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1
Virtanen, Suvi, and Herman Savinen. "Changes in the gendered nature of homicides: Comparing 20th- and 21st-century Finland." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 4 (October 4, 2016): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816669170.
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Women commit fewer homicides than men, yet recent research has suggested that the nature of female-perpetrated homicides has started to resemble that of male perpetration. This study examines gender differences and changes in the nature of female and male homicides, and aims to demonstrate how developments in Finnish society, such as the formation of the welfare state, are reflected in the gendered nature of homicide offending. Data consist of samples from the early 20th and 21st centuries. Comparisons in frequencies are made concerning the profiles of the victim and the offender, as well as the context of the crime. Results indicate that female offending is more similar to male offending in the 21st century than it was in the early 20th century.
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Suonpää, Karoliina, and Jukka Savolainen. "When a Woman Kills Her Man: Gender and Victim Precipitation in Homicide." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 11 (March 8, 2019): 2398–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260519834987.
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This research revisited the claim that victim precipitation (VP) is especially prevalent in situations where women kill their male intimate partners. Using administrative data from the Finnish Homicide Monitor ( N =1,494), we created a typology of homicide incidents to examine variation in VP across three factors: the gender of the offender, the gender of the victim, and the intimacy of the victim–offender relationship. The results from regression models demonstrated strong support for the assumption that killings by women of their male intimate partners are more likely to have been victim precipitated than other types of homicide. This homicide type stood out as having the strongest association with each measure of VP included in the analysis. We did not observe statistically significant differences in VP among other homicide types. For example, we did not observe gender differences in VP in homicides that did not involve intimate partners. This pattern of results contradicts prior evidence suggesting that VP is a general feature of female-perpetrated killings, independent of the gender of the victim and the intimacy of the victim–offender relationship. As such, the present study underscores the importance of replication in studies of interpersonal violence. Theoretically, the results support the gender–partner interaction hypothesis over gender differences hypothesis of VP.
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Allen, Terry, Sonia Salari, and Glen Buckner. "Homicide Illustrated Across the Ages: Graphic Depictions of Victim and Offender Age, Sex, and Relationship." Journal of Aging and Health 32, no. 3-4 (November 23, 2018): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264318812347.
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Objective: A total of 34 years of FBI Supplementary Homicide Reports were examined using statistical graphics to illustrate patterns across ages, by sex, and victim/offender relationships (intimate partner [IP], other family, acquaintance, or stranger). Method: An innovative fourfold display and victim/sex-specific scatterplots with overlaid deviation ellipses determine the age/sex patterns for each relationship. Results: We illustrate numerous acquaintance killings among young men and improve our understanding of predictors by sex, relationship, and circumstances in mid/later life. Male victims of strangers are either older with young male offenders or vice versa. Female acquaintance and stranger homicides are rare. Within families, older male parents are killed by adult offspring, but rarely by IP. The majority of elder femicide is perpetrated by IP or other family. Discussion: U.S. murder rates are rising, and we found children from 6 to 12 years were least likely to die by homicide. Elder femicide risk from IP and other kin indicated danger from within the home.
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Fegadel, Averi R., and Kathleen M. Heide. "Offspring-Perpetrated Familicide." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 61, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15589091.
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The majority of studies examining familicide involve the male head of the family killing his wife or intimate partner and children. Little research exists on familicide cases involving children killing one or both parents plus other family members (siblings, grandparents, etc.). This study used the National Incident-Based Reporting System, which currently contains arrest data for about 25% of the U.S. population, to examine familicide incidents perpetrated by adult and juvenile offenders over the 20-year period from 1991 to 2010. Fourteen cases of familicide involving two different family victim types were identified. None of these cases involved multiple offenders. Frequencies reported include victim, offender, and incident characteristics. The typical familicide offender was a White male approximately 26 years of age. Firearms predominated as murder weapons in these incidents; however, when a biological mother was one of the victims, offenders used more diverse methods. Only one case of familicide involved a female offender. Newspapers were searched to supplement available case information. Findings from this study were similar to cases identified by Liem and Reichelmann as “extended parricide cases” in their familicide study using Supplementary Homicide Report data. Study limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Sebire, Jacqueline. "The Value of Incorporating Measures of Relationship Concordance When Constructing Profiles of Intimate Partner Homicides: A Descriptive Study of IPH Committed Within London, 1998-2009." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 10 (June 24, 2015): 1476–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589565.
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This article presents a profile of intimate partner homicides (IPH) committed within London incorporating a gendered comparison of the perpetrators’ relationships. Data was sourced from the original police files for offenses committed in the capital between 1998 and 2009 ( N = 207; 173 male and 34 female perpetrators). In common with other international descriptive studies, the results indicate comparative differences between partners according to perpetrator gender in terms of age profiles, employment status, experience of mental health issues, intoxication at time of killing, and possession of criminal convictions. Gender-based IPH descriptive studies have tended to focus on a collation of either victim or perpetrator or relationship characteristics, often in isolation from one another. Assessments of how parties interact within fatal relationships are invariably absent, and yet, it is the relationship that forms the backdrop against which the fatal acts are perpetrated. This study, therefore, not only provides an insight into the profile of IPH committed within London where none had previously existed but also demonstrates the advantages of incorporating relationship concordance measures. The inclusion of such measures when researching IPH assists homicide investigators in understanding the dynamics taking place within the cohort of fatal relationships they police. It also provides researchers a useful platform to enhance understanding of this crucial aspect, for it is the relationship itself which is what defines IPH and distinguishes as a unique subset of homicide.
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Di Marco, Martín Hernán. "Is Homicide a Turning Point in the Life of Perpetrators? A Narrative Analysis of the Life Stories of Marginalized and Middle-Class Male Homicide Offenders in Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina." Qualitative Sociology Review 18, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.18.4.06.
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This paper aims to analyze the relevance given to violent deaths and imprisonment by male homicide perpetrators in their biographical reconstructions. Drawing on narrative criminology, this study examines the offenders’ emic terms, rationalities, and stories. The analysis is based on seventy-three purposefully selected narrative-biographical interviews and field observations in prisons and homes of former convicts (2016-2020) in Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina. The corpus was analyzed following an inductive thematic coding strategy using ATLAS.ti. Three central narratives about homicide and incarceration emerged: “opportunity,” “rock bottom,” and “disruptive.” For most, homicide was described as a biographical opportunity to rethink their lives, pursue new pathways, and “stabilize” a previously uncontrolled lifestyle. However, homicides perpetrated by respondents with higher socioeconomic status were disruptive events. Participants used stoic rationality—the positive appraisal of painful experiences—to structure their sense-making and stories of violence. This rationality permeated perpetrators’ presentations of themselves, their turning points and lived experiences, and the violence performed and suffered. This paper grapples with the widespread assumption that homicide is a radical change in the lives of offenders and questions the universal meaning of violent death. Performing violence is not only neutralized but is also seen as an expected and inaugural event in life stories, dependent on the worldviews of the social actors.
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Szalewski, Alec, Lin Huff-Corzine, and Amy Reckdenwald. "Trading Places: Microlevel Predictors of Women Who Commit Intimate Partner Homicide." Homicide Studies 23, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 344–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767919829514.
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Intimate partner homicide (IPH) research has established the importance of the offender’s gender regarding motivations, situations, and structures present in the offense. However, little is known about female IPH perpetrators’ microlevel characteristics, despite research indicating female IPH offense numbers are closer to males’ than in other homicide types. To fill this gap, the current exploratory study assesses the likelihood of female-perpetrated IPH by the couples demographics, weapon type, relationship status, and regional location of the homicide. Using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR), results show microlevel gender-specific differences. Female, compared to male, IPH perpetrators more often kill in intraracial, compared to interracial relationships, and are more likely to kill in dating rather than marital relationships.
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Salari, Sonia L., and Carrie Sillito. "POLICIES AND PREVENTION OF U.S. WOMEN’S VIOLENT DEATH ACROSS AGES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S478—S479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1782.
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Abstract U.S. violent death rates (homicide and suicide) are the highest in the developed world. Of all female murders (femicide), the majority are male perpetrated, intimate partner violence (IPV- 55-63%). Men are more often killed and by other male acquaintances, with only 2.8% IPV. Proportionally, older women (50+) have the top homicide victim rate (26%) among women. The baby boom cohort has been suicidal and aging has exacerbated the problem. Women are less likely to kill themselves, and the methods differ. We ask are mid and later life women’s lethal victimization similar to younger women? What are policy implications for prevention? Our research uses national level data from news surveillance of 728 intimate partner homicide suicide (IPHS) events and the State Firearm Law Database (SFLD) to improve our understanding of violent cause mortality by sex, age, method and location. IPHS patterns show 90% of events used firearm and 90% were male perpetrated. Results of multivariate analyses show young women had greater awareness and fear before IPHS. Evidence finds older men sometimes decided to kill their IP as part of their own suicide, without a history of known domestic violence. Older women have disproportionately low use of shelters, police and protective orders. SFLD shows population adjusted states with more DV firearms laws have significantly fewer IPHS events. Firearm culture has restricted research, blocked law enforcement and has done little to reduce gun access in households with vulnerable populations (e.g., suicidal husbands). Lethality Assessment Protocols could be modified for elder women’s unique situation.
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Carlsson, Linnea, Henrik Lysell, Viveka Enander, Karin Örmon, Solveig Lövestad, and Gunilla Krantz. "Socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics of male and female perpetrators in intimate partner homicide: A case-control study from Region Västra Götaland, Sweden." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): e0256064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256064.
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Risk factor studies on male-perpetrated intimate partner homicide (IPH) are often compared with studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) or non-partner homicide perpetrators. This not only excludes female perpetrators, but also fails to take socio-demographic and psychosocial differences between perpetrators and the general population into consideration. The aim of this study was to examine male- and female-perpetrated IPH cases, and to compare socio-demographic factors in IPH perpetrators and in matched controls from the general population. Data were retrieved from preliminary inquiries, court records and national registers for 48 men and 10 women, who were perpetrators of IPH committed in 2000–2016 and residing in Region Västra Götaland, Sweden. The control group consisted of 480 men and 100 women matched for age, sex and residence parish. Logistic regression, yielding odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), was performed for male perpetrators and male controls to investigate associations for selected socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics. This was not performed for females due to the small sample size. Female perpetrators were convicted of murder to a lesser extent than male perpetrators. No woman was sentenced to life imprisonment while five men were. Jealousy and separation were the most common motivational factors for male perpetration while the predominant factor for female perpetrators was subjection to IPV. Statistically significant differences were found between male perpetrators and male controls in unemployment rate (n = 47.9%/20.6%; OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.2–8.6), receiving benefits (n = 20.8%/4.8%; OR 5.2; 95% CI 2.3–11.7) and annual disposable income (n = 43.8%/23.3% low income; OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.9–14.2) one year prior to the crime. Female IPH perpetrators were less educated than female controls (≤ 9-year education 30%/12%) and were more often unemployed (70%/23%) one year before the crime. Male and female IPH perpetrators were socio-economically disadvantaged, compared with controls from the general population.
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Graham, Laurie M., Kashika M. Sahay, Cynthia F. Rizo, Jill T. Messing, and Rebecca J. Macy. "The Validity and Reliability of Available Intimate Partner Homicide and Reassault Risk Assessment Tools: A Systematic Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 22, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018821952.
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At least one in seven homicides around the world is perpetrated by intimate partners. The danger of intimate partner homicide (IPH) associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) has led to the development of numerous IPV reassault and IPH risk assessment tools. Using 18 electronic databases and research repositories, we conducted a systematic review of IPH or IPV reassault risk assessment instruments. After review, 43 studies reported in 42 articles met inclusion criteria. We systematically extracted, analyzed, and synthesized data on tools studied, sample details, data collection location, study design, analysis methods, validity, reliability, and feasibility of use. Findings indicate that researchers in eight countries have tested 18 distinct IPH or IPV reassault risk assessment tools. The tools are designed for various professionals including law enforcement, first responders, and social workers. Twenty-six studies focused on assessing the risk of male perpetrators, although eight included female perpetrators. Eighteen studies tested tools with people in mixed-sex relationships, though many studies did not explicitly report the gender of both the perpetrators and victims/survivors. The majority of studies were administered or coded by researchers rather than administered in real-world settings. Reliable and valid instruments that accurately and feasibly assess the risk of IPH and IPV reassault in community settings are necessary for improving public safety and reducing violent deaths. Although researchers have developed several instruments assessing different risk factors, systematic research on the feasibility of using these instruments in practice settings is lacking.
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Jardak, D., S. Omri, I. Chaari, N. Smaoui, R. Feki, J. Ben Thabet, L. Zouari, N. Charfi, M. Maalej Bouali, and M. Maalej. "Characteristics of violent adolescents examined in a forensic psychiatric assessment." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.612.
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Introduction The acts of violence committed by adolescents are becoming increasingly more common, generating problems of a diverse nature.ObjectivesTo study the main characteristics of violent adolescent examined in a forensic psychiatric assessment.Methods This is a retrospective study which examined the expert files of the subjects aged between 14 and 20 years charged with violence, which were examined in the context of criminal psychiatric expertise in the psychiatry department of Hedi Chaker University Hospital in Sfax (Tunisia), between January 2002 and December 2018.Results Our study included 34 forensic psychiatric assessments. The male sex was predominant (94,1%). The mean age was 19,2 years. The perpetrators were unmarried (100%), with a primary school level or less (55,9%), and low socioeconomic level in all cases. They had personal criminal records in 20,6% One-fifth had experienced emotional deprivation in childhood. The father was described as violent in 20,6% of cases. The most common diagnosis were antisocial personality disorder (55,9%) and mental retardation (29,4%). The main offences were homicide and attempted homicide (47.1%), assault and battery (26,5%) and sexual offences (20,6%). The experts had concluded to a “non-criminal responsibility” in 38,2% of cases.ConclusionsThe knowledge of epidemiology of violence perpetrated by adolescents highlights the need for targeted research, policy and programming responses for its prevention.Conflict of interestNo significant relationships.
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Reidy, Thomas J., Jon R. Sorensen, and Heidi Stone Bonner. "Prison Homicide: An Extension of Violent Criminal Careers?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 4, 2017): 5676–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517721895.
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This study investigated prison homicide perpetrators through the lens of the career criminal perspective. Prison homicide, while a rare event, has critical implications for the prison environment. Despite its importance as a form of institutional violence that must be addressed, only four studies in the past five decades have explored the characteristics of homicide perpetrators/victims, the motives, and circumstances of the crime. The goal of the current study was to develop a better understanding of prison homicide by examining 54 perpetrators who committed 37 inmate homicides over 40 years in a mid-Western state prison system. Results showed that prison homicides typically involved a younger male inmate perpetrator, acting independently, murdering an older inmate, in his cell, by stabbing or beating the victim during an altercation. Perpetrators, in comparison with victims and prisoners in general, had a record indicating more prior community homicides, elevated institutional risk scores, and higher rates of serious and assaultive prison misconduct, all indicative of prior community and prison maladjustment. Consistent with career criminal research, prison homicide perpetrators constitute a small but distinct subset of habitually deviant criminals that perpetrate high rates of criminal and violent behavior regardless of context.
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Cooper, Mary, and Derek Eaves. "Suicide Following Homicide in the Family." Violence and Victims 11, no. 2 (January 1996): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.2.99.
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Previous research has established that perpetrators of homicide-suicide share more characteristics with those who commit suicide than they do with those who commit homicide without suicide. This article examines the characteristics of victims, perpetrators and the circumstances leading to the homicide of a sample of familial homicide-suicides and familial homicides in southwest British Columbia. A familial homicide was defined as one in which the victim and perpetrator were related directly or indirectly through blood or an intimate relationship. Suicide only occurred following the killing of an intimate partner and/or offspring. Consistent with an evolutionary perspective, homicides followed by suicide were most often attributable to male proprietariness (manifested by killing former intimate partners or offspring following an intimate separation) or mental illness. By contrast, none of the murders which occurred as a result of violence by the victim, child abuse, family conflict, or financial/criminal motives was followed by suicide.
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Adinkrah, Mensah. "Male Sexual Jealousy Homicides in Fiji: Victims, Offenders, and Incident Characteristics." International Annals of Criminology 59, no. 2 (November 2021): 136–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2021.15.
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AbstractNumerous studies find that sexual jealousy is a motivating factor in many intimate partner femicides. Given the paucity of scholarship in non-Western societies, the current article sought to extend empirical knowledge on the subject by focusing on sexual jealousy homicides in Fiji. A total of 30 male sexual jealousy homicides and attempted homicides in that society during 2010–2020 were identified through a thorough search of official court documents and local media sources. An in-depth criminological analysis of each case focused on victim and perpetrator attributes and offense features. The article finds that each homicide became a high-profile case, judging by the amount of media coverage afforded the incident and the degree of public interest demonstrated in the case. In 24 out of the 25 homicide cases, an aggrieved husband slew a supposed adulterous wife; the assailant killed his wife’s new consort in the remaining case. The mean age differential between perpetrators and victims was 7.9 years, and the mean length of the marital relationship was more than five years. Stabbing with kitchen knives, slashing with machetes, and manual asphyxiation were the dominant modes of offense perpetration. Nearly all cases evinced the following triple features of male sexual jealousy homicides: jealous rage, premeditation, and excessive violence. Summaries of all 30 cases are proffered in the article to reveal their essential features.
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McGrath, Melissa, and Femi Oyebode. "Characteristics of Perpetrators of Homicide in Independent Inquiries." Medicine, Science and the Law 45, no. 3 (July 2005): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.45.3.233.
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An independent inquiry has been mandatory for all homicides committed by persons in contact with mental health services in England and Wales since 1994. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed description of the characteristics of the perpetrators of homicides covered by the independent inquiries between 1994 and 2002. Ninety-seven published inquiry reports were collected for analysis. Descriptive case data regarding the perpetrator was manually abstracted from each report using a structured questionnaire. Ninety-nine individuals committed 109 homicides. Most perpetrators of homicide were male, with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic illness. Victims are most likely to be a family member or an acquaintance. Psychotic symptoms as well as alcohol or substance misuse were found to be present at the time of homicide. Comparisons with the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicides and Homicide by People with a Mental Illness suggest that independent inquiries appear to focus on high profile cases. Patient characteristics can be used to inform risk assessments that may improve current prediction of violence in mentally ill persons.
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Kagan, Karol. "Miejsce zdarzenia jako źródło informacji w procesie tworzenia profilu kryminalnego nieznanego sprawcy zabójstwa." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.5.81-102.
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<p>This study is about the crime scene as a valuable source of information about <em>modus operandi</em>, motives and characteristics of the perpetrator of the homicide crime. Based on Polish and foreign literature, the author made attempts to present various concepts of the perception of the crime scene in the criminal profiling process, as well as to indicate the key elements of the behavior of the perpetrator of the homicide resulting from the manner of proceeding, which can be interpreted from the crime scene. The study also presents the basic assumptions regarding the construction of criminal profiles of unknown perpetrators of homicides, with particular emphasis on the dichotomous concept of division into organised and disorganised perpetrators and the possibility of making other conclusions as to the psychophysical characteristics of the perpetrators of homicides. Thus, it is a form of universal presentation of the problem and may be of interest, in particular, to law practitioners.</p>
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Shaw, Jenny, Tim Amos, Isabelle M. Hunt, Sandra Flynn, Pauline Turnbull, Navneet Kapur, and Louis Appleby. "Mental illness in people who kill strangers: longitudinal study and national clinical survey." BMJ 328, no. 7442 (March 25, 2004): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7442.734.
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AbstractObjectives To establish changes over time in the frequency of homicides committed by strangers, and to describe the personal and clinical characteristics of perpetrators of stranger homicides.Design Longitudinal study and national clinical survey.Participants People convicted of homicide in England and Wales between 1996 and 1999 and whether the victim was known to the perpetrator.Setting England and Wales.Main outcome measure Characteristics of perpetrators of homicides according to whether victims were strangers or not.Results Stranger homicides increased between 1967 and 1997, both in number and as a proportion of all homicides. No increase was found, however, in the number of perpetrators placed under a hospital order after homicide, whether all homicides or stranger homicides only. 358 of 1594 (22%) homicides were stranger homicides. In these cases the perpetrator was more likely to be male and young. The method of killing was more likely to be by hitting, kicking, or pushing (36% (130 of 358) for victims who were strangers to the perpetrator compared with 14% (145 of 1074) for victims who were known). Perpetrators were less likely to have a history of mental disorder (34%, n = 80 ν 50%, n = 142), a history of contact with mental health services (16%, 37 of 234 ν 24%, 200 of 824), and psychiatric symptoms at the time of the offence (6%, n = 14 ν 18%, n = 143). They were more likely to have a history of drug misuse (47%, n = 93 ν 37%, n = 272); alcohol (56%, n = 94 ν 41%, n = 285) or drugs (24% n = 44 ν 12%, n = 86) were more likely to have contributed to the offence.Conclusions Stranger homicides have increased, but the increase is not the result of homicides by mentally ill people and therefore the “care in the community” policy. Stranger homicides are more likely to be related to alcohol or drug misuse by young men.
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DeLisi, Matt, and H. Daniel Butler. "Murder as Importation: An Empirical Study of the Continuity of Homicide Offending From Community to Confinement." Homicide Studies 24, no. 4 (June 11, 2020): 398–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767920928106.
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Prison murder is the most severe form of institutional violence but its exceedingly low prevalence has limited prior research. Recent studies of prison murders make clear that serious, violent, and chronic career criminals are most likely to perpetrate inmate murders with equivocal evidence of the role of prior homicide offending on prison murder. Using retrospective administrative data from 1,005 prisoners selected from the southwestern United States, the current study examined whether homicide offending in the community is itself an importation factor that is useful for understanding prison murder and thus can be used to understand continuity in homicidal offending from the community to confinement context. Rare events logistic regression models found that individuals sentenced for first-degree murder are more likely to perpetrate prison murder. A separate rare events logistic regression model with any type of homicide commitment offense as a predictor provided similar findings suggesting these effects are robust to model specification. Given its gravity and fundamental threat to prison safety and security, we encourage data collection and additional research on prison murder and the inmates that perpetrate it.
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Beauregard, Eric, Matt DeLisi, and Ashley Hewitt. "Sexual Murderers: Sex Offender, Murderer, or Both?" Sexual Abuse 30, no. 8 (June 5, 2017): 932–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217711446.
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Sexual murderers perpetrate homicide and rape/sexual abuse, but it is unclear whether they should primarily be considered homicide offenders, sexual offenders, or both. Most studies have merged together different types of non-homicidal sex offenders (NHSOs), neglecting to consider the potential differences between the nonviolent and violent sex offenders. Here, we suggest it is important to isolate those violent sex offenders who inflict severe physical injuries that could potentially lead to a lethal outcome. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to compare different measures of the criminal career on three groups of sex offenders: NHSOs, violent NHSOs, and sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) using data from 616 incarcerated male sex offenders in a Federal penitentiary in Canada. Interestingly, the group of sex offenders with the worst criminal career profile was not the SHOs, but the violent NHSOs. Violent NHSOs had the greatest number of prior convictions and the most varied and versatile criminal career. Therefore, we suggest that based on their criminal career, SHOs should be considered more as murderers than sex offenders. However, to fully answer this question, future studies should include a group of non-sexual homicide offenders.
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Simpson, Alexander I. F., Stephen Allnutt, and David Chaplow. "Inquiries Into Homicides and Serious Violence Perpetrated by Psychiatric Patients in New Zealand: Need for Consistency of Method and Result Analysis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 3 (June 2001): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00894.x.
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Background: The violent action of mentally ill people is a source of considerable public and professional concern. At times such incidents are subject to inquiry. In England and Wales, homicides by people suffering from mental illness are subject to mandatory external inquiry. Further, the Royal College of Psychiatrists coordinates a confidential research study into homicide and suicide by people in contact with mental health services. Inquiries have raised concern regarding widespread problems in mental health service delivery. Within New Zealand, similar concerns have been raised, but inquiries have been irregular and not of consistent methodology. The paper aims to review 10 years of inquiries into violent incidents to describe their methods, structure and findings. Method: All inquiries into violent actions perpetrated by patients in contact with mental health services between 1988 and 1998 and held by the Ministry of Health were reviewed. The nature of the inquiry, the incident, findings and recommendations were summarized. For each inquiry, an assessment was made as to whether the incident was predictable or preventable. Results: There were 11 incidents leading to 13 inquiries, six of homicide, two of rape, one of the release of a dangerous patient and two in which a patient was shot by police. Two internal inquiries were followed by external inquiries. All inquiries found deficiencies of varying severity, the degree of deficiency being greater with external inquiries. Consistent criticisms related to skill, resource, coordination and communication failures. Two of the 11 inquiries found the incident to be ‘predictable’, and eight to have been ‘preventable’. Conclusions: The problems in New Zealand are similar to those noted in England and Wales. Small numbers of inquiries make firm conclusions difficult, but the authors feel that a mandatory process of independent review of serious incidents is wise.
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Rubanzana, Wilson, Bethany L. Hedt-Gauthier, Joseph Ntaganira, and Michael D. Freeman. "Exposure to Genocide as a Risk Factor for Homicide Perpetration in Rwanda: A Population-Based Case–Control Study." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 12 (December 16, 2015): 1855–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515619749.
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A population-based case-control study was conducted to assess the relationship between genocide exposure and homicide perpetration in Rwanda. A sample of 150 homicide perpetrators who were charged with and confessed to having committed homicide between 1 May 2011 and 31 May 2013 and 450 controls were enrolled. Cases were matched to controls by neighborhood, age and sex. Socio-demographic, background and genocide-related information was collected from study subjects’ next of kin. Four characteristics of genocide exposure were: genocide survivor, genocide perpetrator, having lost a first-degree relative to genocide and having a first-degree relative convicted of genocide. We assessed the impact of each genocide-exposure variable using conditional logistic regression. Of the 150 cases, 124 (82.7%) were male and 26 (17.3%) were female. The mean age of the alleged homicide perpetrators was 33 years, with a peak in the age group 20-29 years (39.3%). After adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics and past common criminal records, having a first-degree relative who had been convicted of genocide crimes was a significant predictor for homicide perpetration (odds ratio [OR] = 14.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-129.4). Being a genocide perpetrator, a genocide survivor and having lost a first-degree family member to genocide were not identified as risk factors for homicide perpetration. In Rwanda, young people who experienced early exposure to trauma by witnessing their first-degree relatives’ active participation in the genocide, are more likely to commit homicide. Socio-economic and psychotherapeutic programs targeting this population group are needed to rehabilitate these young people for violent behavior change.
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Szmukler, George. "Homicide inquiries." Psychiatric Bulletin 24, no. 1 (January 2000): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.24.1.6.
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We recently had a homicide inquiry in our trust. The events around the release of the report made for a demoralising experience. The visible pain in the families of the victim and the perpetrator caused by the tragedy was heart-rending. As Medical Director, I also saw at first hand the powerful impact on the members of the team involved, my colleagues in general, the trust management and the health authority, all of whom strive to provide effective mental health services in one of the most deprived areas in the country. There were also political influences, especially the need to be seen not to tolerate poor performance. Allusions to disciplinary issues were not infrequent. We all found it very disturbing. I was forced to think a lot about homicide inquiries and became increasingly struck by a growing number of internal contradictions. I started making notes to help order my thoughts. I offer for discussion some conclusions using this inquiry (Scotland et al, 1998) as an example.
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Ateriya, Navneet, Ashish Saraf, Tanuj Kanchan, Vikas P. Meshram, Raghvendra Singh Shekhawat, and Puneet Setia. "Filicide-suicide: An unusual variant of dyadic death." Medico-Legal Journal 87, no. 1 (July 11, 2018): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817218787392.
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Dyadic suicides may be committed simultaneously or one after another by two or more people who may or may not have made a prior pact. The perpetrator is usually male and their victims female, and generally their intimate partners, with children less commonly involved. Another distinct type of homicide-suicide is the killing of children by a parent (filicide-suicide). The terms ‘maternal filicide’ or ‘paternal filicide’ are used respectively when the perpetrator is the mother or the father of the victim. We report a rare case of maternal filicide, where the mother drowned her three children and then herself in the same water tank. The case highlights the extreme stress put on a mother of girls in a patriarchal society where there is an overriding expectation and wish for sons. The resulting pressure on this mother for her ‘failure’ caused her to take her own and her children's lives.
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Dawson, Akiv. "A space for countering colorblind discourse: constructions of police-perpetrated homicides of African-American males." Critical Studies in Media Communication 35, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 300–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2018.1436763.
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Kagan, Karol. "Maskowanie przestępstwa zabójstwa przez jego sprawcę." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 27, no. 4 (June 15, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2018.27.4.19-38.
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<p>This article deals with the issue of masking the homicide by its perpetrator. The considerations made hereby are an attempt to bring the problem of the behavior of the homicide culprit at the crime scene, as well as outside of it, which are aimed at avoiding criminal liability for the committed crime. Unlimited human imagination leads to a multitude of ways in which criminals can behave in order to try to hinder or prevent their detection by law enforcement agencies. In addition, it should be noted that on the basis of the Polish Penal Code, the perpetrators who mask their offences do not bear criminal liability.</p>
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Guermazi, A., S. Omri, R. Feki, N. Smaoui, M. Maalej Bouali, L. Zouari, J. Ben Thabet, N. Charfi, and M. Maalej. "A descriptive study of fratricide in tunisia." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1019.
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IntroductionViolence between brothers and / or sisters is one of the most important forms of violence within families. To understand homicides between them, the hypothesis of rivalry has been put forward. But how is it really in reality?ObjectivesTo construct both the clinical and medicolegal profile of perpetrators of fratricide and sororicide.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 12 cases of fratricide, which were examined in the context of criminal psychiatric expertise in the psychiatry department of Hedi Chaker University Hospital in Sfax (Tunisia), between January 2002 and December 2018.ResultsThe mean age of offenders was 31.9 years; they were all male. Eight fratricide perpetrators were unmarried and had an irregular occupation. They had a psychiatric follow-up prior to homicide in 5 cases. Previous criminal records were noted in one third of the cases. Three perpetrators of fratricide were using psychoactive substances. History of violence against the victim was presented in 7/12 of cases, and the victim was younger than the perpetrator in 5 cases. Aggression was premeditated in 4 cases. The knife was the most used weapon (11/12). Seven offenders suffered from a major mental illness. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (6/12). The experts had concluded that 8 cases were in a state of insanity at the time of the offense.ConclusionsOur data indicates that fratricides are lack preparation and most often preceded by violence. It seems to be important to do other researches to assess psychopathology and assess risk factors for fratricide.
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Tomsen, Stephen. "Victims, Perpetrators and Fatal Scenarios: A Research Note on Anti-homosexual Male Homicides." International Review of Victimology 9, no. 3 (December 2002): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800200900302.
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Anti-homosexual harassment and violence are often described as ‘hate’ crimes perpetrated by homophobic people who act on an extreme and irrational contempt for the sexual identity of victims, and killings are regarded as the most typical form of these incidents. But there is little detailed international research evidence about the victims, perpetrators and the social aspects of such fatal violent incidents. The author's ongoing study in New South Wales, Australia, has filled some of these gaps. It has drawn evidence from 74 homicides with male victims that occurred in New South Wales between 1980–2000. Information sources were press records, police interviews with suspects, Coroner's court files and documents from the criminal trials of accused perpetrators. Analysis of the social characteristics of victims and perpetrators and the fatal scenarios reflect the significance of situational factors (such as alcohol, illicit drugs and anonymous sexual cruising) as well as the ‘hate’ motive in this fatal violence. Some perpetrators have serious drug use or psychological problems, whereas most killers are young men and boys from socially disadvantaged backgrounds. The major scenarios of killing indicate that these crimes are linked to commonplace issues of male honour and masculine identity that are sharpened in the perpetrators’ situations by their marginal social status.
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Atreya, Alok, Shiva Pandit, Samata Nepal, Jun Bajracharya, and Deepak Shrestha. "Futile Sexual Homicide in Nepal: A Case Report." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 59, no. 243 (November 15, 2021): 1174–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.6057.
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Although cases of sexual offenses are not uncommon in children, they present to the Emergency Department seeking treatment for a medical cause. Sometimes the history of abuse is missed by the treating clinicians who are only focused upon the presenting complaint and not upon the underlying cause. Furthermore, the lack of reporting of sexual abuse in medical literatures makes them a rarity in the Nepalese scenario. We present an uncommon case of a child where the perpetrator who tried to silence her during the sexual intercourse made a futile attempt to kill her cutting her throat with a sickle.
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Spencer, Chelsea M., and Sandra M. Stith. "Risk Factors for Male Perpetration and Female Victimization of Intimate Partner Homicide: A Meta-Analysis." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 3 (June 10, 2018): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018781101.
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Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a serious problem throughout the world. Research has identified the continued need to examine risk factors for IPH to identify individuals who may be at a greater risk of IPH perpetration or victimization. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis on risk factors for male IPH perpetration and female IPH victimization. This meta-analysis examined results from 17 studies, which included 148 effect sizes used in the analysis. Primary findings from this research suggest the strongest risk factors for IPH were the perpetrator having direct access to a gun, perpetrator’s previous nonfatal strangulation, perpetrator’s previous rape of the victim, perpetrator’s previous threat with a weapon, the perpetrator’s demonstration of controlling behaviors, and the perpetrator’s previous threats to harm the victim. Implications for law enforcement personnel, medical professionals, victim advocates, mental health professionals, and other professionals who may be in contact with potential IPH perpetrators and victims are discussed.
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Marks, M. N., and R. Kumar. "Infanticide in England and Wales." Medicine, Science and the Law 33, no. 4 (October 1993): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249303300411.
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In England and Wales children under one year of age are at four times greater risk of becoming victims of homicide than either older children or the general population. The annual rate of infant homicide (45 per million) has remained relatively constant since the Homicide Act (1957) in contrast with a progressive fall in the infant mortality rate. Details from Home Office records of all infants under a year who were the victims of homicide during 1982–1988 are presented. Infants were most at risk on the first day of life — neonates accounted for 21% of victims and 13% of the victims were between one day and one month old. Thereafter the proportion decreased steadily so that by the final quarter of the first year the risk of becoming a homicide victim equalled that of the general population. Excluding neonates, there were more male victims than female ones, especially in the first three months. A parent was the most likely perpetrator. For all neonaticides the mother was recorded as a suspect, 36% of these mothers were subsequently indicted, all but two were convicted of infanticide and all their convictions resulted in probation. For children over a day marginally more fathers than mothers were recorded as the prime suspect. Mother and father suspects were equally likely to be indicted and also equally likely to be convicted of a homicide offence. However, mothers received both less severe convictions and less severe sentences than fathers. Fathers were more likely than mothers to have killed their infants using violence which wounded. Nonetheless sentences were unrelated to the brutality of the offence: mothers who had killed with wounding violence received less severe penalties than fathers who had killed in a non-wounding way.
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Marks, M. N., and R. Kumar. "Infanticide in Scotland." Medicine, Science and the Law 36, no. 4 (October 1996): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249603600405.
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Details from Scottish Office records of all infants under a year who were the victims of homicide in Scotland during 1978–1993 are presented and compared with results from studies of infant homicide in England and Wales. Although Scottish homicide rates in the total population are much higher than those in England and Wales, the annual Scottish infanticide rate (43/million) is remarkably similar to that of England and Wales (45/million). In addition, characteristics of victims and perpetrators are also similar between the two regions. As with England and Wales, in Scotland the younger the infant the greater the risk of becoming the victim of homicide (83% were killed within 6 months of birth); male babies were more frequently killed than female ones; a parent was the most frequent perpetrator (93% of offences); mothers tended to kill neonates but for infants older than a day more fathers than mothers were recorded as the main accused. Mothers and fathers were convicted of similar offences but fathers were less likely to receive non-custodial sentences. Differences in sentencing appeared to be related to either gender-related differences in attributions as to the motivation for the offence, or to the level of violence used against the victim. Offences of mothers were most frequently recorded as being motivated by mental illness, those by fathers as due to rage. Fathers were more likely to have killed by kicking or hitting, mothers by some form of suffocation.
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Silva, Jason, and Margaret Schmuhl. "An Exploration of Female Mass Shooters." Journal of Mass Violence Research 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53076/jmvr95588.
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This research note provides an exploratory examination of female mass shooters in the United States between 1979 and 2019. Specifically, this work provides descriptive statistics of perpetrator, motivation, and incident characteristics. Findings indicate female mass shooters more closely align with male mass shooters than general female homicide and mass murder offenders. The most valuable findings indicate female mass shooters are not motivated by relationship disputes, they often target the workplace, and they are more likely to work in dyads, especially when engaging in ideologically motivated attacks. A discussion of findings provides insight for mass shooting and gender scholars, as well as practitioners seeking to understand female involvement in mass shootings.
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Tosini, Domenico. "Familicide in Italy: An Exploratory Study of Cases Involving Male Perpetrators (1992-2015)." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 21-22 (July 3, 2017): 4814–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517714436.
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This article adds to the literature on familicide by providing specific insights from the Italian experience. It presents results of an exploratory investigation into male-perpetrated familicides in Italy between 1992 and 2015. Familicide is defined as the killing of the spouse or intimate partner, and at least one child, at the hand of the other spouse/partner. Incidents of familicide were collated from newspaper reports. We identified 90 cases, resulting in 207 deaths. On average, perpetrators were middle aged ( M = 46.8; age ranging from 25 to 76), and most ( n = 66; 73%) committed, or attempted to commit, suicide. While significant contributory roles were played by health problems and financial worries, the origin of the primary emotional upset for the killers tended to be interpersonal conflicts involving their partners. For those cases with available information ( n = 56; 62%), six types of familicide were also identified on the basis of the murderer’s homicidal motivations. Most frequent were three circumstances. Fifteen cases concerned the “doubly-protective familicide” (which corresponds to the “suicide-by-proxy”), characterized by the preservation of the family in the face of a presumed catastrophic event. Triggers included the killer’s financial distress, health troubles, or anxiety associated with other personal problems. Thirteen cases referred to “doubly-punitive familicide,” whose distinctive feature, in addition to punishing the partner because of her estrangement, her infidelity, or other disputes, is to directly involve the child(ren) in the punitive homicidal act. The children are viewed as contributory factors to the killer’s stress, or are considered to be in league with the mother. Twelve cases exemplified “indirectly-punitive familicide” (also termed “murder-by-proxy”), in which the victimized child(ren) are killed as an extension of the partner. Overall, this typology provides a more nuanced conceptualization of familicide occurrences than those examined in previous research.
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Sussman, Paul, and Carla Kotze. "Psychiatric features in perpetrators of homicide-unsuccessful-suicide at Weskoppies Hospital in a 5-year period." South African Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v19i1.384.
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<p><strong>Background.</strong> In the absence of medical literature reporting on homicide-unsuccessful-suicide (HUS) cases in which the perpetrator is referred for forensic psychiatric observation present an opportunity to explore psychiatric features pertaining to the event.</p><p><strong>Objective.</strong> To identify possible contributing psychiatric features in HUS cases.</p><p><strong>Method.</strong> A retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study was conducted, in which were reviewed clinical records of HUS subjects referred for observation to Weskoppies Hospital from December 2005 to January 2011. Socio-demographic and psychiatric information was obtained.</p><p><strong> Results.</strong> Nine cases were reviewed. The median age of the subjects was 29 years and 7 subjects were male. Five cases involved family members. Cases involving couples demonstrated male subjects and cases involving filicide demonstrated female subjects. Only 1 case involved the use of a firearm. At the time of the incident, 4 of the cases had no psychiatric diagnosis but notable interpersonal difficulties. Psychotic disorders were diagnosed in 3 subjects, a depressive disorder in 1 subject and a depressive and anxiety disorder in 1 subject.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Subjects commonly used less lethal methods than shooting. The high rate of psychiatric disorders diagnosed is in keeping with court referrals occurring when a mental illness is suspected. Some cases may require specialised probing before psychosis becomes apparent. Identification of psychosocial stressors and failure of coping mechanisms during periods of strife within an intimate relationship may be a focus of future research in homicide-suicide cases. Separation should possibly be investigated as an independent factor which promotes the interpersonal difficulty associated with homicide-suicide.</p>
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Fox, John. "Police practice in cases of sudden and unexpected child death in England and Wales: an investigative deficit?" Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 5, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-03-2019-0018.
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Purpose The system in England and Wales involves a joint agency response to the sudden and unexpected death of a child (SUDC) and, for various reasons, the police contribution to that investigation is sometimes inadequate. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the dilemmas which explain this inadequacy. Design/methodology/approach The arguments presented in the paper are made on the basis of empirically derived findings, drawing from original research based upon qualitative interviews with nine senior detectives working in the areas of child abuse or major crime, as well as focus groups of senior detectives, and a limited contribution from pathologists. Findings This paper explores whether there is an investigative deficit in respect of potential child homicide when compared to an adult domestic homicide, and it concludes that in some areas the most vulnerable people in society may be at risk because of issues such as inadequate training, inflexible force policies and under-resourced police investigation of child death. Practical implications It is possible to kill a child and leave few, if any, physical clues on the body. To determine if homicide is the cause of death, the overall police investigation therefore has to be of high quality to identify any clues that have been left by the perpetrator at the scene or in other ways. It is usual for Child Abuse Investigation Unit detectives to investigate SUDC but they are often trying to do so with little training and few resources. Cuts to police service budgets since 2010 have affected all elements of policing, including Major Crime Teams. As a result, these teams are more discerning about which cases they take on and there is evidence they are not taking on child death investigations even if there are suspicions of homicide. The findings reveal important implications for police investigative training and a clear and significant deficit in the investigative resources available to the lead investigator on a SUDC investigation which may or may not be a homicide, compared with the resources available to the senior investigating officer on a straightforward domestic homicide when the victim is an adult. If homicide is missed, then siblings or future siblings with that family may be left at risk of harm. The College of Policing suggested standards for SUDC investigation are sometimes not being adhered to in respect of training and resources. Originality/value The paper is informed by original qualitative research conducted in 2019. The findings are of value to police policy makers, the College of Policing, and police senior leadership teams.
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Kumar, Sharon D., and Vishal Saini. "Sexual Abuse: Investigation of Rape, Sodomy, and Murder." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS, TRAUMA & VICTIMOLOGY 6, no. 02 (December 25, 2020): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18099/ijetv.v6i02.9.
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There are widely increased in sexual abuse that becomes a severe predicament of every society. It has not only put permanent stains on the deceased, but as well as her entire family into degrades and shame. The sensual abuse cases' progressive contribution was being targeted mostly on women, infants, and homosexuals, by the disparate manner of assault-style like sodomy and the killer is male. Sadly, many children become the sufferer of sex-related homicides perpetrated by the individual who are intended to protect them from evil. Four categories of rapists are power reassurance, power assertive, anger retaliatory, and anger excitation. It is necessary to bring justice to society and should fear the consequences the criminals will face. We present a case study that will bring about the important facts and figures of how forensic science helps give conclusions to the cases. In some situations. Offender profiling has been debate on recommending psychiatric and psychological analysis of the sexual offender in such despicable crime.
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Tzeferakos, G., M. Papagaliaga, C. Papageorgiou, P. Bali, and A. Douzenis. "Demographic and criminal data among psychiatric patients in Greece." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S592—S593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.910.
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IntroductionTo our knowledge, a limited number of studies address criminality among psychiatric patients as depicted in legal files.ObjectivesThe objective of the present study was to provide demographic, psychiatric, legal/criminal data about psychiatric patients in Greece.MethodsLegal case files of 100 adult subjects, 90 male/10 female, 88 Greeks/12 foreigners were reviewed.ResultsSeventy eight percent of the subjects had at least one psychiatric evaluation prior to the commitment of the crime. The main diagnoses at the time of the criminal act were: schizophrenia spectrum psychosis (18%), anti-social/borderline/mixed personality disorder (15%), substance use disorder (15%), alcohol use disorder (10%), depressive affective disorder (6%), mixed anxiety/depressive disorder (6%), bipolar disorder (5%), anti-social personality disorder/substance use disorder (5%), schizophrenia/substance use disorder (3%). In 11% the diagnosis was unknown. Eighty four percent of the crimes committed were homicides/attempted homicides, 6% assaults/(attempted) homicides, 3% property crimes/(attempted) homicides and below 3% assaults, property crimes, sexual offences, drug crimes. The weapon used was a knife/sharp object (42%) or a gun (40%). Perpetrator and victim were strangers in 25% of the cases, just acquaintances in 14%, had a professional relationship in 7%, their relationship was conjugal (15%), they were partners (13%) or relatives (7%). In persons with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis the victims were relatives/spouses in 41.2%, while in other diagnoses the respective percentage was 21.5% (P = 0.044).ConclusionsIn accordance to the international literature, there is a vast need for further research in order to improve forensic psychiatric services and prevent criminality among psychiatric patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Douglas, Delia. "Un/Covering White Lies: Exposing Racism in the Era of Racelessness." Journal of Critical Race Inquiry 7, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 22–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/jcri.v7i2.13536.
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This project examines a Canadian court case that involves the largest arson homicide in the history of Vancouver, British Columbia. In May 2006 a fire killed four members of a Congolese refugee family (Adela Etibako and three of her children, Benedicta, Edita, and Stephane) along with Ashley Singh, the South Asian girlfriend of the target and sole survivor of the fire, Bolingo Etibako. On October 5, 2008 the accused, Nathan Fry, a 20-year-old white male, was found guilty of five counts of first-degree murder and one count of attempted murder. Fry received an automatic life sentence without the possibility of parole for 25 years. This paper considers this crime and the legal proceedings as a case study that can further our understanding of discourses of race, racism, and citizenship in Canada, and their link to Mbembe’s (2003) notion of necropolitics, what he terms as the politics of life and death. I argue that the viciousness of the crime, an offense involving a white male perpetrator and victims all of whom are racialized as Black and Brown, reflects the embodied practices and psychological processes that are both emblematic of, and integral to, the violence of coloniality, and the racial relations and structural arrangements of present-day white settler society (Martinot, 2010; Razack, 2002, 2005). I show how the crime, the investigation, and the trial communicate symbolically and materially what bell hooks (1992) characterizes as the “terrorizing force of white supremacy” (p. 344).
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Tavone, Alessandro Mauro, Giulia Ceccobelli, Giorgia Piizzi, Raimondo Vella, Gabriele Giuga, Andrea Cammarano, Giulia Petroni, and Gian Luca Marella. "Profiling Players Involved in Overkill: An Analysis of 71 Cases in Central Italy." Healthcare 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101873.
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“Overkill” is characterized by the finding of excessive wounds on the victim’s body. Despite the large use of this term, it does not have a definition in the literature yet. Our study aimed to analyze the information related to the dynamics of overkill cases, collecting objective variables, and producing a profile of the players involved in this type of homicides. Data on 71 overkill cases from reports of the autopsies performed in the Section of Legal Medicine of the University of Rome Tor Vergata from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2020 were collected. The victims and the perpetrators of overkill shared similar characteristics: they were usually male aged between 20 and 50 years, more likely in the 20–35 years range; victims however also showed another age peak in the range 50–55 years. The type of damage can be linked to the sole action of a cold weapon or the simultaneous use of multiple harmful tools with no significant differences. The most common motive proved to be a dispute for futile reasons; however, in the case of a single perpetrator of the crime, the economic and passionate motives are as frequent as the previous one. Implications of the findings and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Prakarsa, Aliyth, and Rena Yulia. "Examining Victim Precipitation in Determining a Suspect (A Case Study of Marital Rape That Ended in Death)." Lambung Mangkurat Law Journal 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32801/lamlaj.v7i1.307.
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Marital rape is part of the form of rape in domestic violence. Its limited characteristics in the family sphere and cultural construction make marital rape sometimes escapes the attention of victims and also the community. In Indonesia, marital rape is still considered as abnormally and impossible incident, it is considered as impossible act for a husband to rape his own wife or vice versa. In several cases had occurred in Indonesia, marital rape become a trigger for physical violence that led to murder (homicide). For example in the two cases of homicide has occurred in Serang City in 2021 and Cilegon 2019. In these two cases, marital rape occurred which led to murder or loss of life. This paper will examine women who are victims of marital rape who are designated as murder suspects, a case study in Serang City. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach and cases approach. The results of this study indicate that the determination of woman victims of marital rape as murder suspects in the perspective of victimology does not consider the perspective of the victim's role in the occurrence of a crime. There are two criminal acts happening simultaneously; marital rape and murder. First, the husband as the perpetrator of marital rape against his wife who later becomes a victim of murder due to self defense (the second case). Therefore, in the theory of victim precipitation, the victim plays a role in creating the crime it-self. The causes of marital rape victims who later become perpetrators of murder must also be considered about. The role of the perpetrators of marital rape is active participation which then resulted in his death. The things that attend in this situation must and need to be considered by law enforcement officials, from the first thing when conducting an investigation. This will affect the next law enforcement process. Therefore, victim precipitation must be considered by investigators in reviewing the chronology of the case before determining the suspect in order to fulfill the rights and protection of the actual victims.
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Snider, Carolyn E., Marni Brownell, Brenden Dufault, Nicole Barrett, Heather Prior, and Carla Cochrane. "A multilevel analysis of risk and protective factors for Canadian youth injured or killed by interpersonal violence." Injury Prevention 24, no. 3 (July 24, 2017): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042235.
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PurposeThe study’s purpose was to determine individual-level and neighbourhood-level risk and protective factors for severe intentional injury among youth.MethodsWe conducted a multilevel case–control study using registry data to determine individual-level and neighbourhood-level social determinants associated with severe violent injury/homicide among youth from Winnipeg, Manitoba.ResultsThe study includes 13 206 youth, aged 12–24 years (1222 cases, 11 984 controls). Individual-level risk predictors of being a victim of violence were male sex (OR 5.72 (95% CI 4.77 to 6.86)) and First Nations (OR 2.76 (95% CI 2.32 to 3.29)). Education was inversely associated with victimisation for individuals under (OR 0.36 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.51)) and over (OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.69)) 18 years. Ever having been in protective care (OR 1.66 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.99)), receiving income assistance from the government (OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.51)) or ever having criminal charges (OR 4.76 (95% CI 4.08 to 5.56)) were also significant predictors of being a victim of violence. Neighbourhood-level risk factors for victimisation included low socioeconomic status (OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.25)) and high levels of assault (OR 1.07 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.10)).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a complex web of risk and protective factors among youth injured by violence. It underscores the ongoing, injurious effects of historical trauma experienced by many Canadian First Nations people. Strong victim–perpetrator overlap suggests that intersectoral policies are needed to address these issues. Our findings highlight the need to improve education and family supports.
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Imran, Rahat. "Feminist Perspectives on Physical and Sexual Violence Against Women: Pakistan as a Case Study = Perspectiva feminista en la violencia física y sexual contra la mujer: el caso de Paquistán." FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3759.
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Abstract. Extreme forms of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by men against women such as honour-killings, acid-attacks, and rape continue to plague Pakistani society despite countrywide resistance by women’s rights groups, civil society activists, and continued pressure on successive governments to address the menace, and introduce stringent laws into the criminal justice system to check the situation.As this menace continues unabated, it is pertinent to examine the underlying male mindsets that cause these acts of violence to be committed. This paper presents feminist perspectives on male attitudes and mindsets that instigate male physical and sexual violence against women.In conclusion, the paper discusses the various activist organizations and measures that have been instrumental in highlighting violence against women in Pakistan, and the need for stringent measures to curtail the menace, and keep checks on the gender-biased law-enforcement system.Keywords: Pakistan, feminist perspectives, sexual violence, honour-rape, honour-killing, patriarchy, Sharia laws, Jirga, panchayat.Resumen. Las formas extremas de violencia física y sexual perpetrada por los hombres contra las mujeres, tales como homicidios causados por la defensa del honor, ataques con ácidos y violaciones, continúan extendiéndose por la sociedad paquistaní, al margen de la resistencia ejercida por todo el país por grupos en defensa de los derechos de las mujeres, y por los activistas de la sociedad civil, que continúan presionado a los sucesivos gobiernos para que se enfrenten a la amenaza e introduzcan leyes estrictas en el ámbito de la justicia criminal para terminar con la situación.Como esta amenaza continúa avanzando, es pertinente examinar la mentalidad masculinaque origina que estos actos de violencia sean cometidos. Este trabajo presenta una perspectiva feminista de estas actitudes y mentalidades masculinas que instigan la violencia física y sexual de los hombres contra las mujeres.En resumen, este estudio trata sobre las distintas organizaciones activistas y sus medidas que han sido fundamentales en la lucha contra la violencia ejercida contra las mujeres en Paquistán, y la necesidad de medidas estrictas que terminen con las amenazas y que se incluyan como parte del sistema legal con sesgo de género.Palabras clave: Paquistán, perspectiva feminista, violencia sexual, honor-violación, honor-homicidio, patriarcado, ley de Sharias; Jirga, panchayat
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Barber Blasco, Alberto. "Per causa de certs crims per aquells perpetrats e comeses. Notícies, sancions i càstigs dels perseguits per la justícia valenciana al segle XV." SCRIPTA. Revista Internacional de Literatura i Cultura Medieval i Moderna 16 (December 13, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/scripta.16.19223.
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Resum: Quins conflictes quotidians s’originaven a la València del segle XV? Qui eren els malfactors que actuaven al marge de la llei i trencaven la convivència? De quina manera eren castigats? Aquestes són algunes de preguntes que volem respondre a través de la nostra proposta. El nostre objectiu serà mostrar les notícies, sancions i punicions que atesten homicidis, furts, bruixeries, assalts de camins i altres pràctiques delictives que es produïen dins de les immediateses geogràfiques de la ciutat de València i, fins i tot, de més enllà del regne. El treball es basteix a partir d’algunes mostres conservades en diferents registres documentals com són, d’una banda, els llibres de comptes de la claveria comuna de la ciutat de València i, d’altra banda, els llibres de comptes i de cèdules del Justícia Criminal. Gràcies a aquestes fonts, podrem donar a conéixer alguns dels personatges que protagonitzaven aquestes malifetes i el seus estils de vida.Paraules clau: conflictivitat social, justícia, criminalitat, Juscícia CriminalAbstract: Which cotidian conflicts were origined in the XVth century in Valencia? Who were the criminals that acted outside the law and break the convivence? How they were punished? These are some cuestiones that we want to respond with our propose. Our objetive will be to show the news, fines and punishments that testify fights, sorcery, path’s raiders and other criminal practices were produced in the Valencia’s geographic sorroundings, even outside of the Valencia’s kingdom borders.Our reserach will be di dit showing different sources registers as the account books of the city and the account and diligences books of the Criminal Justice. Thanks to these sources we will be able to make known some of the Characters who were the protagonists of these misdeeds and their lifestyle.Keywords: social conflict, justice, criminality, Justícia Criminal
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Zimmerman, Gregory M., Emma E. Fridel, and Kara McArdle. "Examining the Factors that Impact Suicide Following Heterosexual Intimate Partner Homicide: Social Context, Gender Dynamics, and Firearms." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, May 25, 2022, 088626052211045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08862605221104523.
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Despite a wealth of research on intimate partner homicide, research on intimate partner homicide followed by suicide of the perpetrator is sparse. Existing studies on intimate partner homicide-suicide: tend to be descriptive, not keeping pace with quantitative advances in the epidemiological and social sciences; have yet to examine how context impacts intimate partner homicide-suicide; and are typically limited to male perpetrators, given small localized samples of female-perpetrated intimate partner (homicide and) homicide-suicide. This study uses data on 7584 heterosexual intimate partner homicide and homicide-suicide cases distributed across 2465 places and 42 U.S. states from the National Violent Death Reporting System (2003–2018) to examine the victim and perpetrator characteristics, relationship dynamics, situational factors, and contextual features that influence the likelihood of committing suicide following intimate partner homicide. Hierarchical logistic regression models indicate that victim characteristics that increase the vulnerability to victimization (alcohol and drug use, mental health problems, less than some college education) decrease the odds of committing suicide following intimate partner homicide. Similarly, situational (victim weapon usage, additional perpetrators) and contextual (concentrated disadvantage, residential instability) risk factors decrease the odds of committing suicide following intimate partner homicide. Conversely, impairment of the perpetrator (alcohol use, mental health problems) and a more intimate victim-perpetrator relationship (spousal relationship, caregiver) increases the odds of homicide-suicide. Additionally, results indicate that firearms play an integral part in homicide-suicide as well as in decreasing the gender gap in homicide-suicide. The findings suggest that the internalization of guilt by perpetrators of intimate partner homicide may play a key role in subsequent suicide. Practically, limiting firearm exposure will not only reduce the lethality of intimate partner violence, but will decrease the odds of perpetrator suicide following intimate partner homicide. This is particularly true for female-perpetrated homicide-suicide, which is unlikely to occur without a firearm.
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Shawon, Riffat Ara, Avanti Adhia, Christopher DeCou, and Ali Rowhani-Rahbar. "Characteristics and patterns of older adult homicides in the United States." Injury Epidemiology 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40621-021-00299-w.
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Abstract Background Nearly 1800 homicides were reported in 2018 among individuals aged 60 years or older in the US. The characteristics and circumstances of these homicides are understudied. We investigated the trends of homicides over time and compared victim, perpetrator, and incident characteristics by mechanism (firearm vs. non-firearm) among adults aged 60 years or older. Methods We examined cross-sectional restricted-access data from the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2017. Fatal Injury Data by CDC provided age-adjusted homicide rates. We quantitatively summarized victim, perpetrator, and incident characteristics for firearm and non-firearm homicides. We also reviewed 150 qualitative narratives to better understand the context of older adult homicides perpetrated by firearms. All data were analyzed in February 2020. Results Overall and firearm-specific older adult homicide rates increased between 2014 and 2017. Of the 6188 victims, 62% were male. The majority of victims (68%) were killed at home. Firearms (44%), sharp (19%) and blunt weapons (15%) were common mechanisms used in older adult homicides. The perpetrator was an intimate partner in 39% of firearm homicides and 12% of non-firearm homicides (prevalence difference = 27%; 95% CI: 25, 30%). Similarly, homicide-suicides (prevalence difference = 21%; 95% CI: 19, 22%) and multiple-victim incidents (prevalence difference = 7%; 95% CI: 5, 8%) were more common in firearm (23 and 13%, respectively) than in non-firearm (2 and 6%, respectively) homicides. Common contexts of firearm homicides were familial/intimate partner problems, robbery/burglary, argument, and illness. Conclusions A substantial number of older adults were killed with firearms and by their intimate partners. Further research to identify violence victimization prevention strategies in this group, especially those that limit access to firearms by potential perpetrators, is warranted.
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Caman, Shilan, Joakim Sturup, and Katarina Howner. "Mental Disorders and Intimate Partner Femicide: Clinical Characteristics in Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Femicide and Male-to-Male Homicide." Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 (March 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.844807.
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Intimate partner violence against women is a global and persistent public health issue. An extreme manifestation of this problem is intimate partner femicide (IPF), the killing of a woman by a male partner. While declining trends of homicide rates have been observed over decades, rates of femicide and IPF have remained stable. Yet, IPF as a phenomenon has until recently been fairly invisible in Europe, why research from the European countries on rates and characteristics of IPF has been relatively scarce. One area of research, particularly in need of further scrutiny, is to what degree perpetrators of IPF suffer from mental health conditions, and what the clinical features are. The objective of present study was to add to the existing literature by investigating prevalence and types of mental disorders in perpetrators of IPF, and to compare with male-to-male homicide (MMH) perpetrators. Our aim was also to examine life-time contact with psychiatric services, and, with missed opportunities in mind, contacts shortly preceding the homicide. With a retrospective design, this population-based study includes all solved cases of male-perpetrated homicides against intimate female partners (IPF) and other males (MMH) committed in Sweden between January 2007 and December 2009. Primary and secondary psychiatric diagnoses based on ICD, version 8, 9 or 10 from psychiatric inpatient as well as outpatient care have been retrieved. In order to identify mental disorders in perpetrators during commission of the homicidal offense, we also retrieved diagnoses from forensic psychiatric evaluations. Our results demonstrate that approximately one-third of the perpetrators, irrespective of homicide type, had been diagnosed with a mental disorder (excluding substance related disorders) at some point in life. Diagnosis of substance related disorders from psychiatric care was significantly more common in MMH perpetrators (37%) compared to IPF perpetrators (15%). Similarly low rates of major mental disorder were found in both groups (11%) when aggregating life-time diagnoses and diagnoses during commission of the crime. However, homicide-suicide in connection to the offense was relatively common in IPF perpetrators (20%). Thus, our study supports the notion that previous suicide attempts and suicide ideation are important indicators for predicting and possibly preventing IPF.
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Fridel, Emma E., and Gregory M. Zimmerman. "Coercive Control or Self-Defense? Examining Firearm use in Male- and Female-Perpetrated Intimate Partner Homicide." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, July 25, 2022, 002242782211135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00224278221113564.
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Objectives: Bridge the gap between feminist scholarship and sociological literature on gun utility by examining the correlates of gun usage in heterosexual intimate partner homicide by offender gender. Methods: Using data on 7,588 incidents from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) from 2003 to 2018, logistic regression models examined the odds of using a firearm during intimate partner homicide for both male and female offenders. Results: Men disproportionately employed guns to regain control when their dominance and/or masculinity was threatened, whereas women used firearms in self-defense against an armed partner. Conclusions: The results suggest that gender-based motivations distinguish whether or not a firearm is used in intimate partner homicide.
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Stefanska, Ewa, Sinead Bloomfield, and Adam Carter. "Our love was a two-person game. At least until one of us died, and the other became a murderer: sexual homicide perpetrated by intimate partners." Journal of Criminal Psychology ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (August 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-04-2021-0010.
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Purpose The analysis of previous studies showed that research pertaining to the examination of the crime scene and Modus Operandi variables in intimate partner homicide (IPH) is scarce. Additionally, to our knowledge, there are no studies investigating sexual homicide perpetrated by intimate partners. This study aims to address that void. Thus, the study examined various components of the crime event and as such, it was exploratory in nature. Design/methodology/approach The study consisted of male sexual killers, who perpetrated against pubescent female victims (14 years old and over) and served a custodial sentence within Her Majesty’s Prison Service in England and Wales. Variables for the study were chosen on the basis of previous research examining IPH and sexual homicide. Descriptive analyses were used in this exploratory study. Findings Descriptive analyses indicated that the most prevalent aggravating circumstances in the lead up to the killing included conflict with the victim before the offence and substance use by the perpetrator around the time of the killing. Stalking was present in approximately a quarter of cases. The results of the analyses of sexual behaviours showed that in 54.9% of the sample the act of killing was purely instrumental whereas in 39.4% of the sample the underlying drive of the act of killing was closely related to the sexual aspect. Originality/value This is a unique study on a topic not yet explored.
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Enander, Viveka, Gunilla Krantz, Solveig Lövestad, and Karin Örmon. "The killing and thereafter: intimate partner homicides in a process perspective, part II." Journal of Gender-Based Violence, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868021x16317122802413.
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This article puts intimate partner homicide (IPH) into a process perspective, and describes the latter two stages of the IPH process, that is, ‘changing the project’ and ‘the aftermath’. The focus of analysis is on the moment when the perpetrator chooses to kill the victim, and what s/he does and says in the wake of the killing. Fifty court files, from cases involving 40 male and 10 female perpetrators, underwent thematic analysis. Regarding the final trigger pertaining to changing the project, some situational factors that trigger male-perpetrated IPH seem to differ from the corresponding factors in female-perpetrated IPH. Feelings of rejection and jealousy seemed to be more common as triggers to kill for men than for women, while some cases of female-perpetrated IPH were linked to self-defence in response to IPV. Moreover, as noted previously, no female perpetrators displayed possessiveness.Regarding the aftermath, after the homicide the perpetrators generally contacted someone and admitted to having killed their partners. Only a few perpetrators denied culpability and even fewer, mainly male, perpetrators concealed their crimes and denied knowledge of them. However, even in cases where the perpetrator admitted to having killed their victims, their courtroom narratives were apparently constructed to minimise resposibility.<br />Key Messages<br /><ul><li>The IPH process can be described as threefold, consisting of the following stages: the build-up before the killing, changing the project into killing one’s partner and the aftermath to the killing. Similar triggers exist in the first two stages, and the boundaries between them are blurred, but a final trigger seems to precede the killing.</li><br /><li>IPH perpetrators may contact someone after the killing and admit to having committed it, but still attempt to minimise their responsibility.</li><br /><li>The IPH process is gendered, with different features in the respective cases of male and female perpetrators. It is often, but not always, preceded by male-to-female intimate partner violence (IPV).</li></ul>
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Wilson, Rebecca F., Beverly L. Fortson, Hong Zhou, Bridget H. Lyons, Kameron J. Sheats, Carter J. Betz, Janet M. Blair, and Shannon Self-Brown. "Trends in Homicide Rates for US Children Aged 0 to 17 Years, 1999 to 2020." JAMA Pediatrics, December 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.4940.
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ImportanceHomicide is a leading cause of death among children in the US.ObjectiveTo examine trends in child homicide rates and characteristics most commonly associated with these deaths.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, the study team used National Vital Statistics System WONDER mortality data for 38 362 homicide victims aged 0 to 17 years for 1999 to 2020 and National Violent Death Reporting System data for child homicide victims for 2003 to 2019 in 45 states, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. WONDER data are based on death certificates for US residents. National Violent Death Reporting System data include characteristics of violent deaths, linking information from death certificates, and law enforcement, coroner, and medical examiner reports.ExposuresChild homicide was defined using underlying cause-of-death codes U01 to U02, X85 to Y09, and Y87.1 from the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTrends in homicide rates per 100 000 children were tested using joinpoint regression analysis; differences in rates from 2019 to 2020 were evaluated using z tests. Circumstances of child homicides were described.ResultsThis study included 38 362 homicide victims (69.4% male). The overall child homicide rate (per 100 000 children) has increased annually, on average 4.3% since 2013, with a precipitous rise from 2019 to 2020 (2019 rate, 2.2; 2020 rate, 2.8; overall increase of 27.7%). Homicide rates recently increased significantly for boys (2018 rate, 2.9; 2020 rate, 4.1; overall increase of 16.1%), 6- to 10-year-olds (2014 rate, 0.5; 2020 rate, 0.8; overall increase of 5.6%), 11- to 15-year-olds (2018 rate, 1.3; 2020 rate, 2.2; overall increase of 26.9%), 16- to 17-year-olds (2018 rate, 6.6; 2020 rate, 10.0; overall increase of 19.0%), Black children (2012 rate, 5.9; 2018 rate, 6.8; 2020 rate, 9.9; overall increase of 16.6% from 2018 to 2020), Hispanic children (2014 rate, 1.6; 2020 rate, 2.2; overall increase of 4.7%), children in the South (2013 rate, 2.1; 2020 rate, 3.5; overall increase of 6.4%), and in rural (2011 rate, 1.8; 2020 rate, 2.4; overall increase of 3.2%) and urban areas (2013 rate, 1.9; 2020 rate, 2.9; overall increase of 4.4%). Since 1999, homicide rates have decreased for girls (1999 rate, 1.9; 2020 rate, 1.5; overall decrease of 1.4%), infants (1999 rate, 8.7; 2020 rate, 6.6; overall decrease of 1.3%), 1- to 5-year-olds (1999 rate, 2.1; 2020 rate, 1.8; overall decrease of 1.0%), Asian or Pacific Islander children (1999 rate, 2.0; 2020 rate, 0.5; overall decrease of 4.4%), White children (1999 rate, 1.5; 2020 rate, 1.3; overall decrease of 0.7%), and children in the Northeast (1999 rate, 2.0; 2020 rate, 1.7; overall decrease of 1.4%). Homicides of children 10 years or younger were most commonly precipitated by abuse/neglect, perpetrated by parents/caregivers. Homicides of 11- to 17-year-olds were most commonly precipitated by crime and arguments and perpetrated by someone known to them, especially friends and acquaintances.Conclusions and RelevanceThe decline in homicide rates for some geographic and child demographic groups is encouraging; however, rates recently increased across several subpopulations, with some racial and ethnic disparities persisting for more than 20 years. More targeted strategies are needed to (1) protect 6- to 10-year-olds, 11- to 17-year-olds, and children in certain geographic areas and (2) urgently address firearm violence, racism, and inequities at the root of youth violence.