to strengthen the continuation of contraceptive use among those in need. Women should be informed about potential side effects and reassured on health concerns, including being provided options for method switching. The health system should avail a wider range of contraceptive methods and ensure a constant supply of commodities for women to choose from. Short-term contraceptive method users and younger women may need greater support for continued use.
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KOTAGI, SHIDRAMAPPA G., NAGENDRA NATH, SHAILAJA G. RAJ, KRISHNA B. SINGH, and H. G. MADHWA RAJ. "Development of Ovine Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Its Antiidiotypic Antibodies as Vaccines for Male Contraception." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 513, no. 1 Cell Biology (December 1987): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb25093.x.
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Hook, Christopher, Karen Hardee, Tim Shand, Sandra Jordan, and Margaret E. Greene. "A long way to go: engagement of men and boys in country family planning commitments and implementation plans." Gates Open Research 5 (May 21, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13230.1.
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Background: Evidence shows that, to reach global goals related to women and girls’ access to modern family planning (FP) and gender equality, it is critical to understand and account for the role of men and boys as users of reproductive health services, as partners for millions of women & girls around the world, and as advocates in their communities. Under the Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) partnership, countries were encouraged to develop costed implementation plans and action plans in an effort to provide 120 million additional women and girls with contraception. As FP2020 becomes FP2030, reviewing these previously-developed strategies helps understand the extent to which countries considered the engagement of men as an important aspect of their family planning portfolios. Methods: We conducted textual analysis on commitments and implementation plans related to achieving FP2020 commitments in seven countries in Africa and one in Asia to determine the extent to which male engagement was incorporated into country or subnational family planning goals, with particular focus on FP policy, program, and financial commitments. Results: Some of the documents analyzed included robust plans for including male engagement in their efforts to expand access to FP. The strongest aspects of male engagement programming were those that sought to engage men as advocates for women’s access to and use of FP services, and improve men’s knowledge and attitudes related to contraception and reproduction. The weakest aspects were engaging men as users of services and, vitally, tackling underlying gender norms which hamper men’s and women’s health-seeking behaviors and attitudes. Conclusions: Developing FP programs that target men and boys as people deserving of reproductive health services, as partners with women in building their families, and as social activists in their communities, will complement and strengthen existing FP programs as well as promote broader goals related to gender equality.
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Hook, Christopher, Karen Hardee, Tim Shand, Sandra Jordan, and Margaret E. Greene. "A long way to go: engagement of men and boys in country family planning commitments and implementation plans." Gates Open Research 5 (September 27, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13230.2.
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Background: To reach global goals related to women and girls’ access to modern family planning (FP) and gender equality, evidence shows that it is critical to understand and account for the role of men and boys as users of reproductive health services, as partners for millions of women & girls around the world, and as advocates in their communities. Under the Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) partnership, countries were encouraged to develop costed implementation plans and action plans in an effort to provide 120 million additional women and girls with contraception. As FP2020 becomes FP2030, reviewing these previously-developed strategies helps understand the extent to which countries considered the engagement of men as an important aspect of their family planning portfolios. Methods: We conducted textual analysis on commitments and implementation plans related to achieving FP2020 commitments in six countries in Africa and one in Asia to determine the extent to which male engagement was incorporated into country or subnational family planning goals, with particular focus on FP policy, program, and financial commitments. Results: Some of the documents analyzed included robust plans for including male engagement in their efforts to expand access to FP. The strongest aspects of male engagement programming were those that sought to engage men as advocates for women’s access to and use of FP services, and improve their knowledge and attitudes related to contraception and reproduction. The weakest aspects were engaging men as users of services and, vitally, tackling underlying gender norms which hamper men’s and women’s health-seeking behaviors and attitudes. Conclusions: Developing FP programs that target men and boys as people deserving of reproductive health services, as partners with women in building their families, and as social activists in their communities, will complement and strengthen existing FP programs as well as promote broader goals related to gender equality.
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Kane, Penny. "Reproductive health needs worldwide: constraints to fertility control." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 12, no. 8 (2000): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00071.
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Reproductive health, defined in the 1994 UN Cairo Conference on Population and Development, is discussed and its limits identified. Mortality and morbidity impacts of components of male and female reproductive health are quantified. Use is made of survey data and the estimates of deaths and disease burdens provided by the Global Burden of Disease Inquiry. Maternal causes are the greatest contributors to the total disease burden among women aged 15–44 years. In developing countries, up to half of those who want to delay or avoid further pregnancy are not using contraception. Worldwide, induced abortion accounts for 61 000 deaths annually. Sexually transmitted diseases and other illnesses also result from unsafe sexual practices, resulting in at least 1 million deaths each year. These deaths—and an overall disease burden of 50 million disability-adjusted life years—are entirely preventable. Constraints include, lack a of international commitment to improving reproductive health, social and economic factors, lack of biomedical research, insensitive social science research, and inadequate knowledge. Men and women have the right to demand better services and the knowledge and conditions in which to use them. Those in the more developed countries have the responsibility of ensuring adequate financial and technical support to make reproductive health possible everywhere.
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Damiani, P., M. Gomez, A. Cole, E. Pope, R. Aguilar, B. Hammond, L. Nel, et al. "204THE PRODUCTION OF INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION LION (PANTHERA LEO) EMBYROS USING SPERMATOZOA COLLECTED BY PERCUTANEOUS EPIDIDYMAL SPERM ASPIRATION FROM VASECTOMIZED MALES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab204.
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Contraception and/or sterilization methods have become an essential component of many captive animal management programs. Sterilization techniques are considered to be the last resort if a viable contraceptive cannot be attained and are generally not considered reversible. The African lion (Panthera leo) is one species in which sterilization techniques have been routinely applied. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a method for the collection of spermatozoa from male lions that have been previously rendered sterile by vasectomy. Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) is a technique in which spermatozoa are aspirated from the epididymis and no surgical incision is required. In the present study, two lions (12 and 19 yrs old) were anesthetized and PESA was attempted. A 21-gauge needle attached to a 10-mL syringe (Norm-Ject) filled with 2–3mL of Tyrodes HEPES medium was gently inserted into the head of the epididymis and aspirated gently until spermatozoa were noted. Spermatozoa were visually assessed for motility (grade 1–5; 1=few motile sperm to 5=all motile), sperm concentrations were determined and then the sperm were cryopreserved. The total sperm concentration collected from the older (19yr) male was lower than that obtained from the younger (12yr) lion (0.08×106sperm/mL v. 65.5×106sperm/mL, respectively). Furthermore, more motile spermatozoa (grade 3) were collected from the younger individual compared to the older male (grade 1). Sperm samples from the 12-yr-old lion were frozen by multi-step addition of TEST yolk buffer+glycerol. Lionesses (n=3) were subjected to laparoscopic oocyte retrieval after gonadotropin treatment. A total of 38 oocytes were retrieved and 74% (28/38) were mature as determined by extrusion of the first polar body. Mature oocytes were subjected to ICSI using frozen-thawed spermatozoa obtained by PESA. More than 60% (17/28) of the injected oocytes cleaved and 100% (17/17) reached the morula stage by Day 5 or 6 of IVC. Embryos were cryopreserved and were subsequently transferred (n=15) into one lioness. We have demonstrated that it is possible to collect viable spermatozoa from sterile male lions using the PESA technique. Spermatozoa collected were motile and could be cryopreserved and functional for assisted reproductive techniques. This technique could be applied to other infertile or sterile males whose genetic background would benefit a current conservation program.
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Metneki, Julia, Adam Domonkos Tarnoki, David Laszlo Tarnoki, Levente Littvay, and Andrew Czeizel. "Psychosexual Study of Communist Era Hungarian Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.2.144.
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Our aim in this study is to describe the characteristics of sexual development in twins and estimate the role of heritability and environmental factors as causes of certain sexual disorders. Two hundred and ten adult same-sex twin pairs (92 monozygotic [MZ] female, 41 MZ male, 55 dizygotic [DZ] female and 22 DZ male pairs) were involved in the study. Data were collected in 1982 by self-administered questionnaires that included items on sexual maturation, sexual life, contraception, mutual sexual activity within twin pairs and alcohol use. The ratio of married to unmarried twins was nearly the same in MZs and DZs, with the exception that the divorce rate was higher in MZ female twins (14%), and DZ and male twins were slightly more likely to be single. Menarche was later in twins compared to non-twin Hungarian women. 57% of MZs experienced menarche within 3 months of each other, 77% within 6 months while it occurred for 30% and 43% respectively in DZs. The first seminal emission indicated some delay in male twins compared with the Hungarian general population sample. MZ first kisses occurred later than DZ's first kisses. The same was true for the first petting, masturbation and first sexual intercourse. Anorgasmy is 27% heritable but the estimate is not statistically significant. Concordance rate for premature ejaculation in MZs was greater than in DZs but the structural equation model showed significant misfit. Age at menarche appeared to be strongly heritable.
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Junaidi, A., P. E. Williamson, J. M. Cummins, G. B. Martin, M. A. Blackberry, and T. E. Trigg. "Use of a new drug delivery formulation of the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue Deslorelin for reversible long-term contraception in male dogs." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 6 (2003): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd03039.
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In the present study, we tested the effect of treatment with a slow-release implant containing the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist DeslorelinTM (Peptech Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia) on pituitary and testicular function in mature male dogs. Four dogs were treated with Deslorelin (6-mg implant) and four were used as controls (blank implant). In control dogs, there were no significant changes over the 12 months of the study in plasma concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH) or testosterone, or in testicular volume, semen output or semen quality. In Deslorelin-treated dogs, plasma concentrations of LH and testosterone were undetectable after 21 and 27 days, testicular volume fell to 35% of pretreatment values after 14 weeks and no ejaculates could be obtained after 6 weeks. Concentrations returned to the detectable range for testosterone after 44 weeks and for LH after 51 weeks and both were within the normal range after 52 weeks. Semen characteristics had recovered completely by 60 weeks after implantation. At this time, the testes and prostate glands were similar histologically to those of control dogs. We conclude that a single slow-release implant containing 6 mg Deslorelin has potential as a long-term, reversible antifertility agent for male dogs.
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Lie, Pearl P. Y., Dolores D. Mruk, Will M. Lee, and C. Yan Cheng. "Cytoskeletal dynamics and spermatogenesis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1546 (May 27, 2010): 1581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0261.
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Different cellular events occur during spermatogenesis, and these include (i) mitosis for self-renewal of spermatogonia, (ii) differentiation of type A spermatogonia into type B and commitment of type B spermatogonia to develop into preleptotene primary spermatocytes, (iii) transit of preleptotene/leptotene spermatocytes across the blood–testis barrier in coordination with germ cell cycle progression and meiosis, (iv) spermiogenesis and spermiation. These events also associate with extensive changes in cell shape and size, and germ cell movement. The cytoskeleton, which comprises actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments, is believed to function in these cellular events. However, few studies have been conducted by investigators in the past decades to unfold the role of the cytoskeleton during spermatogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the field relating to cytoskeletal dynamics in the testis, and highlights areas of research that require additional emphasis so that new approaches for male contraception, as well as therapeutic approaches to alleviate environmental toxicant-induced reproductive dysfunction in men, can possibly be developed.
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Cinone, M., G. Aiudi, M. Albrizio, G. De Vico, G. M. Lacalandra, and P. Minoia. "301 NEW APPROACHES TO CONTRACEPTION IN DOGS USING GnRH ANALOGUES, CALCIUM, AND NALOXONE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab301.
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The continuous administration of GnRH leads to the desensitization and down-regulation of GnRH receptors on pituitary gonadotropes (Parker and Schimmer 2001 in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1541–1562). In this study, we combined the use of a GnRH analogue with calcium/naloxone association (Sciorsci et al. 2000 Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 22, 575−626) to obtain a desensitizing effect on LH receptors in an attempt to regulate spermatogenesis in dogs. Eight post-pubertal mixed breed dogs were divided into two groups: (A) four subjects were pharmacologically treated with a 30 day administration of buserelin acetate (Suprefact Aventis Pharma, Italy) 0.3 mg/each s.c. TID, associated with 0.1-mL/kg/bw i.m. injection SID of calcium gluconate 20% (New ICC, Upjohn, Italy) in which 0.4 mg/mL of naloxone hydrochloride (Diosynth, The Netherlands) was dissolved; (B) four subjects received placebo (NaCl 0.9% s.c. TID for 30 days). At the end of the treatment, hemiorchidectomy was performed and 4 months later the second testis was removed. Clinical examination of the genital tract was done by ultrasound monitoring. Before and after pharmacological treatment and until total orchidectomy, semen was collected and evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic parameters. Plasma testosterone concentration was measured twice a week by RIA. Testicular specimens were fixed in formalin solution, embedded in paraffin wax and stained with hematoxylin–eosin. The presence of germ cells and the testicular tubule diameters were analyzed using a computer assisted image analyzer (MONO system, Italy). Data were analyzed by the ANOVA test. In the treated group, all dogs showed a reduction in testicular and prostatic diameters compared to the control group. Transient elevations in testosterone concentrations were observed in response to the early injections and reached baseline levels after 8–10 days. The testosterone decline resulted in lower ejaculate volume and, at the end of treatment, azoospermia was observed. At the end of treatment, testosterone values had progressively regained normal values over 2 months and, when measured immediately before total orchidectomy, sperm concentration and motility had returned to normal. At the histological observation, seminiferous tubules showed the block of spermatogenesis at the level of spermatocytes with a statistically significant cell reduction in spermatides and spermatozoa (P < 0.001) whereas the seminiferous tubular morphometry was normal. Total orchidectomy demonstrated that a normal histological testicular structure had been restored. In the control group, no modifications were observed. As observed in a previous study (Aiudi et al. 2005 Reprod. Fert. Dev. 17(2), 280–281), GnRH induced suppression of the reproductive function in male dogs. In this study, we demonstrated that GnRH analogue associated with calcium and naloxone induces the same effect in a shorter time and that this effect is reversible. These devices designed for the shutdown of gonadal steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis would be useful for treating sex hormone-dependent syndromes such as malignant and benign prostatic tumors.
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Ferdenzi, Camille, Jean-François Lemaître, Juan David Leongómez, and S. Craig Roberts. "Digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts facial, but not voice or body odour, attractiveness in men." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1724 (April 20, 2011): 3551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0544.
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There is growing evidence that human second-to-fourth digit ratio (or 2D:4D) is related to facial features involved in attractiveness, mediated by in utero hormonal effects. The present study extends the investigation to other phenotypic, hormone-related determinants of human attractiveness: voice and body odour. Pictures of faces with a neutral expression, recordings of voices pronouncing vowels and axillary odour samples captured on cotton pads worn for 24 h were provided by 49 adult male donors. These stimuli were rated on attractiveness and masculinity scales by two groups of 49 and 35 females, approximately half of these in each sample using hormonal contraception. Multivariate regression analyses showed that males' lower (more masculine) right 2D:4D and lower right-minus-left 2D:4D (Dr−l) were associated with a more attractive (and in some cases more symmetrical), but not more masculine, face. However, 2D:4D and Dr−l did not predict voice and body odour masculinity or attractiveness. The results were interpreted in terms of differential effects of prenatal and circulating testosterone, male facial shape being supposedly more dependent on foetal levels (reflected by 2D:4D ratio), whereas body odour and vocal characteristics could be more dependent on variation in adult circulating testosterone levels.
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Johnston, S. D., F. C. Camacho, L. Carrillo, N. Guy, J. Govea, O. Martinez, A. Parãs, A. T. Lisle, and M. D'Occhio. "The development of a testosterone stimulation test in the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and its use in evaluating deslorelin contraception." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 5 (2008): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd07215.
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The aims of the present study were to examine the variability of testosterone secretion in the Virginia Opossum over a 24 h period and to develop a testosterone stimulation test that would provide an index of the prevailing testosterone biosynthetic capacity of the testes; the latter was used to clinically evaluate the efficacy of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist contraceptive. Sexually-mature captive opossums (n = 12) located in Africam Safari (Mexico) sampled every 12 h over 24 h consistently showed basal (<0.21 ng mL–1) blood testosterone concentrations. Intra-muscular injection of buserelin (2 μg mL–1) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG; 1000 IU) resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) of plasma testosterone concentrations with maximal concentrations (3.9 ng mL–1 and 5.8 ng mL–1 respectively) occurring 120 min after injection. Plasma testosterone declined relatively rapidly to basal concentrations after 240 min with hCG but remained elevated after the same period of time with buserelin. Male opossums treated with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) a controlled-release deslorelin implant (Suprelorin; 4.7 mg deslorelin) were evaluated over a 10-week period for changes in testosterone secretion (hCG stimulation test) and sperm production (spermatorrhea). At the end of this period, the animals were hemi-castrated and their relative testicular quantitative histology compared. Testosterone concentration decreased over the course of the study in both treated and control animals (P < 0.0001) but there was no apparent effect of deslorelin on testosterone secretion, testicular histology (relative proportions of testicular cell types and seminiferous tubule diameter), or sperm production (presence of sperm in the cauda epididymis or urine)
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Ivell, R., and R. J. K. Anand-Ivell. "024. Post meiotic gene transcripts — sense, antisense, or nonsense." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 9 (2004): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb04abs024.
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The mature spermatid is a highly specialised cell type whose structure and physiology have evolved to convey a haploid genome intact through a relatively inimical environment to find, interact with and achieve fertilisation of a mature female gamete, thus to produce a healthy diploid embryo. It is logical to assume that these highly specialist functions are the product of a unique set of genes or transcripts, expressed in late germ cell stages. It is equally logical to see the protein products of these genes as likely targets for a post meiotic approach to male contraception. Indeed many such spermatocyte- and spermatid-specific transcripts have been identified by differential cloning approaches. Some transcripts appear to represent novel sperm-specific genes, some represent sperm-specific alternative splice products, or alternatively initiated transcripts. However, for many such transcripts, there are features that lend doubt to the notion that they are truly functional in the context of sperm physiology. Many transcripts derive from undefined, TATA-less promoters. Some gene products have no legible open reading frame. Some transcripts are even produced as antisense molecules. Some appear as functional transcripts, but are not translated. Some appear to be highly species specific. Some appear to be functionally redundant, when tested in gene ablation experiments. The male gamete is under extreme selection pressure. It is therefore plausible that these apparently aberrant transcripts may have a function beyond that of conventionally generating physiologically relevant proteins, as in most somatic cells. This presentation reviews current ideas about the sperm transcriptome and presents various hypotheses to help us understand the mechanisms and purpose of post meiotic gene expression.
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Griffin, P. D. "A male contraceptive pill." Nature Medicine 2, no. 7 (July 1996): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0796-722a.
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Nieschlag, Eberhard, and Geoffrey M. H. Waites. "A male contraceptive pill." Nature Medicine 2, no. 7 (July 1996): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0796-722b.
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McEwan, Iain J. "Eve's curse: and the birth of the contraceptive pill." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102016.
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2010 sees the 50th anniversary of the introduction of the oral contraceptive pill in 1960. This development was made possible by the synthesis of the first orally active progestin some 9 years earlier. The contraceptive pill is the most popular means of family planning in developed countries, and arguably the most effective. It is the most common method of contraception in the USA (18%), Canada (14%), Australia (27%), New Zealand (20%) and most European countries, including the UK (26%)1. Reproductive health and success have in the past and continue today to be important contributors to our survival as a species. However, even from ancient times, there have been attempts to limit the effect of Eve's curse by reducing the number of children and spacing of successive pregnancies. However, it was only with advances in both scientific knowledge and understanding, together with social reforms, that information about birth control and the means to control fertility became widely available in the last century.
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Correia, Divanise S., Ana C. P. Pontes, Jairo C. Cavalcante, E. Sócrates T. Egito, and Eulália M. C. Maia. "Adolescents: Contraceptive Knowledge and Use, a Brazilian Study." Scientific World JOURNAL 9 (2009): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2009.8.
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The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods by female adolescent students. The study was cross-sectional and quantitative, using a semi-structured questionnaire that was administered to 12- to 19-year-old female students in Maceió, Brazil. A representative and randomized sample was calculated, taking into account the number of hospital admissions for curettage. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, and Epi InfoTMsoftware was used for data and result evaluation using the mean and chi-square statistical test. Our results show that the majority of students know of some contraceptive methods (95.5%), with the barrier/hormonal methods being the most mentioned (72.4%). Abortion and aborting drugs were inaccurately described as contraceptives, and 37.9% of the sexually active girls did not make use of any method. The barrier methods were the most used (35.85%). A significant association was found in the total sample (2,592) between pregnancy and the use of any contraceptive method. This association was not found, however, in the group having an active sexual life (559). The study points to a knowledge of contraceptive methods, especially by teenagers who have already been pregnant, but contraceptives were not adequately used. The low use of chemical methods of contraception brings the risk of pregnancy. Since abortion and aborting drugs were incorrectly cited as contraceptive methods, this implies a nonpreventive attitude towards pregnancy.
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Wang, Chao, and Huimin Cao. "Persisting Regional Disparities in Modern Contraceptive Use and Unmet Need for Contraception among Nigerian Women." BioMed Research International 2019 (February 18, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9103928.
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Background. Evidence suggests that equitable provision of contraceptive services can help women achieve their reproductive goals and has significant impact on reducing the rates abortion and unintended pregnancy at large. However, regional disparities continue to persist on top of low family planning prevalence which is a critical public health challenge for fast growing populations like Nigeria. Objectives. The present study aimed to explore the prevalence of (1) nonuse of modern contraceptives, (2) unmet need for contraception, and (3) regional disparities in these two. Methods. The present study used cross-sectional data obtained from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2003, 2008, and 2013. Participants were women of reproductive of age (15-49 years) regardless of marital status. Regional disparities of nonuse of modern contraceptives and unmet need were analysed by descriptive and multivariate regression methods. Results. In the pooled sample of 79,656 participants during 2003, 2008, and 2013, 88.6% reported not using any modern methods, and 13.5% reported having unmet need for contraception. The prevalence rates of nonuse were, respectively, 91.8%, 90.6%, and 88.6% and those of unmet need were 14.2%, 16.6%, and 13.5% in the years 2003, 2008, and 2013. Significant differences were observed in the odds of reporting nonuse and unmet need for contraception across the geopolitical zones. Conclusions. The rates of nonuse of contraception are remarkably high among women in Nigeria with significant disparities across the six geopolitical zones. Efforts should be made to address the regional disparities in order to achieve the goals of universal coverage of family planning services in the country.
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Jayaraman, K. S. "Male contraceptive with DMSO in trials." Nature Medicine 1, no. 4 (April 1995): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0495-292b.
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Potts, Malcolm. "Reply to “A male contraceptive pill”." Nature Medicine 2, no. 7 (July 1996): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0796-722c.
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Nicholls, P. K., C. A. Harrison, L. O'Donnell, and P. G. Stanton. "148. HORMONAL REGULATION OF miRNA IN THE TESTIS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs148.
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Acute suppression of circulating reproductive hormones (FSH and testosterone) inhibits sperm release (spermiation) (1), although the molecular mechanisms of spermiation failure are poorly understood. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate protein expression, and are essential for normal spermatogenesis. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs are exquisitely sensitive to hormonal control by FSH, LH and testosterone (2–4). This suggests that hormonal regulation of miRNAs in the testis following acute hormonal suppression may contribute to spermiation failure. Therefore, we hypothesised that gonadotrophin regulated miRNAs control spermiation outcome. We used array analysis to show that miRNA expression is hormonally regulated by FSH and testosterone in our rat in vivo model of spermiation failure and also in primary rat Sertoli cells by. qPCR validation revealed that miR-7b, -23a, -30c, -125b, -148b, -197, -483, -592, and -690 are all hormonally sensitive testicular miRNAs. Bioinformatic analyses of potential gene targets of these miRNAs predicted numerous protein components localised in the testicular tubulobulbar complex (TBC). The TBC is a podosome-like structure found between Sertoli cells and adjacent germ cells in the testis, and is thought to internalise intact inter-cellular structures and regulate spermatid head shape prior to spermiation. WASP, a TBC protein that regulates actin filament dynamics, contained a conserved binding site for miR-690 within its 3'UTR. Increased miR-690 expression following hormone suppression corresponded to a decrease in WASP protein expression in vivo and in vitro. In addition, transfection of miR-690 into HEK293T cells down-regulated WASP protein. Our results suggest that following hormone suppression, miR-690 is stimulated in the Sertoli cell, thereby inhibiting WASP protein expression. We conclude that miRNA-mediated disruption of TBC integrity potentially regulates spermatid disengagement. This study describes new molecular mechanisms in the testis that may control spermiation outcome of potential significance in male hormonal contraception.
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Liankai, Dang. "The mechanism of male infertility." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100158017.
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There are two types of male infertilities in experimental animals including humanbeing. The first is a man-made infertility for the purpose of contraception; the second is caused by disease which could damage the spermatogenesis. According to the source of pathology, it can be divided into internal infertility and external infertility. Some of invironmental factors such as γ-ray, x-ray, nutron, micro wave and soon and also some of chemical factors could induce the disorder of spermatogenesis, sperms lost the ability for the fertilization or even disappear, Internal sourse means genetic disease or reproductive disease, in that cases the micro invironment for spermatogenesis is disordered; so there are a lot of abnormal sperms in the semen which could not perform the function for the fertilization.The purpose of this paper is to collect all experimental results what we haved one in the past, to compare them and to try finding out changes in commonand difference among them.
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Karande, Anjali. "Eppin: A candidate male contraceptive vaccine?" Journal of Biosciences 29, no. 4 (December 2004): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02712105.
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Bhagirath, Th, and S. C. Kundu. "Effects of the male contraceptive agent gossypol on meiotic chromosomes of the male rat." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 39, no. 3 (1985): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000132140.
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Prata, Ndola. "Making family planning accessible in resource-poor settings." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1532 (October 27, 2009): 3093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0172.
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It is imperative to make family planning more accessible in low resource settings. The poorest couples have the highest fertility, the lowest contraceptive use and the highest unmet need for contraception. It is also in the low resource settings where maternal and child mortality is the highest. Family planning can contribute to improvements in maternal and child health, especially in low resource settings where overall access to health services is limited. Four critical steps should be taken to increase access to family planning in resource-poor settings: (i) increase knowledge about the safety of family planning methods; (ii) ensure contraception is genuinely affordable to the poorest families; (iii) ensure supply of contraceptives by making family planning a permanent line item in healthcare system's budgets and (iv) take immediate action to remove barriers hindering access to family planning methods. In Africa, there are more women with an unmet need for family planning than women currently using modern methods. Making family planning accessible in low resource settings will help decrease the existing inequities in achieving desired fertility at individual and country level. In addition, it could help slow population growth within a human rights framework. The United Nations Population Division projections for the year 2050 vary between a high of 10.6 and a low of 7.4 billion. Given that most of the growth is expected to come from today's resource-poor settings, easy access to family planning could make a difference of billions in the world in 2050.
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Mruk, Dolores D., Ching-Hang Wong, Bruno Silvestrini, and C. Yan Cheng. "A male contraceptive targeting germ cell adhesion." Nature Medicine 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2006): 1323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1420.
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Liu, Ming, Xinrong Wan, Yimeng Yin, Yu-xia Li, Fei Sun, Zhibin Zhang, and Yan-ling Wang. "Subfertile effects of quinestrol and levonorgestrel in male rats." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 2 (2012): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd10221.
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The contraceptive regimen consisting of levonorgestrel and quinestrol (EP-1) has been shown to be effective in several types of wild rodents. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EP-1 and its two components on fertility and spermatogenesis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its contraceptive effect. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0.33 mg kg–1 quinestrol (E group), 0.67 mg kg–1 levonorgestrel (P group) or their combination (EP group) for 7 days and then killed on Days 21 or 42 after treatment for tissue analysis. On Day 21, the weight of the cauda epididymis decreased significantly, while the weight of the adrenal gland increased significantly in the E and EP groups compared with the weights in the control group. In addition, there was a significant decrease in sperm number in the E and EP groups compared with the control group and there was less staining for the androgen receptor and Wilms’ tumour nuclear protein 1 in the E and EP groups. The primary defects in E- or EP-treated rats were abnormal spermiogenesis, lack of elongating spermatids, and pachytene spermatocyte arrest. Analysis of MutL homologue 1 revealed that EP treatment inhibited chromosome recombination during meiosis, but did not cause obvious genetic abnormalities. These data demonstrate that quinestrol, alone or in combination with levonorgestrel, induces subfertility in male rats mainly by interfering with germ cell differentiation. Thus, EP-1 or E alone may be effective contraceptive regimens for fertility control in rodents.
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Kirkpatrick, Jay F. "Viewpoint: Measuring the effects of wildlife contraception: the argument for comparing apples with oranges." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 4 (2007): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06163.
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There are few wildlife populations existing today that can be supported without some form of management. Wildlife fertility control, as one option, has moved from the research stage to actual application with a number of species, including wild horses, urban deer, captive exotic species and even African elephants, but this approach remains controversial in many quarters. Strident debate has arisen over the possible effects of contraception on behaviour, genetics, stress and even management economics, among other parameters. Part of the debate arises from the fact that critics often fail to recognise that some form of alternative management will be applied, and a second problem arises when critics fail to identify and demand the same concern for the consequences of the alternative management approaches. Thus, any rational debate on the merits or possible effects of contraceptive management of wildlife must also recognise all alternative management approaches and apply the same concern and questions to these alternative approaches – including ‘no management’ – as are currently being applied to fertility control. Only then will the stewards of wildlife be in a position to make wise and informed decisions about management options.
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Bateman, H. L., and W. F. Swanson. "163 RE-ESTABLISHING REPRODUCTIVE CYCLICITY IN A FEMALE ASIAN SMALL-CLAWED OTTER FOLLOWING SUPRELORIN-INDUCED CONTRACEPTION: A CASE STUDY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab163.
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Asian small-clawed otters (ASCO) are a popular species to exhibit in zoological institutions globally, and are found in managed populations in the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Captive breeding of these otters is integral to population sustainability, with management programs using pedigree analyses to make specific breeding recommendations to ensure long-term genetic viability. Because of the familial social structure of ASCO and limited space within zoos, physical separation of animals is not always possible for temporary breeding prevention, and short-term contraception may be preferred. In US zoos, Suprelorin (deslorelin; Virbac Australia, Milperra, Australia), a GnRH agonist, has been recommended for contraception of female carnivores, due to its small implant size and lack of side effects often associated with hormone-based contraceptives. However, the duration of reproductive suppression with Suprelorin may be excessive and reversibility (i.e. resumption of cyclicity, ovulation, and pregnancies) in implanted females across a range of species has been variable, unpredictable, and prolonged. Since 2006, 49 female ASCO have been implanted with Suprelorin at least once, and, of these, only two females have shown confirmed reversibility with pregnancies. No ASCO females implanted more than once have thus far exhibited reversibility (personal communication, AZA Wildlife Contraceptive Center, St. Louis, MO, USA). In this case study, fecal hormone monitoring of one female ASCO implanted with Suprelorin three times (Dec 2007, Jan 2009, Mar 2010), showed a lack of ovarian cyclicity and ovulation during the three years since her last implant. In an attempt to induce ovarian follicular growth and ovulation, this female was injected (IM) with exogenous gonadotropins (100 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin followed 80 h later with 3000 IU of porcine luteinizing hormone). Fecal progesterone monitoring confirmed ovulation followed by a 76 day pseudopregnancy, with temporal characteristics similar to those previously reported in naturally cycling ASCO (Bateman et al. 2009 Zoo Biol. 28, 107–126). Following the induced pseudopregnancy and ~55 days of basal progestin levels, this female was observed breeding with a cohabitating ASCO male. Fecal hormone monitoring revealed subsequent ovulation and the occurrence of another pseudopregnancy of normal duration. These preliminary findings suggest that exogenous gonadotropin treatment may be useful for promoting resumption of normal ovarian cyclicity and ovulatory responses in ASCO following prolonged reproductive suppression with Suprelorin.
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Signore, Fabrizio, Caterina Gulìa, Raffaella Votino, Vincenzo De Leo, Simona Zaami, Lorenza Putignani, Silvia Gigli, et al. "The Role of Number of Copies, Structure, Behavior and Copy Number Variations (CNV) of the Y Chromosome in Male Infertility." Genes 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11010040.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve spontaneous pregnancy within one year. Statistics show that the two sexes are equally at risk. Several causes may be responsible for male infertility; however, in 30–40% of cases a diagnosis of idiopathic male infertility is made in men with normal urogenital anatomy, no history of familial fertility-related diseases and a normal panel of values as for endocrine, genetic and biochemical markers. Idiopathic male infertility may be the result of gene/environment interactions, genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Numerical and structural anomalies of the Y chromosome represent a minor yet significant proportion and are the topic discussed in this review. We searched the PubMed database and major search engines for reports about Y-linked male infertility. We present cases of Y-linked male infertility in terms of (i) anomalies of the Y chromosome structure/number; (ii) Y chromosome misbehavior in a normal genetic background; (iii) Y chromosome copy number variations (CNVs). We discuss possible explanations of male infertility caused by mutations, lower or higher number of copies of otherwise wild type, Y-linked sequences. Despite Y chromosome structural anomalies are not a major cause of male infertility, in case of negative results and of normal DNA sequencing of the ascertained genes causing infertility and mapping on this chromosome, we recommend an analysis of the karyotype integrity in all cases of idiopathic fertility impairment, with an emphasis on the structure and number of this chromosome.
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O’Rand, Michael G., Katherine G. Hamil, Tiffany Adevai, and Mary Zelinski. "Inhibition of sperm motility in male macaques with EP055, a potential non-hormonal male contraceptive." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 19, 2018): e0195953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195953.
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de Geus, Eco, Cornelis Kluft, Piet Meijer, Lorenz van Doornen, Dorret Boomsma, Harold Snieder, and Marlies de Lange. "Genetic influences on fibrinogen, tissue plasminogen activatorantigen and von Willebrand factor in males and females." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 95, no. 03 (2006): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th05-09-0596.
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SummaryDifferences in genetic influence on death from CHD between males and females have been reported. Haemostatic factors have consistently been associated with risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), but sex differences in genetic architecture have not been studied. This study in middle-aged twins investigates whether there are sex differences in means and in genetic and/ or environmental variance components of haemostatic risk factors for CHD. A total of 93 monozygotic twin pairs (44 male and 49 female) and 116 dizygotic twin pairs (36 male, 40 female and 40 opposite sex) were available for this study. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on variation in levels of fibrinogen, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Mean levels of tPA and vWF increased with age. Oral contraceptive pill (OCP) and menopause had significant influences on levels of fibrinogen and tPA. Genetic influences explained 39, 66 and 72% of the variation in levels of fibrinogen, tPA and vWF, respectively. No quantitative or qualitative differences of genetic influences on haemostatic levels were seen between males and females. Haemostatic factors may account fora significant part of the genetic risk for cardiovascular disease. No difference in genetic architecture for levels of fibrinogen, tPA or vWF was observed between males and females.
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Bara, L., V. Nicaud, L. Tiret, F. Cambien, and M. M. Samama. "Expression of a Paternal History of Premature Myocardial Infarction on Fibrinogen, Factor VIIC and PAI-1 in European Offspring - The EARS Study." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 71, no. 04 (1994): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642456.
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SummaryTo assess the role of genetic and environmental factors in the predisposition to atherosclerosis, 682 students whose father had suffered a myocardial infarction before the age of 55 (“cases”) and 1312 controls matched for age and sex, were recruited from 14 Universities in Europe. Fibrinogen, factor Vile and PAI-1 were compared between cases and controls across European regions. Fibrinogen and factor Vile were positively correlated with BMI, smoking and contraception. PAI-1 was positively and independently correlated with BMI and waist-to-hip ratio, and negatively with contraception. Factor Vile and PAI-1 were correlated with cholesterol and triglycerides, and fibrinogen was weakly correlated with LDL-cholesterol. After adjustment for covariates and lipids, fibrinogen level was significantly higher in male cases than in controls (2.38 vs 2.29, p <0.01). No such difference was found in females (2.59 vs 2.57 - NS). There was no significant case/control difference for factor Vile and PAI-1. These results support the hypothesis that fibrinogen is a transmissible risk factor of coronary artery disease in males. No such evidence was provided for factor Vile and PAI-1.
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Rizvi, Farwa, Joanne Williams, Steven Bowe, and Elizabeth Hoban. "Factors influencing unmet need for contraception amongst adolescent girls and women in Cambodia." PeerJ 8 (October 7, 2020): e10065. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10065.
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Background Unmet need is the gap between women’s need and their practice of using contraception. Unmet need for contraception in female adolescents and women in Cambodia is a public health concern which may lead to unintended pregnancies or abortions that can contribute to maternal morbidity and mortality. Methods Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecological Model was used as a theoretical framework to analyze data from the 2014 Cambodian Demographic and Health Survey to ascertain demographic and social factors potentially associated with unmet need for contraception. Bivariate and weighted multiple logistic regression analyses with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were conducted for 4,823 Cambodian, sexually active females aged 15–29 years. Results The percentage of unmet need for contraception was 11.7%. At the individual level of the Social Ecological Model, there was an increased likelihood of unmet need in adolescent girls 15–19 years and women 20–24 years. Unmet need was decreased in currently employed women. At the microenvironment level, there was an increased likelihood of unmet need with the husband’s desire for more children and when the decision for a woman’s access to healthcare was made by someone else in the household. At the macroenvironment level, unmet need was decreased in women who could access a health facility near their residence to obtain medical care. There were no urban rural differences found in the Cambodian sample population. Conclusion Unmet need for contraception in Cambodian females adolescents and women is associated with younger age, unemployment and low personal autonomy for accessing healthcare but not with education or wealth status. There is a need to implement culturally appropriate reproductive and sexual health literacy programs to increase access to modern contraception and to raise women’s autonomy.
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Doherty, John D. H. "Fertility, Fecundity and Twinning: A Comparison of the Trends in Births and Twinning in Australia from 1854 to 1982." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 37, no. 2 (April 1988): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000004025.
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AbstractThe trends in births and in twinning in Australia are compared from 1854 to 1982. Until about 1930 the twinning rate increased as births fell. The two rates then became concordant. The relationship of fecundity to twinning is discussed. Comparison with other countries is made. The period embraces the demographic transition when changing contraceptive practices would have had a variable effect on twinning.
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Chauhan, Aditi, and Vijay Prabha. "Evaluation of Sperm Impairing Factor from Serratia marcescens as Male Contraceptive in Mouse Model." BioMed Research International 2019 (October 30, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9430964.
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The present study was carried out to assess the contraceptive efficacy of sperm agglutinating factor (SAF) isolated from Serratia marcescens, in male Balb/c mice. Mice were administered via an intratesticular route with different concentrations of SAF, viz., 10, 50, 100, 200, or 400 µg, in the right testis only which served as a test while the left side served as control except otherwise stated. Mice were sacrificed on day 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 after administration, and results in terms of change in body weight, seminal parameters, tissue somatic indices (TSI), hematological parameters, serum level of testosterone, lipid peroxidation, and histology were studied. The body weight and TSI remained unaffected in all the experimental groups. In case of seminal parameters, the right testis treated with 10 μg, 50 μg, 100 μg, 200 μg, or 400 μg of SAF showed azoospermia up to day 7, 14, 21, 45, and 90, respectively. The hematological indices, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were found to be unaltered when the group receiving SAF (test) was compared with the groups receiving phosphate buffer saline (control) in the right testis; however, the treatment had a negative effect on the serum level of testosterone. It also affected the oxidative status of the right testis. Furthermore, histological studies revealed hypospermatogenesis and alterations in the seminiferous tubules which included intraepithelial vacuolation and exfoliation in the right side as compared to the left side. Thus, the results suggest that SAF (400 µg) causes suppression of spermatogenesis, without causing apparent toxic effects.
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Alexander, NJ, and G. Bialy. "Contraceptive vaccine development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 3 (1994): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940273.
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Recent advances in antigen definition and production have made the development of a contraceptive vaccine more attainable. Such a vaccine must evoke an immune response that blocks an indispensable step in the reproductive process. Vaccine research involves many approaches to fertility prevention. Vaccines are being developed that could interrupt fertility by inhibition of gonadotrophin release, the function of follicle-stimulating hormone or the effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG); alternatively, they may prevent fertilization by interfering with the transport of spermatozoa or with sperm-zona pellucida binding. The most advanced prototype is a vaccine based on antibodies to beta hCG. Such vaccines are being studied for clinical efficacy. Many hurdles remain in contraceptive vaccine development. Since the antigens are peptides or small proteins, the resultant immune response is usually moderate, and better adjuvants and delivery systems must be developed to enhance and maintain the immune response. Improvement of the mucosal immune response may be necessary for vaccines incorporating sperm antigens. Research on vaccines that control fertility has resulted in a fascinating base of scientific knowledge that, it is hoped, can be converted into products that will allow another option for individuals who wish to control their fertility.
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Debelew, Gurmesa Tura, and Mahilet Berhanu Habte. "Contraceptive Method Utilization and Determinant Factors among Young Women (15-24) in Ethiopia: A Mixed-Effects Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis of the Performance Monitoring for Action 2018 Household Survey." BioMed Research International 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6642852.
Full textAbstract:
Despite highly effective modern contraceptive methods (both short and long acting) are made widely available and accessible globally, their utilization remains low among young women in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. Hence, this study is aimed at determining its status and identifying the determinant factors by using nationally representative data. A multilevel analysis of the nationwide Performance Monitoring for Action 2018 of Ethiopia round 6 data, collected from June to July, 2018, was conducted. A total of 982 both married and unmarried young women (15-24) were included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the status of contraceptive method utilization and unmet need across regions. A mixed-effects multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of the contraceptive method utilization. Adjusted odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to show the significance of the associations at p < 0.05 . The status of contraceptive method utilization was 54.8% (95% CI: 51.7%, 57.9%), and 18.6% (95% CI: 16.3%, 21.2%) had unmet need. Afar (12.3%), Harari (12.5%), and Ethiopian Somali (20.0%) regions had the lowest contraceptive method utilization. Wealth quintiles and religion were the higher level variables affecting contraceptive method utilization among the young women. Age, marital status, parity, future birth intention, and knowledge of contraceptive methods were the individual level factors identified as determinants of contraceptive method use among the young women. In conclusion, the status of contraceptive method utilization among the young women in Ethiopia is promising as compared to the national target of 55% for 2020; however, still high unmet need exists. The factors also exist both at the contextual and at individual levels. Hence, multilevel interventions need to be in place giving special emphasis to the low performing regions. Besides, region-specific behavioral interventions and family planning services that will be able to reach the young women need to be designed.
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Gebeyehu, Natnael Atnafu, Eyasu Alem Lake, Kelemu Abebe Gelaw, and Gedion Asnake Azeze. "The Intention on Modern Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors among Postpartum Women in Public Health Institutions of Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia 2019: An Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 8, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9815465.
Full textAbstract:
Background. The postpartum period is an important transitional time for couples to put the decision on family planning utilization. However, women in Ethiopia are usually uncertain about the use of family planning during this period. This cross-sectional study was, therefore, aimed at determining the intention of modern contraceptive use and associated factors among postpartum women attending the immunization clinic in Sodo town, Ethiopia. Method. This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 416 study participants from May 25 to June 20, 2019. The data were collected by using a systematic random sampling technique of interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive analysis was done, and results were presented in texts and tables. Variables at bivariate analysis with a p value < 0.2 were moved to the multivariate logistic regression model to control potential confounding variables. Statistical tests at p value < 0.05 during multivariate analysis were considered as a cutoff point to determine statistical significance. Results. A total of 416 postpartum women participated in the study yielding a response rate of 98.1%. The prevalence of intention on modern contraceptive use among study participants was 70%. The odds of intention on modern contraceptive use was higher among study participants who had secondary school education (AOR=2.052, 95% CI: 1.064-3.958), antenatal care visit (AOR=1.74; 95% CI: 1.02-2.95), knowledge on modern contraceptive use (AOR=2.54; 95% CI: 1.50-4.28), menses resumption (AOR=2.05; 95% CI: 1.14-3.68), and husband approval to use contraceptives (AOR=2.395, 95% CI: 1.501-5.458). Conclusion. The intention of modern contraceptive use among postpartum women was low. Family planning providers should emphasize reducing barriers of intention like lack of education, knowledge, male partner approval, antenatal care visit, and advise the impact of menses on fertility.