Academic literature on the topic 'Male domination (Social structure) – Zimbabwe'

Bureaucrats, female or male, have never been popular, a fact which may, in part, explain neglect of their role by the growing band of students of women and politics. Theories of bureaucracy predict that this will be the least promising of settings for the empowerment of women. Max Weber's classic account depicts bureaucratic activity as a routinized and sterile process of technical determinations and rules of procedure. Some feminists argue that such modes of action epitomize the masculine. Each model portrays a rational, depersonalized, technocratic sphere of activity, hierarchical in structure, rule-bound both in what is done and how. In addition, the state itself has sometimes been presented as wholly oppressive to women, adding public power to private power to create a comprehensive system of male domination.

The article examines the effects of cultural diversity on social cohesion in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE is an oil-rich country established in 1971 as a federation of seven Emirates. It is a small state with a population of ten million; the citizens account only for 10% of the population. Oil wealth enables the country to achieve advanced levels of human, social and economic development. Recently, the UAE has experienced a massive social change; modernization processes have been impended on highest levels. However, due to the historical demographic structure of the local population, the UAE always depended on external labor forces. Skilled and unskilled male workers immigrate from neighboring countries; as a result, the population structure has changed. After the world economic depression in 2008, the UAE experienced a dramatic increase in the number of population. Professional workers from all over the world flowed to the country, and Dubai became a major center for the regional trade market; today, its free zones are considered the best technical base for service and logistic businesses. Today, more than 200 nationalities live in the country, and the majority of them are migrant male workers. This instable and unbalanced demographic structure created cultural domination - international cultures dominate the local one. The demographic imbalance between citizens and foreigners resulted in a kind of disharmony. Due to their feeling of being a minority, the Emiratis move from the old cities to the suburban areas, which creates many social tensions. All these circumstances affected social cohesion, communal harmony and the direct social interaction of cultural groups. To illustrate the tensions and discomforts in the UAE, the author presents the results of face-to-face interviews and a group discussion - as a critical analysis by those in the center of change.

The paper analyzes M. Scheler᾿s doctrine of three types of knowledge – positive, aimed at achieving pragmatic goals; essential, educational, aimed at personal development; and metaphysical, salvific, striving to comprehend the highest basis of being. It is substantiated that the ideals of these types of knowledge are a scientist, a sage, a saint. The scien-tist’s goal is to obtain natural science and social and humanitarian knowledge for the use of things and domination over people. The sage’s goal is to com-prehend the essential structure of the universe. He transforms essential knowledge into educational knowledge, thereby creating the basis for personali-ty formation. The saint’s goal is to obtain metaphys-ical knowledge about the Absolute, which becomes saving knowledge. It is emphasized that in the his-torical perspective M. Scheler puts forward the edu-cational ideal of the “whole human” as a free all-round self-formation of the individual. The philoso-pher connects the achievement of the “whole hu-man” ideal in modern history with the processes of “equalization” of all physical, mental and spiritual characteristics inherent in individuals and groups; national, ethnic and racial differences; male and female types of thinking; mentality, cultural charac-teristics of peoples, countries and continents; char-acteristic features of capitalism and socialism, etc.

Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to examine working-class everyday culture gender regimes in modern Russia. The research is focused on intergenerational transmission of gender-normative patterns, macro-policy of power and domination in working-class families, forms of their discursive production and legitimation.
 Methodology: The empirical base is represented by 30 biographical interviews with the informants aged from 21 to 33, living in Tyumen city and working in the field of industry, technical maintenance, and customer service. Reflexive analysis based on the categorical field of phenomenology and social constructionism, as well as data coding procedures, has been used as the main research tool.
 Main Findings: It was found that the normative pattern of a male breadwinner, having power in a family-based on control over economic resources, still dominates among young working-class men and actively supported by the majority of young women. The financial and status dominance of a man does not cause doubts in his leadership but when a woman plays a crucial role in providing for the family, informants tend to talk about “equality” in the family.
 Applications of this study: The results of the study can be used in the teaching of sociology, gender studies, and cultural studies; it can also be applied by local policymakers while developing social policy programs targeted on the regarded social group.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: In the current research we have examined a particular social group at the intersection of three stratification features: social class, gender, and age. The approach of “agency within the structure” provides an opportunity to carry out a deep sociological analysis of the relations between the macro-social and personal aspects of the gender regimes framing.

<p><strong>Español</strong></p><p>A través de las siguientes líneas, se pretende, con un recorrido por algunos términos y autores característicos de los estudios de hombres y masculinidades, explorar elementos con respecto a manifestaciones y dinámicas de dominación masculina actual. Primero, es importante revisar algunos conceptos, en especial, desde la teoría del sexismo ambivalente de Glick y Fiske, seguido de algunas derivaciones de este planteamiento para el correspondiente análisis. De forma posterior, se esboza cómo el machismo se conserva institucionalmente desde componentes básicos estables en la historia: androcentrismo, misoginia, homofobia y falocentrismo. Al final, se plantean algunas reflexiones básicas acerca de desarticular encargos de masculinidad hegemónica en la sociedad. Más que una desaparición de patrones machistas, el patriarcado, como estructura colectiva, se adecua a diferentes escenarios relacionados con el contexto social. Esto se asocia siempre, en cada época histórica, a la dificultad por cuestionarle en los grupos sociales donde se sustenta. Incentivar en los hombres una consciencia crítica del fenómeno, fomentar una acción transformadora y ser protagonistas en un proceso de deconstrucción de las normas masculinas tradicionales es vital en un proceso de desarticulación del sistema patriarcal como primera entrada y, por ende, la construcción de un sistema social igualitario consciente de diversidades en género.</p><p><strong>English</strong></p><p>In the following lines, we intend to tour some terms and authors characteristic of the studies of men and masculinities, to explore elements regarding manifestations and dynamics of current male domination. First, it is important to review some concepts especially from the theory of ambivalent sexism of Glick and Fiske, followed by some derivations of this approach for the corresponding analysis. Subsequently, we outline how machismo is conserved institutionally from stable core components in history: androcentrism, misogyny, homophobia and phallocentrism. In the end, we raise some basic reflections about disarticulating orders of hegemonic masculinity in society. Rather than a disappearance of macho patterns, patriarchy as a collective structure adapts to different scenarios related to the social context. This is always associated, in each historical era, with the difficulty of questioning it in the social groups that sustain it. Thus, it is of primordial importance to encourage in men a critical awareness of the phenomenon, to promote a transformative action and be protagonists in a process of deconstruction of traditional male norms; these are vital, in a process of disarticulation of the patriarchal system and, thus, allowing the construction of an egalitarian social system aware of gender diversity.</p>

The paper analyzes modern rural household in Yugoslavia, both by region and at the level of the country as a whole. The author begins by providing a statistical and sociological definition of basic terms, and proceeds with a combination of social and demographic analysis. The basic criterion used is the residential status of the population (permanent residence) based on the administrative distribution of settlements with the non-city ("other") population treated as part of rural population. The descriptive basis was formed on the basis of two types of sources: population census data and relevant studies, on the one hand, and comprehensive researches of rural family in the 1990s, on the other. The modernization theory has provided the basic framework for the analysis of the state and movement in rural households in Yugoslavia since the beginning of the 20th century, but the paper deals mainly with social and economic developments following the Second World War. The following components of the rural households are analyzed: dynamics and average size, as well as composition of households. With reference to the level of the social change they had undergone and some demographic special features, rural households are classified into four main types: 1) purely agricultural; 2) mixed (with income earned from agricultural and non-agricultural activities); 3) non-agricultural; and 4) households of elderly people. The appearance and growth of mixed households during the pest-war period, following adoption of the socialistic command economy, came as a result of objective contradictions in transformation of an individual agricultural household into a modern market-oriented holding, and its cooperation with the state-owned cooperative sector. Since early 1980s, however, with deterioration in its position, agricultural production is gradually given up or maintained at the subsistence level, while most family members earn their living from the non-agricultural sector. These tendencies were most rapidly observed in Vojvodina, which is the most fertile region of the country, and most slowly in central Serbia. As a result of the above social and economic transformation the village was also exposed to a strong demographic transformation, which was most readily observed in ageing and feminization of population and its labor force and narrowing down of family structure to conjugal family united through marriage, which is made up of aged parents without an heir. The rural household and/or family have undergone crucial changes in respect of three main segments: 1) size; 2) structure; and 3) position and role of family members. This last aspect has been the subject of numerous comprehensive studies into the way of life in villages. The analysis of family relations in a village was conducted in two segments: intra-generation (between spouses and between children, especially of different gender) and inter-generation (parent - children relations). Segregation of roles by gender is still characterized by male domination, husband - head of the family, and son - the heir. Housework, parenthood, and the homestead itself (due to the increased engagement of the husband in non-agricultural activities) are the main sources of self-realization of women. Marriage and bearing children (especially male children) represent the main social promotion channel for young girls in a village environment, while education and earning income from work outside the village do not ensure a significant role in making decisions on family life in general, children's future or even personal destiny. Incidence of conflict in marriage is rare. Satisfaction with a twofold role of the mother and housekeeper is very high as well as understanding for tl1e difficulties of the social position of a man - the "bread winner" in the current social crisis and disintegration. The author points to the lack of data on rural households in Kosovo and Metohia caused by the boycott of the latest census by the majority, ethnic Albanian population. An attempt was hence made to compensate for the lack of quantitative information by presenting results of representative investigation of Albanian zadrugas in Kosovo and Metohia.

Early marriage is a violation of human rights outside of the free will, which restricts many rights and freedoms of girls under 18 years of age. Cultural norms, traditional masculine society structure, poverty and wars are effective, and there is a question that remains unresolved despite the legitimacy. It is more prevalent in backward poor countries and developing societies. The country in the first place in the world is Central Africa and more than half (58%) of these women have to marry children. In Turkey, the rate is 5.2% of the total marriages in 2015. The most common province is Kars.When the literature is examined, the causes of early marriage are gender discrimination, low socioeconomic status, cultural factors, traditional assumptions and religious beliefs, male domination and patriarchal society.Children with global problems are threatening women's health. These children who are not ready for sexual life are vulnerable to inadequacy in family planning, unwanted pregnancy, excessive number of births, premature births, mother and infant deaths. In addition, early marriages also contain risks that adversely affect women's health, such as sexual violence, sexual health problems, sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer. The fact that these marriages are not legal makes it difficult to diagnose the risks that children may encounter and to provide nursing and counseling services by nurses.It is suggested that nurses should take an active role in raising awareness of traditional families and their children, to organize training programs and to build interdisciplinary business associations to raise social awareness. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetErken yaş evlilik, 18 yaş altı kızların birçok hak ve özgürlüğünü kısıtlayan, özgür iradeleri dışında gerçekleşen insan hakları ihlalidir. Kültürel normlar, geleneksel eril toplum yapısı, yoksulluk ve savaşların etkin olduğu, yasalara rağmen çözümsüz kalan bir sorundur. Geri kalmış yoksul ülkelerde ve gelişmekte olan toplumlarda daha yaygın görülmektedir. Dünyada ilk sırada yer alan ülke Orta Afrika'dır ve buradaki kadınların yarısından fazlası (%58) çocuk yaşta evlenmek zorunda kalmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise toplam resmi evlilikler içindeki oranı 2015 yılında %5.2’dir. En yaygın olan il Kars’tır.Literatür incelendiğinde erken yaş evlilik nedenleri, tolumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, düşük sosyo ekonomik durum, kültürel etmenler, geleneksel kabuller, dini inançlar, erkek egemenliği ve ataerkil toplum yapısıdır.Global sorun olan çocuk yaştaki evlilikler kadın sağlığını tehdit etmektedir. Cinsel yaşama hazır olmayan bu çocuklar, aile planlamasında yetersizlik, istenmeyen gebelik, fazla sayıda doğum, erken doğum, anne ve bebek ölümlerine karşı savunmasız kalmaktadırlar. Ayrıca erken yaş evlilikler cinsel şiddet, cinsel sağlık sorunları, cinsel yolla bulaşan enfeksiyonlar ve serviks kanseri gibi kadın sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen riskleri de barındırmaktadır. Bu evliliklerin yasal olmaması çocukların karşılaşabilecekleri risklerin tanılanmasını, hemşire ve ebeler tarafından bakım ve danışmanlık hizmeti vermelerini güçleştirmektedir.Hemşirelerin toplumsal farkındalığın arttırılması konusunda geleneksel aileler ve çocuklarını bilinçlendirmede etkin rol almaları, eğitim programları düzenlemeleri ve disiplinler arası iş birliği yapmaları önerilebilir.

Women have always been the subject of art in terms of their biological and physiological characteristics. The compositions that are shaped in accordance with contents have different nuances in terms of form according to the cultural structure in the arts of civilizations with functional practices and sub-meaning interpretations. Despite this, they have common characteristics in terms of woman/body/sexuality on social duty and classification. Such that male domination social gender roles, gender discrimination based on biology bring along some restrictions and exclusion, and that degrades women to the subject of scopophilic. Gender structure in art is exposed with unfair visual codes, disadvantageous images, improper female circumstances and erotic nudity in many compositions. Women body that is turned into a theatrical material, their identity and gender are abstracted, their image, representation, symbol and government connetion shows the demands of male dominant structure. In this frame, the aim of this study is to analyze the affect of gender roles, patterns, the woman themed art pieces in historical process that is oriented towards structuring, building a sustainable woman perception in male dominant systems of societies on art history. Accordingly, the study is important in terms of showing the systematical dominances on woman identity, body, sexuality created by male dominant sense of art and art literature research in terms of turning femininity into a different construction other than its natural positions and clarifying the problem of re-naming and re-structuring the position of woman and body today. Literature research and descriptive research methods are used in this study. Related visuals and written resources are analyzed and the parts that are related to the content of this article are handled in a manner that creates meaningful unity. Keywords: Masculinity/femininity, male statement and work of art, social gender and art

The article deals with the growth and reduction of population in the Kharkiv Governorate provincial cities in 1861-1917, the features of its social, age, national structures according to different types to population size and administrative status. It is stressed that life of small and medium sized Ukrainian cities at late Russian empire is rarely kept under review by professional historians; the books which periodically appear in the intellectual area of modern Ukraine are written by local historians, who are inclined to idealize their local officials and all events in the past. The article is based on the documents from the State Archive of Kharkiv Region, official publications, statistics and the materials from periodical press. It is argues that from 1861 to 1914 occured an intensive growth of the population of provincial towns of Governorate: 1,35 times at the second part of 19 century and 1,5 at the beginning of XX century; sufficient percent reduction in the district and non-district city population within the Governorate, the Kharkiv population ultrafast growth at 1861-1897 and stabilization of the ratio between the population of the Governorate center and provincial cities. It is emphasizes that if at 1861 there was only small and smallest towns in region, then were appeared five average population cities and only three of the smallest cities remained at the beginning of the 20th century; the provincial cities population structure was closer to the rural population structure and the percentage of intellectuals, city-dwellers employed in trade, financial or industrial spheres, people of the most working age was significant less than in Kharkiv; the male domination wasnʼt significant in provincial towns, but the ethnic composition of the provincial cities differed significantly from that of the Governorate center. The First World War influenced the reduction by 18% the provincial cities population, varied the employment structure of the urban dwellers and caused a significant weakening of the urban elite.

Purpose Gender inequality and sexism are often at the root of domestic violence against women and children, with both serving to justify male domination. This runs in parallel with mother-blaming bias, which constitutes a pervasive common sense and scientific error derived from the myth of the good and the bad mother, characterising a large part of studies on deviance. The purpose of this paper is to consider the possible role of sexism in prisoners’ deviant biographies; for this, the authors considered the role of the mother in the biographies of prisoners, and the results lend support to the idea that mother-blaming is a serious fallacy. Starting from a critical psychology point of view and following the retrospective methodology, the authors interviewed 22 drug-addicted prisoners through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) regarding their biographies and their relationships with parents and partners. Design/methodology/approach In the survey, the authors followed the same intention, and the results lend support to the idea that mother-blaming is a serious fallacy. The authors interviewed 22 drug-addicted prisoners through IPA concerning their biographies and their relationships with parents and partners. Findings The main result of this qualitative study was the recognition of a fundamental sexism assumed by participants, characterised by a paradox between the representation of the mother and the representation of the ideal woman. Despite the mother being their positive affective referent, and battered by her husband/partner, the same participants had been witnesses of domestic violence, and sometimes victims, they interiorised from their father an ambivalent sexism: benevolent sexism with regard to their mother and exhibited hostile sexism with their partner. On the one hand, it emerged that female empowerment was desirable with respect to the mothers. On the other hand, the ideal woman was exactly as their mother was, that is, being absolutely subordinated to men (a patient, caring, submissive housewife, totally dedicated to her children and her husband). Research limitations/implications From a mainstream psychological perspective, the limits of the research are linked to the utilisation of the narrative method. Also, this methodology does not verify any hypotheses, so quotations from the participants are used to illustrate themes, and thus, it is difficult to report the informational complexities arising from the dialogues. However, the literature has emphasised that these limitations do not invalidate qualitative research findings, despite the difficulties in generalising the results of the qualitative studies. Thereafter, the critical analysis moved within the intersection of experience-centred approaches and the culturally oriented treatment of narratives, so that the focus on the stories of the prisoners makes meaning because it applies structure to experience, albeit, with the form and content of the texts. This research did not permit us to measure and evaluate post-hoc any post-traumatic hypotheses, which, in turn, would give room for further research. Another limitation of the research was that the relationship between culture of origin and gender biases, especially with participants from non-European countries, was not analysed. This topic would require an important in-depth study, which encompasses how women are treated in different countries and its effects on social maladjustment for immigrants in Italy. Practical implications The outcome of this study suggests that within similar structures in the Institute of Mitigated Custody, the theme of sexism should be considered in more depth. Since sexism justifies violence against women, and is therefore a factor that can cause recidivism in the antisocial behaviour of prisoners once they have served their sentences. It is important to allow them to analyse the relationship between their sexist attitudes, witnessing violence in childhood and the possibility of changing moral values of reference in favour of equality. This type of psychological intervention must necessarily be based not only on the elaboration of traumas suffered during childhood with an abusive father, but also on issues related to gender equality and the theme of social inclusion. Social implications The study suggests the idea that male sexism can be a factor responsible for suffering and maladjustment for men and that therefore an education that promotes equality of gender differences can also help prevent the social distress associated with drug addiction and deviance. Originality/value The paper considers some cogent issues inherent to ambivalent sexism that pervades prisoners’ aspirations for their future.