Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Malédiction des ressources naturelles'
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Mousavi, Seyed Mohammad Amir. "L’abondance (dépendance) des ressources naturelles influence-t-elle l’accumulation de capital humain ? Les Ressources Naturelles sont-elles une Malédiction pour l'Education et la Santé ?" Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ0016.
Full textAs illustrated by the “Human Development Index” published by the United Nations and used by the World Bank, a society’s progress is often judged not just by its income, but also its human capital outcomes in education and health. It is therefore not surprising that, just as a large number of studies have asked whether natural resource dependence or abundance harms or helps a society’s income, a growing number of papers have separately asked if they harm or help a society’s accumulation of human capital. To date, however, no one has surveyed this body of research. This is what we attempt to do in the dissertation. This new survey then is followed by several empirical analyses and conceptual models to check whether the abundance/dependence of natural resources hurt/help or does not affect the accumulation of human capital. While the literature typically focuses on a national-level analysis of the resource curse, chapter two of this dissertation investigates the impact on the human capital of the abundance of petroleum resources in 28 provinces of Iran from 2000 to 2014. It also contributes to the literature by distinguishing between upstream and downstream impacts i.e. whether the effects of the oil and gas industry on human capital are associated mostly with extraction (upstream) or refining and distribution (downstream) activities. Second, the approach of the dissertation inclined from macro to the microeconomic view in chapter three. Although a growing body of literature studies the HCIF’s (Human Capital-Intensive Firms) boundary and governance, few try to focus on these firms when the abundance of resources is involved in the economy. Similarly, in resource curse literature much has been said about the natural resource effects on human capital, however, fewer studies have been conducted for the immigration of the talented students in the resource abundance countries and the potential impacts this might have on human capital. This gap inspired me to study the effect of oil rent, brain drain, and good governance on human capital in a set of countries listed in the Natural Resource Governance Index (NRGI) Report. 3. Overall, all the empirical analysis of this dissertation significantly confirms the curse of natural resource abundance/dependence for the accumulation of human capital, measured by different indicators of health and education. For example, regarding the case of Iran, the empirical results show that apart from the global crowding effect of natural resources on human capital, the provinces involved in both downstream and upstream oil activities have significantly lower levels of human capital compared to both oil-free provinces and provinces involved only in downstream oil activities. This suggests a double resource curse. We also find the same negative effects for a cross-section of 81 NRGI countries by estimating a system of multiple linear regression models, by using ordinary least squares (OLS). Another interesting result of this dissertation was the negative impacts of brain drain on the accumulation of human capital. Contrary, we find that the determinants of good governance show a significant and positive impact on human capital accumulation, indicating the important role of good governance in resource-abundant countries to harness the curse of oil abundance. Finally, the positive and significant coefficient of interaction term -in chapter four- between natural resource governance and oil rent (as a proxy for resource dependence) implies that natural resource good governance is one key to avoid the negative effect of resources on the accumulation of human capital
Azizi, Jamal. "Gestion des ressources naturelles non renouvelables : Équilibre du marché, impacts socio-économiques et canaux potentiels de malédiction des ressources -Une application au Phosphate-." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM030/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to examine the sustainable management of non-renewable resources in general and phosphate rock in particular. The first chapter presents the current situation, future trends and geopolitical issues pertaining to the global phosphate market. The analysis shows a large deficit in world phosphate supply in the future, inciting producers with sufficient phosphate reserves to invest in new capacities. The second chapter develops a multi-leader-multi-follower Stackelberg model, calibrated using real data from the phosphate market. This model derives the optimal future capacities for different producers according to their reserve levels and their development costs. The results show that the market would become more concentrated in 2100, with Morocco being the dominante country wich already holding three quarters of the world's reserves. The third chapter presents and calculates the linkage effects generated by Morocco’s phosphates exploitation. Using the Input-Output model, the proposed empirical analysis compares the socio-economic impacts of extraction to those related to transformation or valorization. The results of this analysis show that phosphates transformation is more linked to the other sectors and generates higher socio-economic impacts in terms of added value, income and employement. The last chapter contributes to the literature on the natural resources curse by linking agricultural performance and urbanization to the abundance of resources. The empirical study, based on a panel of African countries, shows a significant link between the abundance of mineral resources, the underdevelopment of the agricultural sector and urban explosion
Dauvin, Magali. "Essais sur la dépendance des économies aux ressources naturelles." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100093.
Full textThe recent drop in commodity prices showed the high vulnerability implied by being too much dependent on revenues stemming from natural resources. In the first chapter, we look into the way financial markets assess the market risk of twenty-two emerging economies. More precisely, the purpose of this chapter is to investigate how natural resources are incorporated in the way international investors perceived the ability to service external debt obligationsduring the 2003-2014 period. The results indicate that commodity prices are an important driver of sovereign spreads in the case of exporters while it is not the case for importing countries. In the second chapter, we investigate the link between energy prices and the real effective exchange rate of commodity-exporting countries. Estimating a panel cointegration relation between the real effective exchange rate and its fundamentals, we provide evidence for the existence of both energy and commodity currencies and we show that when the oil market is highly volatile (downwards), currencies follow an "oil currency regime", terms-of trade becoming an important driver of the real exchange rate A conventional wisdom has spread in the literature stating that a high endowment in natural resources is detrimental for growth, yet the debate is still ongoing In this chapter, we aim at providing quantitative results on the magnitude of the link between natural resources and growth found in the literature, as well as discussing, on quantitative bases, whether the sources of heterogeneity are significant. To this end, we implement a meta-analysis based on 67 empirical studies that investigate the link between natural resources and growth, totaling 1405 estimates. The results show a "soft" curse that may be reverted together with the importance of institutions in mitigating the curse
Etemad, Alexandre. "Efficacité des fonds souverains pétroliers en tant qu'instruments de stabilité macroéconomique et fiscale." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA01A069.
Full textMbangare, Mobe Milaiti. "La richesse pétrolière : une malédiction pour les pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest ? Une étude comparative." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18551.
Full textSeghir, Majda. "Essays in oil and the economic development of resource rich countries." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0047.
Full textIs natural wealth a guarantee of prosperity or is it a curse? How has petroleum shaped growth economic process in oil producing countries? To the extent that these questions have to be raise, the purpose of this thesis is to move towards a better understanding of the mechanisms that make oil becoming a curse as often as a blessing, in oil exporting countries. The empirical studies conducted in this thesis help answer three main questions: (i) What is the contribution of oil as energy (or an energy source) in the process of economic growth? (ii) What are the direct and indirect effects of dependence to oil revenues on economic growth? (iii) Is the oil curse a question of macroeconomic stability?Our contributions thus highlight the following results. (i) Abundant oil wealth and overconsumption observed in the vast majority of oil exporting countries contribute positively to the economic growth process. This result is, however, valid only in the short term. Indeed, in the long term, oil consumption appears to be a consequence of economic growth. (ii) Oil as a source of revenue impacts economic growth directly and indirectly through its effect on the amount and quality of public spending as well as on trade openness. Given these mechanisms, our results show that beyond a certain threshold of dependence on oil revenues, economic growth is constrained by the direct and indirect effects of oil revenues. However, these effects can be contained, first, by reducing dependence on oil revenues; then, by improving government effectiveness; and finally by increasing political stability. (iii) Oil revenues, due to their extreme instability may harm economic growth by inducing macroeconomic distortions. This instability results more precisely by an appreciation of the real exchange rate, a rise in public spending and inflation. The most dependent are countries, the most they are exposed to macroeconomic instability. Similarly, countries with an efficient and credible government are the one which suffer economic growth suffers the less from macroeconomic instability.Oil is, thus, a vantage for oil exporting countries but the adverse effects of such a natural resource on the economy must be mastered. One solution would, then, be to reduce the level of dependence of the economy on oil revenues to reduce the exposure to volatile oil prices and to reduce the risk of contagion to the economy. Another solution would be to improve the ability of governments to implement efficient economic policies
Henry, Alexandre. "Essays on Economic Development in Commodity-Dependent Economies." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0076.
Full textThis thesis belongs to the literature on natural resource dependence and brings a new perspective by focusing on the sub-Saharan African region. This dependence introduces numerous challenges for policy makers both in terms of fiscal and monetary policy. The main research question explored in this thesis is the following : to which extent sub- Saharan African governments can rely on fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse impacts of commodity dependence and trigger positive spillover and achieve sustainable growth? The second chapter of the thesis unfolds short-term versus long-term mechanisms of the resource curse by using a two-step analysis: an error-correction model is performed after co-integrating the explana- tory variables. Main findings highlight the crucial role of institutions. On the long run, the negative impact of the dependence is confirmed independently of the institution quality. However, countries with weak institutions are more vulnerable to the curse because the re- source dependence not only negatively impacts long-term growth but also adversely impacts the recovery process. Finally, in a strong in- stitutional environment, results points to a potential positive impact of natural resources during recovery process. In the third chapter, a panel vector auto-regressive model compares macro-economic interactions in the pegged CFA monetary union versus a comparable sample. Considering their export structure dominated by raw commodities, results suggests that the CFA zone members do not suffer from a loss of competitiveness from belonging to the monetary union. However, foreign direct investments fail to generate the same spillover effect in the CFA zone compared to non-CFA countries. The forth chapter provides insights on the optimal management of fiscal resources, especially during a windfall period. Growth elasticities of different government choices regarding revenue allocation is performed. Results show that in a con- text of limited access to capital, resource windfall are considered as a crucial opportunity to scale up investment. In fact, below a level of public capital stock (estimated around 750 USD per capita), public investment during a boom has a four-fold higher impact on growth than above the threshold. This scaling up is conditional on low levels of public debt: countries featuring unsustainable public debt levels should prioritize the restoration of stronger foreign reserves
Clootens, Nicolas. "Trois essais sur les Relations de Long Terme entre Croissance et Environnement." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE0505/document.
Full textHuman activities and the environment interact through multiple and complex relations. Can the natural environment be viewed as a limit to growth ? This thesis tries to develop answers to this crucial question.The first chapter shows that environmental degradations may constitute a brake on growth diminishing life expectancy, and thus savings. It also shows that environmental poverty traps may exist. However,public environmental policies may help countries to escape from such traps, and to reach a higher level of income per capita. In the second chapter, we suggest that the existence of polluting non-renewable resources necessary for production may hamper growth. However, we show that flow pollutions caused by the use of resources can’t be seen as a development brake. Then, following neoclassical works of the1970s, we confirm that exogenous technological progress and sufficient substitution possibilities mayal low to overcome difficulties linked to the exhaustibility of resources. Finally, the third chapter demonstrates that, in low-income economies, strong resource dependency dampens growth while abundanceis growth promoting. Dependence is the outcome of economic choices. Thus a diversification policy that consists on investing the rent in secondary and tertiary sectors may help reduce dependence. Finally, we suggest that the development of education, institutions, and financial markets may allow to decrease the probability to experience a resource curse
Cantuarias-Villessuzanne, Carmen. "La mesure économique de la dépréciation du capital minier au Pérou." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724852.
Full textNaderan, Elias. "Les facteurs de la mobilisation fiscale en Iran." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF10181.
Full textCantuarias-Villessuzanne, Carmen Amalia. "La mesure économique de la dépréciation du capital minier au Pérou." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40009/document.
Full textSince the 2000s, Peru, a country extremely rich in minerals has experienced strong economic growth. WouldPeru be condemned to the resource curse because of its mineral wealth? For now this is not the case; howeverwe point up a strong dependence upon the mining sector. The main question relates to the sustainability of themining industry. The mineral depletion rate is a fundamental indicator to assess the situation. To calculate this,there are many forecasting methods available ; our microeconomic analysis based on the Hotelling rule providesa value of around 7 % of gdp for the period between 2000 and 2008, which represents double the estimation ofthe World Bank.We recommend the mineral depletion be taken into account when calculating traditional macroeconomic indicators;it would highlight the overestimation of economic growth. According to the Hartwick rule, it is clearthat Peruvian development is not sustainable; mining revenues do not offset the mineral depletion and are notreinvested in the development of the country. Therefore, the solution should be to tax mining companies at alevel equivalent to that of depletion and, with the new income, to create a natural resource fund. Saving only8 % of the mineral depletion would suffice to generate sustainable rent for futures generations. In addition, thecreation of a natural resource fund would reduce macroeconomic instability and enforce better governance
Wadho, Waqar ahmed. "Essays on the economics of corruption." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24005/document.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays. The topics cover determination, variance and repercussions of corruption (essay one), corruption deterrence through wage incentives (essay two), and natural resource curse (essay three). In the first essay, I show that for a larger population of unskilled labor, there is a widespread corruption and for a smaller population there is no corruption. For the intermediate levels there are multiple equilibria. On its consequences, corruption increases wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers, and results in output and welfare losses. In the second essay, I argue that deterring corruption through efficiency wage may become prohibitively expensive. With endogenous monitoring technology that allows capturing the dual role of auditing, as a complement with and as a substitute for wage incentives, I find that the government is better-off accepting corruption when it is costly to monitor. When it is optimal to deter bribery, the government can do it either through efficiency wages or monitoring. The role of efficiency wages decreases in societies with higher level of dishonesty. In the third essay, I build a theory explaining a resource curse. In contrast to the existing literature which generally considers low education, corruption and natural resources separately, I combine three strands of literature. Natural resources affect incentives to invest in education and rent seeking that in turn affects growth. Second, the relationship between resource-abundance and resource-curse is non-monotonic. For low inequality in access to education and high cost of political participation, high-growth and poverty-trap equilibria co-exist
Heidari, Fariba. "Boom pétrolier et syndrome hollandais en Iran : une approche par un modèle d'équilibre général calculable." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0025/document.
Full textIran as a country dominated by oil exports offers unique insights and rich rewards considering its economic and socio-political environment. Although according to a resource-based analysis this economy has the potential of being the world's 20th strongest economy because of its rich reserves in minerals and other natural resources alongside with country's geo-strategic position. It really seems strange and unbelievable how Iran can remain underdeveloped while having so many rare resources highly appreciated by the rest of the world. How we can explain this incoherence? The classic economic model describing Dutch Disease was developed by the economists W. Max Corden and J. Peter Neary in 1982. The so-called "Dutch Disease" as an economic concept explains the seeming relationship between natural resource abundance in a country and decline in other economic sectors specially manufacturing. This theory reveals that an increase in revenues from natural resources will de-industrialize the economy by raising exchange rate, which makes manufacturing sectors to become less competitive. The primary purpose of this paper is to determine if Iranian economy is suffering from this problem and if so what will be the impact of this issue on different sectors economy of Iran. In this paper, using an applied general equilibrium model, and not partial equilibrium model, we analyze Dutch disease in Iranian economy. We use the model that has been made by Dr Lofgren as a base and extend and adjust it for Iran economy. In order to solve the general equilibrium pattern numerically, GAMS software package can be used which is a powerful tool for solving linear and nonlinear equations
Hernández-Luna, Yezid. "International trade and labor markets : empirical and theoretical evidence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0547.
Full textI study the relationship between international trade and labor markets in three papers. In the first one, I find for the Colombian case, that together, the sector skill intensity and the international trade bring about more skill-biased technical change, increasing wage inequality, though such an effect is offset using temporary workers. In the second one, the analysis of a trade model with formal and informal heterogeneous firms, under full employment, shows that an openness policy decreases the average productivity of informal firms while makes formal to become informal, worsening welfare. However, forcing informal firms to become formal, increases average wages and raises welfare. In the third one, Diff in Diff estimates presents the impact of the 2003-2013 oil prices boom, on countries affected and not affected by the Dutch disease. In the former group, international trade flow increases although agriculture at a lower magnitude, while unemployment and informal labor decrease
Tcheta-Bampa, Albert. "Cinq essais sur la mauvaise qualité des institutions en Afrique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010017.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the impact of institutional quality on the economic development of countries. It is in the perspective of the work of the new political economy. The methodology used is mainly econometric analysis of original data, including deep historical events such as the identity of the colonizer, conflicts at Independence, the Cold War and the support of powerful states in the world. It deals in the first chapter of the effect of institutions on economic growth via the variables that affect the total factor productivity. The variable 'quality of institutions' explains differential growth of total factor productivity. However, the analysis conducted shows that the way institutions and economic policies affect it depends on the level of human development in each country. There is therefore no universal model of good institutions. Instead, institutions should be adapted to contexts according t the degree of development. From the result obtained, the thesis then explains why in some countries, especially African countries, institutions are of lower quality than in others. The main cause of the existence of an adverse institutional system to economic development is the existence of strong incentives for elites or social groups who wield political power to maintain inefficient policies and institutions to make the rents expropriation easier in sector with immobile natural resources. It is shown, in fact, that these elites can maintain power to enrich themselves even without implementing institutions and 'developmentalist' economic policies that is to say in favor of economic development. The second chapter presents a theoretical model allowing to analyze the endogenous government policy and differences in economic performance related to political incentives generated by resource rents in African countries. The third chapter empirically analyzes the impact of institutional quality and dependence on natural resources on the growth rate of GDP. The analysis shows that there is a curse of natural resources in countries where extractive institutions were established during the colonial period. ln addition, the phenomenon of the curse decreases, gradually in Africa as, one moves away from the end of the Cold War. The fourth chapter explains from the duration models, large differences in longevity in the power of African presidents. The test found that it is sponsorship by powerful States more than the presence of natural resources which explains the longevity in power and Soviet aid is more effective than American aid when it comes to keeping dictators in power. The use of sponsorships for their military defense allows dictators to avoid developing effective institutions and taxation. The fifth and final chapter analyzes the effect of institutionalization of political parties (measured by the difference in a country, the number of years the leader of the political party, and the number of years of exercise of power the latter) on the institutional quality of a country. It shows that when the party is organized around a man, debates within the party are only on leadership, whereas when it is based around a program debating the definition of general interest. The analysis also shows that the lack of institutionalization of the parties has an effect on the selection of elites and the governance of a country, in other words, the quality of its institutions
Riascos, Benavides José Luis. "Natural resources, institutions, and sustainable development : a regional analysis in Latin America." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ORLE1090.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the literature on the resource curse at the subnational level, focusing on mining in Latin America within the context of climate change. It examines how mining influences sustainable development and explores public attitudes toward sustainable development in the face of competing priorities. The first chapter analyzes the impact of energy transition metal (ETM) mining on the quality of institutions in Latin America. A novel institutional quality index dataset at the subnational level is constructed. Using a synthetic difference-in-differences approach, with the treatment group consisting of regions where ETM mining begins, the findings indicate that mining reduces the quality of local institutions, particularly in terms of perceived government effectiveness. This decline in institutional quality may potentially compromise long-term development, given the key role of strong institutions. Chapter 2 investigates the contribution of the mining sector to sustainable development in Mexican municipalities. Employing a staggered difference-in-differences design, with municipalities where mining operations occur as the treatment group, the results suggest that mining does not significantly affect economic inequality or education and has a limited impact on household income but does lead to environmental degradation. These findings highlight potential negative trade-offs for mining communities. Lastly, Chapter 3 examines voter attitudes toward investments aimed at sustainable development in Colombia. The analysis reveals that when confronted with competing concerns, voters prioritize security and visible infrastructure over sustainability-focused investments. However, municipalities with lower security concerns or higher levels of education exhibit more diverse priorities, suggesting that context significantly influences voter preferences
De, Rosa Donato. "Essays on Institutions and Economic Performance." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0097.
Full textThe three essays contained in this thesis aim at filling part of the gap in the literature by empirically exploring specific instances of the importance of institutions for economic performance. The first essay examines how corruption affects productivity in a sample of firms from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Results indicate that the payment of bribes has, on average, a negative effect on firm level productivity. Moreover, firms in countries with generally poor institutional quality - proxied by greater prevalence of corruption at the country level and a by weak legal framework - see their productivity more negatively affected by the payment of bribes. The second essay examines whether regional institutional conditions have an effect on the exporting behaviour of Russian manufacturers between 1996 and 2001. Results indicate that the quality of the institutional environment, while it is inconsequential for the export decision per se, has a positive effect on the intensity of exporting to more developed foreign markets. The final essay investigates the consequences of dependence on natural resources for institutional quality in a panel of countries worldwide from the late 1990s to the late 2000s. Results point towards a negative association between an export structure dominated by extractive industries and the quality of the institutional environment measured by an indicator of government effectiveness
Vandeburie, Julien. "Structures d'appropriation, conflits et ressources naturelles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210687.
Full textÀ partir d’une classification des conflits selon une typologie des Etats du monde d’inspiration Centre-périphérie, l’argument principal de ce travail consiste à expliquer les conflits liés aux ressources naturelles – et plus largement tous les conflits – par l’amplification de deux phénomènes :le déclin de l’activité économique et l’exacerbation des tensions politiques. L’examen d’une série de cas (Aceh, Colombie, Angola, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cambodge) confirme la lecture matérialiste politico-économique des conflits liés à l’exploitation des ressources naturelles. Le rôle des structures d’appropriation du pouvoir et des revenus, en particulier de la rente des revenus issus de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles – cruciale dans des économies peu industrialisées – apparaît à la lumière du jour.
Enfin, ce travail offre quelques réflexions sur l’influence des structures d’appropriation dans l’éclatement et la durée des conflits. La question de l’origine des structures d’appropriation et de ses liens présumés avec la diffusion de la propriété privée en parallèle avec le développement du système-monde est ainsi développée, précédant la critique du rôle pseudo-développementaliste des ressources naturelles, dont le résultat de l’exploitation est surdéterminé par les structures d’appropriation locales (Tchad). Le travail se conclut sur une mise en perspective des enjeux du contrôle des territoires où sont exploités des ressources naturelles et de l’apport de cette question dans l’élaboration d’une géographie de la violence.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géographie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Boukoulou, Marie-Léa. "Exploitation des ressources naturelles au Congo." Toulouse 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU10029.
Full textFavard, Pascal. "Exploitation optimale d'un ensemble de ressources naturelles." Toulouse, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU10004.
Full textIn this dissertation, we propose to study the optimal exploitation of a set of natural resources, considering that this exploitation is generally a problem of simultaneous management of renewable resources (flow) and non renewable ones (stocks). To do so, we consider a general equilibrium framework where the population has to make trade off at each moment between the quantity of resources consumed and the quantity of leisure. The average work time necessary to extract a resource is supposed constant, although specify to each resource. In the first chapter, we study the case where a plentiful flow is available. We show that it is never optimal to consume the stocks sequentially by increasing cost order. For a non-degenerated subset of stock levels, it is optimal to consume more then two resources simultaneously, and the path of consumption-leisure couples is largely indeterminate. In the second chapter, the flow is considered scarce. The results established in the first chapter still hold. Moreover, for a non-degenerated subset of stock levels, it is optimal to consume the flow before beginning to exploit a stock, even a less costly one in terms of access cost. In the third chapter, unlike previously, we consider a growing population size. There instantaneous utility per capita can grow when the population grows for certain stock levels. Moreover, if society can spare some resource by stocking part of flow, the stock can be valuable as a reservoir
Lefebvre, Olivier. "Aspects sociaux de l'utilisation des ressources naturelles." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA070093.
Full textUtilization of natural ressources, in capitalism is explained by economical and political facts. In this text, the notion of space is used for a description of utilization of natural ressources. Management of the firms is examined, on that point of view. In conclusion, it appears that political ecology is opposed to a management which is efficient
Lefebvre, Olivier. "Aspects sociaux de l'utilisation des ressources naturelles." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599055h.
Full textFuentes, Castro Daniel. "Surexploitation de ressources en régime de propriété commune, sélection adverse et exclusion." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100028.
Full textWe study the management of resources under common property regimes and adverse selection settings. In our general framework, we consider a single Principal managing a common resource that is used as an imput in the production of a private good by a continuum of Agents. Each Agent is defined by a particular type, which is non-observable for the Principal. The common ressource is over-used in open-access regime because the Agents are short-sighted face to the final outcome of rent dissipation. Using the theory of contracts, we propose some incentive mechanisms to prevent the over-use of the common. A particular point in our general framework is that we are interested in the allocations which do not exclude any Agent from the access to the resource. This assumption means that we renounceto the first best allocation even in the perfect information context. But it reflects a morerealistic hypothesis in terms of policy-making. Actually, the difficulty of regulation of commons under asymetric information is not only to maintain both the economic activityand the ressource availability, but also the burning question of the sharing of the reduction in total consumption of the common when there is over-use. Preserving the ressource is not sufficient per se. Who is allowed to use the resource is also determinant for the outcome
Benchekroun, Hassan. "Contraintes de production en oligopoles de ressources naturelles." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ31484.pdf.
Full textLauriol, Thierry. "Les contrats relatifs a l'exploitation des ressources naturelles." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA111010.
Full textThe purpose of this study is a worldwide analysis of the evolution in the structure of the contracts relative to the exploitation of natural resources and in the mechanisms of their clauses. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of several principles of international trade law and international private law. Part i is concerned with the characterization of the general frame of negotiation seeking a balance between the obligations of the parties on financial and technological grounds. Part ii deals with examination of the execution with a view to analyzing the nature and efforts of several mechanisms, such as the organization of the exploitation and the undertaking of the connected risks
Gauthier, Caroline. "Évaluation économique des ressources naturelles, le cas particulier de la biodiversité : application de la méthode contingente au site des forêts de la Garonne." Toulouse 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU10073.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is the valuation of the biodiversity preservation benefits. This valuation is recommended by the objectives of the Rio convention on biodiversity. The "good" to value is complex, non-familiar to the public and no valuation method from real markets is nowadays relevant. The main question is to know whether a valuation method from simulated markets, or contingent valuation method, permits a significant revelation of these benefits. Our research contains three parts. The first part (chapter 1) proposes a reflexion on the biodiversity concept. Diverse definitions of this concept are available. We compare these different definitions and the measures given by naturalists and economists to determine the elements in adequation with our final aim. The second part deals with the different valuation methods (chapter 2) and studies (chapter 3) of the biodiversity benefits. We recense and compare the valuation methods which the economists can use. The analysis of the different biodiversity valuation studies allows to show the exercise difficulties and to point out the problems to avoid in an empirical study. The third part is empirical. It describes the contingent valuation of a biodiversity preservation program of the Garonne river forests (chapters 4 and 5). The aim is to lead a study that takes into account every difficulty revealed in the first two parts. Such a procedure allows concluding on the current methods to significantly reveal biodiversity benefits. The results indicate that the annual average willingness to pay is 142. 76 francs per household we show that the conceptual problems of complexity and non-familiarity can be solved. But some methodological problems persist. We still have an importance bias. The presence of the importance bias means the non-revelation of the individual underlying preferences. The giving effect is also present. Therefore our willingness to pay result has to be carefully interpreted
Job, Louis. "Les prix des biens agricoles et miniers et la notion de rente : contribution à la théorie économique des ressources naturelles." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE0002.
Full textKjaergaard, Thorkild. "Den danske Revolution 1500-1800 : en økohistorisk tolkning /." Kobenhavn : Gyldendal, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35523075z.
Full textTorri, Maria Costanza. "La conservation et l'utilisation durable des ressources naturelles et la gestion participative, le cas de la région de la réserve naturelle des tigres de Sariska, Rajasthan, Inde /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAMM, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39950244c.
Full textBibliogr. p. 210-215. Résumé en français et en anglais. CIHEAM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes. IAMM = Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier.
Abuhmaira, Enas. "Le régime juridique des ressources naturelles fluides souterraines communes." Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT3012.
Full textWater, petroleum and natural gas, which represents a significant proportion of the natural ressources of a state are, either a source of conflict or a potential for cooperation and solidarity. Very frequently, these three vital and strategic resources are divided between many states which use them, in most cases independantly. On one hand, inadequetely controlled use these ressources lead in many cases to problems of overuse and pollution thatengender risks of crisis and conflicts between states. On the other hand, the need to protect these resources must put in place a rational management. .
Kangandio, José Watunda. "Les ressources du discours polémique dans La Malédiction, Les Etoiles écrasées et Le Doyen marri de Pius Ngandu Nkashama." Lyon 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO20088.
Full textThe analysis of the resources devoted to controversial speech (polemic discourse) is part of human communication. The study was apprehended in connection with the dynamism of discurvive practice in a rhetorical and enunciative perspective. Violent speech that justifies the esthétique of the corpus is based on historical and existential phenomena. The three novels paint a society that is both abnormal and anomic. Through conflictual language filled in by hyperboles, duplication, metaphors (especially red), ironies, vocabulary from the regional home to the author, and other strategies for appealing to emotion, writer arises in giving lesson to restore the (real) peace in his country and the dignity of his compatriots. At the unprecedented violence of the ‘political animal’, ie one that has social values collapse of a people, opposes another: didactic violence. It is both liberating and constructive. By presenting a grim picture of leaders who sow terror in their own people, and by describing the people excessively, violent speech carries out the perlocutoire function: it compels the virtual public to react in accordance with the author’s expectations
Gagnon, Pierre-Luc, and Pierre-Luc Gagnon. "La transition institutionnelle vers la durabilité dans la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles au Canada : le cas du Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23667.
Full textLa croissance économique s’est appuyée, depuis l’ère industrielle, sur un fort apport en ressources naturelles. Si la plupart des pays industrialisés opèrent désormais dans une économie davantage axée sur la technologie et les services, il n’en demeure pas moins que le milieu naturel demeure soumis à un ensemble de pressions provenant du commerce des ressources naturelles, de la pollution, de la croissance de la population humaine, de la désintégration des grands écosystèmes ainsi que de la précarisation de la biodiversité. La montée en puissance de groupes environnementaux et le soutien public que ceux-ci ont su mobiliser pour la protection de l’environnement ont favorisé la mise à l’agenda politique d’une gestion étatique de l’environnement axée sur la durabilité. La présente thèse s’intéresse à l’intégration de critères de durabilité dans la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles. À cet égard, la thèse adopte un cadre analytique fondé sur deux axes. Les changements institutionnels s’appuyant sur les règles formelles forment le premier axe. Le deuxième axe s’articule autour de la gestion même des ressources naturelles, c’est-à-dire des modes de gestion traditionnelle, scientifique, adaptative et écosystémique. Après avoir situé la gestion étatique des ressources naturelles dans le cadre fédéral canadien, la thèse effectue une analyse de l’intégration des critères de gestion écosystémique aux règles formelles encadrant la gestion des ressources naturelles aux paliers fédéral et québécois. La thèse conclut en spécifiant que les processus de développement durable institutionnalisés aux deux paliers de gouvernement n’ont pas mené à l’adoption d’un cadre cohérent de gestion écosystémique des ressources naturelles. De plus, un ensemble de manquements aux deux paliers de gouvernement en ce qui concerne la gestion écosystémique des ressources naturelles ont été observés, plus spécifiquement en ce qui concerne le suivi et le contrôle des ressources.
Since the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Since the beginning of the industrial age, plentiful natural resources have been the driving force behind economic growth. Although the economies of most industrialized nations are now based more on technology and services, the natural environment is still subjected to pressure from a variety of sources: natural resource trade, pollution, human population growth, the disintegration of large ecosystems, and diminished biodiversity. The rise in power of environmental groups and their success in generating public support for environmental protection have put sustainability-based state management of the environment on the political agenda. This thesis explores the integration of sustainability criteria in state management of natural resources. It studies this issue using a two-axis analytical framework. The first one centers on institutional change through formal rules and the second on the actual management of natural resources (traditional, scientific, adaptive or ecosystemic management). After situating state management of natural resources within the Canadian federal framework, the thesis analyzes the integration of ecosystemic management criteria in the formal rules governing natural resource management at the federal and Quebec levels. The thesis concludes by explaining that the sustainable development processes institutionalized at both levels of government have not led to the adoption of a coherent framework for the ecosystemic management of natural resources. A number of deficiencies in the ecosystemic management of natural resources were observed at both levels of government, particularly with regard to resource monitoring and control.
Singla, Laure. "L'approche juridique contemporaine de la gestion des ressources naturelles mondiales." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0019/document.
Full textThe conquest of space since the fifteenth century allowed the recognition of the principle of sovereignty of States over their natural resources. The XXI century is facing the depletion of global fossil natural resources and the pursuit of new. Tensionsaround the world present management of natural resources posed the finding of a weak legal regulation, and the idea of adopting other governance based on a new mode of management. The other approach, intergenerational would be based on a reasoned management in the sense of rational, balanced and adapted endemic systems. But this shift puts the issue of the management of global natural resources at the heart of intergenerational priorities. The XXI century then allows to reflect on the legal recognition of the principle of interdependence between Man and Nature. But this legal thinking isa contrario of public policies and traditional management methods. Europe has initiated an effective response. France followed by the adoption of the charter of the environment, the laws say Grenelle I and II, the Law on energy transition. SomeAndean States have included this principle in their constitutions. The contemporary legal approach to the management of global natural resources and returns to other modes of governance and to notions of endemic areas of common public interest. Global environmental legal issues while based on new proactive security policies, strengthening existing ties of cooperation to face the multiplicity of sources of authority and power
Bailly, Denis. "Economie des ressources naturelles communes : la gestion des bassins conchylicoles." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN11044.
Full textHuckel, Stahli Valérie. "Les psoralènes, interaction, mode d'action, effets secondaires et ressources naturelles." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN1A037.
Full textKOUBEMBA, SEKO NKAKOUTOU. "L'histoire de l'exploitation des ressources naturelles au congo : 1946-1968." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA070122.
Full textBon, Emmanuel. "Le drame des communaux : appropriation publique, privée, commune ou accès libre aux espaces-ressources naturels indiens ?" Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100157.
Full textIn addition to the 143 millions hectares of cultivated lande, 90 millions hectares of wastelands, pastures and forest - i. E. 30 % of the Indian territory - are de facto hold as common property resources (CPRs). The magnitude of CPRs atteste for thé résilience of longestablished management systems and customary institutions in India. However, thé régulation and control of appropriation rights of natural resources remains contested domains. Beyond thé vain debate between rationality of homo economicus versus irrationality of thé world peasantry, actual situation is a more or less open access to most uncultivated land and renewable resources that is prejudicial to both thé citizen, thé State and nature itself. Main objective is to address theoretical and practical issues related to thé management of renewable resources. Does common property resources a universal cause of environmental tragedy or a pragmatic solution to thé overexploitation of renewable resources in developing countries?
Rivoirard, Jacques. "De l'analyse structurale à la modélisation des ressources naturelles : contributions géostatistiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664238.
Full textFrancois, Bousquet. "Modélisation d'accompagnementSimulations multi-agents et gestion des ressources naturelles et renouvelables." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00085861.
Full textPeyen, Loïc. "Droit et biopiraterie. Contribution à l'étude du partage des ressources naturelles." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0005.
Full textBecause they are highly desired, natural resources are subjected to acts of predation, like biopiracy. The phenomenon draws more and more attention but is still not much studied. It is often condemned as real plundering of natural resources. Indeed, even if it covers a pluralist reality, the biopiracy practice can be characteristic of a monopolizing of naturalresources. Thus, it is possible to understand how it emerged and developed, which is important to comprehend it. Furthermore, biopiracy raises the question of the sharing conditions of natural resources and thereby contributes to strengthen the solidarist dimensions of the natural resources legal status. However, current rules are insufficient. This situation is inviting for a general reflection about the legal status of the environment that leads to consider it as a common good
Gingras, Julie. "Le rôle de l'abondance des ressources naturelles dans la croissance économique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq26213.pdf.
Full textDe, Sa Louis Charles. "La mondialisation des ressources naturelles et les conditions de sa réalisation." Nancy 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN20012.
Full textThis work is divided in three parts : II) globalization and structural transformations in production this part analyses the phenomenon of globalization and the transformations of the industrial system in the old countries, their links with the row materials and their evolution in the time. Ch. L - globalization and the manufacture transformation Ch. 2 - renewal of the industrial structures in the old developed countries II) the necessity of a durable development or the ways to integrate economy and society this part study the sustained development analyzing the problems of economic and population growth after 1900, makes an inventory in row materials, overall energetic, and analyses the new problem posed by the pollution. Ch. L - growth analyses in occident after xix century Ch. 2 - the problem posed by the world population Ch. 3 - the geo-economic disponibilities of natural resources Ch. 4 - the pollution or a new break in growth III) the requirements of the economic rentability this part is a reexamination of the economic theory of natural resources under constraint of natural growth, the perfect and controlled markets and the problem of stability of prices and money. Ch. 1 - basic methods utilized in economic studies Ch. 2 - the relationships between a flux economics (renewable resources) and a stock economics (nonrenewable resources) Ch. 3 - trade importance and prices behavior of row materials Ch. 4 - the consideration of natural resources inside the function
Laroche, Rose. "Contribution à l'étude de l'évolution des ressources naturelles renouvelables du Brésil." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30244.
Full textBontianti, Abdou. "La gestion des ressources naturelles au Niger : l'imbroglio des politiques publiques." Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30013.
Full textLebreton, Arnaud. "Les evolutions du principe de souverainete permanente sur les ressources naturelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0088.
Full textForged since 1952, an impetus notably from certain Latin American states and reaffirmed by the numerous resolutions of the United Nations, permanent sovereignty over natural resources has developed into, under a slow evolution, a well-established principle of contemporary international law where the customary character was recently confirmed by the International Court of Justice. In clarifying the progressively restraining limits that international law can impose on states in regards to economic foreign interests, its formulation has principally had the interest of showing the complex relationship between sovereignty and the exploitation of resources above and below the ground. In fact, since developing countries accessed their independence through inherited economic structures from the colonial era and its avatars, they noticed early on the existing gap between their somewhat recognized intangible sovereignty and their inability to control their national economy that is still dominated by foreign companies and their former metropolitan powers concerned with protecting their supply of raw materials. Given that this situation lends itself to the perpetuation of dependent economic relationships, the newly independent states thus undertake, a revision of the concept of sovereignty, classically defined solely by political elements destined to eliminate: first, the legacy of colonial rule, and secondly, all forms of exploitation that oppose the real hold of the state over a range of activities related to natural resources situated on their territory. It is therefore understandable, that the numerous controversies raised by the interpretation of the terms and conditions of exercising the principle whose content risks causing a revision of the procedures of classic international law, particularly the subject of nationalization but also the calling into question of treaties and other concession contracts that are deemed contrary to equity. If it has become common to analyze the principle under a strictly historical angle, the purpose of this study will attempt to demonstrate that it is not wise to consider it as obsolete. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources remains a fundamental principle of international law, but not without undergoing changes. Two major tendencies must be specifically analyzed from a double dialectic angle. One tends to apprehend the relationship between people and the state in matters of a free disposal of the natural resources, the other intends to question the articulation between permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the demands tied to interdependency, in the economic sphere as well as in the environmental sphere
Martinet, Vincent. "Interprétation du concept de développement durable dans les modèles économiques avec ressources naturelles." Paris 10, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA100048.
Full textThis dissertation discusses the way the sustainability issue is addressed in the economic literature. We focus on the models dealing with the intertemporal allocation of non-renewable resources. Such a framework permits to address both the environmental and intergenerational equity issues. We describe the limits of neo-classical models and propose a different approach based on the search of invariant quantities that could be interpreted as the thing to preserve in the long run for a sustainable development. Two mathematical theories are used to define this invariant quantities : the Invariance Theory and the Viability Theory (also called Weak Invariance). Using the Noether Theorem we show that discounted utilitarianist criteria do lead to invariant quantities under very restrictive conditions only. We then propose to examine what could be guaranty to all generations, by linking the viability of a dynamic system to its sustainability. Finally, we show that, in the existing literature, there is no framework allowing to take into account the important issue of evolution of environmental preferences
Marin, Valérie. "La gestion d'une ressource renouvelable : application aux pêcheries." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020051.
Full textAyong, Le Kama Alain. "Ressources environnementales et soutenabilité de la croissance." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010027.
Full textThe aim of this Ph. D. Thesis is to analyze the link between economic growth and environment. We have tried to set a framework which can allow to build environmental policies that insure sustainability of economic growth in the long run. In the first part, we propose a study which supposes that the authorities in charge of environmental policies have a complete knowledge of the structure of natural phenomena technologies and current and future preferences. After a brief survey of the literature, we use a simple model to study conditions in which the economy can evolve along a win-win balanced growth path in the first chapter. In the second chapter, we provide an ethical study of the sustainability concept. In the second part of this thesis, we evaluate the relevance of the models studied before knowing that the main difficulty to come to a decision today in terms of environmental policy is due to our complete ignorance of its long-run consequences, we wonder on the effects of the introduction of environmental uncertainties on the decisions of the central planner. The third chapter analyses two types of environmental uncertainties one is about future generations preferences and the other is on the evolution of environmental resource's stock. At last, in the fourth chapter, we use a microeconomic approach to study the consumers behavior with environmental uncertainty
Nowak, Jean-Jacques. "Syndrome néerlandais et théorie du commerce international /." Paris : Économica, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37066802x.
Full textCastillo, Brieva Daniel. "Arrangements institutionnels et modèles mentaux dans la gestion des ressources en bien commun." Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100022.
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